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Navarro A, Varela C, Fusté A, Andrés A, Saldaña C. The validation of the Barcelona Orthorexia Scale-Spanish version: evidence from the general population. Eat Weight Disord 2023; 28:90. [PMID: 37891414 PMCID: PMC10611628 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-023-01616-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To validate the Spanish version of Barcelona Orthorexia Scale (BOS) in general population, analyzing its items and both its internal structure and psychometric properties (internal consistency and temporal stability). In addition, the relationship between ON and external measures of attitudes towards food was assessed. METHOD The general population sample consisted of 446 women and 104 men, aged between 18.31 and 69.44 years (M = 36.03; SD = 12.46). Of these, 39 participants answered again the questionnaires after one month from the first application. The assessment instruments were a sociodemographic questionnaire, the BOS, the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26) and the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ). RESULTS The final version of the BOS is composed of 35 items. Exploratory factor analysis extracted an internal structure of 5 factors (Behavioral, Concern for healthy food, Attitudes and beliefs about food, Vital achievement and Emotional discomfort). The BOS-35 and the factors presented good internal consistency (α = .80-.90), and an adequate temporal stability (r = .62-.88). The highest association was observed between the Emotional Distress (BOS) and the Diet subscale (EAT-26; r = .51). CONCLUSIONS This first validation of the BOS has shown adequate psychometric properties, being a valid and reliable instrument to assess ON in the general population. Level of evidence Level II: Evidence obtained from well-designed controlled trials without randomization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Navarro
- Departament de Psicologia Clinica i Psicobiologia, Facultat de Psicologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron, 171, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Varela
- Departament de Psicologia Clinica i Psicobiologia, Facultat de Psicologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron, 171, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
- Departmento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Burgos, Burgos, Spain.
| | - Adela Fusté
- Departament de Psicologia Clinica i Psicobiologia, Facultat de Psicologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron, 171, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Andrés
- Facultat de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i de l'Esport, Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmina Saldaña
- Departament de Psicologia Clinica i Psicobiologia, Facultat de Psicologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron, 171, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
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Aloi M, Moniaci M, Rania M, Carbone EA, Martino G, Segura-Garcia C, Liuzza MT. Relationship between disgust and orthorexia nervosa and psychometric properties of the Italian Dusseldorf orthorexia scale in a general population sample. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:174. [PMID: 37789371 PMCID: PMC10546774 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00899-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It remains unclear among clinicians and researchers whether orthorexia nervosa (ON) is a part of the obsessive-compulsive disorder spectrum or eating disorders. Disgust seems to be a shared psychopathological factor in these clinical presentations, indicating a potentially crucial role in ON. On the other hand, numerous psychometric tools have been developed to evaluate ON. The Dusseldorf Orthorexia Scale (DOS) was recently validated in an Italian sample. However, the study's primary limitation was that the scale was only administered to undergraduate university students. This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties (including factorial structure, reliability, and measurement invariance conditional on sex) of the Italian version of the DOS (I-DOS) on a sample from the general population. Additionally, the study sought to determine the nomological validity of the I-DOS by examining its relationship with disgust sensitivity. METHODS A sample of 521 participants took part in this study and completed a battery that assessed ON and disgust sensitivity. To assess the I-DOS structure, reliability, and measurement invariance we respectively conducted confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), computed McDonalds's omega, and performed hierarchical series of multigroup CFAs. Then, we tested the relationship between ON and disgust sensitivity. RESULTS CFA confirmed the unifactorial model of I-DOS and it respected the configural, metric, and strict invariance while a partial scalar invariance was achieved. It also showed good reliability with an omega of 0.87. In addition, we found a positive relationship between ON and disgust sensitivity, thus confirming the nomological validity of I-DOS. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the Italian version of the Dusseldorf orthorexia scale (I-DOS) exhibits strong psychometric properties and can be an effective instrument for assessing ON in a general population sample. Notably, the most significant and innovative outcome was the positive correlation between ON and disgust sensitivity. As disgust has been linked to other clinical presentations, this preliminary result could serve as a foundation for future research exploring this phenomenon in greater detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Aloi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Martina Moniaci
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Marianna Rania
- Outpatient Unit for Clinical Research and Treatment of Eating Disorders, University Hospital "Mater Domini", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Elvira Anna Carbone
- Outpatient Unit for Clinical Research and Treatment of Eating Disorders, University Hospital "Mater Domini", Catanzaro, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Gabriella Martino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Cristina Segura-Garcia
- Outpatient Unit for Clinical Research and Treatment of Eating Disorders, University Hospital "Mater Domini", Catanzaro, Italy.
