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Masala C, Loy F, Pinna I, Manis NA, Ercoli T, Solla P. Olfactory Function as a Potential Predictor of Cognitive Impairment in Men and Women. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:503. [PMID: 39056696 PMCID: PMC11274230 DOI: 10.3390/biology13070503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different previous studies indicated olfactory function as a predictor of several types of cognitive impairment, in particular related to neurodegenerative disease. However, scanty data are available on the role of odor threshold (OT), odor discrimination (OD), and odor identification (OI) as a predictor of cognitive impairment. The aim of this study was to evaluate potential correlations between each factor of the olfactory function versus each specific cognitive domain of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test on healthy subjects in relation to gender and age. METHODS Sniffin' Sticks and MoCA tests were used to determine olfactory function and cognitive abilities, respectively. RESULTS In men, significant correlations were found in OT versus language index score and OI versus language and executive index score, while in women, OD and OI were correlated to visuospatial index score. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggested that olfactory function (OT, OD, and OI) may be considered a predictor for cognitive impairment in relation to gender and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Masala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, SP 8 Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (F.L.); (I.P.); (N.A.M.)
| | - Francesco Loy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, SP 8 Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (F.L.); (I.P.); (N.A.M.)
| | - Ilenia Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, SP 8 Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (F.L.); (I.P.); (N.A.M.)
| | - Nicoletta Aurora Manis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, SP 8 Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (F.L.); (I.P.); (N.A.M.)
| | - Tommaso Ercoli
- Neurological Unit, AOU Sassari, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 10, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (T.E.); (P.S.)
| | - Paolo Solla
- Neurological Unit, AOU Sassari, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 10, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (T.E.); (P.S.)
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Kovalová M, Gottfriedová N, Mrázková E, Janout V, Janoutová J. Cognitive impairment, neurodegenerative disorders, and olfactory impairment: A literature review. OTOLARYNGOLOGIA POLSKA 2024; 78:1-17. [PMID: 38623856 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0053.6158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
<br><b>Introduction:</b> The early detection and diagnosis of dementia are of key importance in treatment, slowing disease progression, or suppressing symptoms. The possible role of changes in the sense of smell is considered with regard to potential markers for early detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD).</br> <br><b>Materials and methods:</b> A literature search was conducted using the electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science between May 30, 2022 and August 2, 2022. The term "dementia" was searched with keyword combinations related to olfaction.</br> <br><b>Results:</b> A total of 1,288 records were identified through the database search. Of these articles, 49 were ultimately included in the analysis. The results showed the potential role of changes in the sense of smell as potential biomarkers for early detection of AD. Multiple studies have shown that olfactory impairment may be observed in patients with AD, PD, MCI, or other types of dementia. Even though smell tests are able to detect olfactory loss caused by neurodegenerative diseases, they cannot reliably distinguish between certain diseases.</br> <br><b>Conclusions:</b> In individuals with cognitive impairment or neurodegenerative diseases, olfactory assessment has repeatedly been reported to be used for early diagnosis, but not for differential diagnosis.</br>.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Kovalová
- Center for Research and Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Nikol Gottfriedová
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Mrázková
- Center for Research and Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Janout
- Center for Research and Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Janoutová
- Center for Research and Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Mahadev A, Kallogjeri D, Piccirillo JF. Validation of Minimal Clinically Important Difference (MCID) for University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). Am J Rhinol Allergy 2024; 38:123-132. [PMID: 38055971 DOI: 10.1177/19458924231218037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test is widely used to measure change in olfactory function, but a minimal clinically important difference (MCID) has not been well-established. A study published in 1997 regarding patients with head trauma reported an MCID of 4 but did not detail the methods used in the calculation. OBJECTIVE To validate the MCID for UPSIT in patients with postviral, sinusitis, and procedure-associated olfactory loss. METHODS This was a secondary analysis of prospectively collected data from 5 clinical research studies related to olfactory function. Three studies included subjects with COVID-19-related olfactory dysfunction, one with chronic sinusitis subjects, and one with subjects undergoing transsphenoidal surgery. All subjects had completed a baseline and follow-up UPSIT, baseline and follow-up Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-Severity), and a follow-up CGI-Improvement. Both distribution- and anchor-based methods were used to determine the MCID of UPSIT. Distribution-based method calculated MCID using half standard deviation of baseline UPSIT and delta UPSIT scores. Clinical-anchor method determined MCID by comparing delta UPSIT scores between consecutive CGI-I clinical categories ranging from very much better to very much worse. RESULTS The study population comprised 295 subjects. Subjects had a mean (SD) baseline UPSIT score of 27 (7.5), and follow-up score of 28 (7.9), and a mean UPSIT change of 0.6 (5.8). Half the baseline UPSIT SD was 3.75 and half the delta UPSIT SD was 2.9. With the anchor-based approach, an MCID of 4 was defined as clinically meaningful by exploring the relationship between delta UPSIT and CGI-Improvement. Using a more conservative approach based on the MCID values identified from both methods, we determined that a change of 4 or greater is the appropriate MCID for UPSIT. CONCLUSION Investigators in the future should use 4 as MCID for UPSIT and report the percentage of study subjects who achieve a clinically meaningful difference. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashna Mahadev
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dorina Kallogjeri
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jay F Piccirillo
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Feing-Kwong-Chan A, Manera V, Payne M, Derreumaux A, Lemaire J, Sacco G, Mouton A, Plonka A, Fernandez X, Vandersteen C, Gros A. The first quick olfactory test specific for Alzheimer's disease and French culture. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2024; 281:757-766. [PMID: 37695364 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-023-08217-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Olfactory identification disorder is considered a promising early biomarker of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The QUICK TODA2 can be used as a short olfactory screening tool specific for French AD patients. The selection of AD specific odorants and the design of this screening were the main objectives of this twofold study. METHODS In study 1, the TODA2 olfactory test was administered to 43 mild-AD patients and 45 healthy controls (HC) in five memory centres in France. The selection of AD specific odorants was based on the differences in the proportion of correct answers and in the threshold means between AD and HC groups. In study 2, another set of 19 mild-AD patient were included at the memory centre of Nice Hospital. All participants completed the olfactory assessment pipeline including the QUICK TODA2, TODA2 and Sniffin' Sticks Identification sub-Test (SST-i). The individual scores of the three tests were correlated. RESULTS In study 1, ten TODA2 odorants could significantly differentiate AD participants from controls. We selected the six most AD-sensitive items to design the QUICK TODA2. In study 2, we reported strong significant correlations between QUICK TODA2 and TODA2 (ρ(17) = 0.68, p = 0.001**), SST-i and QUICK TODA2 (ρ(17) = 0.65, p = 0.002**), SST-i and TODA2 (ρ(17) = 0.57, p = 0.01*). CONCLUSION QUICK TODA2 is a 5-min non-invasive olfactory AD screening tool dedicated to French culture. Its results converge with those of longer, validated olfactory tests. It could be used as a quick screening tool in the general daily practice before an extensive assessment in memory centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anais Feing-Kwong-Chan
- Département d'Orthophonie, UFR Médecine de Nice, Nice, France.
- Université Côte d'Azur, CoBTeK, Nice, France.
