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Aghaamoo M, Cardenas-Benitez B, Lee AP. A High-Throughput Microfluidic Cell Sorter Using a Three-Dimensional Coupled Hydrodynamic-Dielectrophoretic Pre-Focusing Module. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1813. [PMID: 37893250 PMCID: PMC10609158 DOI: 10.3390/mi14101813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is a powerful tool for label-free sorting of cells, even those with subtle differences in morphological and dielectric properties. Nevertheless, a major limitation is that most existing DEP techniques can efficiently sort cells only at low throughputs (<1 mL h-1). Here, we demonstrate that the integration of a three-dimensional (3D) coupled hydrodynamic-DEP cell pre-focusing module upstream of the main DEP sorting region enables cell sorting with a 10-fold increase in throughput compared to conventional DEP approaches. To better understand the key principles and requirements for high-throughput cell separation, we present a comprehensive theoretical model to study the scaling of hydrodynamic and electrostatic forces on cells at high flow rate regimes. Based on the model, we show that the critical cell-to-electrode distance needs to be ≤10 µm for efficient cell sorting in our proposed microfluidic platform, especially at flow rates ≥ 1 mL h-1. Based on those findings, a computational fluid dynamics model and particle tracking analysis were developed to find optimum operation parameters (e.g., flow rate ratios and electric fields) of the coupled hydrodynamic-DEP 3D focusing module. Using these optimum parameters, we experimentally demonstrate live/dead K562 cell sorting at rates as high as 10 mL h-1 (>150,000 cells min-1) with 90% separation purity, 85% cell recovery, and no negative impact on cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aghaamoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (M.A.); (B.C.-B.)
- Center for Advanced Design & Manufacturing of Integrated Microfluidics (CADMIM), University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Braulio Cardenas-Benitez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (M.A.); (B.C.-B.)
- Center for Advanced Design & Manufacturing of Integrated Microfluidics (CADMIM), University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Abraham P. Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (M.A.); (B.C.-B.)
- Center for Advanced Design & Manufacturing of Integrated Microfluidics (CADMIM), University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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2
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Yale AR, Kim E, Gutierrez B, Hanamoto JN, Lav NS, Nourse JL, Salvatus M, Hunt RF, Monuki ES, Flanagan LA. Regulation of neural stem cell differentiation and brain development by MGAT5-mediated N-glycosylation. Stem Cell Reports 2023:S2213-6711(23)00141-8. [PMID: 37172586 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Undifferentiated neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) encounter extracellular signals that bind plasma membrane proteins and influence differentiation. Membrane proteins are regulated by N-linked glycosylation, making it possible that glycosylation plays a critical role in cell differentiation. We assessed enzymes that control N-glycosylation in NSPCs and found that loss of the enzyme responsible for generating β1,6-branched N-glycans, N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (MGAT5), led to specific changes in NSPC differentiation in vitro and in vivo. Mgat5 homozygous null NSPCs in culture formed more neurons and fewer astrocytes compared with wild-type controls. In the brain cerebral cortex, loss of MGAT5 caused accelerated neuronal differentiation. Rapid neuronal differentiation led to depletion of cells in the NSPC niche, resulting in a shift in cortical neuron layers in Mgat5 null mice. Glycosylation enzyme MGAT5 plays a critical and previously unrecognized role in cell differentiation and early brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Yale
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Estelle Kim
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Brenda Gutierrez
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - J Nicole Hanamoto
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Nicole S Lav
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jamison L Nourse
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Marc Salvatus
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Robert F Hunt
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Edwin S Monuki
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Lisa A Flanagan
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Hyler AR, Hong D, Davalos RV, Swami NS, Schmelz EM. A novel ultralow conductivity electromanipulation buffer improves cell viability and enhances dielectrophoretic consistency. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1366-1377. [PMID: 33687759 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell separation has become a critical diagnostic, research, and treatment tool for personalized medicine. Despite significant advances in cell separation, most widely used applications require the use of multiple, expensive antibodies to known markers in order to identify subpopulations of cells for separation. Dielectrophoresis (DEP) provides a biophysical separation technique that can target cell subpopulations based on phenotype without labels and return native cells for downstream analysis. One challenge in employing any DEP device is the sample being separated must be transferred into an ultralow conductivity medium, which can be detrimental in retaining cells' native phenotypes for separation. Here, we measured properties of traditional DEP reagents and determined that after just 1-2 h of exposure and subsequent culture, cells' viability was significantly reduced below 50%. We developed and tested a novel buffer (Cyto Buffer) that achieved 6 weeks of stable shelf-life and demonstrated significantly improved viability and physiological properties. We then determined the impact of Cyto Buffer on cells' dielectric properties and morphology and found that cells retained properties more similar to that of their native media. Finally, we vetted Cyto Buffer's usability on a cell separation platform (Cyto R1) to determine combined efficacy for cell separations. Here, more than 80% of cells from different cell lines were recovered and were determined to be >70% viable following exposure to Cyto Buffer, flow stimulation, electromanipulation, and downstream collection and growth. The developed buffer demonstrated improved opportunities for electrical cell manipulation, enrichment, and recovery for next generation cell separations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daly Hong
- CytoRecovery, Inc., Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Rafael V Davalos
- Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Nathan S Swami
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Eva M Schmelz
- Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.,Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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Huang X, Torres-Castro K, Varhue W, Salahi A, Rasin A, Honrado C, Brown A, Guler J, Swami NS. Self-aligned sequential lateral field non-uniformities over channel depth for high throughput dielectrophoretic cell deflection. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:835-843. [PMID: 33532812 PMCID: PMC8019514 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc01211d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Dielectrophoresis (DEP) enables the separation of cells based on subtle subcellular phenotypic differences by controlling the frequency of the applied field. However, current electrode-based geometries extend over a limited depth of the sample channel, thereby reducing the throughput of the manipulated sample (sub-μL min-1 flow rates and <105 cells per mL). We present a flow through device with self-aligned sequential field non-uniformities extending laterally across the sample channel width (100 μm) that are created by metal patterned over the entire depth (50 μm) of the sample channel sidewall using a single lithography step. This enables single-cell streamlines to undergo progressive DEP deflection with minimal dependence on the cell starting position, its orientation versus the field and intercellular interactions. Phenotype-specific cell separation is validated (>μL min-1 flow and >106 cells per mL) using heterogeneous samples of healthy and glutaraldehyde-fixed red blood cells, with single-cell impedance cytometry showing that the DEP collected fractions are intact and exhibit electrical opacity differences consistent with their capacitance-based DEP crossover frequency. This geometry can address the vision of an "all electric" selective cell isolation and cytometry system for quantifying phenotypic heterogeneity of cellular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- XuHai Huang
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA.
| | - Karina Torres-Castro
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA.
| | - Walter Varhue
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA.
| | - Armita Salahi
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA.
| | - Ahmed Rasin
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA.
| | - Carlos Honrado
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA.
| | - Audrey Brown
- Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | | | - Nathan S Swami
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA. and Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
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5
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Lapizco-Encinas BH. Microscale nonlinear electrokinetics for the analysis of cellular materials in clinical applications: a review. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:104. [PMID: 33651196 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04748-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review article presents a discussion of some of the latest advancements in the field of microscale electrokinetics for the analysis of cells and subcellular materials in clinical applications. The introduction presents an overview on the use of electric fields, i.e., electrokinetics, in microfluidics devices and discusses the potential of electrokinetic-based methods for the analysis of liquid biopsies in clinical and point-of-care applications. This is followed by four comprehensive sections that present some of the newest findings on the analysis of circulating tumor cells, blood (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets), stem cells, and subcellular particles (extracellular vesicles and mitochondria). The valuable contributions discussed here (with 131 references) were mainly published during the last 3 to 4 years, providing the reader with an overview of the state-of-the-art in the use of microscale electrokinetic methods in clinical analysis. Finally, the conclusions summarize the main advancements and discuss the future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca H Lapizco-Encinas
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory and Biomedical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, Institute Hall (Bldg. 73), Room 3103, 160 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY, 14623-5604, USA.