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Marco Tullio Liuzza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
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Yassıbaş E, Ayyıldız F. Turkish Version of the New Instrument for Orthorexia Nervosa-Test of Orthorexia Nervosa (TON-17): A Validity and Reliability Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:3178. [PMID: 37513596 PMCID: PMC10384101 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to adapt the Test of Orthorexia Nervosa- (TON-17) into Turkish and verify its validity and reliability. The study included 539 adults with a mean age of 30.2 ± 12.26 years. A reliability analysis was performed, along with a confirmatory factor analysis to test its construct validity. The time-invariance of the scale was examined by test-retest analysis, and its convergent validity was evaluated by a correlation analysis conducted to test the relationships between the scale and Eating Attitudes Test-26 and Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire-9. Analyses were conducted using SPSS Version 28 and the AMOS-24 software. The Cronbach's α internal consistency coefficient of the total scale was found to be 0.82, suggesting a strong internal consistency. The Cronbach's α values of its factors were 0.68 for the "control of food quality", 0.64 for the "fixation on health and a healthy diet", and 0.73 for the "disorder symptoms". In addition, the test-retest reliability was found to be 0.87 for the total scale, suggesting excellent reliability. Most of the fit indices (CMIN/df, RMSEA, AGFI, NFI, and TLI) of the scale were acceptable, and the GFI indicated a good model fit. This study shows that the Turkish version of TON-17, which is a new tool with a three-factor structure to evaluate orthorexia, is a valid and reliable scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Yassıbaş
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, 06490 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Feride Ayyıldız
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, 06490 Ankara, Turkey
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Mohammadesmaeil S, Kianmehr S. Classifying the Factors Affecting Information Therapy to Support Clinical Decisions on Addiction. ADDICTION & HEALTH 2023; 15:156-162. [PMID: 38026721 PMCID: PMC10658106 DOI: 10.34172/ahj.2023.1325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Background The present study aimed to identify the dimensions and components of developing an information therapy approach for clinical decisions on addiction in addiction treatment centers based on the opinions of thematic specialists in Iran using the fuzzy Delphi technique. Methods This study was a qualitative one conducted using Delphi method on 20 researchers of addiction treatment in the areas of psychiatry, psychology, medicine, etc. Findings The analysis of the data revealed 92 indicators in two dimensions, namely information dimension (health literacy) and treatment dimension (health services), each containing 6 components. The information dimension included acquiring information, identifying information, sharing information, raising awareness, information needs, and health knowledge, and the treatment dimension included patient satisfaction, information-seeking behaviors and skills, treatment methods and costs, participatory care and use of information, educational interventions, and disease prevention. Conclusion Developing an information therapy approach in addiction treatment, as a cost-effective and low-cost method, is one of the cognitive strategies that can be used by officials to pave the way for health in this regard. This technique aims to improve the quality of medical services and care for addicts and is a suitable solution to meet their needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedigheh Mohammadesmaeil
- Department of Knowledge and Information Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shiba Kianmehr
- Student of Medical Library and Information Science, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Koskey KL, May TA, Fan Y“K, Bright D, Stone G, Matney G, Bostic J. Flip it: An exploratory (versus explanatory) sequential mixed methods design using Delphi and differential item functioning to evaluate item bias. METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.metip.2023.100117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
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Schimschal SE, Visentin D, Kornhaber R, Barnett T, Cleary M. Development of a Scale to Measure the Psychological Resources of Grit in Adults. Nurs Health Sci 2022; 24:752-763. [PMID: 35811301 PMCID: PMC9544496 DOI: 10.1111/nhs.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Grit, a personality trait characterized by having passion and perseverance for long‐term goals, has been linked to increased performance, retention, and well‐being in various fields. In the 15 years since the original grit scale was published, many studies have investigated factors that promote grit. However, a scale has not yet been developed measuring characteristics that can contribute to higher levels of grit. This study aimed to develop a novel scale to measure the psychological resources of grit. The Delphi technique was used to obtain consensus from a national and international panel of academics and practitioners who are experts in grit and related constructs. A total of 30 participants rated 100 scale items over three rounds of online surveys. Experts agreed that items selected for the final scale (n = 20) were essential, with 85% rating them as important or very important. The scale, called the Grit Psychological Resources Scale, has promise as a helpful tool for practitioners involved in staff development and building capabilities that contribute to goal achievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Schimschal
- Centre for Rural Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Australia
| | - Denis Visentin
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Australia
| | | | - Tony Barnett
- Centre for Rural Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Australia
| | - Michelle Cleary
- School of Nursing, Midwifery & Social Sciences, CQUniversity, Australia
