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Eriksen R, White MC, Dawed AY, Perez IG, Posma JM, Haid M, Sharma S, Prehn C, Thomas EL, Koivula RW, Bizzotto R, Mari A, Giordano GN, Pavo I, Schwenk JM, De Masi F, Tsirigos KD, Brunak S, Viñuela A, Mahajan A, McDonald TJ, Kokkola T, Rutters F, Beulens J, Muilwijk M, Blom M, Elders P, Hansen TH, Fernandez-Tajes J, Jones A, Jennison C, Walker M, McCarthy MI, Pedersen O, Ruetten H, Forgie I, Holst JJ, Thomsen HS, Ridderstråle M, Bell JD, Adamski J, Franks PW, Hansen T, Holmes E, Frost G, Pearson ER. The Association of Cardiometabolic, Diet and Lifestyle Parameters With Plasma Glucagon-like Peptide-1: An IMI DIRECT Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:e1697-e1707. [PMID: 38686701 PMCID: PMC11318998 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgae119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT The role of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity is not fully understood. OBJECTIVE We investigate the association of cardiometabolic, diet, and lifestyle parameters on fasting and postprandial GLP-1 in people at risk of, or living with, T2D. METHODS We analyzed cross-sectional data from the two Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) Diabetes Research on Patient Stratification (DIRECT) cohorts, cohort 1 (n = 2127) individuals at risk of diabetes; cohort 2 (n = 789) individuals with new-onset T2D. RESULTS Our multiple regression analysis reveals that fasting total GLP-1 is associated with an insulin-resistant phenotype and observe a strong independent relationship with male sex, increased adiposity, and liver fat, particularly in the prediabetes population. In contrast, we showed that incremental GLP-1 decreases with worsening glycemia, higher adiposity, liver fat, male sex, and reduced insulin sensitivity in the prediabetes cohort. Higher fasting total GLP-1 was associated with a low intake of wholegrain, fruit, and vegetables in people with prediabetes, and with a high intake of red meat and alcohol in people with diabetes. CONCLUSION These studies provide novel insights into the association between fasting and incremental GLP-1, metabolic traits of diabetes and obesity, and dietary intake, and raise intriguing questions regarding the relevance of fasting GLP-1 in the pathophysiology T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Eriksen
- Section for Nutrition Research, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Margaret C White
- Population Health & Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Adem Y Dawed
- Population Health & Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Isabel Garcia Perez
- Section for Nutrition Research, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Joram M Posma
- Section of Bioinformatics, Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Health Data Research UK, London NW1 2BE, UK
| | - Mark Haid
- Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sapna Sharma
- German Center for Diabetes Research, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764 Bavaria, Germany
| | - Cornelia Prehn
- Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - E Louise Thomas
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Robert W Koivula
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 221 00 Malmö, Sweden
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Roberto Bizzotto
- Institute of Neuroscience–National Research Council, 35127 Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Mari
- Institute of Neuroscience–National Research Council, 35127 Padua, Italy
| | - Giuseppe N Giordano
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 221 00 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Imre Pavo
- Eli Lilly Regional Operations GmbH, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jochen M Schwenk
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH—Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Federico De Masi
- Department of Health Technology, Kgs Lyngby and The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Technical University of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Konstantinos D Tsirigos
- Department of Health Technology, Kgs Lyngby and The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Technical University of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Brunak
- Department of Health Technology, Kgs Lyngby and The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Technical University of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ana Viñuela
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Timothy J McDonald
- NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Tarja Kokkola
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Femke Rutters
- Department of Epidemiology and data Science, Amsterdam Public Health Institute, Amsterdam UMC, location VUMC, 1007 Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joline Beulens
- Department of Epidemiology and data Science, Amsterdam Public Health Institute, Amsterdam UMC, location VUMC, 1007 Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mirthe Muilwijk
- Department of Epidemiology and data Science, Amsterdam Public Health Institute, Amsterdam UMC, location VUMC, 1007 Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke Blom
