High-intensity interval training modulates inflammatory response in Parkinson's disease

HIIT may ameliorate inter-organ crosstalk between liver and hypothalamus of HFD-induced MAFLD rats; A two-phase study to investigate the effect of exercise intensity as a stressor

Previous studies demonstrate that GDF15 and its related signaling activators may be affected by exercise training, leading to the suppression of inflammatory factors and the promotion of immune-metabolic balance. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on amelioration of inter-organ crosstalk between liver and hypothalamus of the high-fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) rats in a two-phase study. In this regard, rats were initially divided into two groups, the normal diet-inactive (NS) and the HFD groups. HFD course lasted 12 weeks to induce MAFLD in the latter group. After ensuring the induction of MAFLD, 25 rats were divided into three groups: the HFD-inactive group (HS), the HFD-HIIT group (HH), as well as the HFD-aerobic group (HA). The training interventions were consistently applied over a period of eight weeks, five days a week, with each session lasting 40-60 min, and the duration of the whole research was 21 weeks. The results of this study displayed that HIIT intervention promotes hypothalamic Gdf15 gene expression and there were similar alterations in genes expression of Foxo1 and Akt2. Moreover, our results confirmed that HIIT ameliorated hypothalamic NFKB gene expression and there was a similar trend in genes expression of Tnfa and Il1b following both HIIT as well as aerobic training protocols. Taking these findings together, it is concluded that interventions, particularly exercise training, uniquely contribute to the reduction of hypothalamic-associated inflammatory responses that result in prolonged and chronic increases in GDF15.

Water Physical Exercise Program (WPEP) Using High-Intensity Interval Training in Individuals With Parkinson's Disease: A Clinical Trial Protocol

Introduction: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Complications in PD are related to impaired cardiorespiratory capacity, and the presence of motor and nonmotor symptoms, such as reduced cardiorespiratory fitness, decreased respiratory muscle strength and lung volumes and capacities, bradykinesia, muscle rigidity, attenuation of strength and lower limb muscle power, sleep disorders, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. The practice of high-intensity exercise and the examination of the aquatic environment may help to minimize these symptoms and slow disease progression. Objective: To develop a water physical exercise program (WPEP) focusing on high-intensity interval training (HIIT) for individuals with DP. Methods: This is a protocol for a single blinded controlled clinical trial. The sample will consist of individuals with PD between Stages 1 and 4 on the Hoehn and Yahr (HY) Scale, divided into a control group and a WPEP group (which will participate in the WPEP). The outcomes will be divided into three categories: cardiorespiratory, motor, and nonmotor aspects. The WPEP will last 12 weeks, and the intervention will take place two times a week, with a duration of approximately 35 min, with an interval between 48 and 72 h between training sessions for muscle recovery, for a total of 24 sessions. It is expected that this study will establish parameters for prescribing and monitoring a WPEP for individuals with PD Stages 1-4 on the HY scale, enhancing the practice of exercise prescription. Trial Registration: Brazilian Register of Clinical Trials: RBR-3hp5yvh.

The Effect of Exercise on Immune Response in Population with Increased Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review

This systematic review aimed to provide information on existing interventional studies that evaluate the efficacy of exercise in populations with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors through immune functional perspectives. A literature search was conducted in four databases: PubMed, Scopus, Taylor & Francis and ScienceDirect from January 2012 to February 2023. The articles were screened and evaluated for quality before data were extracted. The review protocol was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42022321704). In total, 18 studies were included for quality appraisal and synthesised evidence indicated that exercise contributes to enhancing the functioning of both innate and adaptive immune responses, potentially serving as an anti-immunosenescent response to exercise in individuals with elevated CVD risk factors. Furthermore, the review emphasised that exercise, irrespective of its type, intensity or mode, was well tolerated by individuals at increased risk for CVD and may have significant implications in generating anti-inflammatory effects.

Research Progress on the Effects of Different Exercise Modes on the Secretion of Exerkines After Spinal Cord Injury

Exercise training is a conventional treatment strategy throughout the entire treatment process for patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). Currently, exercise modalities for SCI patients primarily include aerobic exercise, endurance training, strength training, high-intensity interval training, and mind-body exercises. These exercises play a positive role in enhancing skeletal muscle function, inducing neuroprotection and regeneration, thereby influencing neural plasticity, reducing limb spasticity, and improving motor function and daily living abilities in SCI patients. However, the mechanism by which exercise training promotes functional recovery after SCI is still unclear, and there is no consensus on a unified and standardized exercise treatment plan. Different exercise methods may bring different benefits. After SCI, patients' physical activity levels decrease significantly due to factors such as motor dysfunction, which may be a key factor affecting changes in exerkines. The changes in exerkines of SCI patients caused by exercise training are an important and highly relevant and visual evaluation index, which may provide a new research direction for revealing the intrinsic mechanism by which exercise promotes functional recovery after SCI. Therefore, this article summarizes the changes in the expression of common exerkines (neurotrophic factors, inflammatory factors, myokines, bioactive peptides) after SCI, and intends to analyze the impact and role of different exercise methods on functional recovery after SCI from the perspective of exerkines mechanism. We hope to provide theoretical basis and data support for scientific exercise treatment programs after SCI.