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Obeid S, Hallit S, Akel M, Brytek-Matera A. Orthorexia nervosa and its association with alexithymia, emotion dysregulation and disordered eating attitudes among Lebanese adults. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26:2607-2616. [PMID: 33570743 PMCID: PMC7877311 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-021-01112-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to explore whether orthorexia nervosa, like other eating disorders, is associated with difficulties identifying, describing, and regulating one's own emotions among a sample of Lebanese adults. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted during October 2020, during the lockdown period imposed by the government for the COVID-19 pandemic. All participants above 18 years of age were allowed to participate in this study. A total of 787 Lebanese adults out of 920 (85.54%) completed an online survey including Arabic versions of the ORTO-R measure of orthorexia, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, the Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale, and the Eating Attitudes Test. RESULTS After making sure that all norms are verified, hierarchical linear regressions were conducted to evaluate the association between disordered eating attitudes (EAT scores) and ON (model 1), and after controlling for difficulties in emotion regulation (DERS score) (model 2). Model 1 accounted for 15.1% of the variance of ON (adj. R2 = 0.151, F(1, 786) = 140.06, p < 0.001) and showed that higher levels of disordered eating (higher EAT scores) (β = 0.15) were significantly associated with more ON tendencies and behaviors. When adding the DERS total score to the model, Model 2 was a much better fit with 17.7% of the variance of ON (adj. R2 = 0.177, F(2, 786) = 84.44, p < 0.001), with higher levels of emotion dysregulation (higher DERS scores) (β = 0.06) and more disordered eating attitudes (higher EAT scores) (β = 0.13) were associated with higher levels of ON (Table 5). CONCLUSION The present research suggests that people with high ON tendencies experience troubles recognizing, regulating, and describing their emotions, similarly to other disordered eating. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Obeid
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon.
- INSPECT-LB, Institut National de Santé Publique, Épidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie-Liban, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Souheil Hallit
- INSPECT-LB, Institut National de Santé Publique, Épidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie-Liban, Beirut, Lebanon.
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon.
| | - Marwan Akel
- INSPECT-LB, Institut National de Santé Publique, Épidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie-Liban, Beirut, Lebanon
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
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Plasonja N, Décamps G. Validation française de l’échelle de mesure de l’orthorexie ORTO-15 et étude des liens avec les troubles des conduites alimentaires et l’image du corps. PSYCHOLOGIE FRANCAISE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.psfr.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Grammatikopoulou MG, Gkiouras K, Polychronidou G, Kaparounaki C, Gkouskou KK, Magkos F, Donini LM, Eliopoulos AG, Goulis DG. Obsessed with Healthy Eating: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies Assessing Orthorexia Nervosa in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. Nutrients 2021; 13:3823. [PMID: 34836080 PMCID: PMC8622186 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is an unspecified feeding or eating disorder (USFED) characterized by an exaggerated, unhealthy obsession with healthy eating. Τypical eating disorders (EDs) and USFEDs are common among patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), which complicates metabolic control and disease outcomes. The present systematic review summarizes the evidence on the prevalence of ON symptomatology among patients with DM. PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and grey literature were searched, and relevant observational studies were screened using the Rayyan software. The quality of the studies was assessed using the appraisal tool for cross-sectional studies (AXIS) and the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS). Out of 4642 studies, 6 fulfilled the predefined criteria and were included in the qualitative synthesis. Most studies relied on the ORTO-15 or its adaptations to identify ON among patients with DM. No apparent sex or age differences exist regarding the prevalence of ON symptoms. None of the studies compared the prevalence of ON in patients with type 1 and type 2 DM. Most of the research was of average to good methodological quality. In conclusion, patients with DM often exhibit ON tendencies, although research is still limited regarding the etiology or mechanistic drivers behind ON and the characteristics of patients with a dual ON-DM diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G. Grammatikopoulou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alexander Campus, International Hellenic University, GR-57400 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, GR-56429 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Gkiouras
- Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Campus, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (K.G.); (G.P.); (C.K.)
| | - Georgia Polychronidou
- Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Campus, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (K.G.); (G.P.); (C.K.)
| | - Chrysi Kaparounaki
- Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Campus, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (K.G.); (G.P.); (C.K.)
| | - Kalliopi K. Gkouskou
- Laboratory of Biology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-11527 Athens, Greece; (K.K.G.); (A.G.E.)
- Embiodiagnostics Biology Research Company, GR-71305 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Faidon Magkos
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark;
| | - Lorenzo Maria Donini
- Department of Experimental Medicine-Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology Section, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Aristides G. Eliopoulos
- Laboratory of Biology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-11527 Athens, Greece; (K.K.G.); (A.G.E.)
