1
|
de Water E, Demurie E, Mies GW, Scheres A. Temporal discounting in children and adolescents with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a comparison of four scoring methods. Child Neuropsychol 2023:1-20. [PMID: 37860876 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2023.2268768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Temporal discounting (TD) tasks measure the preference for immediate rewards over larger delayed rewards and have been widely used to study impulsivity in children and adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Relatively impulsive individuals tend to show high inconsistency in their choices, which makes it difficult to determine commonly used TD outcome measures (e.g., area under the curve, AUC). In this study, we leveraged two published datasets to compare four methods to compute TD outcome measures in children and adolescents (8-17 years) with (n = 107) and without ADHD (n = 128): two predetermined rules methods, a proportion method, and logistic regression. In both datasets, when using the two predetermined rules methods and the proportion method, TD outcomes were highly correlated and group differences in TD were similar. When using logistic regression, a large proportion of AUCs (95% in dataset 1; 33% in dataset 2) could not be computed due to inconsistent choice patterns. These findings indicate that predetermined rules methods (for studies with small sample sizes and experienced raters) and a proportion method (for studies with larger sample sizes or less experienced raters) are recommended over logistic regression when determining subjective reward values for participants with inconsistent choice patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ellen Demurie
- Research in Developmental Disorders Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gabry W Mies
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk Scheres
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Button AM, Paluch RA, Schechtman KB, Wilfley DE, Geller N, Quattrin T, Cook SR, Eneli IU, Epstein LH. Parents, but not their children, demonstrate greater delay discounting with resource scarcity. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1983. [PMID: 37828503 PMCID: PMC10568819 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16832-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with obesity tend to discount the future (delay discounting), focusing on immediate gratification. Delay discounting is reliably related to indicators of economic scarcity (i.e., insufficient resources), including lower income and decreased educational attainment in adults. It is unclear whether the impact of these factors experienced by parents also influence child delay discounting between the ages of 8 and 12-years in families with obesity. METHODS The relationship between indices of family income and delay discounting was studied in 452 families with parents and 6-12-year-old children with obesity. Differences in the relationships between parent economic, educational and Medicaid status, and parent and child delay discounting were tested. RESULTS Results showed lower parent income (p = 0.019) and Medicaid status (p = 0.021) were differentially related to greater parent but not child delay discounting among systematic responders. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest differences in how indicators of scarcity influence delay discounting for parents and children, indicating that adults with scarce resources may be shaped to focus on immediate needs instead of long-term goals. It is possible that parents can reduce the impact of economic scarcity on their children during preadolescent years. These findings suggest a need for policy change to alleviate the burden of scarce conditions and intervention to modify delay discounting rate and to improve health-related choices and to address weight disparities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M Button
- Division of Population and Public Health Science, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Rocco A Paluch
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, Building #26, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Kenneth B Schechtman
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Denise E Wilfley
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nancy Geller
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Teresa Quattrin
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, Building #26, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Stephen R Cook
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ihouma U Eneli
- Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Leonard H Epstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, Building #26, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim JY, Fienup DM, Reed DD, Jahromi LB. A Rapid Assessment of Sensitivity to Reward Delays and Classwide Token Economy Savings for School-Aged Children. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL EDUCATION 2022:1-24. [PMID: 36532843 PMCID: PMC9744369 DOI: 10.1007/s10864-022-09503-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Delay discounting tasks measure the relation between reinforcer delay and efficacy. The present study established the association between delay discounting and classroom behavior and introduced a brief measure quantifying sensitivity to reward delays for school-aged children. Study 1 reanalyzed data collected by Reed and Martens (J Appl Behav Anal 44(1):1-18, https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2011.44-1, 2011) and found that 1-month delay choices predicted student classroom behavior. Study 2 examined the utility of the 1-month delay indifference point in predicting saving and spending behavior of second-grade students using token economies with two different token production schedules. Collectively, results showed (a) the 1-month delay indifference point predicted classroom behavior, (b) children who discounted less and had greater self-regulation, accrued and saved more tokens, and (c) a variable token production schedule better correlated with discounting than a fixed schedule. Implications are discussed regarding utility of a rapid discounting assessment for applied use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Kim
- Psychology Department, Pennsylvania State University—Harrisburg, 777 W Harrisburg Pike, Middletown, PA 17057 USA
- Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lambert JM, Copeland BA, Paranczak JL, Macdonald MJ, Torelli JN, Houchins-Juarez NJ. Description and evaluation of a function-informed and mechanisms-based framework for treating challenging behavior. J Appl Behav Anal 2022; 55:1193-1219. [PMID: 35762194 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Individualization and iterative design are essential components of the assessment and treatment of challenging behavior. Currently, there are few validated frameworks for engaging in iterative processes. Due to the nature of single-case design, empirically rigorous evaluations of decision-tree processes are particularly prohibitive. Notwithstanding, evaluations are needed. In this paper we first describe a function-informed and mechanisms-based (FIMB) framework for selecting treatment components employed by a university-based practicum experience designed to expose pre-service practitioners to a valid treatment process for challenging behavior. Then, we share a completed retrospective consecutive case series across a 6-year period in which we conducted a technique analysis to identify which procedures were most commonly selected in the practicum, and the impact of those choices on client outcomes. The results suggest that the model can be highly effective for some, but not all, cases. Implications are discussed.
