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Zhang G, Wang B, Wu H, Zhang J, Lian S, Bai W, Zhang S, Liu Z, Yang S, Ding G, Ye C, Zheng L, Wang G. Nitrogen-Doped 3D-Graphene Advances Near-Infrared Photodetector for Logic Circuits and Image Sensors Overcoming 2D Limitations. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:10062-10071. [PMID: 39038033 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
The limitations of two-dimensional (2D) graphene in broadband photodetector are overcome by integrating nitrogen (N) doping into three-dimensional (3D) structures within silicon (Si) via plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition (PACVD) technology. This contributes to the construction of vertical Schottky heterojunction broad-spectrum photodetectors and applications in logic devices and image sensors. The natural nanoscale resonant cavity structure of 3D-graphene enhances photon capture efficiency, thereby increasing photocarrier generation. N-doping can fine-tune the electronic structure, advancing the Schottky barrier height and reducing dark current. The as-fabricated photodetector exhibits exceptional self-driven photoresponse, especially at 1550 nm, with an excellent photoresponsivity (79.6 A/W), specific detectivity (1013 Jones), and rapid response of 130 μs. Moreover, it enables logic circuits, high-resolution pattern image recognition, and broadband spectra recording across the visible to near-infrared range (400-1550 nm). This research will provide new views and technical support for the development and widespread application of high-performance semiconductor-based graphene broadband detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglin Zhang
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
| | - Bingkun Wang
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
| | - Huijuan Wu
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
| | - Jinqiu Zhang
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
| | - Shanshui Lian
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Bai
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Computational Science and Material Design, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Shan Zhang
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
| | - Zhiduo Liu
- Centre for Quantum Physics, Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement (MOE), School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Siwei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, P. R. China
| | - Guqiao Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, P. R. China
| | - Caichao Ye
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Computational Science and Material Design, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Li Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, P. R. China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, P. R. China
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Cheng L, He P, Dong Y, Zhang Z, Bandaru PR. Modulation of Electrokinetic Potentials Using Graphene-Based Surfaces and Variable Substrate Charge Density. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:11411-11418. [PMID: 38778044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Enhanced electrokinetic phenomena, manifested through the observation of a large streaming potential (Vs), were obtained in microchannels with single-layer graphene (SLG)-coated and few-layer graphene (FLG)-coated surfaces. In comparison to silicon microchannels, the Vs obtained for a given pressure difference along the channel (ΔP) was higher by 75% for the graphene-based channels, with larger values in the SLG case. Computational modeling was used to correlate the surface charge density, tuned through plasma processing, and related zeta potential to measured Vs. The implications related to deploying lower dimensional material surfaces for modulating electrokinetic flows were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Putian He
- Program in Materials Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Yongliang Dong
- Program in Materials Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Zichen Zhang
- Program in Materials Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Prabhakar R Bandaru
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Program in Materials Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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Tiwari SK, Pandey SK, Pandey R, Wang N, Bystrzejewski M, Mishra YK, Zhu Y. Stone-Wales Defect in Graphene. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2303340. [PMID: 37386778 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
2D graphene the most investigated structures from nanocarbon family studied in the last three decades. It is projected as an excellent material useful for quantum computing, artificial intelligence, and next generation advanced technologies. Graphene exists in several forms and its extraordinary thermal, mechanical, and electronic properties, principally depend on the kind of perfection of the hexagonal atomic lattice. Defects are always considered as undesired components but certain defects in graphene could be an asset for electrochemistry and quantum electronics due to the engineered electronclouds and quantum tunnelling. The authors carefully discuss the Stone-Wales imperfections in graphene and its derivatives comprehensively. A specific emphasis is focused on the experimental and theoretical aspects of the Stone-Wales defects in graphene with respect to structure-property relationships. The corroboration of extrinsic defects like external atomic doping, functionalization, edge distortion in the graphene consisting of Stone-Wales imperfections, which are very significant in designing graphene-based electronic devices, are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh K Tiwari
