1
|
Lv D, Lin Z, Liao X, Peng R, Liu H, Wu T, Wu K, Sun Y, Zhang Z. Sfrp2 promotes renal dysfunction of diabetic kidney disease via modulating Fzd5-induced cytosolic calcium ion concentration and CaMKII/Mek/Erk pathway in mesangial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166933. [PMID: 37951508 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mesangial cells (MCs) in the kidney play central role in maintaining glomerular integrity, and their abnormal proliferation leads to major glomerular diseases including diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Although high blood glucose elicits MCs impairment, the underlying molecular mechanism is poorly understood. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of secreted frizzled-related protein 2 (Sfrp2) from single-nucleus RNA profiling on MC proliferation of DKD in vitro and in vivo and explored the specific mechanisms. RESULTS By snRNA-seq analysis of isolated renal cells from leptin receptor-deficient db/db mice and control db/m mice, we found that Sfrp2 was increased in the MCs of DKD in comparison to other intrinsic renal cells, which was further verified in vitro and in vivo. We also found that the expression of Sfrp2 was significantly upregulated in DKD patients and correlated with renal function, demonstrating that Sfrp2 might serve as an independent biomarker for DKD patients. Functionally, we showed the loss and acquisition of Sfrp2 affected cytosolic Ca2+ concentration, cell proliferation and fibrosis of MC, albuminuria and kidney injury in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, we identify c-Jun as a transcription factor of Sfrp2 promoting its transcription, and the Ca2+ signaling related protein frizzled receptor 5 (Fzd5) as the binding protein of Sfrp2. And we further found Sfrp2 promoted Fzd5-induced cytosolic Ca2+ concentration and the downstream CaMKII/Mek/Erk pathway activation, leading to MC proliferation and fibrosis in DKD. CONCLUSION Our study revealed a novel involvement for Sfrp2 in the regulation of MC function and the effect of Sfrp2 on cell proliferation and fibrosis of MC via the Fzd5/Ca2+/CaMKII/Mek/Erk pathway, implying that Sfrp2 may be a possible biomarker and therapeutic target for DKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lv
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ziyue Lin
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiaohui Liao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Rui Peng
- Department of Bioinformatics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Handeng Liu
- Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Experimental Teaching Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Tianhui Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Keqian Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hung TW, Yang MY, Yu MH, Tsai IN, Tsai YC, Chan KC, Wang CJ. Mulberry leaf extract and neochlorogenic acid ameliorate glucolipotoxicity-induced diabetic nephropathy in high-fat diet-fed db/db mice. Food Funct 2023; 14:8975-8986. [PMID: 37732507 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo02640j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy, a major diabetes complication, is often exacerbated by glucolipotoxicity. The potential benefits of mulberry leaf extract (MLE) and its primary component, neochlorogenic acid (nCGA), in combating this condition have not been extensively explored. High-fat diet-fed db/db mice were employed as a model for glucolipotoxicity-induced diabetic nephropathy. The mice were treated with MLE or nCGA, and their body weight, insulin sensitivity, blood lipid profiles, and kidney function were assessed. In addition, modulation of the JAK-STAT, pAKT, Ras, and NF-κB signaling pathways by MLE and nCGA was evaluated. MLE and nCGA did not significantly decrease blood glucose level but effectively mitigated the adverse effects of a high-fat diet on blood lipid profile and kidney function. Improvements in body weight, insulin sensitivity, and kidney structure, along with a reduction in fibrosis, were observed. Both MLE and nCGA regulated lipid metabolism abnormalities, significantly inhibited the accumulation of glycosylated substances in glomeruli, and modulated crucial signaling pathways involved in diabetic nephropathy. Although they do not directly affect blood glucose level, MLE and nCGA show significant potential in managing glucolipotoxicity-induced diabetic nephropathy by targeting lipid metabolism and key molecular pathways. The present findings suggest MLE and nCGA may be promising therapeutic agents for diabetic nephropathy, and further exploration in human patients is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tung-Wei Hung