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Giduthuri AT, Theodossiou SK, Schiele NR, Srivastava SK. Dielectrophoresis as a tool for electrophysiological characterization of stem cells. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2020; 1:011304. [PMID: 38505626 PMCID: PMC10903368 DOI: 10.1063/5.0025056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Dielectrophoresis (DEP), a nonlinear electrokinetic technique caused by Maxwell-Wagner interfacial polarization of neutral particles in an electrolyte solution, is a powerful cell manipulation method used widely for various applications such as enrichment, trapping, and sorting of heterogeneous cell populations. While conventional cell characterization and sorting methods require tagging or labeling of cells, DEP has the potential to manipulate cells in a label-free way. Due to its unique ability to characterize and sort cells without the need of labeling, there is renewed interest in using DEP for stem cell research and regenerative medicine. Stem cells have the potential to differentiate into various lineages, but achieving homogeneous cell phenotypes from an initially heterogeneous cell population is a challenge. Using DEP to efficiently and affordably identify, sort, and enrich either undifferentiated or differentiated stem cell populations in a label-free way would advance their potential uses for applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. This review summarizes recent, significant research findings regarding the electrophysiological characterization of stem cells, with a focus on cellular dielectric properties, i.e., permittivity and conductivity, and on studies that have obtained these measurements using techniques that preserve cell viability, such as crossover frequency. Potential applications for DEP in regenerative medicine are also discussed. Overall, DEP is a promising technique and, when used to characterize, sort, and enrich stem cells, will advance stem cell-based regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony T. Giduthuri
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA
| | - Sophia K. Theodossiou
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA
| | - Nathan R. Schiele
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA
| | - Soumya K. Srivastava
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA
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7
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Crowell LL, Yakisich JS, Aufderheide B, Adams TNG. Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy for Monitoring Chemoresistance of Cancer Cells. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E832. [PMID: 32878225 PMCID: PMC7570252 DOI: 10.3390/mi11090832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is an electrokinetic method that allows for the characterization of intrinsic dielectric properties of cells. EIS has emerged in the last decade as a promising method for the characterization of cancerous cells, providing information on inductance, capacitance, and impedance of cells. The individual cell behavior can be quantified using its characteristic phase angle, amplitude, and frequency measurements obtained by fitting the input frequency-dependent cellular response to a resistor-capacitor circuit model. These electrical properties will provide important information about unique biomarkers related to the behavior of these cancerous cells, especially monitoring their chemoresistivity and sensitivity to chemotherapeutics. There are currently few methods to assess drug resistant cancer cells, and therefore it is difficult to identify and eliminate drug-resistant cancer cells found in static and metastatic tumors. Establishing techniques for the real-time monitoring of changes in cancer cell phenotypes is, therefore, important for understanding cancer cell dynamics and their plastic properties. EIS can be used to monitor these changes. In this review, we will cover the theory behind EIS, other impedance techniques, and how EIS can be used to monitor cell behavior and phenotype changes within cancerous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexi L. Crowell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Juan S. Yakisich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, USA;
| | - Brian Aufderheide
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, USA;
| | - Tayloria N. G. Adams
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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8
