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Favalli EG, Maioli G, Caporali R. Biologics or Janus Kinase Inhibitors in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Who are Insufficient Responders to Conventional Anti-Rheumatic Drugs. Drugs 2024:10.1007/s40265-024-02059-8. [PMID: 38949688 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-024-02059-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory disease which can induce progressive disability if not properly treated early. Over the last 20 years, the improvement of knowledge on the pathogenesis of the disease has made available several drugs targeting key elements of the pathogenetic process, which now represent the preferred treatment option after the failure of first-line therapy with conventional drugs such as methotrexate (MTX). To this category of targeted drugs belong anti-cytokine or cell-targeted biological agents and more recently also Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKis). In the absence to date of specific biomarkers to guide the therapeutic choice in the context of true precision medicine, the choice of the first targeted drug after MTX failure is guided by treatment cost (especially after the marketing of biosimilar products) and by the clinical characteristics of the patient (age, sex, comorbidities and compliance) and the disease (presence or absence of autoantibodies and systemic or extra-articular manifestations), which may influence the efficacy and safety profile of the available products. This viewpoint focuses on the decision-making process underlying the personalized approach to RA therapy and will analyse the evidence in the literature supporting the choice of individual products and in particular the differential choice between biological drugs and JAKis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ennio Giulio Favalli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono, 7, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Department of Rheumatology and Medical Sciences, Gaetano Pini-CTO Hospital, P.zza Cardinal Ferrari 1, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Maioli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono, 7, 20122, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Rheumatology and Medical Sciences, Gaetano Pini-CTO Hospital, P.zza Cardinal Ferrari 1, 20122, Milan, Italy.
| | - Roberto Caporali
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono, 7, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Department of Rheumatology and Medical Sciences, Gaetano Pini-CTO Hospital, P.zza Cardinal Ferrari 1, 20122, Milan, Italy
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2
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Porsch F, Binder CJ. Autoimmune diseases and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 2024:10.1038/s41569-024-01045-7. [PMID: 38937626 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-024-01045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are associated with a dramatically increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and its clinical manifestations. The increased risk is consistent with the notion that atherogenesis is modulated by both protective and disease-promoting immune mechanisms. Notably, traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as dyslipidaemia and hypertension alone do not explain the increased risk of cardiovascular disease associated with autoimmune diseases. Several mechanisms have been implicated in mediating the autoimmunity-associated cardiovascular risk, either directly or by modulating the effect of other risk factors in a complex interplay. Aberrant leukocyte function and pro-inflammatory cytokines are central to both disease entities, resulting in vascular dysfunction, impaired resolution of inflammation and promotion of chronic inflammation. Similarly, loss of tolerance to self-antigens and the generation of autoantibodies are key features of autoimmunity but are also implicated in the maladaptive inflammatory response during atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Therefore, immunomodulatory therapies are potential efficacious interventions to directly reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, and biomarkers of autoimmune disease activity could be relevant tools to stratify patients with autoimmunity according to their cardiovascular risk. In this Review, we discuss the pathophysiological aspects of the increased cardiovascular risk associated with autoimmunity and highlight the many open questions that need to be answered to develop novel therapies that specifically address this unmet clinical need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentina Porsch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph J Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Huck DM, Buckley LF, Chandraker A, Blankstein R, Weber B. Targeting Pharmacotherapies for Inflammatory and Cardiorenal Endpoints in Kidney Disease. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2024; 83:511-521. [PMID: 37678318 PMCID: PMC10912396 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Inflammation is an important contributor to excess cardiovascular risk and progressive renal injury in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Dysregulation of the innate and adaptive immune system is accelerated by CKD and results in increased systemic inflammation, a heightened local vascular inflammatory response leading to accelerated atherosclerosis, and dysfunction of the cardiac and renal endothelium and microcirculation. Understanding and addressing the dysregulated immune system is a promising approach to modifying cardiorenal outcomes in people with CKD. However, targeted pharmacotherapies adopted from trials of non-CKD and cardiorheumatology populations are only beginning to be developed and tested in human clinical trials. Pharmacotherapies that inhibit the activation of the NOD-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome and the downstream cytokines interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 are the most well-studied. However, most of the available evidence for efficacy is from small clinical trials with inflammatory and cardiorenal biomarker endpoints, rather than cardiovascular event endpoints, or from small CKD subgroups in larger clinical trials. Other pharmacotherapies that have proven beneficial for cardiorenal endpoints in people with CKD have been found to have pleiotropic anti-inflammatory benefits including statins, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, and glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists. Finally, emerging therapies in CKD such as interleukin-6 inhibition, small-interfering RNA against lipoproteins, aryl hydrocarbon receptor inhibitors, and therapies adopted from the renal transplant population including mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors and T regulatory cell promoters may have benefits for cardiorenal and inflammatory endpoints but require further investigation in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. Huck
- Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leo F. Buckley
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anil Chandraker
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ron Blankstein
- Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brittany Weber
- Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Fularski P, Czarnik W, Dąbek B, Lisińska W, Radzioch E, Witkowska A, Młynarska E, Rysz J, Franczyk B. Broader Perspective on Atherosclerosis-Selected Risk Factors, Biomarkers, and Therapeutic Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5212. [PMID: 38791250 PMCID: PMC11121693 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) stands as the leading cause of mortality worldwide. At its core lies a progressive process of atherosclerosis, influenced by multiple factors. Among them, lifestyle-related factors are highlighted, with inadequate diet being one of the foremost, alongside factors such as cigarette smoking, low physical activity, and sleep deprivation. Another substantial group of risk factors comprises comorbidities. Amongst others, conditions such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic kidney disease (CKD), or familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) are included here. Extremely significant in the context of halting progression is counteracting the mentioned risk factors, including through treatment of the underlying disease. What is more, in recent years, there has been increasing attention paid to perceiving atherosclerosis as an inflammation-related disease. Consequently, efforts are directed towards exploring new anti-inflammatory medications to limit ASCVD progression. Simultaneously, research is underway to identify biomarkers capable of providing insights into the ongoing process of atherosclerotic plaque formation. The aim of this study is to provide a broader perspective on ASCVD, particularly focusing on its characteristics, traditional and novel treatment methods, and biomarkers that can facilitate its early detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Fularski
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Witold Czarnik
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Dąbek
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Lisińska
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Radzioch
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Alicja Witkowska
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewelina Młynarska
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jacek Rysz
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Beata Franczyk
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
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Wang Y, Xie H, Huang X, Chen K, Zhu Y, Yao G. Retrospective analysis and preliminary laboratory validation of treatment efficacy and blood lipid levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2023; 42:3213-3223. [PMID: 37488372 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-023-06683-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic disease characterized by progressive chronic inflammation resulting in destruction of synovial joints. In addition to joint involvement, abnormal blood lipid indexes have also been found in RA patients. The correlation between various blood lipid indexes and the treatment effects were assessed in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, for the purposes to find a better medication strategy for RA. METHODS One hundred nineteen rheumatoid arthritis patients were recruited and divided into two groups, 45 patients with significant drug treatment effect and 45 patients with insignificant drug treatment effect through the nearest neighbor matching method in propensity score. The correlation between various blood lipid indexes and drug treatment effect of rheumatoid arthritis patients was analyzed. A mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis was constructed in the laboratory; methotrexate was treated as a positive drug. We observe and record the onset of rheumatoid arthritis in mice, as well as the proportion of immune cells, the expression of inflammatory factors, and the changes in blood lipid profiles was done. RESULTS The levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein (LDL-C), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in rheumatoid arthritis patients were significantly different between the two groups (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in other indexes between the two groups (P > 0.05). Methotrexate had a good therapeutic effect on CIA model mice, and the levels of TC and HDL-C in the treatment group were higher than those in the model group. CONCLUSION There is a high correlation between the levels of TC and HDL-C in rheumatoid arthritis patients and the effect of drug treatment. In the clinical treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, we should focus on improving the blood lipid indexes such as TC and HDL-C, and explore more targeted individualized administration, so as to achieve better and faster treatment effect in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Key Points • In this research, we found that the TC and HDL-C level in RA patients' blood is highly related with the therapeutic effect, and a lower level of TC and HDL-C is better for therapeutic effect of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Han Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xuan Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Keyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Yizhun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China.