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Mon-Yuan Yang
- Department of Health Diet and Industry Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| | - Meng-Hsun Yu
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - I-Ning Tsai
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Che Tsai
- Department of Health Diet and Industry Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| | - Kuei-Chuan Chan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| | - Chau-Jong Wang
- Department of Health Diet and Industry Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nageeta F, Waqar F, Allahi I, Murtaza F, Nasir M, Danesh F, Irshad B, Kumar R, Tayyab A, Khan MSM, Kumar S, Varrassi G, Khatri M, Muzammil MA, Mohamad T. Precision Medicine Approaches to Diabetic Kidney Disease: Personalized Interventions on the Horizon. Cureus 2023; 15:e45575. [PMID: 37868402 PMCID: PMC10587911 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a significant complication of diabetes that requires innovative interventions to address its increasing impact. Precision medicine is a rapidly emerging paradigm that shows excellent promise in tailoring therapeutic strategies to the unique profiles of individual patients. This abstract examines the potential of precision medicine in managing DKD. It explores the genetic and molecular foundations, identifies biomarkers for risk assessment, provides insights into pharmacogenomics, and discusses targeted therapies. Integrating omics data and data analytics provides a comprehensive landscape for making informed decisions. The abstract highlights the difficulties encountered during the clinical implementation process, the ethical factors to be considered, and the importance of involving patients. In addition, it showcases case studies that demonstrate the effectiveness of precision-based interventions. As the field progresses, the abstract anticipates a future characterized by the integration of artificial intelligence in diagnostics and treatment. It highlights the significant impact that precision medicine can have in revolutionizing the provision of care for DKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fnu Nageeta
- Medicine, Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College, Sukkur, PAK
| | - Fahad Waqar
- Medicine, Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore, PAK
| | - Ibtesam Allahi
- General Surgery, Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore, PAK
| | | | | | - Fnu Danesh
- Internal Medicine, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Thatta, PAK
| | - Beena Irshad
- Medicine, Sharif Medical and Dental College, Lahore, PAK
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Spine Surgery, Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, CAN
| | - Arslan Tayyab
- Internal Medicine, Quaid-e-Azam Medical College, Bahawalpur, PAK
| | | | - Satesh Kumar
- Medicine and Surgery, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical College, Karachi, PAK
| | | | - Mahima Khatri
- Medicine and Surgery, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, PAK
| | | | - Tamam Mohamad
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rico-Fontalvo J, Aroca-Martínez G, Daza-Arnedo R, Cabrales J, Rodríguez-Yanez T, Cardona-Blanco M, Montejo-Hernández J, Rodelo Barrios D, Patiño-Patiño J, Osorio Rodríguez E. Novel Biomarkers of Diabetic Kidney Disease. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13040633. [PMID: 37189380 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a highly prevalent condition worldwide. It represents one of the most common complications arising from diabetes mellitus (DM) and is the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Its development involves three fundamental components: the hemodynamic, metabolic, and inflammatory axes. Clinically, persistent albuminuria in association with a progressive decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) defines this disease. However, as these alterations are not specific to DKD, there is a need to discuss novel biomarkers arising from its pathogenesis which may aid in the diagnosis, follow-up, therapeutic response, and prognosis of the disease.