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals and Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
- Department of Chemistry, NMAM Institute of Technology, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, Karnataka, 547110, India
| | - Sarvesh Kumar Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303007, India
| | - Raunak Pandey
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, 44600, Nepal
| | - Nannan Wang
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals and Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | | | - Yogendra Kumar Mishra
- Smart Materials, NanoSYD, Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, Sønderborg, 6400, Denmark
| | - Yanqiu Zhu
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
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Torres-Rojas F, Muñoz D, Pía Canales C, Hevia SA, Leyton F, Veloso N, Isaacs M, Vargas IT. Synergistic effect of electrotrophic perchlorate reducing microorganisms and chemically modified electrodes for enhancing bioelectrochemical perchlorate removal. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 233:116442. [PMID: 37343755 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate has been described as an emerging pollutant that compromises water sources and human health. In this study, a new electrotrophic perchlorate reducing microorganism (EPRM) isolated from the Atacama Desert, Dechloromonas sp. CS-1, was evaluated for perchlorate removal in water in a bioelectrochemical reactor (BER) with a chemically modified electrode. BERs were operated for 17 days under batch mode conditions with an applied potential of -500 mV vs. Ag/AgCl. Surface analysis (i.e., SEM, XPS, FT-IR, RAMAN spectroscopy) on the modified electrode demonstrated heterogeneous transformation of the carbon fibers with the incorporation of nitrogen functional groups and the oxidation of the carbonaceous material. The BERs with the modified electrode and the presence of the EAM reached high cathodic efficiency (90.79 ± 9.157%) and removal rate (0.34 ± 0.007 mol m-3-day) compared with both control conditions. The observed catalytic enhancement of CS-1 was confirmed by a reduction in the charge transfer resistance obtained by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Finally, an electrochemical kinetic study revealed an eight-electron perchlorate bioreduction reaction at -638.33 ± 24.132 mV vs. Ag/AgCl. Therefore, our results show the synergistic effect of EPRM and chemically modified electrodes on perchlorate removal in a BER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Torres-Rojas
- Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Ambiental, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diana Muñoz
- Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Ambiental, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable (CEDEUS), Chile
| | - Camila Pía Canales
- Science Institute & Faculty of Industrial Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Iceland, VR-III, Hjardarhaga 2, 107, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Samuel A Hevia
- Centro de Investigación en Nanotecnología y Materiales Avanzados, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile CIEN-UC, Chile; Instituto de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de, Chile
| | - Felipe Leyton
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia. Pontificia Universidad Católica de, Chile
| | - Nicolás Veloso
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia. Pontificia Universidad Católica de, Chile
| | - Mauricio Isaacs
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia. Pontificia Universidad Católica de, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Nanotecnología y Materiales Avanzados, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile CIEN-UC, Chile
| | - Ignacio T Vargas
- Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Ambiental, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable (CEDEUS), Chile.
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5
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Sysoev VI, Gurova OA, Fedoseeva YV, Gusel'nikov AV, Makarova AA, Okotrub AV, Bulusheva LG. Tuning humidity sensing properties via grafting fluorine and nitrogen-containing species on single-walled carbon nanotubes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:19976-19985. [PMID: 37461330 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01550e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The effect of humidity on the electrical conductivity of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) films depends on both the conductivity of individual nanotubes and the electrical contacts between them. Here, we study these factors by comparing the sensor response of nanotubes with fluorine- and nitrogen-containing groups attached to the sidewalls. Experiments carried out in a wide range of relative humidity (RH) at room and elevated temperatures showed that the conductivity of non-functionalized SWCNTs and contacts between them decreases upon the adsorption of water molecules. Covalent fluorination reduces the conductivity of SWCNTs and significantly increases the sensitivity of the film to low concentrations of water vapor. The response at high RH decreases due to the large number of water molecules adsorbed on the conductive regions of the nanotubes. As a result of substitutional reactions of fluorinated SWCNTs with dimethylformamide and ethylenediamine, nitrogen-containing groups are added, the amount of which, however, is much less than the amount of fluorine. This modification of the SWCNTs improves intertube contacts in the film and increases the surface area for water adsorption. Our results show that an increase in the number of functional groups on the SWCNT surface enhances the sensitivity of the sensor to low water concentrations and worsens the response at high RH. SWCNTs modified with ethylenediamine have the highest sensitivity over the entire range of RH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalii I Sysoev