| | - Valeria Manera
- Département d'Orthophonie, UFR Médecine de Nice, Nice, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, CoBTeK, Nice, France
- Service Clinique Gériatrique de Soins Ambulatoires, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Centre Mémoire Ressources et Recherche, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
- Association Innovation Alzheimer, Nice, France
| | - Magali Payne
- Département d'Orthophonie, UFR Médecine de Nice, Nice, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, CoBTeK, Nice, France
- Association Innovation Alzheimer, Nice, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire-Lenval, Hôpitaux Pédiatriques de Nice, Nice, France
| | - Alexandre Derreumaux
- Université Côte d'Azur, CoBTeK, Nice, France
- Service Clinique Gériatrique de Soins Ambulatoires, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Centre Mémoire Ressources et Recherche, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Justine Lemaire
- Université Côte d'Azur, CoBTeK, Nice, France
- Service Clinique Gériatrique de Soins Ambulatoires, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Centre Mémoire Ressources et Recherche, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Guillaume Sacco
- Département d'Orthophonie, UFR Médecine de Nice, Nice, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, CoBTeK, Nice, France
- Service Clinique Gériatrique de Soins Ambulatoires, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Centre Mémoire Ressources et Recherche, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
- Association Innovation Alzheimer, Nice, France
| | - Aurélie Mouton
- Département d'Orthophonie, UFR Médecine de Nice, Nice, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, CoBTeK, Nice, France
- Service Clinique Gériatrique de Soins Ambulatoires, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Centre Mémoire Ressources et Recherche, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
- Association Innovation Alzheimer, Nice, France
| | - Alexandra Plonka
- Département d'Orthophonie, UFR Médecine de Nice, Nice, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, CoBTeK, Nice, France
- Service Clinique Gériatrique de Soins Ambulatoires, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Centre Mémoire Ressources et Recherche, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
- Association Innovation Alzheimer, Nice, France
| | - Xavier Fernandez
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7272, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Parc Valrose, 28 Avenue, Nice, France
| | - Clair Vandersteen
- Institut Universitaire de la Face et du Cou, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, France Valrose, 06108, Nice, France
| | - Auriane Gros
- Département d'Orthophonie, UFR Médecine de Nice, Nice, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, CoBTeK, Nice, France
- Service Clinique Gériatrique de Soins Ambulatoires, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Centre Mémoire Ressources et Recherche, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
- Association Innovation Alzheimer, Nice, France
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De Corso E, Pipolo C, Cantone E, Ottaviano G, Gallo S, Trimarchi M, Torretta S, Cavaliere C, Lucidi D, Seccia V, Settimi S, Canevari FRM, Pasquini E, La Mantia I, Garzaro M, Bellocchi G, De Benedetto M, Lombardo N, Macchi A, Malvezzi L, Motta G, Vicini C, Maselli A, Dell’Era V, Dragonetti A, Asprea F, Lupato V, Ghidini A, Masieri S, Mattavelli D, Salzano FA, Passali D, Galli J, Pagella F. Practical recommendations for managing severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps in the era of biologics. ACTA OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGICA ITALICA : ORGANO UFFICIALE DELLA SOCIETA ITALIANA DI OTORINOLARINGOLOGIA E CHIRURGIA CERVICO-FACCIALE 2023; 43:324-340. [PMID: 37224173 PMCID: PMC10551726 DOI: 10.14639/0392-100x-n2422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Objective We conducted a national survey to understand how rhinology practice has changed with the advent of biologics and how this affected patients with uncontrolled, severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). We aimed to analyse the results of the survey and infer practical recommendations for clinical practice. Methods A group of ear, nose, and throat specialists (ENTs) experienced in the management of CRSwNP developed a 74-question survey. ENTs from rhinology centres authorised to prescribe biologics in the context of the national health system were invited to answer it between 01/05/2022 and 31/07/2022. The responses underwent descriptive analyses, and the authors discussed the results and derived practical recommendations for clinical practice. Results ENTs working in rhinology centres changed their practices coinciding with the advent of biologics. CRSwNP evaluations have become more complex because they involve diagnostic confirmation, determining the patients' immunologic profile, and other factors. We observed heterogenous behaviours in practice that may be conditioned by the novelty of the topic. The results of the survey were used to develop practical recommendations for ENTs and are summarised herein. Conclusions Clinical practice in rhinology outpatient clinics has changed profoundly in the era of biologics. Our practical recommendations for clinicians working in rhinology centres are expected to help standardise practice and improve care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio De Corso
- Otorhinolaryngology Unit, Head and Neck Department, A. Gemelli Universitary Hospital Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlotta Pipolo
- Otorhinolaryngology Unit, Head and Neck Department, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Cantone
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatologic Sciences, Unit of Ear, Nose and Throat, “Federico II” University, Naples, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Ottaviano
- Department of Neuroscience DNS, Otolaryngology Section, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Stefania Gallo
- Otorhinolaryngology Unit, Head and Neck Department, ASST Sette Laghi and UPLOAD Research Center, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Matteo Trimarchi
- Division of Head and Neck Department, Otorhinolaryngology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Torretta
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Cavaliere
- Dipartimento di scienze odontostomatologiche e maxillo facciali. Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Lucidi
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Veronica Seccia
- Otolaryngology, Audiology, and Phoniatric Operative Unit, Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology, and Critical Care Medicine, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Frank Rikki Mauritz Canevari
- UOC di Otorinolaringoiatria IRCCS Policlinico San Martino Genova, Dipartimento DISC Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ernesto Pasquini
- ENT Unit “Bellaria” Hospital – Specialized Dep AUSL Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicola Lombardo
- ENT Unit Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Græcia Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alberto Macchi
- ENT University of Insubria, ASST Settelaghi, Varese, Italy
| | - Luca Malvezzi
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Rozzano (MI), Italy
| | - Gaetano Motta
- Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Vicini
- Department of Head-Neck Surgery, Otolaryngology, Head-Neck and Oral Surgery Unit, Morgagni Pierantoni Hospital, Forlì, Italy
| | - Alessandro Maselli
- Department Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital of Barletta, Barletta (BT), Italy
| | - Valeria Dell’Era
- ENT Division, Maggiore Hospital, Eastern Piedmont University – Novara, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Asprea
- Otorinolaringoiatria e audiologia. Università degli studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Valentina Lupato
- Division of Otolaryngology, Ospedale Civile di Pordenone, Azienda Sanitaria Friuli Occidentale (ASFO), Pordenone, Italy
| | - Angelo Ghidini
- Otorinolaringoiatria Azienda USL di Reggio Emilia/IRCCS, Italy
| | - Simonetta Masieri
- Dipartimento di scienze odontostomatologiche e maxillo facciali. Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Mattavelli
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia – University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | | | - Jacopo Galli
- Otorhinolaryngology Unit, Head and Neck Department, A. Gemelli Universitary Hospital Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Catholic University of The Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Pagella
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic, and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Otorhinolaryngology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
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Ottaviano G, De Corso E, Saccardo T, D’Auria LM, Zampollo S, D’Agostino G, Mairani E, De Maio G, Scarpa B, Bacci C, Favero V. Effectiveness of Dupilumab in the Treatment of Adult and Older Adult Patients with Severe, Uncontrolled CRSwNP. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1241. [PMID: 37623491 PMCID: PMC10456067 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13081241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a multifactorial disease that significantly impacts patients' quality of life. New therapeutic strategies and in particular biologic treatments are now available for these patients. It has been demonstrated that Dupilumab (an anti IL-4/IL-13 biologic drug) is effective in reducing the size of nasal polyps and in improving patients' symptoms and thus, quality of life. No real-world studies examining Dupilamab's efficacy in the elderly with respect to other adult age groups have as yet been carried out. The aim of this multicentric study was to evaluate Dupilumab's efficacy in young-middle adults as opposed to an older adult population affected by severe, uncontrolled CRSwNP. Of the 96 patients included in the study, 22 were 65 years old or older. Significant improvements were observed in all the parameters considered in both age groups after treatment was begun (T0 mean values for SNOT-22 = 58.5 ± 20.3, VAS NO = 7.6 ± 2.2, VAS smell = 8.6 ± 2.1, NPS = 5.6 ± 1.4, PNIF = 101.6 ± 59.4, S'S = 5.1 ± 3.1), T4 mean values for SNOT-22 = 15.1 ± 12.7, VAS NO = 1.7 ± 1.8, VAS smell = 2.4 ± 3, NPS = 1.7 ± 1.7, PNIF = 162.4 ± 43.2, S'S = 10.4 ± 3.7) (p < 0.0001). No differences in the variables considered were observed between the two age groups during the study, with the exception of the Peak Nasal Inspiratory Flow (PNIF), which was marginally higher; this was also the case according to multivariate analyses (p = 0.008) in the young-middle adult group with respect to the elderly one (p = 0.07). At multivariate analyses, asthma and the female sex negatively influenced the PNIF values (p = 0.001 and p = 0.012, respectively). Age negatively influenced the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for nasal obstruction (p = 0.0032) and Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (ESS) negatively influenced the patents' olfactory performance (p = 0.028) to the same degree in both groups. Dupilumab was found to be effective to the same degree in both age groups. It can be considered a safe and reliable option for the treatment of elderly patients with severe, uncontrolled CRSwNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Ottaviano
- Department of Neurosciences DNS, Otolaryngology Section, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (T.S.); (S.Z.); (E.M.)
| | - Eugenio De Corso
- Department of Otolaryngology, Policlinico Gemelli University Hospital IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (E.D.C.); (L.M.D.); (G.D.); (G.D.M.)
| | - Tommaso Saccardo
- Department of Neurosciences DNS, Otolaryngology Section, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (T.S.); (S.Z.); (E.M.)
| | - Leandro Maria D’Auria
- Department of Otolaryngology, Policlinico Gemelli University Hospital IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (E.D.C.); (L.M.D.); (G.D.); (G.D.M.)
| | - Sonny Zampollo
- Department of Neurosciences DNS, Otolaryngology Section, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (T.S.); (S.Z.); (E.M.)
| | - Giuseppe D’Agostino
- Department of Otolaryngology, Policlinico Gemelli University Hospital IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (E.D.C.); (L.M.D.); (G.D.); (G.D.M.)
| | - Edoardo Mairani
- Department of Neurosciences DNS, Otolaryngology Section, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (T.S.); (S.Z.); (E.M.)
| | - Gabriele De Maio
- Department of Otolaryngology, Policlinico Gemelli University Hospital IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (E.D.C.); (L.M.D.); (G.D.); (G.D.M.)