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Liang W, Yang X, Wang J, Wang Y, Yang W, Liu L. Determination of Dielectric Properties of Cells using AC Electrokinetic-based Microfluidic Platform: A Review of Recent Advances. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E513. [PMID: 32438680 PMCID: PMC7281274 DOI: 10.3390/mi11050513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell dielectric properties, a type of intrinsic property of cells, can be used as electrophysiological biomarkers that offer a label-free way to characterize cell phenotypes and states, purify clinical samples, and identify target cancer cells. Here, we present a review of the determination of cell dielectric properties using alternating current (AC) electrokinetic-based microfluidic mechanisms, including electro-rotation (ROT) and dielectrophoresis (DEP). The review covers theoretically how ROT and DEP work to extract cell dielectric properties. We also dive into the details of differently structured ROT chips, followed by a discussion on the determination of cell dielectric properties and the use of these properties in bio-related applications. Additionally, the review offers a look at the future challenges facing the AC electrokinetic-based microfluidic platform in terms of acquiring cell dielectric parameters. Our conclusion is that this platform will bring biomedical and bioengineering sciences to the next level and ultimately achieve the shift from lab-oriented research to real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Liang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China; (X.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Xieliu Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China; (X.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Junhai Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China; (X.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Yuechao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China;
| | - Wenguang Yang
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China;
| | - Lianqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China;
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Adams TNG, Jiang AYL, Mendoza NS, Ro CC, Lee DH, Lee AP, Flanagan LA. Label-free enrichment of fate-biased human neural stem and progenitor cells. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 152:111982. [PMID: 32056730 PMCID: PMC8860404 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human neural stem and progenitor cells (hNSPCs) have therapeutic potential to treat neural diseases and injuries since they provide neuroprotection and differentiate into astrocytes, neurons, and oligodendrocytes. However, cultures of hNSPCs are heterogeneous, containing cells linked to distinct differentiated cell fates. HNSPCs that differentiate into astrocytes are of interest for specific neurological diseases, creating a need for approaches that can detect and isolate these cells. Astrocyte-biased hNSPCs differ from other cell types in electrophysiological properties, namely membrane capacitance, and we hypothesized that this could be used to enrich these cells using dielectrophoresis (DEP). We implemented a two-step DEP sorting scheme, consisting of analysis to define the optimal sorting frequency followed by separation of cells at that frequency, to test whether astrocyte-biased cells could be separated from the other cell types present in hNSPC cultures. We developed a novel device that increased sorting reproducibility and provided both enriched and depleted cell populations in a single sort. Astrocyte-biased cells were successfully enriched from hNSPC cultures by DEP sorting, making this the first study to use electrophysiological properties for label-free enrichment of human astrocyte-biased cells. Enriched astrocyte-biased human cells enable future experiments to determine the specific properties of these important cells and test their therapeutic efficacy in animal models of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayloria N G Adams
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-2580, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-6750, USA; Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-1705, USA.
| | - Alan Y L Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-2627, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-6750, USA; Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-1705, USA
| | - Nicolo S Mendoza
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-6750, USA; Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-1705, USA
| | - Clarissa C Ro
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-6750, USA; Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-1705, USA
| | - Do-Hyun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-2627, USA
| | - Abraham P Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-2627, USA
| | - Lisa A Flanagan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-2627, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-6750, USA; Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-1705, USA; Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-4291, USA.