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, GR-11527 Athens, Greece
- Center for New Biotechnologies and Precision Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios G. Goulis
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, GR-56429 Thessaloniki, Greece
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To further understand orthorexia nervosa: DOS validity for the Portuguese population and its relationship with psychological indicators, sex, BMI and dietary pattern. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26:2127-2134. [PMID: 33140378 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-020-01058-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is considered a pathological fixation with healthy eating. Despite recent research focus, there is still a lot of inconsistent information concerning ON, including its definition and validity of its measuring tools. This study aimed to extend the current knowledge on ON, by developing and validating the Portuguese adaptation of the Dusseldorf Orthorexie Scale (DOS) and studying its prevalence and relationship with different psychological indicators, sex, BMI and dietary pattern. METHODS Data were collected online, through self-report questionnaires, and two different samples were collected, with 513 (Sample 1) and 541 participants (Sample 2) from the general population. RESULTS DOS' one-dimensional factorial structure and reliability was confirmed. ON's prevalence was 10.52%. Results revealed that women present higher scores on DOS than men, but no differences were found regarding the BMI groups. DOS was positively related to all psychological indicators, with moderate and strong relationships with disordered eating and inflexible eating. Sample 2 was used to explore ON's differences between dietary patterns, with results demonstrating that omnivores present significantly lower levels of orthorexic tendencies, when compared with the vegetarian, vegan, and paleo groups. CONCLUSIONS The present study is the first to successfully validate a measure that assesses ON for the Portuguese population and adds to the existing literature in several other important ON aspects. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V-validation study.
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Roberto da Silva W, Cruz Marmol CH, Nogueira Neves A, Marôco J, Bonini Campos JAD. A Portuguese Adaptation of the Teruel Orthorexia Scale and a Test of Its Utility with Brazilian Young Adults. Percept Mot Skills 2021; 128:2052-2074. [PMID: 34187241 DOI: 10.1177/00315125211029240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aims for this study were to perform a Portuguese language cross-cultural adaptation of the Teruel Orthorexia Scale (TOS) and to evaluate the scale's psychometric properties, including verifying the frequency of behaviors characteristic of orthorexia nervosa and healthy orthorexia, among a group of Brazilian gym users. First, we adapted the Spanish version of the TOS to the Brazilian Portuguese language following international protocols to guarantee idiomatic, semantic, conceptual, and cultural equivalence. Then participants completed both the new Portuguese version of the TOS and a socioeconomic questionnaire. Among our sample of 226 young Brazilian adults (63.7% men; M age = 28.8, SD = 5.1 years), we assessed the bi-factorial model of the TOS through factorial, convergent, and discriminant validity, reliability, and factorial invariance. We calculated the mean scores of the TOS factors and the frequency of behaviors of both orthorexia nervosa and healthy orthorexia. The new Portuguese version was well understood by participants, and the TOS bi-factorial model presented adequate psychometric properties and showed invariance in independent subsamples and in men and women. The mean scores were different between sexes only for orthorexia nervosa, with women obtaining higher values. The frequency of orthorexia nervosa behaviors was 5.3% and of healthy orthorexia was 41.2%. Based on these findings, the Brazilian Portuguese version of the TOS can be a useful tool for investigating orthorexia-like behaviors in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanderson Roberto da Silva
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Hernani Cruz Marmol
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | | | - João Marôco
- William James Center for Research (WJCR), ISPA - University Institute, Lisbon, Portugal
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Niedzielski A, Kaźmierczak-Wojtaś N. Prevalence of Orthorexia Nervosa and Its Diagnostic Tools-A Literature Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18105488. [PMID: 34065506 PMCID: PMC8160773 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this article is to present the up-to-date diagnostic tools of orthorexia and markers of its prevalence on the basis of the available literature. The authors searched PubMedCentral (PMC) and Google Scholar with the search entry of “orthorexia”, “orthorexia nervosa”, and “orthorexicbehaviours”. We describe the tools of evaluation of orthorexicbehaviour (i.e., orthorexia self-test—BOT, the ORTO-15 questionnaire, Eating Habits Questionnaire—EHQ, Düsseldorf Orthorexia Scale—DOS, Teruel Orthorexia Scale—TOS, Barcelona Orthorexia Scale—BOS, and Orthorexia Nervosa Inventory—ONI), and offer a review of the studies on orthorexia nervosa. We conclude that there are no reliable data regarding the prevalence of orthorexia nervosa. The available studies point to significant differences in the prevalence depending on the value of cut-off points and tools used. The prevalence varies across countries and across populations, ranging from 6.9% in the Italian population to 88.7% in the group of Brazilian students of dieting. Thus, it indicates that some groups seem to be susceptible to the risk of ON more than others. It is a challenge to determine the prevalence of orthorexia, and any obtained results should be treated with caution. Consequently, we claim that the use of the ORTO-15 questionnaire to diagnose orthorexia is questionable due to a high percentage of falsely positive results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Niedzielski