| | - Bruno Scarpa
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy;
| | - Christian Bacci
- Unit of Dentistry, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, 35122 Padova, Italy;
| | - Vittorio Favero
- Unit of Maxillofacial Surgery and Dentistry, Head and Neck Department, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
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Masala C, Solla P, Loy F. Gender-Related Differences in the Correlation between Odor Threshold, Discrimination, Identification, and Cognitive Reserve Index in Healthy Subjects. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040586. [PMID: 37106786 PMCID: PMC10136322 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies suggested that olfactory function could be associated with semantic memory, executive function, and verbal fluency. However, the gender-related association between olfactory function and the cognitive domain is not well investigated. The aim of this study was to estimate gender-related differences in the relationship between olfactory function and each specific cognitive domain of the Cognitive Reserve Index (CRI) questionnaire, such as education, working activity, and leisure time in healthy subjects. METHODS Two hundred and sixty-nine participants were recruited (158 women and 111 men), with a mean age of 48.1 ± 18.6 years. The CRI questionnaire and Sniffin' Sticks test were used to evaluate the cognitive reserve and the olfactory function, respectively. RESULTS In all subjects, significant associations between the odor threshold versus CRI-Education, between the odor discrimina-tion and identification versus CRI-Working activity and CRI-Leisure Time, were found. In women, odor threshold, discrimination, and identification were associated with CRI-Leisure Time, while in men, only a significant association between odor threshold and CRI-Education was observed. CONCLUSIONS Our data, showing significant gender-related associations between olfactory function and CRI scores, suggested the use of olfactory evaluation and cognitive reserve as an important screening tool for the early detection of mild cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Masala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, SP8 Cittadella Universitaria Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paolo Solla
- Department of Neurology, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 10, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Francesco Loy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, SP8 Cittadella Universitaria Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
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Clinical features of olfactory dysfunction in elderly patients. Auris Nasus Larynx 2023; 50:241-246. [PMID: 35728996 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the causes of olfactory dysfunction (OD) and to discuss the benefits of understanding the characteristics of OD in elderly patients. METHODS A total of 4300 patients with OD who were treated at our hospital between January 1996 and December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 1833 men and 2467 women, with ages ranging from 4 to 95 years. The patients were divided into two groups: younger (less than 65 years old, n = 2947) and elderly (65 years old or more, n = 1353) groups. Causative diseases were chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), post-viral (PV), post-traumatic (PT), central nervous system dysfunction (CNS), peripheral nervous system dysfunction (PNS), congenital, psychogenic, and unknown. Visual analogue scale (VAS) and olfactory detection and recognition thresholds using the T&T olfaction test were used to evaluate olfaction. The mean detection and recognition thresholds, as well as the deviation difference (the difference between the mean detection and recognition thresholds) were compared by causative disease. RESULTS The causative diseases in elderly group were CRS (32%), PV (28%), PT (3%), CNS (2%), and PNS (4%). OD of unknown cause was significantly more in elderly (30%) than in younger patients (12%). Olfactory detection and recognition thresholds in elderly group were significantly worse than in younger group (p < 0.05). The olfactory detection and recognition thresholds were not any significant differences between patients with OD of unknown cause and those with CNS. CONCLUSION OD of unknown cause was predominantly observed in elderly group. The olfactory acuity of OD of unknown cause was similar to CNS OD. These findings suggest the importance of continuous follow-up due to the potential of neurodegenerative diseases in elderly OD patients.
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Mi Y, Ma X, Du S, Du C, Li X, Tan H, Zhang J, Zhang Q, Shi W, Zhang G, Tian Y. Olfactory function changes and the predictive performance of the Chinese Smell Identification Test in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1068708. [PMID: 36861124 PMCID: PMC9969891 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1068708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Olfactory disorder is one of the sensory features that reflects a decline in cognitive function. However, olfactory changes and the discernibility of smell testing in the aging population have yet to be fully elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effectiveness of the Chinese Smell Identification Test (CSIT) in distinguishing individuals with cognitive decline from those with normal aging and to determine whether the patients with MCI and AD show changes in their olfactory identification abilities. Methods This cross-sectional study included eligible participants aged over 50 years between October 2019 and December 2021. The participants were divided into three groups: individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and cognitively normal controls (NCs). All participants were assessed using neuropsychiatric scales, the Activity of Daily Living scale, and the 16-odor cognitive state test (CSIT) test. The test scores and the severity of olfactory impairment were also recorded for each participant. Results In total, 366 eligible participants were recruited, including 188 participants with MCI, 42 patients with AD, and 136 NCs. Patients with MCI achieved a mean CSIT score of 13.06 ± 2.05, while patients with AD achieved a mean score of 11.38 ± 3.25. These scores were significantly lower than those of the NC group (14.6 ± 1.57; P < 0.001). An analysis showed that 19.9% of NCs exhibited mild olfactory impairment, while 52.7% of patients with MCI and 69% of patients with AD exhibited mild to severe olfactory impairment. The CSIT score was positively correlated with the MoCA and MMSE scores. The CIST score and the severity of olfactory impairment were identified as robust indicators for MCI and AD, even after adjusting for age, gender, and level of education. Age and educational level were identified as two important confounding factors that influence cognitive function. However, no significant interactive effects were observed between these confounders and CIST scores in determining the risk of MCI. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) generated from the ROC analysis was 0.738 and 0.813 in distinguishing patients with MCI and patients with AD from NCs based on the CIST scores, respectively. The optimal cutoff for distinguishing MCI from NCs was 13, and for distinguishing AD from NCs was 11. The AUC for distinguishing AD from MCI was 0.62. Conclusions The olfactory identification function is frequently affected in patients with MCI and patients with AD. CSIT is a beneficial tool for the early screening of cognitive impairment among elderly patients with cognitive or memory issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Mi
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China,Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaojuan Ma
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China,Clinical Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shan Du
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China,Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chengxue Du
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China,Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China,Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huihui Tan
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China,Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China,Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China,Clinical Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenzhen Shi
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China,Clinical Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China,Wenzhen Shi ✉
| | - Gejuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China,Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China,Gejuan Zhang ✉
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China,Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China,*Correspondence: Ye Tian ✉
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10
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Roddick KM, Fertan E, Schellinck HM, Brown RE. A Signal Detection Analysis of Olfactory Learning in 12-Month-Old 5xFAD Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 88:37-44. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-220049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although Alzheimer’s disease is most often studied in terms of memory impairments, olfactory dysfunction begins in the early stages. We tested olfactory learning, sensitivity, and response bias using signal detection methods in 12-month-old male and female 5xFAD mice and their wildtype controls in the operant olfactometer. Odor detection was not reduced in the 5xFAD mice, but learning was, which was worse in female 5xFAD mice than in males. Female mice were more conservative in their response strategy. Signal detection analysis allows us to discriminate between cognitive and sensory deficits of male and female mouse models of AD.
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11
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Kose Y, Hatamoto Y, Tomiga-Takae R, Kimuro Y, Aoyagi R, Kawasaki H, Komiyama T, Ichikawa M, Fujiyama K, Murata Y, Ikenaga M, Higaki Y. Olfaction, ability to identify particular olfactory clusters and odors, and physical performance in community-dwelling older adults: The Yanai Study. Exp Gerontol 2022; 163:111793. [PMID: 35367594 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.111793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfactory dysfunction is associated with poor physical performance in older adults. However, it remains unknown whether the ability to identify particular olfactory clusters and/or odors is associated with physical performance in physically independent community-dwelling older adults. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 130 community-dwelling older adults (70.1 ± 5.5 years). The Odor Stick Identification Test for Japanese people, consisting of 12 odors in four clusters (wood, grass, herb; sweet; spices; foul-smelling), was used to examine olfaction. Participants also completed physical performance tests (one leg standing with open eyes; aerobic capacity; lower muscle function: five-times chair stand [CS] and vertical jump; mobility: star walking and timed up and go [TUG]) and cognitive function tests. RESULTS Worse overall olfaction was not significantly associated with any physical performance measure. Worse performance for identifying sweet odors and an inability to identify some specific odors (menthol and rose) were associated with worse mobility and/or lower muscle function-adjusted covariates. Moreover, an inability to identify menthol and rose was associated with worse TUG (odds ratio [OR]: 0.424; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.215-0.836), star walking (OR: 0.714; 95% CI: 0.506-0.976), CS (OR: 0.638; 95% CI: 0.470-0.864), and vertical jump (OR: 1.12; 95% CI: 1.001-1.24) performance, even when the analysis was adjusted to exclude menthol and rose score from the overall olfaction score (p < .05 for all). CONCLUSIONS The current study may help to increase awareness of olfactory and physical dysfunction at an earlier stage among physically independent community-dwelling older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Kose
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan; Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Yoichi Hatamoto
- Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan; Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health, and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8636, Japan
| | - Rie Tomiga-Takae
- Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan; Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, University of Nagasaki, 1-1-1 Manabino, Nagayo-cho, Nishisonogi-gun, Nagasaki 851-2195, Japan
| | - Yukari Kimuro
- Department of Nursing, Fukuoka International University of Health and Welfare, 3-6-40 Momochihama, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka 814-0001, Japan
| | - Ryo Aoyagi
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Hikaru Kawasaki
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Takaaki Komiyama
- Center for Education in Liberal Arts and Sciences, Osaka University, 1-17 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Mamiko Ichikawa
- Department of Sport and Medical Science, Teikyo University, 359 Otsuka, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0395, Japan
| | | | - Yoshiro Murata
- Emu Kankyo Design System Co., Ltd., 5-28-23 Chayama, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0111, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ikenaga
- Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Yasuki Higaki
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan; Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
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12
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Oleszkiewicz A, Idziak P, Rokosz M. The Importance of Intact Senses in Mating and Social Assessments Made by Deaf Individuals. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2021; 50:3799-3808. [PMID: 34637046 PMCID: PMC8604834 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-02016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Social perception is a multimodal process involving vision and audition as central input sources for human social cognitive processes. However, it remains unclear how profoundly deaf people assess others in the context of mating and social interaction. The current study explored the relative importance of different sensory modalities (vision, smell, and touch) in assessments of opposite- and same-sex strangers. We focused on potential sensory compensation processes in mate selection (i.e., increased importance of the intact senses in forming impressions of an opposite-sex stranger as a potential partner). A total of 74 deaf individuals and 100 normally hearing controls were included in the study sample. We found diminished importance of vision and smell in deaf participants compared with controls for opposite- and same-sex strangers, and increased importance of touch for the assessment of same-sex strangers. The results suggested that deaf people rely less on visual and olfactory cues in mating and social assessments, highlighting a possible role of sign language in shaping interpersonal tactile experience in non-romantic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Oleszkiewicz
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, ul. Dawida 1, 50-527, Wrocław, Poland.