| | - Genhong Yao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
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Sun Z, Shao H, Liu H, Ma L. Anemia in elderly rheumatoid arthritis patients: a cohort study. Arch Med Sci 2023; 20:457-463. [PMID: 38757043 PMCID: PMC11094838 DOI: 10.5114/aoms/172443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Anemia is common in elderly patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study aimed to evaluate the current status and influencing factors of anemia in RA patients, to provide insights for clinical RA treatment and care. Material and methods This study included elderly patients with high RA activity treated in our hospital from June 1, 2021 to December 31, 2022 for analysis. The characteristics of RA patients were analyzed. Pearson correlation and logistic regression analysis were conducted to analyze the influencing factors of anemia in elderly patients with RA. Results A total of 285 RA patients were included. The incidence of anemia in high RA activity patients was 62.46%. There were significant differences in the course of RA, hemoglobin (Hb), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), platelet/lymphocyte rate (PLR) and albumin (Alb) between RA patients with anemia and without anemia (all p < 0.05). Pearson correlation analysis indicated that course of RA (r = 0.522), Hb (r = 0.797), LDL-C (r = 0.558), PLR (r = 0.615) and Alb (r = 0.604) were correlated with anemia in patients with high RA activity (all p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis indicated that course of RA ≥ 8 years (OR = 2.584, 95% CI: 1.822-3.647), LDL-C ≤ 2.8 mmol/l (OR = 3.202, 95% CI: 2.804-3.431), PLR ≥ 8 (OR = 2.183, 95% CI: 1.744-2.457), Alb ≤ 35 g/l (OR = 1.716, 95% CI: 1.401-2.006) were the risk factors of anemia in elderly patients with high RA activity (all p < 0.05). Conclusions Anemia in elderly patients with high RA activity is closely related to the course of RA, LDL-C, PLR and Alb. Close attention should be paid to the monitoring of those indicators to take early intervention measures to improve the prognosis of RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanjuan Sun
- Department of Rheumatology, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang/The First Affiliated Hospital of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haiyan Shao
- Department of Rheumatology, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang/The First Affiliated Hospital of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huijie Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang/The First Affiliated Hospital of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Linxiao Ma
- Department of Rheumatology, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang/The First Affiliated Hospital of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province, China
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Yan J, Yang S, Han L, Ba X, Shen P, Lin W, Li T, Zhang R, Huang Y, Huang Y, Qin K, Wang Y, Tu S, Chen Z. Dyslipidemia in rheumatoid arthritis: the possible mechanisms. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1254753. [PMID: 37954591 PMCID: PMC10634280 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1254753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease, of which the leading cause of death is cardiovascular disease (CVD). The levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) in RA decrease especially under hyperinflammatory conditions. It is conflictive with the increased risk of CVD in RA, which is called "lipid paradox". The systemic inflammation may explain this apparent contradiction. The increased systemic proinflammatory cytokines in RA mainly include interleukin-6(IL-6)、interleukin-1(IL-1)and tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α). The inflammation of RA cause changes in the subcomponents and structure of HDL particles, leading to a weakened anti-atherosclerosis function and promoting LDL oxidation and plaque formation. Dysfunctional HDL can further worsen the abnormalities of LDL metabolism, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, the specific mechanisms underlying lipid changes in RA and increased CVD risk remain unclear. Therefore, this article comprehensively integrates the latest existing literature to describe the unique lipid profile of RA, explore the mechanisms of lipid changes, and investigate the impact of lipid changes on cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Yan
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sisi Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Han
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Ba
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pan Shen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiji Lin
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruiyuan Zhang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Huang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Qin
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shenghao Tu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Weber BN, Giles JT, Liao KP. Shared inflammatory pathways of rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2023; 19:417-428. [PMID: 37231248 PMCID: PMC10330911 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-023-00969-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The association between chronic inflammation and increased risk of cardiovascular disease in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is well established. In the general population, inflammation is an established independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and much interest is placed on controlling inflammation to reduce cardiovascular events. As inflammation encompasses numerous pathways, the development of targeted therapies in RA provides an opportunity to understand the downstream effect of inhibiting specific pathways on cardiovascular risk. Data from these studies can inform cardiovascular risk management in patients with RA, and in the general population. This Review focuses on pro-inflammatory pathways targeted by existing therapies in RA and with mechanistic data from the general population on cardiovascular risk. Specifically, the discussions include the IL-1, IL-6 and TNF pathways, as well as the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signalling pathway, and the role of these pathways in RA pathogenesis in the joint alongside the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Overall, some robust data support inhibition of IL-1 and IL-6 in decreasing the risk of cardiovascular disease, with growing data supporting IL-6 inhibition in both patients with RA and the general population to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany N Weber
- Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jon T Giles
- Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katherine P Liao
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Rheumatology Section, VA Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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Tsioufis P, Theofilis P, Tsioufis K, Tousoulis D. The Impact of Cytokines in Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaque: Current Therapeutic Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415937. [PMID: 36555579 PMCID: PMC9788180 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic pathological process that involves inflammation together with endothelial dysfunction and lipoprotein dysregulation. Experimental studies during the past decades have established the role of inflammatory cytokines in coronary artery disease, namely interleukins (ILs), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon-γ, and chemokines. Moreover, their value as biomarkers in disease development and progression further enhance the validity of this interaction. Recently, cytokine-targeted treatment approaches have emerged as potential tools in the management of atherosclerotic disease. IL-1β, based on the results of the CANTOS trial, remains the most validated option in reducing the residual cardiovascular risk. Along the same line, colchicine was also proven efficacious in preventing major adverse cardiovascular events in large clinical trials of patients with acute and chronic coronary syndrome. Other commercially available agents targeting IL-6 (tocilizumab), TNF-α (etanercept, adalimumab, infliximab), or IL-1 receptor antagonist (anakinra) have mostly been assessed in the setting of other inflammatory diseases and further testing in atherosclerosis is required. In the future, potential targeting of the NLRP3 inflammasome, anti-inflammatory IL-10, or atherogenic chemokines could represent appealing options, provided that patient safety is proven to be of no concern.
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Chia C, Lim DXY, Ng SY, Tan RVS. White precipitate in a dialysis circuit. ANNALS OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, SINGAPORE 2022; 51:517-519. [PMID: 36047530 DOI: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.202270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Chia
- Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
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11
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Narazaki M, Kishimoto T. Current status and prospects of IL-6–targeting therapy. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2022; 15:575-592. [DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2022.2097905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Narazaki
- Department of Advanced Clinical and Translational Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Immunopathology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tadamitsu Kishimoto
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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12
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Delcoigne B, Ljung L, Provan SA, Glintborg B, Hetland ML, Grøn KL, Peltomaa R, Relas H, Turesson C, Gudbjornsson B, Michelsen B, Askling J. Short-term, intermediate-term and long-term risks of acute coronary syndrome in cohorts of patients with RA starting biologic DMARDs: results from four Nordic countries. Ann Rheum Dis 2022; 81:789-797. [PMID: 35318218 PMCID: PMC9120408 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-221996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the 1-year, 2-year and 5-year incidences of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) starting any of the biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) currently available in clinical practice and to anchor these results with a general population comparator. METHODS Observational cohort study, with patients from Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden starting a bDMARD during 2008-2017. Time to first ACS was identified through register linkages. We calculated the 1-year, 2-year and 5-year incidence rates (IR) (on drug and ever since treatment start) and used Cox regression (HRs) to compare ACS incidences across treatments taking ACS risk factors into account. Analyses were further performed separately in subgroups defined by age, number of previous bDMARDs and history of cardiovascular disease. We also compared ACS incidences to an individually matched general population cohort. RESULTS 24 083 patients (75% women, mean age 56 years) contributing 40 850 treatment courses were included. During the maximum (5 years) follow-up (141 257 person-years (pyrs)), 780 ACS events occurred (crude IR 5.5 per 1000 pyrs). Overall, the incidence of ACS in RA was 80% higher than that in the general population. For all bDMARDs and follow-up definitions, HRs were close to 1 (etanercept as reference) with the exception of the 5-year risk window, where signals for abatacept, infliximab and rituximab were noted. CONCLUSION The rate of ACS among patients with RA initiating bDMARDs remains elevated compared with the general population. As used in routine care, the short-term, intermediate-term and longer-term risks of ACS vary little across individual bDMARDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lotta Ljung
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine/Rheumatology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Bente Glintborg
- The DANBIO registry and Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Merete Lund Hetland
- The DANBIO registry and Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Ritva Peltomaa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Relas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carl Turesson
- Department of Rheumatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Skåne, Sweden