- Department of Epidemiology and data Science, Amsterdam Public Health Institute, Amsterdam UMC, location VUMC, 1007 Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Petra Elders
- Department of Epidemiology and data Science, Amsterdam Public Health Institute, Amsterdam UMC, location VUMC, 1007 Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tue H Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Angus Jones
- NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Chris Jennison
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Mark Walker
- Institute of Cellular Medicine (Diabetes), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE3 1DQ, UK
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LH, UK
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hartmut Ruetten
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ian Forgie
- Population Health & Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Jens J Holst
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik S Thomsen
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jimmy D Bell
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Genetik, Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Paul W Franks
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 221 00 Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elaine Holmes
- Section for Nutrition Research, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Gary Frost
- Section for Nutrition Research, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ewan R Pearson
- Population Health & Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
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Höchsmann C, Beckford SE, French JA, Boron JB, Stevens JR, Koehler K. Biological and behavioral predictors of relative energy intake after acute exercise. Appetite 2023; 184:106520. [PMID: 36868314 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Energy intake in the post-exercise state is highly variable and compensatory eating - i.e., (over-) compensation of the expended energy via increased post-exercise energy intake - occurs in some individuals but not others. We aimed to identify predictors of post-exercise energy intake and compensation. In a randomized crossover design, 57 healthy participants (21.7 [SD = 2.5] years; 23.7 [SD = 2.3] kg/m2, 75% White, 54% female) completed two laboratory-based test-meals following (1) 45-min exercise and (2) 45-min rest (control). We assessed associations between biological (sex, body composition, appetite hormones) and behavioral (habitual exercise via prospective exercise log, eating behavior traits) characteristics at baseline and total energy intake, relative energy intake (intake - exercise expenditure), and the difference between post-exercise and post-rest intake. We found a differential impact of biological and behavioral characteristics on total post-exercise energy intake in men and women. In men, only fasting (baseline) concentrations of appetite-regulating hormones (peptide YY [PYY, β = 0.88, P < 0.001] and adiponectin [β = 0.66, P = 0.005] predicted total post-exercise energy intake, while in women, only habitual exercise (β = -0.44, P = 0.017) predicted total post-exercise energy intake. Predictors of relative intake were almost identical to those of total intake. The difference in energy intake between exercise and rest was associated with VO2peak (β = -0.45, P = 0.020), fasting PYY (β = 0.53, P = 0.036), and fasting adiponectin (β = 0.57, P = 0.021) in men but not women (all P > 0.51). Our results show that biological and behavioral characteristics differentially affect total and relative post-exercise energy intake in men and women. This may help identify individuals who are more likely to compensate for the energy expended in exercise. Targeted countermeasures to prevent compensatory energy intake after exercise should take the demonstrated sex differences into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Höchsmann
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Safiya E Beckford
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Jeffrey A French
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Julie B Boron
- Department of Gerontology, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Stevens
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Karsten Koehler
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Przybysz JT, DiBrog AM, Kern KA, Mukherjee A, Japa JE, Waite MH, Mietlicki-Baase EG. Macronutrient intake: Hormonal controls, pathological states, and methodological considerations. Appetite 2023; 180:106365. [PMID: 36347305 PMCID: PMC10563642 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A plethora of studies to date has examined the roles of feeding-related peptides in the control of food intake. However, the influence of these peptides on the intake of particular macronutrient constituents of food - carbohydrate, fat, and protein - has not been as extensively addressed in the literature. Here, the roles of several feeding-related peptides in controlling macronutrient intake are reviewed. Next, the relationship between macronutrient intake and diseases including diabetes mellitus, obesity, and eating disorders are examined. Finally, some key considerations in macronutrient intake research are discussed. We hope that this review will shed light onto this underappreciated topic in ingestive behavior research and will help to guide further scientific investigation in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan T Przybysz
- Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Adrianne M DiBrog
- Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Katherine A Kern
- Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Ashmita Mukherjee
- Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Jason E Japa
- Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Mariana H Waite
- Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Mietlicki-Baase
- Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA; Center for Ingestive Behavior Research, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
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Booker JM, Chang DC, Stinson EJ, Mitchell CM, Votruba SB, Krakoff J, Gluck ME, Cabeza de Baca T. Food insecurity is associated with higher respiratory quotient and lower glucagon-like peptide 1. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2022; 30:1248-1256. [PMID: 35674698 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Food insecurity is known to be associated with obesity, but its association with physiological measures is unclear. Therefore, it was hypothesized that, compared with food-secure individuals, those with food insecurity would have higher 24-hour energy expenditure (EE [kilocalories per day]) and 24-hour respiratory quotient (RQ [ratio]). Subsequently, hormones involved in appetite regulation, substrate oxidation, and EE were explored. METHODS A total of 113 healthy participants without diabetes (75 men; mean [SD], age 40 [12] years; BMI 30 [8] kg/m2 ) were included in this analysis. Participants completed the Food Security Short Form, underwent a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan, and spent 24 hours in a human respiratory chamber following a weight-maintaining diet. RESULTS Compared with individuals with food security, participants with food insecurity had no difference in 24-hour EE. However, they had higher carbohydrate oxidation rates (p = 0.03) and lower lipid oxidation rates (p = 0.02), resulting in higher 24-hour RQ (p < 0.01). They also had lower fasting glucagon-like peptide 1 (p = 0.03) concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Food insecurity is associated with higher 24-hour RQ and lower fasting glucagon-like peptide 1 concentrations, metabolic and hormonal differences previously shown to drive greater calorie intake in the setting of unrestricted food availability. These findings therefore provide new insight into the paradoxical link between restricted food access and increased adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jetaun M Booker
- Department of Health and Human Services, Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Douglas C Chang
- Department of Health and Human Services, Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Emma J Stinson
- Department of Health and Human Services, Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Cassie M Mitchell
- Department of Health and Human Services, Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Susanne B Votruba
- Department of Health and Human Services, Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Jonathan Krakoff
- Department of Health and Human Services, Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Marci E Gluck
- Department of Health and Human Services, Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Tomás Cabeza de Baca
- Department of Health and Human Services, Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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Basolo A, Magno S, Santini F, Ceccarini G. Ketogenic Diet and Weight Loss: Is There an Effect on Energy Expenditure? Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091814. [PMID: 35565778 PMCID: PMC9105638 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A dysregulation between energy intake (EI) and energy expenditure (EE), the two components of the energy balance equation, is one of the mechanisms responsible for the development of obesity. Conservation of energy equilibrium is deemed a dynamic process and alterations of one component (energy intake or energy expenditure) lead to biological and/or behavioral compensatory changes in the counterpart. The interplay between energy demand and caloric intake appears designed to guarantee an adequate fuel supply in variable life contexts. In the past decades, researchers focused their attention on finding efficient strategies to fight the obesity pandemic. The ketogenic or “keto” diet (KD) gained substantial consideration as a potential weight-loss strategy, whereby the concentration of blood ketones (acetoacetate, 3-β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone) increases as a result of increased fatty acid breakdown and the activity of ketogenic enzymes. It has been hypothesized that during the first phase of KDs when glucose utilization is still prevalent, an increase in EE may occur, due to increased hepatic oxygen consumption for gluconeogenesis and for triglyceride-fatty acid recycling. Later, a decrease in 24-h EE may ensue due to the slowing of gluconeogenesis and increase in fatty acid oxidation, with a reduction of the respiratory quotient and possibly the direct action of additional hormonal signals.