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Acad. Lavrentiev ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
| | - Olga A Gurova
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Acad. Lavrentiev ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
| | - Yuliya V Fedoseeva
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Acad. Lavrentiev ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
| | - Artem V Gusel'nikov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Acad. Lavrentiev ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
| | - Anna A Makarova
- Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University of Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander V Okotrub
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Acad. Lavrentiev ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
| | - Lyubov G Bulusheva
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Acad. Lavrentiev ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
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6
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Zhou Y, Zhou Q, Liu H, Xu W, Wang Z, Qiao S, Ding H, Chen D, Zhu J, Qi Z, Wu X, He Q, Song L. Asymmetric dinitrogen-coordinated nickel single-atomic sites for efficient CO 2 electroreduction. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3776. [PMID: 37355748 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39505-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing highly efficient, selective and low-overpotential electrocatalysts for carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction is crucial. This study reports an efficient Ni single-atom catalyst coordinated with pyrrolic nitrogen and pyridinic nitrogen for CO2 reduction to carbon monoxide (CO). In flow cell experiments, the catalyst achieves a CO partial current density of 20.1 mA cmgeo-2 at -0.15 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (VRHE). It exhibits a high turnover frequency of over 274,000 site-1 h-1 at -1.0 VRHE and maintains high Faradaic efficiency of CO (FECO) exceeding 90% within -0.15 to -0.9 VRHE. Operando synchrotron-based infrared and X-ray absorption spectra, and theoretical calculations reveal that mono CO-adsorbed Ni single sites formed during electrochemical processes contribute to the balance between key intermediates formation and CO desorption, providing insights into the catalyst's origin of catalytic activity. Overall, this work presents a Ni single-atom catalyst with good selectivity and activity for CO2 reduction while shedding light on its underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhu Zhou
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Hengjie Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Wenjie Xu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Zhouxin Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Sicong Qiao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Honghe Ding
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Dongliang Chen
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Zeming Qi
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, Collaborative Innovation of Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), School of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Qun He
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China.
| | - Li Song
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China.
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Sakai R, Kondo H, Ishikawa K, Ohta T, Hiramatsu M, Tanaka H, Hori M. Effects of High-Quality Carbon Nanowalls Ionization-Assisting Substrates on Surface-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Performance. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:63. [PMID: 36615973 PMCID: PMC9823508 DOI: 10.3390/nano13010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (SALDI-MS) is performed using carbon nanowalls (CNWs) for ionization-assisting substrates. The CNWs (referred to as high-quality CNWs) in the present study were grown using a radical-injection plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (RI-PECVD) system with the addition of oxygen in a mixture of CH4 and H2 gases. High-quality CNWs were different with respect to crystallinity and C-OH groups, while showing similar wall-to-wall distances and a wettability comparable to CNWs (referred to as normal CNWs) grown without O2. The efficiency of SALDI was tested with both parameters of ion intensity and fragmental efficiency (survival yield (SY)) using N-benzylpyridinuim chloride (N-BP-CI). At a laser fluence of 4 mJ/cm2, normal CNWs had an SY of 0.97 and an ion intensity of 0.13, while 5-sccm-O2- high-quality CNWs had an SY of 0.89 and an ion intensity of 2.55. As a result, the sensitivity for the detection of low-molecular-weight analytes was improved with the high-quality CNWs compared to the normal CNWs, while an SY of 0.89 was maintained at a low laser fluence of 4 mJ/cm2. SALDI-MS measurements available with the high-quality CNWs ionization-assisting substrate provided high ionization and SY values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusei Sakai