The interactive effect of seven weeks aerobic exercise training and piperine against paraquat-induced lung damage in male Wistar rats: Investigating role of oxidative and inflammatory indices

We aimed to evaluate the effects of seven weeks of aerobic exercise training and piperine on paraquat-induced lung damage. Forty-eight male Wistar rats (230 g, six-eight weeks old) were randomly divided into six groups (n = 8): sham, paraquat (5 mg/kg three times a week; intraperitoneally), paraquat + piperine (10 mg/kg/day; orally), paraquat + aerobic exercise training, paraquat + piperine + aerobic exercise training; and paraquat + vitamin E (20 mg/kg/day; orally) as a positive control. Rats were sacrificed on day 50, and both lung tissues were isolated to measure oxidative (MDA), anti-oxidative (GSH), inflammatory (TNF-α), anti-inflammatory (IL-10) markers, and histological evaluations (hematoxylin-eosin staining). The results of the present study revealed that paraquat significantly decreased body weight, GSH, GSH/MDA ratio, IL-10, and IL-10/TNF-α ratio while increasing MDA, TNF-α, and histopathological damage in lung tissue (P < 0.01 to 0.001). In contrast, treatment with all four interventions meaningfully diminished oxidative, inflammatory markers, and histopathological damage while propagating body weight, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory markers following the paraquat-induced lung damage (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001). Interestingly, piperine and piperine + exercise training possessed stronger protective effects against paraquat-induced lung damage than exercise training alone (P < 0.01 to 0.001). Treatment with piperine, exercise training, piperine + exercise training, and vitamin E significantly ameliorated paraquat-induced lung damage. Interestingly, the piperine and piperine + exercise training had more protective effects than other groups. Therefore, piperine and the combination of piperine and exercise training may be valuable candidates for preventing lung injuries.

Efficacy of high-intensity interval and continuous endurance trainings on cecal microbiota metabolites and inflammatory factors in diabetic rats induced by high-fat diet

Physical exercise is known to modulate the intestinal microbiota composition and control the symptoms of metabolic syndrome. In this research, we intend to investigate and compare the effect of high-intensity interval and continuous endurance trainings (HIIT and CET) on cecal microbiota metabolites and inflammatory factors in diabetic rats. A number of Wistar rats were made diabetic by a high-fat diet and trained under two types of exercise protocols, HIIT and CET. After taking samples from the cecal tissue and serum of rats to reveal the effect of exercise, three microbial species from the Firmicute and Bacteroid phyla, which are the main types of intestinal microbes, and their metabolites include two short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), butyrate and propionate and also, the inflammatory factors TLR4 and IL6 were analyzed through quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. In general, exercise while increasing the representative of Firmicute has caused a relative reduction of Bacteroides and improved the concentration of SCFAs. In this regard, HIIT outperforms CET in up-regulating Akkermansia and Butyrivibrio expression, and butyrate and propionate metabolites concentration. Also, both exercises significantly reduced cecal expression of TLR4 and sera concentration of IL6 compared to the diabetic group, although the reduction rate was higher in the CET group than in HIIT. Our findings suggest that some symptoms of metabolic syndrome such as intestinal dysbiosis and the resulting metabolic disorders are better controlled by HIIT and inflammation by CET. Certainly, more extensive research on other contributing factors could help clarify the results.

Effects of high-intensity interval training and its different protocols on lipid profile and glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis

This meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials aimed to compare the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and its different protocols versus moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and/or control on total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, HbA1c levels, and fasting glucose in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The search strategy was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL, EMBASE, Web of Science, Sport DISCUS, and PEDro, until January 2023. A total of 31 studies (1092 individuals) were included. When compared to control, HIIT decreased total cholesterol by -0.31 mmol/L (95% CI -0.49; -0.12), LDL by -0.31 mmol/L (95% CI -0.49; -0.12), triglycerides by -0.27 mmol/L (95% CI -0.33; -0.2), HbA1c by -0.75% (95% CI -0.97; -0.53), fasting glucose by -1.15 mmol/L (95% CI -1.44; -0.86), and increased HDL by 0.24 mmol/L (95% CI 0.06; 0.42). No difference was found in the comparison between HIIT versus MICT for any of the outcomes analysed, however subgroup analysis showed that a moderate-interval (>30s to < 2 min) and moderate-term (>4 to < 12 weeks) HIIT protocol reduced total cholesterol, when compared to MICT. HIIT is able to improve lipid profile and glycaemic control in T2DM individuals, and specific protocols can be recommended for improving total cholesterol levels.