- Taste and Smell Clinic, Technische Universitat Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Paulina Idziak
- Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marta Rokosz
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, ul. Dawida 1, 50-527, Wrocław, Poland
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13
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Berro C, Pendolino AL, Foletto M, Facciolo MC, Maculan P, Prevedello L, Giuntoli DG, Scarpa B, Pavan C, Andrews PJ, Ottaviano G. Olfactory and Gustatory Function before and after Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57090913. [PMID: 34577836 PMCID: PMC8466191 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57090913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Bariatric surgery is the gold standard for the treatment of morbid obesity, and current evidence suggests that patients undergoing surgery can show changes in their sense of taste and smell. However, no definitive conclusions can be drawn given the heterogeneity of the studies and the contrasting results reported in the literature. Materials and Methods: We enrolled 18 obese patients undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) and 15 obese controls. At baseline (T0) and 6 months after enrollment/surgery (T1), both groups underwent Sniffin’ Sticks and whole mouth test. Post-operative qualitative taste variations were also analyzed and SNOT-22, VAS for taste and smell, and MMSE were administered. Results: An improvement in the olfactory threshold was observed in the treatment group (p = 0.03) at 6 months. At multivariate analysis, the olfactory threshold differences observed correlated with MMSE (p = 0.03) and T0 gustatory identification (p = 0.01). No changes in sense of taste were observed between the two groups at 6 months, even though nine subjects in the treatment group reported a worsening of taste. This negatively correlated with age (p < 0.001), but a positive marginal correlation was observed with the olfactory threshold difference between T0 and T1 (p = 0.06). Conclusions: Olfaction can improve after LSG, and this seems to be the consequence of an improved olfactory threshold. Although we did not observe any change in gustatory identification, food’s pleasantness worsened after bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Berro
- Department of Neurosciences, Otolaryngology Section, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.B.); (M.C.F.); (D.G.G.); (G.O.)
| | - Alfonso Luca Pendolino
- Department of ENT, Royal National ENT & Eastman Dental Hospitals, London WC1E 6DG, UK;
- Ear Institute, University College London, London WC1X 8EE, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Mirto Foletto
- Centre for Mechanics of Biological Materials, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy;
- IFSO Bariatric Centre of Excellence, Padova University Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy;
| | - Maria Cristina Facciolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Otolaryngology Section, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.B.); (M.C.F.); (D.G.G.); (G.O.)
| | - Pietro Maculan
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy;
| | - Luca Prevedello
- IFSO Bariatric Centre of Excellence, Padova University Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy;
| | - Diletta Giulia Giuntoli
- Department of Neurosciences, Otolaryngology Section, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.B.); (M.C.F.); (D.G.G.); (G.O.)
| | - Bruno Scarpa
- Department of Statistical Sciences and Department of Mathematics Tullio Levi-Civita, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy;
| | - Chiara Pavan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy;
| | - Peter J. Andrews
- Department of ENT, Royal National ENT & Eastman Dental Hospitals, London WC1E 6DG, UK;
- Ear Institute, University College London, London WC1X 8EE, UK
| | - Giancarlo Ottaviano
- Department of Neurosciences, Otolaryngology Section, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.B.); (M.C.F.); (D.G.G.); (G.O.)
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Langley MR, Ghaisas S, Palanisamy BN, Ay M, Jin H, Anantharam V, Kanthasamy A, Kanthasamy AG. Characterization of nonmotor behavioral impairments and their neurochemical mechanisms in the MitoPark mouse model of progressive neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2021; 341:113716. [PMID: 33839143 PMCID: PMC9797183 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated as a key player in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). The MitoPark mouse, a transgenic mitochondrial impairment model developed by specific inactivation of TFAM in dopaminergic neurons, spontaneously exhibits progressive motor deficits and neurodegeneration, recapitulating several features of PD. Since nonmotor symptoms are now recognized as important features of the prodromal stage of PD, we comprehensively assessed the clinically relevant motor and nonmotor deficiencies from ages 8-24 wk in both male and female MitoPark mice and their littermate controls. As expected, motor deficits in MitoPark mice began around 12-14 wk and became severe by 16-24 wk. Interestingly, MitoPark mice exhibited olfactory deficits in the novel and social scent tests as early as 10-12 wk as compared to age-matched littermate controls. Additionally, male MitoPark mice showed spatial memory deficits before female mice, beginning at 8 wk and becoming most severe at 16 wk, as determined by the Morris water maze. MitoPark mice between 16 and 24 wk spent more time immobile in forced swim and tail suspension tests, and made fewer entries into open arms of the elevated plus maze, indicating a depressive and anxiety-like phenotype, respectively. Importantly, depressive behavior as determined by immobility in forced swim test was reversible by antidepressant treatment with desipramine. Neurochemical and mechanistic studies revealed significant changes in CREB phosphorylation, BDNF, and catecholamine levels as well as neurogenesis in key brain regions. Collectively, our results indicate that MitoPark mice progressively exhibit deficits in olfactory discrimination, cognitive learning and memory, and anxiety- and depression-like behaviors as well as key neurochemical signaling associated with nonmotor deficits in PD. Thus, MitoPark mice can serve as an invaluable model for studying nonmotor deficits in addition to studying the motor deficits related to pathology in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica R Langley
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States of America
| | - Shivani Ghaisas
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States of America
| | - Bharathi N Palanisamy
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States of America
| | - Muhammet Ay
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States of America
| | - Huajun Jin
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States of America
| | - Vellareddy Anantharam
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States of America
| | - Arthi Kanthasamy
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States of America
| | - Anumantha G Kanthasamy
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States of America.
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Mitrano DA, Houle SE, Pearce P, Quintanilla RM, Lockhart BK, Genovese BC, Schendzielos RA, Croushore EE, Dymond EM, Bogenpohl JW, Grau HJ, Webb LS. Olfactory dysfunction in the 3xTg-AD model of Alzheimer's disease. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2021; 10:51-61. [PMID: 33842910 PMCID: PMC8019944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease in which the risk of development increases with age. People with AD are plagued with deficits in their cognition, memory, and basic social skills. Many of these deficits are believed to be caused by the formation of amyloid-β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in regions of the brain associated with memory, such as the hippocampus. However, one of the early, preclinical symptoms of AD is the loss of olfactory detection and discrimination. To determine if a mouse model of AD expresses the same olfactory dysfunction seen in human AD, 3xTg-AD mice were given a buried food test and, unlike previous studies, compared to their background and parental strains. Results showed that over 52 weeks, the 3xTg-AD mice took significantly longer to find the buried food than the control strains. The olfactory bulbs of the 3xTg-AD mice were removed, sliced, and stained using Congo red for histological analysis. Amyloid deposits were observed predominantly in the granule layer of the olfactory bulb beginning at 13 weeks of age in 3xTg-AD mice, but not in the control strains of mice. Further examination of the buried food test data revealed that 3xTg-AD females had a significantly longer latency to detect the buried food than males beginning at 26 weeks of age. Overall, this study provides further validation of the 3xTg-AD mouse model of AD and supports the idea that simple olfactory testing could be part of the diagnostic process for human AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darlene A. Mitrano
- Department of Molecular Biology & Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Sam E. Houle
- Program in Neuroscience, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Patrick Pearce
- Program in Neuroscience, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Ricardo M. Quintanilla
- Department of Molecular Biology & Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Blakely K. Lockhart
- Program in Neuroscience, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Benjamin C. Genovese
- Department of Molecular Biology & Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Rachel A. Schendzielos
- Department of Molecular Biology & Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Emma E. Croushore
- Department of Molecular Biology & Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Ethan M. Dymond
- Department of Molecular Biology & Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - James W. Bogenpohl
- Department of Molecular Biology & Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Harold J. Grau
- Department of Molecular Biology & Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Lisa Smith Webb
- Department of Molecular Biology & Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
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Paz MGD, Souza LAFD, Tatagiba BDSF, Serra JRD, Moura LAD, Barbosa MA, Pereira LV. Factors associated with quality of life of older adults with chronic pain. Rev Bras Enferm 2021; 74:e20200554. [PMID: 34037193 DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the factors associated with quality of life of the older adults with chronic pain. METHOD Cross-sectional study conducted with 239 older adults in outpatient care in the state of Goiás, Brazil. The World Health Organization Quality of Life-Old (WHOQOL-OLD) instrument contains six domains and was applied to assess quality of life. Simple and multiple linear regressions were used in the statistical analysis. RESULTS The factors associated with Sensory Abilities were age (β = - 0.52), time spent together (β = - 14.35; - 17.86; - 15.57), and pain intensity (β = - 1, 70). Autonomy was associated with depression (β = - 5.99) and chest pain (β = - 6.17). Social participation related to schooling (β = - 0.64), diabetes mellitus (β = - 8.15), depression (β = - 14.53), pain intensity (β = - 1.43), and lower limb pain (β = - 5.94). Past, present and future activities related to depression (β = - 6.94). Death and dying related to hypertension (β = - 8.40), while Intimacy to depression (β = - 5.99) and headache/face pain (β = - 3.19). CONCLUSION The time experiencing chronic pain and the location of this experience, as well as depression, diabetes and systemic arterial hypertension were factors that had greater influence on the older adult's Quality of Life domains.