- Department of Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kondo
- Center for Low-Temperature Plasma Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kenji Ishikawa
- Center for Low-Temperature Plasma Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ohta
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan
| | - Mineo Hiramatsu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Tanaka
- Center for Low-Temperature Plasma Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Masaru Hori
- Center for Low-Temperature Plasma Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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8
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Singh A, Ahmed A, Sharma A, Arya S. Graphene and Its Derivatives: Synthesis and Application in the Electrochemical Detection of Analytes in Sweat. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12100910. [PMID: 36291046 PMCID: PMC9599499 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensors and invasive devices have been studied extensively in recent years as the demand for real-time human healthcare applications and seamless human-machine interaction has risen exponentially. An explosion in sensor research throughout the globe has been ignited by the unique features such as thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of graphene. This includes wearable sensors and implants, which can detect a wide range of data, including body temperature, pulse oxygenation, blood pressure, glucose, and the other analytes present in sweat. Graphene-based sensors for real-time human health monitoring are also being developed. This review is a comprehensive discussion about the properties of graphene, routes to its synthesis, derivatives of graphene, etc. Moreover, the basic features of a biosensor along with the chemistry of sweat are also discussed in detail. The review mainly focusses on the graphene and its derivative-based wearable sensors for the detection of analytes in sweat. Graphene-based sensors for health monitoring will be examined and explained in this study as an overview of the most current innovations in sensor designs, sensing processes, technological advancements, sensor system components, and potential hurdles. The future holds great opportunities for the development of efficient and advanced graphene-based sensors for the detection of analytes in sweat.
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Ye Z, Zhao L, Nikiforov A, Giraudon JM, Chen Y, Wang J, Tu X. A review of the advances in catalyst modification using nonthermal plasma: Process, Mechanism and Applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 308:102755. [PMID: 36030562 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
With the continuous development of catalytic processes in chemistry, biology, organic synthesis, energy generation and many other fields, the design of catalysts with novel properties has become a new paradigm in both science and industry. Nonthermal plasma has aroused extensive interest in the synthesis and modification of catalysts. An increasing number of researchers are using plasma for the modification of target catalysts, such as modifying the dispersion of active sites, regulating electronic properties, enhancing metal-support interactions, and changing the morphology. Plasma provides an alternative choice for catalysts in the modification process of oxidation, reduction, etching, coating, and doping and is especially helpful for unfavourable thermodynamic processes or heat-sensitive reactions. This review focuses on the following points: (i) the fundamentals behind the nonthermal plasma modification of catalysts; (ii) the latest research progress on the application of plasma modified catalysts; and (iii) main challenges in the field and a vision for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Ye
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Anton Nikiforov
- Department of Applied Physics, Research Unit Plasma Technology Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marc Giraudon
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Yue Chen
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jiade Wang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Xin Tu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, UK.
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10
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Kausar A. State-of-the-art of polymer/nanowall nanocomposite: fundamental—to—leading-edge application. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2021.2015775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Kausar
- Nanosciences Division, National Center for Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
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11
