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Molina P, Goicoechea M, Huarte E, Maduell F, Valero A, Martín-Malo A. Hemodiafiltration with endogenous reinfusion of the regenerated ultrafiltrate (HFR): towards a convective, diffusive, and adsorptive dialysis. Nefrologia 2023; 43:688-702. [PMID: 38176980 DOI: 10.1016/j.nefroe.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Hemodiafiltration with endogenous reinfusion of the ultrafiltrate (HFR) is a dialysis technique characterized by a resin cartridge with adsorptive properties that combines the mechanisms of diffusion, convection, and adsorption in a single therapeutic regimen. After nearly 20 years of clinical experience with HFR, this article reviews the accumulated evidence with this technique, considering whether adsorption reduction, as a third purification mechanism, should be the next step in the treatment of hemodialysis patients. HFR, beyond producing an extensive removal of uremic toxins, has demonstrated to reduce the loss of nutrients and other physiological components during the dialysis session as compared to online hemodiafiltration, ameliorating the inflammatory state and oxidative stress in this population. In addition to its ease of use, the technique is also highly biocompatible and can be used in patients with a compromised vascular access. Based on these observations, HFR appears to be an especially useful therapy for high-comorbidity patients, including those with frailty, malnutrition, or cardiovascular disease. In this review, we, as a consensus panel of nephrologists experienced with HFR, survey existing literature and summarize our views on when to use this technique, which patients may be best suited for HFR, and how to effectively prescribe and monitor this modality of dialysis in daily clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Molina
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitari Dr. Peset, Universitat de València, FISABIO, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Marian Goicoechea
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emma Huarte
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital de San Pedro, Logroño, Spain
| | - Francisco Maduell
- Servicio de Nefrología y Trasplante Renal, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Valero
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitari Dr. Peset, Universitat de València, FISABIO, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Martín-Malo
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Red Nacional de Investigación en Nefrología (REDinREN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
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Weir MR. Managing Anemia across the Stages of Kidney Disease in Those Hyporesponsive to Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents. Am J Nephrol 2021; 52:450-466. [PMID: 34280923 DOI: 10.1159/000516901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with CKD frequently have anemia that results from iron-restricted erythropoiesis and inflammation. Anemia of CKD is currently managed with iron supplements and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) to promote erythropoiesis and with RBC transfusion in severe cases. Hyporesponse to ESAs, or the need for larger than usual doses to attain a given hemoglobin (Hb) level, is associated with increased morbidity and mortality and presents a pressing clinical challenge, particularly for patients on dialysis. This paper reviews ESA hyporesponse and potential new therapeutic options in the management of anemia of CKD. SUMMARY The most common causes of ESA hyporesponse include iron deficiency and inflammation, and to a lesser degree, secondary hyperparathyroidism, inadequate dialysis, malnutrition, and concomitant medications. Management of ESA hyporesponse is multipronged and involves treating low level infections, ensuring adequate nutrition, and optimizing iron status and dialysis modality, although some patients can remain refractory. Inflammation directly increases production and secretion of hepcidin, contributes to an impaired response to hypoxia, and suppresses proliferation of erythroid progenitors. Coordination of renal and hepatic erythropoietin (EPO) production and iron metabolism is under the control of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF), which are in turn regulated by HIF-prolyl hydroxylases (HIF-PHs). HIF-PHs and hepcidin are therefore attractive potential drug targets particularly in patients with ESA hyporesponse. Several oral HIF-PH inhibitors have been evaluated in patients with anemia of CKD and have been shown to increase Hb and reduce hepcidin regardless of inflammation, iron status, or dialysis modality. These sustained effects are achieved through more modest increases in endogenous EPO compared with ESAs. Key Messages: Treatments that address ESA hyporesponse remain a significant unmet clinical need in patients with anemia of CKD. New therapies such as HIF-PH inhibitors have the potential to address fundamental aspects of ESA hyporesponse and provide a new therapeutic option in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Weir