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17
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Lan Y, You ZJ, Du R, Chen LS, Wu JX. Association of Olfactory Impairment and Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in Elderly Patients. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:681463. [PMID: 33968998 PMCID: PMC8099109 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.681463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of anesthesia on the change of olfactory function and cognitive function in elderly patients who undergo abdominal surgery. METHODS A total of 30 elderly patients who underwent abdominal surgery were recruited as the research subjects. The Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center (CCCRC) olfactory test was used to test the olfactory function and the Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE), Hopkins Verbal Learning Test - Revised (HVLT-R), Trail Making Test (TMT), Stroop Color Word Test (SCWT), Digit-Symbol Coding Test (DSCT), and Verbal Fluency Test (VFT) were used to assess their cognitive function before general anesthesia, and on the 3rd and 7th day post-anesthesia. The serum level of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were measured before anesthesia and at 0, 12, and 24 h post-anesthesia. In total, 30 healthy volunteers who did not undergo anesthesia were used as the control group. The test results of all subjects were recorded and their correlations were analyzed. RESULTS On the 3rd and 7th day post-anesthesia, the olfactory recognition threshold of patients in the surgical group was lower than that of control group with significant difference (P < 0.05). On the 3rd and 7th postoperative day, the patient's short-term memory and delayed memory, attention and processing speed were decreased (P < 0.05). On the 7th day post-anesthesia, delayed memory and processing ability were still decreased (P < 0.05). In the surgical group, Spearman correlation analysis showed that the difference of olfactory recognition score on the 3rd and 7th day post-anesthesia was positively correlated with short-term memory and delayed memory of cognitive function. Compared with pre-anesthesia, the serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the surgical group were significantly increased at each time point after anesthesia. CONCLUSION Abdominal surgery with general anesthesia in elderly patients may increase the level of serum inflammatory factors, induce olfactory impairment, particularly the decline of olfactory identification threshold and cause cognitive dysfunction with declined short-term memory, delayed memory and attention. There was a positive correlation between olfactory impairment and cognitive dysfunction after general anesthesia. Therefore, olfactory impairment could be an early indicator to guide early intervention for postoperative cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zhi-jian You
- Department of Anesthesiology, Liuzhou People’s Hospital, Liuzhou, China
| | - Ruiming Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Le-si Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jia-xuan Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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18
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Effect of Food Odors on Subjective Degree of Appetite Among Patients Undergoing Convalescent Rehabilitation. TOP CLIN NUTR 2021. [DOI: 10.1097/tin.0000000000000240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Su B, Bleier B, Wei Y, Wu D. Clinical Implications of Psychophysical Olfactory Testing: Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment Outcome. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:646956. [PMID: 33815048 PMCID: PMC8012732 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.646956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose of Review Olfactory dysfunction dramatically impairs quality of life with a prevalence of 20% in the general adult population. Psychophysical olfactory testing has been widely used to evaluate the ability to smell due to its validated utility and feasibility in clinic. This review summarizes the current literature regarding psychophysical olfactory testing and the clinical relevance of the olfactory testing with different components. Furthermore, the review highlights the diagnosis and treatment value of olfactory subtests in patients with olfactory dysfunction. Recent Findings With the accumulation of studies of psychophysical olfactory testing in olfactory disorders, the clinical relevance of olfactory testing with different components is expanding. Different olfactory domains present with distinct olfactory processing and cortical activity. Psychophysical assessment of olfaction with three domains reveals different levels of olfactory processing and might assist with analyzing the pathophysiologic mechanism of the various olfactory disorders. Furthermore, olfactory thresholds provided the largest amount of non-redundant information to the olfactory diagnosis. Sinonasal olfactory dysfunction and non-sinonasal-related olfactory dysfunction are emerging classifications of smell disorders with certain characteristics of olfactory impairment and different responses to the therapy including steroids, sinus surgery, and olfactory training. Summary These recent advancements should promote the understanding of psychophysical olfactory testing, the association between individual subcomponents and neurophysiological processes, and pave the way for precision assessment and treatment of the olfactory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baihan Su
- Department of Otolaryngology, Smell and Taste Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Benjamin Bleier
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yongxiang Wei
- Department of Otolaryngology, Smell and Taste Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Dawei Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Smell and Taste Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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20
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Gao K, Gao F, Li J, He C, Liu M, Zhu Q, Qian Z, Ma T, Wang P. Biomimetic integrated olfactory sensory and olfactory bulb systems in vitro based on a chip. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 171:112739. [PMID: 33096431 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A variety of mammalian or insect behaviors rely on the recognition of relevant odor stimuli. The olfactory system detects and translates complex olfactory stimuli (odors) through the unique and reproducible dynamic ensembles of neuronal activities. This process is involved in various types of neurons of olfactory parts, thereby encoding olfactory information or predicting progression in some neuropsychiatric diseases. In this paper, we constructed a biomimetic model including olfactory sensing system and olfactory bulb processing system to map olfactory-associated ensembles of neuronal activity. The olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) and olfactory bulb (OB) neurons were primarily cultured and the immunofluorescence images were performed to identify the types of neurons. Diacetyl solution was used as an odor stimulus, and the spike bursts and random spike firing patterns of concentration-dependent excitatory responses were obtained from the ORNs network. The spike waveform and feature parameters were extracted including the spike number and interval in per burst to program the stimulation unit and sequences. The sequences containing odor information were applied to the OB neuronal network for the simulation of the primary olfactory processing. The response pattern and change rule of the OB neuronal network were consistent with the OB neurons affected by the neurotransmitter, which is the carrier of olfactory information transmission in vivo. This biomimetic integrated olfactory sensory and processing system can serve as a novel model for studying the physiological and pathological mechanisms of olfaction, and the pharmacological application in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqiang Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Fan Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Chuanjiang He
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Mengxue Liu
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China
| | - Zhiyu Qian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China
| | - Tengfei Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Ping Wang
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China.
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21
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Relationship between cognitive impairment and olfactory function among older adults with olfactory impairment. Auris Nasus Larynx 2020; 48:420-427. [PMID: 33293191 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2020.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Understanding the relationships among aging, cognitive function, and olfaction may be useful for diagnosing olfactory decline in older adults. Olfactory function declines in the early stage of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Aging and cognitive impairment are associated with olfactory decline. Moreover, the assessment of hyposmia and anosmia is paramount to the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. We aimed to assess the relationships among aging, cognitive function, and olfaction in patients with olfactory impairment. METHODS This observational study included 141 patients with olfactory deterioration who presented with dementia, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), age-related hyposmia, or postviral olfactory dysfunction (PVOD). The patients underwent T&T olfactometry, a self-administered odor questionnaire (SAOQ), a visual analog scale (VAS), and a Mini-Mental State Examination. RESULTS T&T odor recognition thresholds decreased with aging (p < 0.01) and cognitive impairment (p < 0.08). The average T&T recognition thresholds were 5.1,4.6,4.2, and 3.7 in dementia, MCI, age-related hyposmia, and PVOD, respectively. Moreover, the average differences between the detection and recognition thresholds were 3.7, 2.8, 2.3, and 2.0 in dementia, MCI, age-related hyposmia, and PVOD, respectively. Hyposmia with dementia presented the highest recognition thresholds (p < 0.05) and the largest differences between the T&T detection and recognition thresholds, compared with age-related hyposmia and PVOD (p < 0.05). Hyposmia with dementia had the highest SAOQ and VAS scores compared with the other groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The possibility of dementia should be investigated in patients with hyposmia, including those with high T&T recognition thresholds, a large difference between the T&T detection and recognition thresholds, and high SAOQ and VAS scores.