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Yeom SJ, Wi TU, Ko S, Park C, Bayramova K, Jin S, Lee SW, Lee HW. Nitrogen Plasma-Assisted Functionalization of Silicon/Graphite Anodes to Enable Fast Kinetics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:5237-5246. [PMID: 34981917 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c19879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The practical use of silicon anodes is interfered by the following key factors: volume expansion, slow kinetics, and low electrical and ionic conductivities. Many studies have focused on surface engineering from the particle to electrode level to achieve stability and energy density. Herein, simple nitrogen gas plasma is introduced as a surface treatment method for silicon-based electrodes to avoid the problems of material synthesis-based functionalizations (e.g., high cost, time consuming, and low quality). The introduction of activated nitrogen gas on electrode surfaces changes the binding energy and resistance of silicon, increasing the reversibility of the charge/discharge reaction of silicon-based anodes. In addition, such doping and dehydrogenation of the electrode surface improve reaction kinetics to 876 mA h g-1 specific capacity at 8.5 A g-1 in silicon/graphite anodes even with a high silicon content of 40%. The proposed strategy, through nitrogen plasma, offers advantages for direct functionalization on electrode surfaces by a simple method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jeong Yeom
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Ung Wi
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangho Ko
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhyun Park
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Khayala Bayramova
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghwan Jin
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Woo Lee
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Hyun-Wook Lee
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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12
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M Santhosh N, Shvalya V, Modic M, Hojnik N, Zavašnik J, Olenik J, Košiček M, Filipič G, Abdulhalim I, Cvelbar U. Label-Free Mycotoxin Raman Identification by High-Performing Plasmonic Vertical Carbon Nanostructures. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2103677. [PMID: 34636140 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are widespread chemical entities in the agriculture and food industries that can induce cancer growth and immune deficiency, posing a serious health threat for humankind. These hazardous compounds are produced naturally by various molds (fungi) that contaminate different food products and can be detected in cereals, nuts, spices, and other food products. However, their detection, especially at minimally harmful concentrations, remains a serious analytical challenge. This research shows that high-performing plasmonic substrates (analytical enhancement factor = 5 × 107 ) based on plasma-grown vertical hollow carbon nanotubes can be applied for immediate detection of the most toxic mycotoxins. Due to excellent sensitivity allowing operation at ppb concentrations, it is possible to collect vibrational fingerprints of aflatoxin B1 , zearalenone, alternariol, and fumonisin B1 , highlighting the key spectral differences between them using principal component analysis. Regarding time-consuming conventional methods, including thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the designed surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrates provide a clear roadmap to reducing the detection time-scale of mycotoxins down to seconds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelakandan M Santhosh
- Department of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Vasyl Shvalya
- Department of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Martina Modic
- Department of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Hojnik
- Department of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Janez Zavašnik
- Department of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Jaka Olenik
- Department of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Martin Košiček
- Department of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Filipič
- Department of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Ibrahim Abdulhalim
- Department of Electro-Optics and Photonics Engineering, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ilse-Katz Institute for Nano-Scale Science and Technology, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Uroš Cvelbar
- Department of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia
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13
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Chandrasekaran S, Zhang C, Shu Y, Wang H, Chen S, Nesakumar Jebakumar Immanuel Edison T, Liu Y, Karthik N, Misra R, Deng L, Yin P, Ge Y, Al-Hartomy OA, Al-Ghamdi A, Wageh S, Zhang P, Bowen C, Han Z. Advanced opportunities and insights on the influence of nitrogen incorporation on the physico-/electro-chemical properties of robust electrocatalysts for electrocatalytic energy conversion. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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14
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Shu Y, Ota K, Miyake K, Uchida Y, Tanaka S, Nishiyama N. Self-assembly strategy for Co/N-doped meso/microporous carbon toward superior oxygen reduction catalysts. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Zhao Y, Xu S, Zhou K, Tian T, Yang Z, Su Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Hu N. Lithium titanate nanoplates embedded with graphene quantum dots as electrode materials for high-rate lithium-ion batteries. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:505403. [PMID: 34517362 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac264b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Anode materials based on lithium titanate (LTO)/graphene composites are considered as ideal candidates for high-rate lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Considering the blocking effects of graphene nanosheets in electrodes during ion-transfer processes, construction of LTO/graphene composite structures with enhanced electrical and ionic conductivity via facile and scalable techniques is still challenging for high-rate LIB. In this work, structures of anode materials based on LTO nanoplates embedded with graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are demonstrated for high-rate LIB. The hybrids can be facilely prepared viain situintroduction of GQDs during the process LTO preparation, which enables a uniform dispersion of GQDs within LTO. This method is convenient, rapid, and can be easily scaled-up. The introduction of 0.05 wt.% GQDs can greatly enhance the electrochemical performance of the electrodes. The electrodes with 0.05 wt.% GQDs deliver a specific discharge capacity of 185, 181 and 179 mAh g-1at 5, 10, and 20 C, respectively. The performance enhancement is suggested to be due to the synergistic interactions between LTO and GQDs. The strategy as well as as-designed structures of LTO/GQDs show potentials for application as high-rate anode materials in LIBs application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiwei Xu
- Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Kexin Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Tian
- Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjie Su
- Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Center for Advanced Electronic Materials and Devices, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Yafei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Nantao Hu
- Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
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16
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Ion-Ebrașu D, Andrei RD, Enache S, Căprărescu S, Negrilă CC, Jianu C, Enache A, Boerașu I, Carcadea E, Varlam M, Vasile BȘ, Ren J. Nitrogen Functionalization of CVD Grown Three-Dimensional Graphene Foam for Hydrogen Evolution Reactions in Alkaline Media. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:4952. [PMID: 34501044 PMCID: PMC8433733 DOI: 10.3390/ma14174952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional graphene foam (3D-GrFoam) is a highly porous structure and sustained lattice formed by graphene layers with sp2 and sp3 hybridized carbon. In this work, chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-grown 3D-GrFoam was nitrogen-doped and platinum functionalized using hydrothermal treatment with different reducing agents (i.e., urea, hydrazine, ammonia, and dihydrogen hexachloroplatinate (IV) hydrate, respectively). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) survey showed that the most electrochemically active nitrogen-doped sample (GrFoam3N) contained 1.8 at % of N, and it exhibited a 172 mV dec-1 Tafel plot associated with the Volmer-Heyrovsky hydrogen evolution (HER) mechanism in 0.1 M KOH. By the hydrothermal process, 0.2 at % of platinum was anchored to the graphene foam surface, and the resultant sample of GrFoamPt yielded a value of 80 mV dec-1 Tafel associated with the Volmer-Tafel HER mechanism. Furthermore, Raman and infrared spectroscopy analysis, as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were carried out to understand the structure of the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ion-Ebrașu
- National Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies ICSI-Rm. Valcea, ICSI Energy, Uzinei Street, No. 4, 240050 Ramnicu Valcea, Romania; (D.I.-E.); (R.D.A.); (S.E.); (C.J.); (A.E.); (E.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Radu Dorin Andrei
- National Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies ICSI-Rm. Valcea, ICSI Energy, Uzinei Street, No. 4, 240050 Ramnicu Valcea, Romania; (D.I.-E.); (R.D.A.); (S.E.); (C.J.); (A.E.); (E.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Stanică Enache
- National Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies ICSI-Rm. Valcea, ICSI Energy, Uzinei Street, No. 4, 240050 Ramnicu Valcea, Romania; (D.I.-E.); (R.D.A.); (S.E.); (C.J.); (A.E.); (E.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Simona Căprărescu
- Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry Department, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Gh. Polizu Street, No. 1–7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Cătălin Jianu
- National Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies ICSI-Rm. Valcea, ICSI Energy, Uzinei Street, No. 4, 240050 Ramnicu Valcea, Romania; (D.I.-E.); (R.D.A.); (S.E.); (C.J.); (A.E.); (E.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Adrian Enache
- National Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies ICSI-Rm. Valcea, ICSI Energy, Uzinei Street, No. 4, 240050 Ramnicu Valcea, Romania; (D.I.-E.); (R.D.A.); (S.E.); (C.J.); (A.E.); (E.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Iulian Boerașu
- National Research Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei Street, No. 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (I.B.); (B.Ș.V.)
| | - Elena Carcadea
- National Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies ICSI-Rm. Valcea, ICSI Energy, Uzinei Street, No. 4, 240050 Ramnicu Valcea, Romania; (D.I.-E.); (R.D.A.); (S.E.); (C.J.); (A.E.); (E.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Mihai Varlam
- National Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies ICSI-Rm. Valcea, ICSI Energy, Uzinei Street, No. 4, 240050 Ramnicu Valcea, Romania; (D.I.-E.); (R.D.A.); (S.E.); (C.J.); (A.E.); (E.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Bogdan Ștefan Vasile
- National Research Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei Street, No. 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (I.B.); (B.Ș.V.)