Collapse
|
5
|
Tunney RJ. Economic and social deprivation predicts impulsive choice in children. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8942. [PMID: 35624120 PMCID: PMC9142580 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12872-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Impulsivity is an individual difference in decision-making that is a risk factor for a number of health concerns including addiction and obesity. Although impulsivity has a large heritable component, the health concerns associated with impulsivity are not uniformly distributed across society. For example, people from poorer backgrounds are more likely to be overweight, and be dependent on tobacco or alcohol. This suggests that the environmental component of impulsivity might be related to economic circumstances and the availability of resources. This paper provides evidence that children aged 4 to 12 from the most deprived areas in England show greater impulsivity in the form of delay discounting than do children from the least deprived areas. The data are discussed with reference to scarcity-based models of decision-making and to public health inequalities.
Collapse
|
6
|
Burns P, Atance C, O'Connor AP, McCormack T. The effects of cueing episodic future thinking on delay discounting in children, adolescents, and adults. Cognition 2021; 218:104934. [PMID: 34749044 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Discounting the value of delayed rewards such that even a relatively small, immediately available reward is preferred to a larger delayed reward is a commonly observed human trait. Children are particularly steep discounters of delayed rewards as evidenced by delay of gratification studies. In recent years, however, a growing literature indicates that cueing individuals to imagine personal future events attenuates their discounting of delayed rewards. The present studies extend this literature by examining whether cueing future thinking promotes patient choices in children and adolescents. In Experiment 1 we found that cueing future thinking had no effect on 8-11-year-olds' (n = 177) delay discounting of either real or hypothetical rewards. In Experiment 2 we found that cueing adolescents (12-14-year-olds, n = 126) and adults (n = 122) to think about personal future events decreased their discounting of delayed rewards relative to three other conditions: a no cue control, an episodic memory condition and a novel 'future other' condition in which individuals imagine future events that might happen to a significant other person in their life. Cueing adults and adolescents to think about personal future events did not however affect how connected they felt to their future selves or their subjective sense of how close future time points felt to them - two constructs that have previously been shown to be related to delay discounting.
Collapse
|
7
|
Forzano LB, Sorama M, O'Keefe M, Pizzonia K, Howard T, Dukic N. Impulsivity and self-control in elementary school children and adult females: Using identical task and procedural parameters. Behav Processes 2021; 188:104411. [PMID: 33910032 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2021.104411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Results of studies examining the relationship between impulsivity and age are limited because different tasks, procedural parameters, and different reinforcers have been used with different aged participants. Thus, the current study sought to rectify these differences in two experiments with children (42, ages 5-12) and adults (69 college-aged females) using the same task with identical procedural parameters. In the Self-Control Video Software Task (SCVST; Forzano and Schunk, 2008; Forzano et al., 2014) participants repeatedly choose between larger, more delayed and smaller, less delayed access to viewing video cartoons. No differences in impulsivity were found between adults and children. No age or gender differences were found among children. Differences in task and procedural parameters are identified as important in their implications for research on impulsivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L B Forzano
- Department of Psychology, SUNY Brockport, United States.
| | - M Sorama
- Department of Psychology, Kyoto Notre Dame University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - M O'Keefe
- Department of Psychology, SUNY Brockport, United States
| | - K Pizzonia
- Department of Psychology, SUNY Brockport, United States
| | - T Howard
- Department of Psychology, SUNY Brockport, United States
| | - N Dukic
- Department of Psychology, SUNY Brockport, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Burns P, O'Connor PA, Atance C, McCormack T. More Later: Delay of Gratification and Thought About the Future in Children. Child Dev 2021; 92:1554-1573. [PMID: 33661540 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether individual differences in future time perception and the detail with which future events are imagined are related to children's delay of gratification. We administered a delay choice task (real rewards), a delay discounting task (hypothetical rewards), a novel future time perception measure, an episodic future thinking (EFT) interview and IQ measures to a sample of 7- to 11-year-olds (N = 132) drawn from a urban predominately white population in N. Ireland. We found a strong correlation between delay choice and delay discounting. Future time perception and EFT were related to delay discounting, however only the relation with future time perception survived controlling for age and IQ. Children who showed greater compression of future time periods were the steepest discounters.
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Children's future-oriented cognition has become a well-established area of research over the last decade. Future-oriented cognition encompasses a range of processes, including those involved in conceiving the future, imagining and preparing for future events, and making decisions that will affect how the future unfolds. We consider recent empirical advances in the study of such processes by outlining key findings that have yielded a clearer picture of how future thinking emerges and changes over childhood. Our interest in future thinking stems from a broader interest in temporal cognition, and we argue that a consideration of developmental changes in how children understand and represent time itself provides a valuable framework in which to study future-oriented cognition.
Collapse
|
10
|
Burns P, Fay O, McCafferty M, McKeever V, Atance C, McCormack T. Examining children's ability to delay reward: Is the delay discounting task a suitable measure? JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.2154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Burns
- School of PsychologyQueen's University Belfast Belfast UK
| | - Olivia Fay
- School of PsychologyQueen's University Belfast Belfast UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Miller JR. Comparing rapid assessments of delay discounting with real and hypothetical rewards in children. J Exp Anal Behav 2019; 111:48-58. [DOI: 10.1002/jeab.493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R. Miller
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital Colorado
| |
Collapse
|