Collapse
|
5
|
Hofherr A, Williams J, Gan LM, Söderberg M, Hansen PBL, Woollard KJ. Targeting inflammation for the treatment of Diabetic Kidney Disease: a five-compartment mechanistic model. BMC Nephrol 2022; 23:208. [PMID: 35698028 PMCID: PMC9190142 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-022-02794-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide. Mortality and morbidity associated with DKD are increasing with the global prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Chronic, sub-clinical, non-resolving inflammation contributes to the pathophysiology of renal and cardiovascular disease associated with diabetes. Inflammatory biomarkers correlate with poor renal outcomes and mortality in patients with DKD. Targeting chronic inflammation may therefore offer a route to novel therapeutics for DKD. However, the DKD patient population is highly heterogeneous, with varying etiology, presentation and disease progression. This heterogeneity is a challenge for clinical trials of novel anti-inflammatory therapies. Here, we present a conceptual model of how chronic inflammation affects kidney function in five compartments: immune cell recruitment and activation; filtration; resorption and secretion; extracellular matrix regulation; and perfusion. We believe that the rigorous alignment of pathophysiological insights, appropriate animal models and pathology-specific biomarkers may facilitate a mechanism-based shift from recruiting ‘all comers’ with DKD to stratification of patients based on the principal compartments of inflammatory disease activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Hofherr
- Research and Early Clinical Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, AstraZeneca, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Julie Williams
- Bioscience Renal, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic, AstraZeneca, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, Gothenburg, UK
| | - Li-Ming Gan
- Research and Early Clinical Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, AstraZeneca, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Söderberg
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Safety, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, AstraZeneca, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pernille B L Hansen
- Bioscience Renal, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic, AstraZeneca, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, Gothenburg, UK.,Wallenberg Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kevin J Woollard
- Bioscience Renal, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic, AstraZeneca, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, Gothenburg, UK. .,Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
De Nicola L, Cozzolino M, Genovesi S, Gesualdo L, Grandaliano G, Pontremoli R. Can SGLT2 inhibitors answer unmet therapeutic needs in chronic kidney disease? J Nephrol 2022; 35:1605-1618. [PMID: 35583597 PMCID: PMC9300572 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-022-01336-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health problem, affecting more than 850 million people worldwide. The number of patients receiving renal replacement therapy (dialysis or renal transplantation) has increased over the years, and it has been estimated that the number of people receiving renal replacement therapy will more than double from 2.618 million in 2010 to 5.439 million in 2030, with wide differences among countries. The main focus of CKD treatment has now become preserving renal function rather than replacing it. This is possible, at least to some extent, through the optimal use of multifactorial therapy aimed at preventing end-stage kidney disease and cardiovascular events. Sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) reduce glomerular hypertension and albuminuria with beneficial effects on progression of renal damage in both diabetic and non-diabetic CKD. SGLT2 inhibitors also show great benefits in cardiovascular protection, irrespective of diabetes. Therefore, the use of these drugs will likely be extended to the whole CKD population as a new standard of care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca De Nicola
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Cozzolino
- Renal Division, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Simonetta Genovesi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Nephrology Clinic, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Loreto Gesualdo
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Grandaliano
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, U.O.C. Nefrologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Pontremoli
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Santoro D, Torreggiani M, Pellicanò V, Cernaro V, Messina RM, Longhitano E, Siligato R, Gembillo G, Esposito C, Piccoli GB. Kidney Biopsy in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: Critical Reflections on Present Indications and Diagnostic Alternatives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5425. [PMID: 34063872 PMCID: PMC8196671 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Roughly 3% of patients worldwide with a new diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) already have an overt nephropathy at diagnosis and about 20-30% of the remaining ones develop a complication of this kind later in life. The early identification of kidney disease in diabetic patients is important as it slows its progression, which is important not only because this reduces the need for renal replacement therapy, but also because it decreases the high rate of mortality and morbidity associated with a reduction in kidney function. The increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes and the consequent greater probability of finding different types of kidney diseases in diabetic patients frequently gives rise to overlapping diagnoses, a definition encompassing the differential diagnosis between diabetic and non-diabetic kidney disease. The issue is made more complex by the acknowledgement of the increasing frequency of presentations of what is termed "diabetic kidney disease" without relevant proteinuria, in particular in T2DM patients. Distinguishing between diabetes related and non-diabetes related forms of kidney disease in diabetic patients is not only a semantic question, as different diseases require different clinical management. However, while the urologic and macrovascular complications of diabetes, as well as overlapping parenchymal damage, can be diagnosed by means of imaging studies, often only a kidney biopsy will make a differential diagnosis possible. In fact, the coexistence of typical diabetic lesions, such as nodular glomerulopathy or glomerulosclerosis, with different glomerular, vascular and tubulo-interstitial alterations has been extensively described, and an analysis of the dominant histological pattern can contribute to determining what therapeutic approach should be adopted. However, due to the high frequency of kidney diseases, and to the fact that T2DM patients are often affected by multiple comorbidities, a kidney biopsy is not generally performed in T2DM patients. What follows is a review aiming to discuss the diagnostic work-up, on the base of clinical, laboratory and imaging criteria, and evaluate the present indications and alternatives to renal biopsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Santoro
- Unit of Nephrology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy; (D.S.); (V.P.); (V.C.); (R.M.M.); (E.L.); (R.S.); (G.G.)