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The Association between Peptide Hormones with Obesity and Insulin Resistance Markers in Lean and Obese Individuals in the United Arab Emirates. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14061271. [PMID: 35334929 PMCID: PMC8954130 DOI: 10.3390/nu14061271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide hormones play a crucial role in body weight and glucose homeostasis. In this study, we aimed to explore this association and recruited 43 obese and 31 age- and sex-matched lean participants. We assessed their body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WtHR), percentage body fat (PBF), fasting blood levels of peptide hormones (GLP-1, GLP-2, insulin, leptin, ghrelin, CCK, and PYY), fasting blood sugar (FBS), and Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). We tested the associations between peptide hormones and markers of obesity and insulin resistance (IR) by using the Independent-Samples t-test and Mann-Whitney U test, partial correlation, and logistic regression. FBS, insulin, HOMA-IR, GLP-1, GLP-2, and leptin were significantly higher in the obese group; ghrelin and CCK were significantly higher in lean participants, and no difference was seen for PYY. Controlling for BMI, GLP-1 was positively correlated with WtHR, while ghrelin was inversely correlated with WtHR. GLP-1 was correlated with HOMA-IR. GLP-1 was associated with obesity and IR markers in the regression model. Our results show that obese and lean adults display significant differences in plasma peptide hormone levels. GLP-1 levels were independently associated with markers of obesity and IR. Restoring the appetite hormone balance in obesity may represent a potential therapeutic target.
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Woodward ORM, Gribble FM, Reimann F, Lewis JE. Gut peptide regulation of food intake - evidence for the modulation of hedonic feeding. J Physiol 2022; 600:1053-1078. [PMID: 34152020 DOI: 10.1113/jp280581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of people living with obesity has tripled worldwide since 1975 with serious implications for public health, as obesity is linked to a significantly higher chance of early death from associated comorbidities (metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer). As obesity is a consequence of food intake exceeding the demands of energy expenditure, efforts are being made to better understand the homeostatic and hedonic mechanisms governing food intake. Gastrointestinal peptides are secreted from enteroendocrine cells in response to nutrient and energy intake, and modulate food intake either via afferent nerves, including the vagus nerve, or directly within the central nervous system, predominantly gaining access at circumventricular organs. Enteroendocrine hormones modulate homeostatic control centres at hypothalamic nuclei and the dorso-vagal complex. Additional roles of these peptides in modulating hedonic food intake and/or preference via the neural systems of reward are starting to be elucidated, with both peripheral and central peptide sources potentially contributing to central receptor activation. Pharmacological interventions and gastric bypass surgery for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity elevate enteroendocrine hormone levels and also alter food preference. Hence, understanding of the hedonic mechanisms mediated by gut peptide action could advance development of potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of obesity and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orla R M Woodward
- Wellcome Trust - MRC Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- Wellcome Trust - MRC Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Frank Reimann
- Wellcome Trust - MRC Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jo E Lewis
- Wellcome Trust - MRC Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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Energy Balance and Control of Body Weight: Possible Effects of Meal Timing and Circadian Rhythm Dysregulation. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093276. [PMID: 34579152 PMCID: PMC8470941 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Conservation of the energy equilibrium can be considered a dynamic process and variations of one component (energy intake or energy expenditure) cause biological and/or behavioral compensatory changes in the other part of the system. The interplay between energy demand and caloric intake appears designed to guarantee an adequate food supply in variable life contexts. The circadian rhythm plays a major role in systemic homeostasis by acting as “timekeeper” of the human body, under the control of central and peripheral clocks that regulate many physiological functions such as sleep, hunger and body temperature. Clock-associated biological processes anticipate the daily demands imposed by the environment, being synchronized under ideal physiologic conditions. Factors that interfere with the expected demand, including daily distribution of macronutrients, physical activity and light exposure, may disrupt the physiologic harmony between predicted and actual behavior. Such a desynchronization may favor the development of a wide range of disease-related processes, including obesity and its comorbidities. Evidence has been provided that the main components of 24-h EE may be affected by disruption of the circadian rhythm. The sleep pattern, meal timing and meal composition could mediate these effects. An increased understanding of the crosstalk between disruption of the circadian rhythm and energy balance may shed light on the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying weight gain, which may eventually lead to design effective strategies to fight the obesity pandemic.