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10
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Jiang AYL, Yale AR, Aghaamoo M, Lee DH, Lee AP, Adams TNG, Flanagan LA. High-throughput continuous dielectrophoretic separation of neural stem cells. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2019; 13:064111. [PMID: 31737160 PMCID: PMC6853802 DOI: 10.1063/1.5128797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We created an integrated microfluidic cell separation system that incorporates hydrophoresis and dielectrophoresis modules to facilitate high-throughput continuous cell separation. The hydrophoresis module consists of a serpentine channel with ridges and trenches to generate a diverging fluid flow that focuses cells into two streams along the channel edges. The dielectrophoresis module is composed of a chevron-shaped electrode array. Separation in the dielectrophoresis module is driven by inherent cell electrophysiological properties and does not require cell-type-specific labels. The chevron shape of the electrode array couples with fluid flow in the channel to enable continuous sorting of cells to increase throughput. We tested the new system with mouse neural stem cells since their electrophysiological properties reflect their differentiation capacity (e.g., whether they will differentiate into astrocytes or neurons). The goal of our experiments was to enrich astrocyte-biased cells. Sorting parameters were optimized for each batch of neural stem cells to ensure effective and consistent separations. The continuous sorting design of the device significantly improved sorting throughput and reproducibility. Sorting yielded two cell fractions, and we found that astrocyte-biased cells were enriched in one fraction and depleted from the other. This is an advantage of the new continuous sorting device over traditional dielectrophoresis-based sorting platforms that target a subset of cells for enrichment but do not provide a corresponding depleted population. The new microfluidic dielectrophoresis cell separation system improves label-free cell sorting by increasing throughput and delivering enriched and depleted cell subpopulations in a single sort.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohammad Aghaamoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2627, USA
| | - Do-Hyun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2627, USA
| | - Abraham P. Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2627, USA
| | - Tayloria N. G. Adams
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed:, Tel.: (949) 824-5786 and , Tel.: (949) 824-6726
| | - Lisa A. Flanagan
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed:, Tel.: (949) 824-5786 and , Tel.: (949) 824-6726
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11
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Bertucci C, Koppes R, Dumont C, Koppes A. Neural responses to electrical stimulation in 2D and 3D in vitro environments. Brain Res Bull 2019; 152:265-284. [PMID: 31323281 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Electrical stimulation (ES) to manipulate the central (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) has been explored for decades, recently gaining momentum as bioelectronic medicine advances. The application of ES in vitro to modulate a variety of cellular functions, including regenerative potential, migration, and stem cell fate, are being explored to aid neural degeneration, dysfunction, and injury. This review describes the materials and approaches for the application of ES to the PNS and CNS microenvironments, towards an improved understanding of how ES can be harnessed for beneficial clinical applications. Emphasized are some recent advances in ES, including conductive polymers, methods of charge transfer, impact on neural cells, and a brief overview of alternative methodologies for cellular targeting including magneto, ultrasonic, and optogenetic stimulation. This review will examine how heterogenous cell populations, including neurons, glia, and neural stem cells respond to a wide range of conductive 2D and 3D substrates, stimulation regimes, known mechanisms of response, and how cellular sources impact the response to ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Bertucci
- Northeastern University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Boston, MA, 02115, United States.
| | - Ryan Koppes
- Northeastern University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Boston, MA, 02115, United States.
| | - Courtney Dumont
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, United States.
| | - Abigail Koppes
- Northeastern University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Boston, MA, 02115, United States; Department of Biology, Boston, 02115, MA, United States.
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12
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Yale AR, Nourse JL, Lee KR, Ahmed SN, Arulmoli J, Jiang AYL, McDonnell LP, Botten GA, Lee AP, Monuki ES, Demetriou M, Flanagan LA. Cell Surface N-Glycans Influence Electrophysiological Properties and Fate Potential of Neural Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 11:869-882. [PMID: 30197120 PMCID: PMC6178213 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the cellular properties controlling neural stem and progenitor cell (NSPC) fate choice will improve their therapeutic potential. The electrophysiological measure whole-cell membrane capacitance reflects fate bias in the neural lineage but the cellular properties underlying membrane capacitance are poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that cell surface carbohydrates contribute to NSPC membrane capacitance and fate. We found NSPCs differing in fate potential express distinct patterns of glycosylation enzymes. Screening several glycosylation pathways revealed that the one forming highly branched N-glycans differs between neurogenic and astrogenic populations of cells in vitro and in vivo. Enhancing highly branched N-glycans on NSPCs significantly increases membrane capacitance and leads to the generation of more astrocytes at the expense of neurons with no effect on cell size, viability, or proliferation. These data identify the N-glycan branching pathway as a significant regulator of membrane capacitance and fate choice in the neural lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Yale
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jamison L Nourse
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Kayla R Lee
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Syed N Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Janahan Arulmoli
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Alan Y L Jiang
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Lisa P McDonnell
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Giovanni A Botten
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Abraham P Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Edwin S Monuki
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Michael Demetriou
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Lisa A Flanagan
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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