| | - Bjorn Gudbjornsson
- Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Rheumatology, Centre for Rheumatology Research, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Brigitte Michelsen
- Rheumatology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Hospital of Southern Norway Trust, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Johan Askling
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Li J, Chen Y, Liu Q, Tian Z, Zhang Y. Mechanistic and therapeutic links between rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes mellitus. Clin Exp Med 2022; 23:287-299. [DOI: 10.1007/s10238-022-00816-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Tall AR, Fuster JJ. Clonal hematopoiesis in cardiovascular disease and therapeutic implications. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2022; 1:116-124. [PMID: 36337911 PMCID: PMC9631799 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-021-00015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Clonal hematopoiesis arises from somatic mutations that provide a fitness advantage to hematopoietic stem cells and the outgrowth of clones of blood cells. Clonal hematopoiesis commonly involves mutations in genes that are involved in epigenetic modifications, signaling and DNA damage repair. Clonal hematopoiesis has emerged as a major independent risk factor in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, thrombosis and heart failure. Studies in mouse models of clonal hematopoiesis have shown an increase in atherosclerosis, thrombosis and heart failure, involving increased myeloid cell inflammatory responses and inflammasome activation. Although increased inflammatory responses have emerged as a common underlying principle, some recent studies indicate mutation-specific effects. The discovery of the association of clonal hematopoiesis with cardiovascular disease and the recent demonstration of benefit of anti-inflammatory treatments in human cardiovascular disease converge to suggest that anti-inflammatory treatments should be directed to individuals with clonal hematopoiesis. Such treatments could target specific inflammasomes, common downstream mediators such as IL-1β and IL-6, or mutations linked to clonal hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R. Tall
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jose J. Fuster
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Madrid, Spain
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15
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Robinson G, Pineda-Torra I, Ciurtin C, Jury EC. Lipid metabolism in autoimmune rheumatic disease: implications for modern and conventional therapies. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e148552. [PMID: 35040437 PMCID: PMC8759788 DOI: 10.1172/jci148552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppressing inflammation has been the primary focus of therapies in autoimmune rheumatic diseases (AIRDs), including rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. However, conventional therapies with low target specificity can have effects on cell metabolism that are less predictable. A key example is lipid metabolism; current therapies can improve or exacerbate dyslipidemia. Many conventional drugs also require in vivo metabolism for their conversion into therapeutically beneficial products; however, drug metabolism often involves the additional formation of toxic by-products, and rates of drug metabolism can be heterogeneous between patients. New therapeutic technologies and research have highlighted alternative metabolic pathways that can be more specifically targeted to reduce inflammation but also to prevent undesirable off-target metabolic consequences of conventional antiinflammatory therapies. This Review highlights the role of lipid metabolism in inflammation and in the mechanisms of action of AIRD therapeutics. Opportunities for cotherapies targeting lipid metabolism that could reduce immunometabolic complications and potential increased cardiovascular disease risk in patients with AIRDs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Robinson
- Centre for Rheumatology Research
- Centre for Adolescent Rheumatology Research, and
| | - Ines Pineda-Torra
- Centre for Cardiometabolic and Vascular Science, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Coziana Ciurtin
- Centre for Rheumatology Research
- Centre for Adolescent Rheumatology Research, and
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16
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Ahmed S, Jacob B, Carsons SE, De Leon J, Reiss AB. Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Complex Challenge with Increased Atherosclerotic Risk. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 15:ph15010011. [PMID: 35056068 PMCID: PMC8778152 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) carries significant risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Traditional ASCVD risk factors fail to account for this accelerated atherosclerosis. Shared inflammatory pathways are fundamental in the pathogenesis of both diseases. Considering the impact of RA in increasing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, the characterization of therapies encompassing both RA and ASCVD management merit high priority. Despite little progress, several drugs discussed here promote remission and or lower rheumatoid disease activity while simultaneously conferring some level of atheroprotection. Methotrexate, a widely used disease-modifying drug used in RA, is associated with significant reduction in cardiovascular adverse events. MTX promotes cholesterol efflux from macrophages, upregulates free radical scavenging and improves endothelial function. Likewise, the sulfonamide drug sulfasalazine positively impacts the lipid profile by increasing HDL-C, and its use in RA has been correlated with reduced risk of myocardial infraction. In the biologic class, inhibitors of TNF-α and IL-6 contribute to improvements in endothelial function and promote anti-atherogenic properties of HDL-C, respectively. The immunosuppressant hydroxychloroquine positively affects insulin sensitization and the lipid profile. While no individual therapy has elicited optimal atheroprotection, further investigation of combination therapies are ongoing.
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