| | - Massimo Torreggiani
- Néphrologie et Dialyse, Centre Hospitalier Le Mans, 194 Avenue Rubillard, 72037 Le Mans, France;
| | - Vincenzo Pellicanò
- Unit of Nephrology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy; (D.S.); (V.P.); (V.C.); (R.M.M.); (E.L.); (R.S.); (G.G.)
| | - Valeria Cernaro
- Unit of Nephrology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy; (D.S.); (V.P.); (V.C.); (R.M.M.); (E.L.); (R.S.); (G.G.)
| | - Roberta Maria Messina
- Unit of Nephrology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy; (D.S.); (V.P.); (V.C.); (R.M.M.); (E.L.); (R.S.); (G.G.)
| | - Elisa Longhitano
- Unit of Nephrology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy; (D.S.); (V.P.); (V.C.); (R.M.M.); (E.L.); (R.S.); (G.G.)
| | - Rossella Siligato
- Unit of Nephrology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy; (D.S.); (V.P.); (V.C.); (R.M.M.); (E.L.); (R.S.); (G.G.)
| | - Guido Gembillo
- Unit of Nephrology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy; (D.S.); (V.P.); (V.C.); (R.M.M.); (E.L.); (R.S.); (G.G.)
| | - Ciro Esposito
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Internal Medicine, ICS Maugeri S.p.A. SB, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Giorgina Barbara Piccoli
- Néphrologie et Dialyse, Centre Hospitalier Le Mans, 194 Avenue Rubillard, 72037 Le Mans, France;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yang H, Wang J, Zhang Z, Peng R, Lv D, Liu H, Sun Y. Sp1-Induced lncRNA Rmrp Promotes Mesangial Cell Proliferation and Fibrosis in Diabetic Nephropathy by Modulating the miR-1a-3p/JunD Pathway. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:690784. [PMID: 34512545 PMCID: PMC8429906 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.690784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are regulators in DN progression. However, the regulatory mechanisms of multiple lncRNAs in DN remain to be determined. Our aim was to investigate the function and molecular mechanism of lncRNA RNA component of mitochondrial RNAase P (Rmrp) in DN. Here, we observed that the expression of Rmrp was up-regulated in the kidney of db/db DN mice and high glucose induced glomerular mesangial cells (MC). More importantly, the abnormal transcription of Rmrp was induced by nuclear transcription factor Sp1, which promotes the proliferation and production of fibrotic markers in MC. Subsequently, we screened the miRNAs related to Rmrp and found that Rmrp and miR-1a-3p are co-localized at the subcellular level of MC, and Rmrp could directly binds to miR-1a-3p. Further mechanism research demonstrated that the elevated miR-1a-3p significantly attenuated the proliferation and fibrosis-promoting effects induced by up-regulation of Rmrp. At the same time, we also investigated that miR-1a-3p can directly bind to Jun D proto-oncogene (JunD), thereby regulating the protein level of JunD. Rmrp-induced proliferation and fibrogenesis were reversed by co-transfection with JunD siRNA. In summary, Sp1 induced lncRNA Rmrp could drive the expression of JunD via sponging miR-1a-3p in DN progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hansen Yang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Peng
- Department of Bioinformatics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Lv
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Handeng Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Sun,
| |
Collapse
|