- Independent General Psychology Unit, Medical University in Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
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Does ORTO-15 produce valid data for 'Orthorexia Nervosa'? A mixed-method examination of participants' interpretations of the fifteen test items. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26:897-909. [PMID: 32445114 PMCID: PMC8004518 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-020-00919-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Orthorexia Nervosa (ON) is defined as a pathological eating behaviour stemming from being "healthy" or "pure". Survey-based studies typically rely on the ORTO-15 questionnaire or its variations to detect orthorexia. However, frequent post-hoc adjustments to the ORTO-15 suggest psychometric problems. In this study, we explored people's cognitions about the ORTO-15 items to (1) identify problems specific to ORTO-15 items and (2) explore participants' understanding of ON symptoms. METHODS Fifty adult participants (40% male, mean age = 34.0 ± 14.4 years) completed the ORTO-15, the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) and the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised edition (OCI-R). Qualitative data were collected using the modified "think aloud" protocol, which asked participants to 'verbalise' their responses to the ORTO-15 items. These qualitative responses were first analysed conjunctively with the quantitative responses; then subjected to thematic analysis. RESULTS ORTO-15 identified 64% of the participants for orthorexic tendencies. In most cases (76%), participants reported no issues completing the ORTO-15. However, in some cases, qualitative responses differed from quantitative ones. When people encountered problems, it was because of poor psychometric construction: lack of clarity, ambiguous wording and multiple statements in a single item. Elaborations around the ORTO-15 items formed four major themes: "preoccupation with physical appearance", "control", "food is fuel" and "alone, not isolated". CONCLUSION Even though in the majority of cases there were no issues with completing ORTO-15, thematic analysis revealed several discrepancies between our participants' perceptions of the ORTO-15 items and the previously proposed diagnostic criteria for ON. The results suggest that ORTO-15 is, at best, a mediocre screening tool for ON, which is sensitive to diet but fails to have sufficient level of specificity to detect the pathological stage. More accurate instruments are needed to further research on ON. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V (cross-sectional descriptive study with qualitative analysis).
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Godefroy V, Trinchera L, Dorard G. Optimizing the empirical assessment of orthorexia nervosa through EHQ and clarifying its relationship with BMI. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26:649-659. [PMID: 32346828 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-020-00909-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is described as an obsession for healthy eating with potentially debilitating consequences but little of its psychopathology is empirically supported. Using suitable validation methodologies, we wanted to optimize the empirical assessment of ON symptoms and investigate their unclear relationship with BMI. Our objective was, therefore, twofold: (1) Validation of a robust measurement model of ON dimensions using the Eating Habits Questionnaire (EHQ); (2) Validation of a structural model describing a mechanism of relationships between ON dimensions and BMI. METHODS A self-report questionnaire assessing BMI and ON through a French translation of the 21-item EHQ was administered to a large sample of French adults (N = 2065). We used Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis for objective no. 1 and Structural Equation Modeling for objective no. 2. RESULTS We validated a well-fitted (TLI = 0.98; RMSEA = 0.04) and conceptually consistent measurement model with 16 items for three ON dimensions: Rigid Eating Behavior (REB), Positive Feeling of Control (PFC) and Problems of Attention Control and Social Relationships (PACSR). We also validated a structural model (TLI = 0.96; RMSEA = 0.05) showing that: 1. REB strongly impacts both PFC and PACSR; 2. REB has a significant negative impact on BMI and BMI has a significant positive effect on PACSR but effect sizes are very small and globally ON dimensions are only marginally related to BMI. CONCLUSION Our study achieved an improved assessment method of ON, a clarification of its links with BMI and implications for the descriptive psychopathology of ON. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V, Descriptive cross-sectional study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Godefroy
- Inserm, U 1127, CNRS, UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, FRONTlab, 75013, Paris, France.