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9
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Kubota S, Yabe D. Elevation of Fasting GLP-1 Levels in Child and Adolescent Obesity: Friend or Foe? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e3778-e3780. [PMID: 33950185 PMCID: PMC8372656 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists have been gaining much attention as a therapeutic approach to type 2 diabetes and obesity. Stinson et al recently reported that fasting GLP-1 is higher in children and adolescents with overweight/obesity and that it associates with cardiometabolic risk factors in a cross-sectional study comprising more than 4000 subjects. Obvious questions include why fasting GLP-1 is significantly increased in children and adolescents with overweight/obesity and why this is correlated with cardiometabolic risks. It has been shown that the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) stimulates GLP-1 secretion from pancreatic α-cells. IL-6-induced GLP-1 secretion could therefore play a role in expanding the β-cell reservoir in compensation for increased insulin needs due to exacerbation of insulin resistance. On the other hand, augmented GLP-1 secretion leads to increased insulin secretion, thereby enhancing hepatic lipogenesis and stimulating adipogenesis, which might underlie the associations of fasting GLP-1 with % body fat, triglycerides, and alanine aminotransferase. It is also possible that GLP-1 levels are naturally increased to oppose body weight gain to maintain body weight. However, it is important to note the differing biological effects of GLP-1 at physiological and pharmacological levels, which are evident in body weight reduction by GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors. The Stinson study clearly demonstrated that fasting GLP-1 associates with overweight/obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents. However, additional experiments need to be carried out to fully understand the relevance of these observations to human disease and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sodai Kubota
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism/Department of Reumatology and Clinical Immunology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
- Yutaka Seino Distinguished Center for Diabetes Research, Kansai Electric Power Medical Research Institute, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yabe
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism/Department of Reumatology and Clinical Immunology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
- Yutaka Seino Distinguished Center for Diabetes Research, Kansai Electric Power Medical Research Institute, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
- Correspondence: Daisuke Yabe, MD, PhD, Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism/Department of Reumatology and Clinical Immunology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501–1194, Japan.
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Decarie-Spain L, Kanoski SE. Ghrelin and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1: A Gut-Brain Axis Battle for Food Reward. Nutrients 2021; 13:977. [PMID: 33803053 PMCID: PMC8002922 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Eating behaviors are influenced by the reinforcing properties of foods that can favor decisions driven by reward incentives over metabolic needs. These food reward-motivated behaviors are modulated by gut-derived peptides such as ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) that are well-established to promote or reduce energy intake, respectively. In this review we highlight the antagonizing actions of ghrelin and GLP-1 on various behavioral constructs related to food reward/reinforcement, including reactivity to food cues, conditioned meal anticipation, effort-based food-motivated behaviors, and flavor-nutrient preference and aversion learning. We integrate physiological and behavioral neuroscience studies conducted in both rodents and human to illustrate translational findings of interest for the treatment of obesity or metabolic impairments. Collectively, the literature discussed herein highlights a model where ghrelin and GLP-1 regulate food reward-motivated behaviors via both competing and independent neurobiological and behavioral mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Decarie-Spain
- Human & Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA;
| | - Scott E. Kanoski
- Human & Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA;
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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11