- Division of Nephrology, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Pedrini LA, Comelli M, Ruggiero P, Feliciani A, Manfrini V, Cozzi G, Castellano A, Pezzotta M, Gatti G, Arazzi M, Auriemma L, di Benedetto A, Stuard S. Mixed hemodiafiltration reduces erythropoiesis stimulating agents requirement in dialysis patients: a prospective randomized study. J Nephrol 2020; 33:1037-1048. [PMID: 32036610 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-020-00709-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improved responsiveness to erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs) in patients on on-line post-dilution hemodiafiltration (Post-HDF) compared with conventional hemodialysis (HD) was reported by some authors but challenged by others. This prospective, cross-over randomized study tested the hypothesis that an alternative infusion modality of HDF, mixed-dilution HDF (Mixed HDF), could further reduce ESAs requirement in dialysis patients compared to the traditional Post-HDF. METHODS One-hundred-twenty prevalent patients from 6 Dialysis Centers were randomly assigned to two six-months treatment sequences: A-B and B-A (A, Mixed HDF; B, Post-HDF). Primary outcome was comparative evaluation of ESA (darbepoetin alfa) requirement and ESA resistance. Treatments efficiency, iron and vitamins status, inflammation and nutrition parameters were monitored. RESULTS In sequence A, darbepoetin requirement decreased during Mixed HDF from 29.5 to 23.7 µg/month and increased significantly during Post-HDF (32.3 µg/month at 6th month) while, in sequence B, it increased during Post-HDF from 38.2 to 43.7 µg/month and decreased during Mixed HDF (23.9 µg/month at 6th month). Overall, EPO doses at 6 months on Mixed and Post-HDF were 23.8 and 38.4 µg/month, respectively, P < 0.01. A multiple linear model confirmed that Mixed HDF vs Post-HDF reduced significantly ESA requirement and ESA resistance (P < 0.0001), by a mean of 29% (CI 23-35%) in the last three months of the observation periods. CONCLUSIONS Mixed HDF decreased darbepoetin-alfa requirement in dialysis patients. This might help preventing the untoward side effects of high ESA doses, besides having a remarkable economic impact. Additional evidence is needed to confirm this potential benefit of Mixed-HDF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano A Pedrini
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, NephroCare, ASST Bergamo-Est, Bolognini Hospital, Seriate, Italy.
| | - Mario Comelli
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Pio Ruggiero
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, NephroCare, ASST Bergamo-Est, Bolognini Hospital, Seriate, Italy
| | - Annalisa Feliciani
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, NephroCare, ASST Bergamo-Est, Bolognini Hospital, Seriate, Italy
| | - Vania Manfrini
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, NephroCare, ASST Bergamo-Est, Bolognini Hospital, Seriate, Italy
| | - Giorgio Cozzi
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, NephroCare, ASST Bergamo-Est, Bolognini Hospital, Seriate, Italy
| | - Angelo Castellano
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, NephroCare, ASST Bergamo-Est, Bolognini Hospital, Seriate, Italy
| | - Mauro Pezzotta
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, NephroCare, ASST Bergamo-Est, Bolognini Hospital, Seriate, Italy
| | - Guido Gatti
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, NephroCare, ASST Bergamo-Est, Bolognini Hospital, Seriate, Italy
| | - Marta Arazzi
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, NephroCare, ASST Bergamo-Est, Bolognini Hospital, Seriate, Italy
| | - Laura Auriemma
- Biochemistry Unit, ASST Bergamo-Est, Bolognini Hospital, Seriate, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Stuard
- Fresenius Medical Care, Clinical and Therapeutical Governance, Bad Homburg, Germany
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Chen X, Shen B, Cao X, Xiang F, Zou J, Ding X. Acute effect of one session of hemodiafiltration with endogenous reinfusion on uremic toxins and inflammatory mediators. Int J Artif Organs 2020; 43:437-443. [PMID: 31942823 DOI: 10.1177/0391398819899102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Aims: To investigate the acute effects of hemodiafiltration with endogenous infusion on the elimination of uremic toxins and inflammatory mediators in patients with end-stage renal disease. Materials and methods: A total of 37 end-stage renal disease patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis received a single hemodiafiltration with endogenous infusion dialysis treatment. The acute effects of one hemodiafiltration with endogenous infusion session on uremic toxins and inflammatory mediators were assessed by comparing the pre- and post-hemodiafiltration with endogenous infusion concentrations. Results: Hemoglobin and albumin were stable during hemodiafiltration with endogenous infusion therapy. The mean reduction ratios of β2-microglobulin, p-cresyl sulfate, and indoxyl sulfate were 43.60%, 40.91%, and 43.64%, respectively. Tumor necrosis factor-α also decreased significantly at a mean rate of 28.10%, while the concentrations of interleukin-6 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein remained unchanged after one session of hemodiafiltration with endogenous infusion. Conclusion: The hemodiafiltration with endogenous infusion system is a new dialysis technique that combines diffusion, convection, and adsorption processes. It allows for extensive solute removal, including protein-bound uremic toxins and some pro-inflammatory cytokines, but does not cause nutrient loss and inflammatory response during the treatment. Although the effect after a single hemodiafiltration with endogenous infusion session is limited, it may be improved by repeated and long-term treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Kidney and Dialysis, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification, Shanghai, China
- Hemodialysis Quality Control Center of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Medical Center of Kidney, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Kidney and Dialysis, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification, Shanghai, China
- Hemodialysis Quality Control Center of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Medical Center of Kidney, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuesen Cao