| | - Laura Trinchera
- Department of Information Systems, Supply Chain and Decisions, NEOMA Business School, 76100, Rouen, France
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Dajon M, Delpech L, Sudres JL. Validation de l’Échelle Française d’Orthorexie. EVOLUTION PSYCHIATRIQUE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evopsy.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Brytek-Matera A, Plasonja N, Décamps G. Assessing Orthorexia Nervosa: Validation of the Polish Version of the Eating Habits Questionnaire in a General Population Sample. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123820. [PMID: 33327518 PMCID: PMC7764984 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extreme focus on healthy eating, called orthorexia nervosa (ON), was assessed using a 21-item Eating Habits Questionnaire (EHQ). The present study aimed to validate the Polish version of the EHQ in a general population sample. Nine hundred sixty-seven women (59%) and men participated in the present study. Data was obtained from an internet-administered survey. Exploratory factor analysis with the first split sample (n = 502) produced a three-factor solution accounting for 47% of the variance. In confirmatory factor analysis with the second split sample (n = 465), the three-factor structure showed satisfactory goodness-of-fit (comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.99, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.008). Reliability analysis for the Polish version of the EHQ across the whole questionnaire showed strong internal consistency (α = 0.88, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.86). The internal consistency, measured by Cronbach's alpha coefficients, for the EHQ subscales were 0.85 (knowledge), 0.81 (problems), and 0.81 (feelings and behaviors). Total EHQ score was positively correlated with its three subscales, cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating, and emotional eating, and was negatively correlated with body mass index (BMI). The Polish version of the EHQ is a reliable questionnaire that can be used with confidence to better assess ON in a general population sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Brytek-Matera
- Faculty of Psychology in Katowice, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, 40-326 Katowice, Poland
- Correspondence: or
| | - Natalija Plasonja
- LabPsy, University of Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; (N.P.); (G.D.)
| | - Greg Décamps
- LabPsy, University of Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; (N.P.); (G.D.)
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Dajon M, Sudres JL, Bouchard JP. [Orthorexia: News and treatment of a modern-day pathology]. REVUE DE L'INFIRMIÈRE 2020; 70:37-39. [PMID: 33455680 DOI: 10.1016/j.revinf.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Contrary to the objective sought by orthorexics, orthorexia ends up affecting health more or less seriously. For these subjects, who are often asocial eaters in search of the perfect food, the obsession with healthy eating becomes unhealthy. Between psychopathology and certain modern eating incentives, this still relatively unknown disorder must be detected, evaluated and treated in order to prevent its harmful consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Dajon
- Université Toulouse Jean-Jaurès, centre d'études et de recherches en psychopathologie et psychologie de la santé, UFR de psychologie, 5, allées Antonio-Machado, 31058 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Jean-Luc Sudres
- Université Toulouse Jean-Jaurès, centre d'études et de recherches en psychopathologie et psychologie de la santé, UFR de psychologie, 5, allées Antonio-Machado, 31058 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Bouchard
- Institut psycho-judiciaire et de psychopathologie (IPJP), Institute of Forensic Psychology and Psychopathology, centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 10, avenue Joseph-Caussil, 33410 Cadillac, France; Unité pour malades difficiles, pôle de psychiatrie médico-légale, centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 10, avenue Joseph-Caussil, 33410 Cadillac, France.
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Validation of the Arabic version of the ORTO-15 questionnaire in a sample of the Lebanese population. Eat Weight Disord 2020; 25:951-960. [PMID: 31119588 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-019-00710-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to develop an Arabic version of the ORTO-15 test and to examine the scale reliability and validity among a sample of the Lebanese population. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study, conducted between January and May 2018, which enrolled 806 participants, divided into two equal samples, from all Lebanese governorates. The ORTO-15 scale was used to evaluate orthorexia nervosa (ON) tendencies and behaviors among participants. RESULTS The factor analysis conducted on sample 1 suggested a three-factor structure for the ORTO-15 explaining a total of 50.59% of the variance. All items could be extracted from the list; none of the items was removed. The internal consistency of the measurement was adequate (Cronbach's alpha = 0.82). Higher body dissatisfaction (r = - 0.082), higher restrained eating (r = - 0.13) and higher eating attitudes (EAT score) (r = - 0.13) were significantly associated with higher levels of orthorexia tendencies and behaviors (lower ORTO-15 score). We could not detect any significant association between BMI and ORTO-15 test. A confirmatory factor analysis performed on sample 2 supported the three-factor structure of the ORTO-15 test obtained in the first sample. The following results were obtained: the Maximum Likelihood Chi Square = 22.0 and Degrees of Freedom = 9, which gave a × 2/df = 2.4. For non-centrality fit indices, the Steiger-Lind RMSEA was 0.10 [0.040-0.208]. Moreover, the Joreskog GFI equaled 0.926 and AGFI equaled 0.901. CONCLUSION The Arabic version of the ORTO-15 test can be used to screen for ON tendencies and behaviors. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.