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Eren-Yazicioglu CY, Yigit A, Dogruoz RE, Yapici-Eser H. Can GLP-1 Be a Target for Reward System Related Disorders? A Qualitative Synthesis and Systematic Review Analysis of Studies on Palatable Food, Drugs of Abuse, and Alcohol. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 14:614884. [PMID: 33536884 PMCID: PMC7848227 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.614884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) in insulin-dependent signaling is well-known; GLP-1 enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion and lowers blood glucose in diabetes. GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1R) are also widely expressed in the brain, and in addition to its role in neuroprotection, it affects reward pathways. This systematic review aimed to analyze the studies on GLP-1 and reward pathways and its currently identified mechanisms. Methods: “Web of Science” and “Pubmed” were searched to identify relevant studies using GLP-1 as the keyword. Among the identified 26,539 studies, 30 clinical, and 71 preclinical studies were included. Data is presented by grouping rodent studies on palatable food intake, drugs of abuse, and studies on humans focusing on GLP-1 and reward systems. Results: GLP-1Rs are located in reward-related areas, and GLP-1, its agonists, and DPP-IV inhibitors are effective in decreasing palatable food intake, along with reducing cocaine, amphetamine, alcohol, and nicotine use in animals. GLP-1 modulates dopamine levels and glutamatergic neurotransmission, which results in observed behavioral changes. In humans, GLP-1 alters palatable food intake and improves activity deficits in the insula, hypothalamus, and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). GLP-1 reduces food cravings partially by decreasing activity to the anticipation of food in the left insula of obese patients with diabetes and may inhibit overeating by increasing activity to the consumption of food in the right OFC of obese and left insula of obese with diabetes. Conclusion: Current preclinical studies support the view that GLP-1 can be a target for reward system related disorders. More translational research is needed to evaluate its efficacy on human reward system related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arya Yigit
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Efe Dogruoz
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Hale Yapici-Eser
- Koç University, Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
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12
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Basolo A, Hohenadel M, Ang QY, Piaggi P, Heinitz S, Walter M, Walter P, Parrington S, Trinidad DD, von Schwartzenberg RJ, Turnbaugh PJ, Krakoff J. Effects of underfeeding and oral vancomycin on gut microbiome and nutrient absorption in humans. Nat Med 2020; 26:589-598. [PMID: 32235930 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-0801-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Direct evidence in humans for the impact of the microbiome on nutrient absorption is lacking. We conducted an extended inpatient study using two interventions that we hypothesized would alter the gut microbiome and nutrient absorption. In each, stool calorie loss, a direct proxy of nutrient absorption, was measured. The first phase was a randomized cross-over dietary intervention in which all participants underwent in random order 3 d of over- and underfeeding. The second was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pharmacologic intervention using oral vancomycin or matching placebo (NCT02037295). Twenty-seven volunteers (17 men and 10 women, age 35.1 ± 7.3, BMI 32.3 ± 8.0), who were healthy other than having impaired glucose tolerance and obesity, were enrolled and 25 completed the entire trial. The primary endpoints were the effects of dietary and pharmacological intervention on stool calorie loss. We hypothesized that stool calories expressed as percentage of caloric intake would increase with underfeeding compared with overfeeding and increase during oral vancomycin treatment. Both primary endpoints were met. Greater stool calorie loss was observed during underfeeding relative to overfeeding and during vancomycin treatment compared with placebo. Key secondary endpoints were to evaluate the changes in gut microbial community structure as evidenced by amplicon sequencing and metagenomics. We observed only a modest perturbation of gut microbial community structure with under- versus overfeeding but a more widespread change in community structure with reduced diversity with oral vancomycin. Increase in Akkermansia muciniphila was common to both interventions that resulted in greater stool calorie loss. These results indicate that nutrient absorption is sensitive to environmental perturbations and support the translational relevance of preclinical models demonstrating a possible causal role for the gut microbiome in dietary energy harvest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Basolo
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| | - Maximilian Hohenadel
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Qi Yan Ang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paolo Piaggi
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Sascha Heinitz
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG), Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mary Walter
- Clinical Core Laboratory, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter Walter
- Clinical Mass Spectrometry Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shannon Parrington
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Donovan D Trinidad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Peter J Turnbaugh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Jonathan Krakoff
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
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