- Shanghai Institute of Kidney and Dialysis, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification, Shanghai, China
- Hemodialysis Quality Control Center of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Medical Center of Kidney, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangfang Xiang
- Shanghai Institute of Kidney and Dialysis, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification, Shanghai, China
- Hemodialysis Quality Control Center of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Medical Center of Kidney, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianzhou Zou
- Shanghai Institute of Kidney and Dialysis, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification, Shanghai, China
- Hemodialysis Quality Control Center of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Medical Center of Kidney, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Ding
- Shanghai Institute of Kidney and Dialysis, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification, Shanghai, China
- Hemodialysis Quality Control Center of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Medical Center of Kidney, Shanghai, China
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Cernaro V, Tripepi G, Visconti L, Lacquaniti A, Montalto G, Romeo A, Cimadoro D, Costantino G, Torre F, Santoro D, Buemi M. Convective Dialysis Reduces Mortality Risk: Results From a Large Observational, Population-Based Analysis. Ther Apher Dial 2018; 22:457-468. [DOI: 10.1111/1744-9987.12684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Cernaro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Giovanni Tripepi
- CNR-IFC, Clinical Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Renal Diseases and Hypertension; Reggio Calabria Italy
| | - Luca Visconti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Antonio Lacquaniti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Gaetano Montalto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Adolfo Romeo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Domenica Cimadoro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Giuseppe Costantino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Francesco Torre
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Domenico Santoro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Michele Buemi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; University of Messina; Messina Italy
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Di Iorio B, Di Micco L, Bruzzese D, Nardone L, Russo L, Formisano P, D'Esposito V, Russo D. Ultrapure dialysis water obtained with additional ultrafilter may reduce inflammation in patients on hemodialysis. J Nephrol 2017; 30:795-801. [PMID: 28840494 PMCID: PMC5698401 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-017-0422-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients on standard dialysis, in particular those on high-flux and high-efficiency dialysis, are exposed to hundreds of liters of dialysis-water per week. The quality of dialysis-water is a factor responsible for inflammation in dialysis patients. Inflammation is a potent trigger of atherosclerosis and a pathogenetic factor in anemia, increasing mortality and morbidity in dialysis patients. Current systems for water treatment do not completely eliminate bacteria and endotoxins. This prospective study tested whether improved dialysis-water purity by an additional ultrafilter can reduce inflammation and ameliorate hemoglobin levels, with a consequent reduction in erythropoietin-stimulating agents (ESA). METHODS An ultrafilter, composed of two serially positioned devices with polysulfone membranes of 2.0 and 1.0 m2, respectively, was positioned within the fluid pathway before the dialysis machine. Prevalent dialysis patients were assigned either to continue dialysis with conventional dialysis-water (control phase) or to initiate dialysis sessions with improved dialysis-water purity (study phase). After 6 months, patients were crossed over. Total study duration was 1 year. Routine chemistry, bacterial count, endotoxin levels in dialysis-water as well as blood levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, human serum amyloid A, C-reactive protein and fraction 5 of complement were measured. RESULTS Thirty-two patients completed the study. Mean bacterial count was lower and endotoxin levels were absent in dialysis-water obtained with the ultrafilter. At the end of the study-phase, C-reactive protein and pro-inflammatory cytokines decreased while anti-inflammatory ones increased. Hemoglobin levels were improved with lower ESA doses. CONCLUSIONS An additional ultrafilter improved dialysis-water purity, reduced levels of inflammation markers, ameliorated hemoglobin concentration with reduced ESA doses. These results remain speculative but they may generate studies to assess whether improved dialysis-water quality with an ultrafilter can reduce inflammation and improve survival of dialysis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biagio Di Iorio
- Department of Nephrology, "A. Landolfi" Hospital (Solofra, Avellino), Solofra, Italy
| | - Lucia Di Micco
- Department of Nephrology, "A. Landolfi" Hospital (Solofra, Avellino), Solofra, Italy
| | - Dario Bruzzese
- Department of Statistics, University of Naples "FEDERICO II", Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Nardone
- Department of Nephrology, "A. Landolfi" Hospital (Solofra, Avellino), Solofra, Italy
| | - Luigi Russo
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "FEDERICO II", Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Formisano
- Department of Genetics, University of Naples "FEDERICO II", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Domenico Russo
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "FEDERICO II", Naples, Italy.
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