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Fixsen A, Cheshire A, Berry M. The Social Construction of a Concept-Orthorexia Nervosa: Morality Narratives and Psycho-Politics. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2020; 30:1101-1113. [PMID: 32418500 PMCID: PMC7411527 DOI: 10.1177/1049732320911364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Our article explores orthorexia nervosa (ON)-an extreme fixation with healthy eating-from a social construction perspective. Interviews with people self-identified as "obsessed" with healthy eating or having ON ("Identifiers") and nonmedical professionals working with ON ("Professionals") were comparatively analyzed, along with orthorexia threads from an eating disorder website ("Posters"). Participants made sense of and rationalized their attitudes and feelings concerning healthy eating and aligned themselves according to their interests. Identifiers and Posters applauded "healthy eating" and regarded consumption of "impure" foods as leading to ill-health. Some framed their dietary discipline within an ethically motivated lifestyle, while others were preoccupied with appearance or weight management. Professionals expressed concern for, and disapproval of, extreme views and behaviors in clients and parental and social influences supporting them. Debates surrounding orthorexic practices are tangled; some individuals need help, yet dangers lie in over medicalizing or "troubling" what may be a preferred lifestyle.
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Vuillier L, Robertson S, Greville-Harris M. Orthorexic tendencies are linked with difficulties with emotion identification and regulation. J Eat Disord 2020; 8:15. [PMID: 32337044 PMCID: PMC7178625 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-020-00291-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is characterised by an unhealthy obsession with healthy eating and while it is not recognised as an eating disorder (or any disorder), current research is exploring similarities and differences with such disorders. The literature has shown that individuals with eating disorders have difficulties identifying and describing emotions (known as alexithymia) as well as regulating them. However no research to date has looked at whether people with orthorexic tendencies also suffer from difficulties with emotions. In this paper, we refer to people with orthorexic tendencies but do not assume that their healthy eating is at a pathological level needing clinical attention. METHODS The current study examined this by asking 196 healthy adults with an interest in healthy eating to complete four questionnaires to measure ON (ORTO-15 - reduced to ORTO-7CS), eating psychopathology (EAT-26), alexithymia (TAS-20) and emotion dysregulation (DERS-16). RESULTS We found that difficulties identifying and regulating emotions was associated with symptoms of ON, similar to what is found in other eating disorders. We suggest that ON behaviours may be used as a coping strategy in order to feel in control in these participants who have poor emotion regulation abilities. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that individuals with ON tendencies may share similar difficulties with emotions compared to other eating disorders. While important, our results are limited by the way we measured ON behaviours and we recommend that further research replicate our findings once a better and more specific tool is developed and validated to screen for ON characteristics more accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Vuillier
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK
| | - S. Robertson
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK
| | - M. Greville-Harris
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK
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Meule A, Holzapfel C, Brandl B, Greetfeld M, Hessler-Kaufmann JB, Skurk T, Quadflieg N, Schlegl S, Hauner H, Voderholzer U. Measuring orthorexia nervosa: A comparison of four self-report questionnaires. Appetite 2020; 146:104512. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Developing a preliminary questionnaire for the faculty development programme needs of medical teachers using Delphi technique. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2020; 14:495-501. [PMID: 31908636 PMCID: PMC6940618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The study aimed to develop a preliminary medical teachers' faculty development programme (FDP) needs questionnaire through two rounds of Delphi technique. Methods This study utilised the Delphi study between April to June 2019. Face-to-face interviews and a literature review were conducted to propose a set of domains and items for the FDP needs of medical teachers. Two rounds of the Delphi technique were incorporated to obtain a consensus for the proposed questionnaire by 10 expert panels from their respective fields. The consensus was pre-defined as a mean score of four or above and with a percent agreement of 75%. Results Initially, four domains and 26 items were proposed. Finally, a total of six domains and 38 items were endorsed by the expert panels. The selected domains included six competencies, including teaching, assessment, research, curriculum, publication, and public service. These domains consisted of seven, nine, six, seven, four, and five items, respectively. Conclusion This study developed the first preliminary FDPs needs questionnaire specifically designed for medical teachers. It would be an effective instrument to measure the needs of the FDPs in medical education.