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22
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Ding D, Xiao Z, Liang X, Wu W, Zhao Q, Cao Y. Predictive Value of Odor Identification for Incident Dementia: The Shanghai Aging Study. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:266. [PMID: 33005146 PMCID: PMC7479092 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the value of odors in the olfactory identification (OI) test and other known risk factors for predicting incident dementia in the prospective Shanghai Aging Study. METHODS At baseline, OI was assessed using the Sniffin' Sticks Screening Test 12, which contains 12 different odors. Cognition assessment and consensus diagnosis were conducted at both baseline and follow-up to identify incident dementia. Four different multivariable logistic regression (MLR) models were used for predicting incident dementia. In the no-odor model, only demographics, lifestyle, and medical history variables were included. In the single-odor model, we further added one single odor to the first model. In the full model, all 12 odors were included. In the stepwise model, the variables were selected using a bidirectional stepwise selection method. The predictive abilities of these models were evaluated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). The permutation importance method was used to evaluate the relative importance of different odors and other known risk factors. RESULTS Seventy-five (8%) incident dementia cases were diagnosed during 4.9 years of follow-up among 947 participants. The full and the stepwise MLR model (AUC = 0.916 and 0.914, respectively) have better predictive abilities compared with those of the no- or single-odor models. The five most important variables are Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score, age, peppermint detection, coronary artery disease, and height in the full model, and MMSE, age, peppermint detection, stroke, and education in the stepwise model. The combination of only the top five variables in the stepwise model (AUC = 0.901 and sensitivity = 0.880) has as a good a predictive ability as other models. CONCLUSION The ability to smell peppermint might be one of the useful indicators for predicting dementia. Combining peppermint detection with MMSE, age, education, and history of stroke may have sensitive and robust predictive value for dementia in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Ding
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenxu Xiao
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoniu Liang
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanqing Wu
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianhua Zhao
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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23
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Marchese-Ragona R, Restivo DA, De Corso E, Vianello A, Nicolai P, Ottaviano G. Loss of smell in COVID-19 patients: a critical review with emphasis on the use of olfactory tests. ACTA OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGICA ITALICA : ORGANO UFFICIALE DELLA SOCIETA ITALIANA DI OTORINOLARINGOLOGIA E CHIRURGIA CERVICO-FACCIALE 2020; 40:241-247. [PMID: 33100334 PMCID: PMC7586189 DOI: 10.14639/0392-100x-n0862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Since December 2019, an outbreak of a newly isolated coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) appeared in Wuhan, China, and then spread worldwide. Recently, it has emerged that a number of patients may present with sudden hyposmia, sometimes without other symptoms of the disease. We performed a critical review on the methods used to date to investigate the olfactory function in COVID-19 patients in order to establish which should be considered the most appropriate to use during this pandemic. Literature analysis showed that the diagnosis of hyposmia in COVID-19 patients was mainly made through subjective symptomatology collected by questionnaires and/or interview. Psychophysical tests were carried out in a few studies showing significant discrepancies between the self-reported sense of smell and test results. To date the methods used by authors to investigate smell impairment in COVID-19 patients have been very heterogeneous and predominantly based on self-reported questionnaires leading to confusing and inconclusive results. We suggest that simple validated self-administered psychophysical olfactory tests could be a valuable instrument to investigate isolated/quarantined or hospitalised COVID-19 patients referring smell impairment in order to confirm olfactory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Domenico Antonio Restivo
- Department of Medicine, Neurological Unit and Service of Clinical Neurophysiology, Garibaldi Hospital, Catania, Italy
| | - Eugenio De Corso
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Unità Operativa di Otorinolaringoiatria, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Vianello
- Department of Cardiological, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, Respiratory Pathophysiology Unit, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Piero Nicolai
- Department of Neuroscience, Otolaryngology Section, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Ottaviano
- Department of Neuroscience, Otolaryngology Section, University of Padua, Italy
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24
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Parkinson's disease and the non-motor symptoms: hyposmia, weight loss, osteosarcopenia. Aging Clin Exp Res 2020; 32:1211-1218. [PMID: 31989535 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-020-01470-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Non-motor symptoms (NMSs) are common in Parkinson's disease (PD) and can precede, sometimes for several years. NMSs include, other than gastrointestinal symptoms like constipation and dysphagia, also hyposmia, weight loss and osteosarcopenia. These three NMSs seem to be inter-related and affect patients' health and quality of life. Unfortunately, patients with these symptoms usually are not initially seen by a neurologist, and by the time they are consulted, nearly ~ 80% of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra have died. To date, no guidelines exist for screening, assessment and management of NMSs in general. A better understanding of these specific NMSs, likely in the context of others, will make it possible to approach and optimise the treatment of the motor symptoms thereby enhancing the welfare of PD patients. Identifying the NMSs could be very helpful, and among them, hyposmia, weight loss and osteosarcopenia may play an important role in solving the limitations in the diagnosis of PD. A strict collaboration between general practitioners, clinicians, geriatricians and neurologists can be one approach towards the diagnosis of pre-PD. Waiting until the motor symptoms develop and the patient is finally visited by the neurologist could be too late, considering the catastrophic prognosis of the disease.
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25
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Chase BA, Markopoulou K. Olfactory Dysfunction in Familial and Sporadic Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2020; 11:447. [PMID: 32547477 PMCID: PMC7273509 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This minireview discusses our current understanding of the olfactory dysfunction that is frequently observed in sporadic and familial forms of Parkinson's disease and parkinsonian syndromes. We review the salient characteristics of olfactory dysfunction in these conditions, discussing its prevalence and characteristics, how neuronal processes and circuits are altered in Parkinson's disease, and what is assessed by clinically used measures of olfactory function. We highlight how studies of monogenic Parkinson's disease and investigations in ethnically diverse populations have contributed to understanding the mechanisms underlying olfactory dysfunction. Furthermore, we discuss how imaging and system-level approaches have been used to understand the pathogenesis of olfactory dysfunction. We discuss the challenging, remaining gaps in understanding the basis of olfactory dysfunction in neurodegeneration. We propose that insights could be obtained by following longitudinal cohorts with familial forms of Parkinson's disease using a combination of approaches: a multifaceted longitudinal assessment of olfactory function during disease progression is essential to identify not only how dysfunction arises, but also to address its relationship to motor and non-motor Parkinson's disease symptoms. An assessment of cohorts having monogenic forms of Parkinson's disease, available within the Genetic Epidemiology of Parkinson's Disease (GEoPD), as well as other international consortia, will have heuristic value in addressing the complexity of olfactory dysfunction in the context of the neurodegenerative process. This will inform our understanding of Parkinson's disease as a multisystem disorder and facilitate the more effective use of olfactory dysfunction assessment in identifying prodromal Parkinson's disease and understanding disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A. Chase
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Katerina Markopoulou
- Department of Neurology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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26
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Salvatore F. The shift of the paradigm between ageing and diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 58:1635-1644. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2020-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In the area of the Medical Sciences, the chronological age has always been, and still is, an indicator by which we try to understand the health status of an individual. However, besides considering people born with an already expressed disease, each human genome has sequence alterations called predisposing mutations; carriers of such genetic alterations have an increased risk of contracting diseases during their life. In addition, the exposome, i.e. the totality of environmental noxae (“hits”) to which our body is exposed throughout life (through ingestion, breathing, body surface hits, and psychosociological stress agents, etc.) contributes to increase gradually but inexorably the frailty of an organism, and this process is usually referred to as “physiological ageing”. This position paper proposes that we invert our visual angle and view the passage-of-time not as the cause of diseases, but consider the genome alterations present at birth and the noxae received during our life as the real major causes of ageing. The Biomedical Sciences are now increasingly unraveling the etiopathogenesis of most chronic degenerative diseases; thus, it will be possible to monitor and treat those that most contribute to the increased frailty of each person, which is now referred to with the misnomer “physiological ageing”. These concepts are not banal; indeed, they imply that we must try to avoid the causes of alterations that result later in chronic degenerative diseases. Thus, we should shift our attention from the cure to the prevention of alterations/diseases also to improve both the length and quality of our life. Moreover, this approach involves real personalized or individualized medicine, thus conferring a more direct benefit to each of us by finalizing either the cure or the monitoring of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Salvatore
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl , Naples , Italy
- Inter-University Center for Multifactorial and Multigenes Chronic Human Diseases, Federico II Naples, Tor Vergata Roma2, Chieti-Pescara Universities , Naples , Italy
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27
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Turana Y, Lipnicki DM, Handajani YS, Sani TP, Widayanti JR, Suswanti I, Kochan NA, Brodaty H, Sachdev PS. Factors associated with odour identification in older Indonesian and white Australian adults. Aging Clin Exp Res 2020; 32:215-221. [PMID: 31755024 PMCID: PMC7519881 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-019-01419-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Among older adults, olfactory dysfunction is associated with cognitive impairment, lower quality of life, and increased mortality. While age is a risk factor for olfactory dysfunction, other risk factors are less well understood, and may vary between ethno-regional groups. This study investigated how associations between odour identification (OI) and various risk factors, as well as cognition and language ability, differed or were similar in two distinct ethno-regional groups of older adults. METHODS This cross-sectional study used data from two cohorts: 470 Indonesians (aged 67.4 ± 7.4 years) and 819 white Australians (aged 78.7 ± 4.8 years). Univariate and multivariate analyses explored whether OI test scores were associated with age, sex, education, cholesterol levels, apolipoprotein E ε4 status, smoking, diabetes, hypertension and depression scale scores, or with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and language test performance. RESULTS Univariate analyses identified some factors associated with OI scores in both Indonesians and white Australians, including older age and smoking with lower scores, and MMSE and language test performance with higher scores. Multivariate analyses yielded different and mutually exclusive patterns of associations in the two ethno-regional groups, with language test scores significantly associated with higher OI scores in Indonesians, and age, being male, smoking, having diabetes and higher depression scale scores significantly associated with lower OI scores in white Australians. CONCLUSION Ethno-regional differences may need consideration in the attempt to fully understand associations between OI and negative outcomes like dementia and mortality, and interventions for olfactory dysfunction might need to be tailored to specific ethno-regional groups. However, the difference in mean age between cohorts is a limitation of this study, and future studies should aim to compare populations with similar age distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuda Turana
- Atma Jaya Neuroscience and Cognitive Center, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jl. Pluit Raya No. 2, Jakarta, 14440, Indonesia.
- Center of Health Research, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Darren M Lipnicki
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Yvonne S Handajani
- Center of Health Research, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Tara P Sani
- Atma Jaya Neuroscience and Cognitive Center, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jl. Pluit Raya No. 2, Jakarta, 14440, Indonesia
| | - Josephine R Widayanti
- Atma Jaya Neuroscience and Cognitive Center, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jl. Pluit Raya No. 2, Jakarta, 14440, Indonesia
| | - Ika Suswanti
- Atma Jaya Neuroscience and Cognitive Center, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jl. Pluit Raya No. 2, Jakarta, 14440, Indonesia
| | - Nicole A Kochan
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Primary Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Primary Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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28
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Ozawa M, Inoue M, Uchida K, Chambers JK, Takeuch Y, Nakayama H. Physical signs of canine cognitive dysfunction. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1829-1834. [PMID: 31685716 PMCID: PMC6943310 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical disturbances are common in dogs with canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD).
However, the relation between these physical disturbances and CCD has not been clarified.
The aim of this study was to clarify the physical disturbances in CCD by questionnaire
survey. The questionnaire consisted of items of general information, physical disturbances
(gait and posture abnormalities, and deteriorating perception) and a CCD assessment scale
named the CCD rating scale (CCDR). The survey was conducted toward owners of dogs aged 10
years or older in two ways: A web-based (Web survey) and a paper-based (Paper survey)
survey. To determine which physical disturbances were associated with CCD, ordinal
logistic regression analyzes were performed. Through the Web survey, 726 valid responses
were obtained, and the test results revealed that vision impairment, smell disturbance,
tremor, swaying or falling and head ptosis were significantly associated with CCD. These
items, except for head ptosis, were also significantly associated with, or tended to be
associated with, CCD in 103 valid responses to the Paper survey. The prevalence of CCD was
increased in the elderly dog population, especially in dogs aged 16 years or older. In
contrast, physical signs gradually increased from 10 years of age. These results suggest
that physical disturbances may appear in the early stages of CCD. In conclusion, the
present study revealed new clinical signs of CCD linked to physical disturbances and
suggested that these signs could be useful for detecting early stage of CCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Ozawa
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Mai Inoue
- Anicom Insurance Inc., Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8352, Japan.,Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - James K Chambers
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yukari Takeuch
- Department of Veterinary Ethology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakayama
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Chemosensory Perception: A Review on Electrophysiological Methods in “Cognitive Neuro-Olfactometry”. CHEMOSENSORS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors7030045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Various brain imaging techniques are available, but few are specifically designed to visualize chemical sensory and, in particular, olfactory processing. This review describes the results of quantitative and qualitative studies that have used electroencephalography (EEG) and magneto-encephalography (MEG) to evaluate responses to olfactory stimulation (OS). EEG and MEG are able to detect the components of chemosensory event-related potentials (CSERPs) and the cortical rhythms associated with different types of OS. Olfactory studies are filling the gaps in both the developmental field of the life cycle (from newborns to geriatric age) and the clinical and basic research fields, in a way that can be considered the modern “cognitive neuro-olfactometry”.
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Yahiaoui-Doktor M, Luck T, Riedel-Heller SG, Loeffler M, Wirkner K, Engel C. Olfactory function is associated with cognitive performance: results from the population-based LIFE-Adult-Study. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2019; 11:43. [PMID: 31077241 PMCID: PMC6511191 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-019-0494-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Studies in older adults or those with cognitive impairment have shown associations between cognitive and olfactory performance, but there are few population-based studies especially in younger adults. We therefore cross-sectionally analyzed this association using data from the population-based LIFE-Adult-Study. Methods Cognitive assessments comprised tests from the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD): verbal fluency (VF), word list learning and recall (WLL, WLR), and the Trail Making Tests (TMT) A and B. The “Sniffin’ Sticks Screening 12” test was used to measure olfactory performance. Linear regression analyses were performed to determine associations between the number of correctly identified odors (0 to 12) and the five cognitive test scores, adjusted for sex, age, education, and the presence of depressive symptoms. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was carried out to determine the discriminative performance of the number of correctly identified odors regarding identification of cognition impairment. Results A total of 6783 participants (51.3% female) completed the olfaction test and the VF test and TMT. A subgroup of 2227 participants (46.9% female) also completed the WLL and WLR tests. Based on age-, sex-, and education-specific norms from CERAD, the following numbers of participants were considered cognitively impaired: VF 759 (11.2%), WLL 242 (10.9%), WLR: 132 (5.9%), TMT-A 415 (6.1%), and TMT-B/A ratio 677 (10.0%). On average, score values for VF were higher by 0.42 points (p < 0.001), for WLL higher by 0.32 points (p = 0.001), for WLR higher by 0.31 points (p = 0.002), for TMT-A lower by 0.25 points (p < 0.001), and for TMT-B/A ratio lower by 0.01 points (p < 0.001) per number of correctly identified odors. ROC analysis revealed area under the curve values from 0.55 to 0.62 for the five cognitive tests. Conclusions Better olfactory performance was associated with better cognitive performance in all five tests in adults — adjusted for age, sex, education, and the presence of depressive symptoms. However, the ability of the smell test to discriminate between individuals with and without cognitive impairment was limited. The value of olfactory testing in early screening for cognitive impairment should be investigated in longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Yahiaoui-Doktor
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Haertelstrasse 16-18, 04109, Leipzig, Germany. .,LIFE - Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Tobias Luck
- LIFE - Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Economic and Social Sciences and Institute of Social Medicine, Rehabilitation Sciences and Healthcare Research (ISRV), University of Applied Sciences Nordhausen, Nordhausen, Germany
| | - Steffi G Riedel-Heller
- LIFE - Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (ISAP), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Loeffler
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Haertelstrasse 16-18, 04109, Leipzig, Germany.,LIFE - Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wirkner
- LIFE - Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Engel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Haertelstrasse 16-18, 04109, Leipzig, Germany.,LIFE - Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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31
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Bower ES, Szajer J, Murphy C. Effect of Worry Level on Recall Memory for Odors in ApoE-ε4 Carriers and Non-Carriers. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2019; 25:546-556. [PMID: 30987686 PMCID: PMC6534430 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617719000158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased levels of worry, age, and presence of the apolipoprotein-E (ApoE)-ε4 allele are associated with the risk of developing cognitive declines and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Odor memory performance has been shown to vary as a function of age and ApoE genotype, and odor memory tests are sensitive to preclinical AD. Worry is known to influence verbal memory; however, its effects on odor memory are unknown. This study aimed to assess the relationships between worry, age, and ε4 status on odor memory. METHOD Worry was evaluated for young (n = 53) and older (n = 45) adults using the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Odor memory was assessed using the California Odor Learning Test, an olfactory analogue to the California Verbal Learning Test. RESULTS A significant main effect of worry on long-delay free recall was found, such that increasing worry was associated with better recall across age and ε4 status. A significant interaction effect between ε4 status and worry on both short-and long-delay cued recall was found, such that across age, higher worry was associated with increased cued recall scores among ε4-negative adults, and decreased scores among ε4-positive adults. CONCLUSIONS Findings demonstrated that worry influences odor memory and exerts a particular effect on cued recall among ε4 carriers who are at a greater risk of developing AD. Worry is a modifiable predictor of cognitive decline and risk of dementia in aging. Future studies on the effects of treatments aimed at reducing worry (e.g., cognitive behavioral therapies for anxiety) on changes in cognitive functioning are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Bower
- Department of Psychology,San Diego State University,San Diego, California 92182,USA
| | - Jacquelyn Szajer
- SDSU/UCSD Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology,San Diego, California 92120,USA
| | - Claire Murphy
- Department of Psychology,San Diego State University,San Diego, California 92182,USA
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32
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Cecchini MP, Federico A, Zanini A, Mantovani E, Masala C, Tinazzi M, Tamburin S. Olfaction and taste in Parkinson's disease: the association with mild cognitive impairment and the single cognitive domain dysfunction. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:585-595. [PMID: 30911822 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-01996-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and chemosensory dysfunction are non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), but their association is unclear. We explored if MCI and the involvement of single cognitive domains influence olfaction and taste in PD. The role of demographic, clinical and neuropsychiatric variables was tested. We recruited 50 PD patients without dementia, no other reasons for cognitive impairment, no condition that could influence evaluation of cognition, olfaction and taste. They underwent a full neuropsychological and chemosensory (i.e., olfaction and taste) test with the Sniffin' Sticks Extended test (SSET), Whole Mouth test (WMT) and Taste Strips test (TST). Fifty age- and sex-matched healthy subjects served as controls. Olfactory function and sweet identification were worse in PD than controls. MCI negatively influenced odor identification. Factors associated with poor olfactory function were age, overall cognition, apathy, and visuospatial dysfunction. Sour identification was affected by MCI and executive dysfunction, and salty identification by executive dysfunction. MCI, age and executive dysfunction worsened TST score. Awareness of olfactory dysfunction was impaired in PD with MCI. Education positively influenced SSET and TST scores. Our data confirmed that olfaction is abnormal in PD, while taste was only slightly impaired. Olfaction was worse in PD patients with visuospatial dysfunction, while sour and salty identification was worse in those with MCI and executive dysfunction, suggesting different underlying anatomical abnormalities. Future studies should incorporate neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid data to confirm this hypothesis. SSET odor identification and TST sour identification could be explored as quick screening tests for PD-MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paola Cecchini
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, 37134, Verona, Italy.
| | - Angela Federico
- Section of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Piazzale Scuro 10, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Alice Zanini
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Mantovani
- Section of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Piazzale Scuro 10, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Carla Masala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Michele Tinazzi
- Section of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Piazzale Scuro 10, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Tamburin
- Section of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Piazzale Scuro 10, 37134, Verona, Italy.