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Valente M, Syurina EV, Donini LM. Shedding light upon various tools to assess orthorexia nervosa: a critical literature review with a systematic search. Eat Weight Disord 2019; 24:671-682. [PMID: 31228168 PMCID: PMC6647444 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-019-00735-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this literature review was to identify the tools developed and used to assess orthorexia nervosa (ON). METHODS A systematic search was executed in PubMed, Biomed Central, and PsycINFO. The final list included 70 articles that were critically analyzed. RESULTS A total of six tools were reported to assess ON: the BOT, the ORTO-15, the EHQ, the DOS, the BOS, and the TOS. The tools were based upon different conceptualizations of ON and of its diagnostic criteria. Although they were different, all the conceptualizations derived from the initial definition of ON provided by Bratman in 1997. None of the methodologies adopted for tool construction considered end users or client perspectives and, when carried out, the validations of the tools were fragmented and often based on specific populations. CONCLUSION This study may be a starting point for the construction of a new diagnostic tool for ON. Starting from the methodological weaknesses identified by this review, it was possible to derive some suggestions for future research: (a) developing a modern re-conceptualization of ON, comprehensive of end-user perspectives; (b) adopting qualitative data collection techniques to gain insights into how to diagnose ON; and (c) actively involving diverse stakeholders for constructing a new tool. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level of Evidence: I, systematic review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Valente
- Faculty of Science, Athena Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Elena V Syurina
- Faculty of Science, Athena Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Parra-Fernández ML, Onieva-Zafra MD, Fernández-Martínez E, Abreu-Sánchez A, Fernández-Muñoz JJ. Assessing the Prevalence of Orthorexia Nervosa in a Sample of University Students Using Two Different Self-Report Measures. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16142459. [PMID: 31373283 PMCID: PMC6678205 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16142459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, orthorexia nervosa (ON) has increased presence in society. It is related with beliefs and attitudes towards eating and is characterized by an obsessive behavior toward heathy eating. The prevalence of ON has been reported by numerous researchers, with rates varying considerably according to the tool used to evaluate the same parameter. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of ON in a single population using two different questionnaires. The test for the diagnosis of orthorexia (ORTO-11-ES) assessment tool for orthorexia nervosa and the Düsseldorfer Ortorexie Skala (DOS-ES), constitute brief self-report assessment tools which measure the risk of suffering ON. A sample of 492 students from the University of Castilla la Mancha (Spain) participated in this study, of whom 43.1% were male and 56.9% were female. The findings show that, according to the DOS-ES, only 10.5% of students displayed ON whereas, with the ORTO-11-ES, the prevalence of ON increased to 25.2%. The tendency towards orthorexic behavior is more closely associated with the female gender. The Body Mass Index (BMI) had no influence on the tendency for ON. This study provides valuable information on the usefulness of both questionnaires and the possible limitations associated with the use of these tools in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Laura Parra-Fernández
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Nursing of Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla-La-Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - María Dolores Onieva-Zafra
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Nursing of Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla-La-Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Parra-Fernández ML, Rodríguez-Cano T, Onieva-Zafra MD, Perez-Haro MJ, Casero-Alonso V, Fernández-Martinez E, Notario-Pacheco B. Prevalence of orthorexia nervosa in university students and its relationship with psychopathological aspects of eating behaviour disorders. BMC Psychiatry 2018; 18:364. [PMID: 30424750 PMCID: PMC6234674 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-018-1943-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is characterized by an obsession with healthy eating, which may lead to severe physical, psychological and social disorders. It is particularly important to research this problem in populations that do not receive clinical care in order to improve early detection and treatment. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to research the prevalence of ON in a population of Spanish university students and to analyze the possible associations between ON and psychological traits and behaviors that are common to ED. METHOD A cross-sectional study with 454 students from the University of Castilla La Mancha, Spain. In total, 295 women and 159 men participated, aged between 18 and 41 years. The ORTO-11-ES questionnaire and the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI-2) were used for this study. The chi squared test was used to compare the homogeneity among the different groups. RESULTS The scores on the ORTO-11-ES suggested that 17% of students were at risk of ON. The scores on the EDI-2 for the group at risk of ON were significant, compared to the remaining individuals, regarding their drive for thinness (17.1% vs 2.1%), bulimia (2.6% vs 0%), body dissatisfaction (26.3% vs. 12.4%), perfectionism (14.5% vs 4.8%), interoceptive awareness (13.2% vs 1.3%), asceticism (15.8% vs 3.7%) and impulsiveness (9.2% vs 1.9%). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION These findings suggest that many of the psychological and behavioral aspects of ED are shared by people who are at risk of ON. Future research should use longitudinal data, examining the temporal relationship among these variables or other underlying variables that may contribute to the concurrence of ED and ON.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - María José Perez-Haro
- Biostatech Advice, Training and Innovation in Biostatistics, S.L Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Víctor Casero-Alonso
- School of Industrial Engineers, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
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