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33
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The human olfactory cleft mucus proteome and its age-related changes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17170. [PMID: 30464187 PMCID: PMC6249231 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35102-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related decreases in olfactory sensitivity are often accompanied by a decrease in the quality of life. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these changes are not well described. Inhaled substances including odorants are detected by sensory neurons in the olfactory cleft covered with a layer of mucus. This olfactory mucus is the first molecular machinery responsible for tissue protection and for detection of environmental odorants. Yet, little is known about the molecular identities of the actors because of the lack of information on the mucus proteome and its age-related changes. Here, we sampled human mucus from different nasal locations and from young and elderly subjects. The composition of the mucus was extensively analyzed by shotgun proteomic analysis for a vast array of proteins. We also explored correlations between the levels of each mucus proteins with the olfactory sensitivity of subjects. This analysis revealed previously unrecognized proteins with potentially important functions in olfaction. Taken together, this report describes the most comprehensive catalogue of the nasal mucus proteins to date, their positional and age-related differences, and candidate proteins associated with olfaction. This catalogue will provide fundamental information useful for future studies, such as identification of olfactory auxiliary proteins, causes of age-related declines in olfaction, and biomarkers for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The sense of smell is today one of the focuses of interest in aging and neurodegenerative disease research. In several neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, the olfactory dysfunction is one of the initial symptoms appearing years before motor symptoms and cognitive decline, being considered a clinical marker of these diseases' early stages and a marker of disease progression and cognitive decline. Overall and under the umbrella of precision medicine, attention to olfactory function may help to improve chances of success for neuroprotective and disease-modifying therapeutic strategies. RECENT FINDINGS The use of olfaction, as clinical marker for neurodegenerative diseases is helpful in the characterization of prodromal stages of these diseases, early diagnostic strategies, differential diagnosis, and potentially prediction of treatment success. Understanding the mechanisms underlying olfactory dysfunction is central to determine its association with neurodegenerative disorders. Several anatomical systems and environmental factors may underlie or contribute to olfactory loss associated with neurological diseases, although the direct biological link to each disorder remains unclear and, thus, requires further investigation. In this review, we describe the neurobiology of olfaction, and the most common olfactory function measurements in neurodegenerative diseases. We also highlight the evidence for the presence of olfactory dysfunction in several neurodegenerative diseases, its value as a clinical marker for early stages of the diseases when combined with other clinical, biological, and neuroimage markers, and its role as a useful symptom for the differential diagnosis and follow-up of disease. The neuropathological correlations and the changes in neurotransmitter systems related with olfactory dysfunction in the neurodegenerative diseases are also described.
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Boesveldt S, Postma EM, Boak D, Welge-Luessen A, Schöpf V, Mainland JD, Martens J, Ngai J, Duffy VB. Anosmia-A Clinical Review. Chem Senses 2017; 42:513-523. [PMID: 28531300 PMCID: PMC5863566 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjx025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anosmia and hyposmia, the inability or decreased ability to smell, is estimated to afflict 3-20% of the population. Risk of olfactory dysfunction increases with old age and may also result from chronic sinonasal diseases, severe head trauma, and upper respiratory infections, or neurodegenerative diseases. These disorders impair the ability to sense warning odors in foods and the environment, as well as hinder the quality of life related to social interactions, eating, and feelings of well-being. This article reports and extends on a clinical update commencing at the 2016 Association for Chemoreception Sciences annual meeting. Included were reports from: a patient perspective on losing the sense of smell with information on Fifth Sense, a nonprofit advocacy organization for patients with olfactory disorders; an otolaryngologist's review of clinical evaluation, diagnosis, and management/treatment of anosmia; and researchers' review of recent advances in potential anosmia treatments from fundamental science, in animal, cellular, or genetic models. As limited evidence-based treatments exist for anosmia, dissemination of information on anosmia-related health risks is needed. This could include feasible and useful screening measures for olfactory dysfunction, appropriate clinical evaluation, and patient counseling to avoid harm as well as manage health and quality of life with anosmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Boesveldt
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elbrich M Postma
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Smell and Taste Centre, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, PO Box 9025, 6710 HN Ede, The Netherlands
| | - Duncan Boak
- Fifth Sense, Sanderum House, 38 Oakley Road, Chino OX39 4TW, UK
| | - Antje Welge-Luessen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Veronika Schöpf
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Joel D Mainland
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jeffrey Martens
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - John Ngai
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
| | - Valerie B Duffy
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, 358 Mansfield Road, Box U-101 Storrs, CT 06269-2101, USA
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36
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Masala C, Saba L, Cecchini MP, Solla P, Loy F. Olfactory Function and Age: a Sniffin’ Sticks Extended Test Study Performed in Sardinia. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12078-017-9233-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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37
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Reichmann H. Premotor Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease. Neurosci Bull 2017; 33:526-534. [PMID: 28776303 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-017-0159-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Typical Parkinsonian symptoms consist of bradykinesia plus rigidity and/or resting tremor. Some time later postural instability occurs. Pre-motor symptoms such as hyposmia, constipation, REM sleep behavior disorder and depression may antecede these motor symptoms for years. It would be ideal, if we had a biomarker which would allow to predict who with one or two of these pre-motor symptoms will develop the movement disorder Parkinson's disease (PD). Thus, it is interesting to learn that biopsies of the submandibular gland or colon biopsies may be a means to predict PD, if there is a high amout of abnormally folded alpha-synuclein and phosphorylated alpha-synuclein. This would be of relevance if we would have available means to stop the propagation of abnormal alpha-synuclein which is otherwise one of the reasons of this spreading disease PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Reichmann
- Department of Neurology, Dresden University of Technology, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
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38
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Rodríguez-Violante M, de Saráchaga AJ, Cervantes-Arriaga A, Davila-Avila NM, Carreón-Bautista E, Estrada-Bellmann I, Parra-López G, Cruz-Fino D, Pascasio-Astudillo F. Premotor symptoms and the risk of Parkinson's disease: A case-control study in Mexican population. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2017. [PMID: 28644969 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the prevalence of pre-motor symptoms and estimate the risk for developing Parkinson's disease in Mexican population. PATIENTS AND METHODS A case-control study was carried out with consecutive subjects with Parkinson's disease from two different referral centers in Mexico. Gender- and age-matched controls were randomly selected from the participating hospitals. All subjects were assessed using a structured questionnaire for the assessment of pre-motor symptoms (hyposmia, depression, anxiety, constipation, and sleep disorders). Odds ratios (OR) were calculated using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS A total of 430 subjects with PD and 430 healthy subjects were included. Premotor symptoms prevalence was 77.7% (n=334) for the PD group, compared to 41.3% (n=178) in the control group (p<0.001). After logistic multivariate analysis, previous history of hyposmia (OR 2.02 [95% CI 1.33-3.06]), depression (OR 2.52 [95% CI 1.67-3.84]), anxiety (OR 4.37 [95% CI 2.73-6.98]) and sleep disorders (OR 2.03 [95% CI 1.41-2.93]) were independently associated with Parkinson's disease. Overall prediction success of the model was 81.2% for controls and 61.2% for subjects with PD. CONCLUSION All five premotor symptoms assessed were more commonly reported in PD subjects than healthy controls. The presence of non-motor symptoms yield a prediction success of 71.2% to discriminate between PD subjects and healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayela Rodríguez-Violante
- Clinical Neurodegenerative Research Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico; Movement Disorder Clinic, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Adib Jorge de Saráchaga
- Clinical Neurodegenerative Research Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Amin Cervantes-Arriaga
- Clinical Neurodegenerative Research Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ned Merari Davila-Avila
- Clinical Neurodegenerative Research Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edith Carreón-Bautista
- Clinical Neurodegenerative Research Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Guillermo Parra-López
- Clinical Neurodegenerative Research Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico; Movement Disorder Clinic, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Diego Cruz-Fino
- Clinical Neurodegenerative Research Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico; Movement Disorder Clinic, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisco Pascasio-Astudillo
- Clinical Neurodegenerative Research Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico; Movement Disorder Clinic, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico
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The Brief Odor Detection Test (B-ODT) for Very Early Diagnosis of Cognitive Decline: A Preliminary Study. BRAIN IMPAIR 2017. [DOI: 10.1017/brimp.2017.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory impairment in older adults is associated with cognitive decline. This study describes the development of a Brief Odor Detection Test (B-ODT), and its pilot administration in community-dwelling older adults. The study aimed at examining whether the test could differentiate older adults with very mild cognitive impairment from their cognitively healthy counterparts. The sample consisted of 34 older adults (22 women), aged from 65 to 87 years. Participants were divided into two groups according to their general cognitive functioning. Odor detection was measured via vanillin solutions at the following concentrations: 150 mg/L, 30 mg/L, 15 mg/L, 3 mg/L, and .03 mg/L. The first condition of the test involved a scale administration of vanillin solutions. The second condition examined the change in air odour and it required vanillin solution of 30 mg/L and a metric ruler of 30 cm. The examiner had to place the solution at a specific distance point from each nostril. Odour identification sensitivity was secondarily measured. The results showed statistically significant differences in odour detection threshold between the two groups. In the unirhinal testing, left nostril differences of the two groups were definite. Hence, the B-ODT seems a promising instrument for very early cognitive impairment screening in older adult population.
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