| | - Jianwei Ren
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Cnr Kingsway and University Roads, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2092, South Africa;
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17
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Wang Y, Pang J, Cheng Q, Han L, Li Y, Meng X, Ibarlucea B, Zhao H, Yang F, Liu H, Liu H, Zhou W, Wang X, Rummeli MH, Zhang Y, Cuniberti G. Applications of 2D-Layered Palladium Diselenide and Its van der Waals Heterostructures in Electronics and Optoelectronics. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 13:143. [PMID: 34138389 PMCID: PMC8203759 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00660-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal dichalcogenides has been possible owing to their special structures and remarkable properties. In particular, palladium diselenide (PdSe2) with a novel pentagonal structure and unique physical characteristics have recently attracted extensive research interest. Consequently, tremendous research progress has been achieved regarding the physics, chemistry, and electronics of PdSe2. Accordingly, in this review, we recapitulate and summarize the most recent research on PdSe2, including its structure, properties, synthesis, and applications. First, a mechanical exfoliation method to obtain PdSe2 nanosheets is introduced, and large-area synthesis strategies are explained with respect to chemical vapor deposition and metal selenization. Next, the electronic and optoelectronic properties of PdSe2 and related heterostructures, such as field-effect transistors, photodetectors, sensors, and thermoelectric devices, are discussed. Subsequently, the integration of systems into infrared image sensors on the basis of PdSe2 van der Waals heterostructures is explored. Finally, future opportunities are highlighted to serve as a general guide for physicists, chemists, materials scientists, and engineers. Therefore, this comprehensive review may shed light on the research conducted by the 2D material community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhao Wang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinbo Pang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Shandong, Jinan, 250022, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qilin Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Shandong, Jinan, 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Han
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yufen Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Shandong, Jinan, 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Meng
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Bergoi Ibarlucea
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Dresden Center for Intelligent Materials (GCL DCIM), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hongbin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for Smart Sensing, GRINM Group Co. Ltd., Xinwai Street 2, Beijing, 100088, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyun Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Shandong, Jinan, 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Shandong, Jinan, 250022, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Center of Bio and Micro/Nano Functional Materials, Shandong University, 27 Shandanan Road, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weijia Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Shandong, Jinan, 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Shenzhen Institutes of Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Mark H Rummeli
- College of Energy Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, People's Republic of China
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie Sklodowskiej 34, 41-819, Zabrze, Poland
- Institute for Complex Materials, IFW Dresden 20 Helmholtz Strasse, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Environmental Technology VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15, Ostrava, 708 33, Czech Republic
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China.
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Dresden Center for Intelligent Materials (GCL DCIM), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
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18
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Santhosh N, Upadhyay KK, Stražar P, Filipič G, Zavašnik J, Mão de Ferro A, Silva RP, Tatarova E, Montemor MDF, Cvelbar U. Advanced Carbon-Nickel Sulfide Hybrid Nanostructures: Extending the Limits of Battery-Type Electrodes for Redox-Based Supercapacitor Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:20559-20572. [PMID: 33881814 PMCID: PMC8289178 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c03053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Transition-metal sulfides combined with conductive carbon nanostructures are considered promising electrode materials for redox-based supercapacitors due to their high specific capacity. However, the low rate capability of these electrodes, still considered "battery-type" electrodes, presents an obstacle for general use. In this work, we demonstrate a successful and fast fabrication process of metal sulfide-carbon nanostructures ideal for charge-storage electrodes with ultra-high capacity and outstanding rate capability. The novel hybrid binder-free electrode material consists of a vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VCN), terminated by a nanosized single-crystal metallic Ni grain; Ni is covered by a nickel nitride (Ni3N) interlayer and topped by trinickel disulfide (Ni3S2, heazlewoodite). Thus, the electrode is formed by a Ni3S2/Ni3N/Ni@NVCN architecture with a unique broccoli-like morphology. Electrochemical measurements show that these hybrid binder-free electrodes exhibit one of the best electrochemical performances compared to the other reported Ni3S2-based electrodes, evidencing an ultra-high specific capacity (856.3 C g-1 at 3 A g-1), outstanding rate capability (77.2% retention at 13 A g-1), and excellent cycling stability (83% retention after 4000 cycles at 13 A g-1). The remarkable electrochemical performance of the binder-free Ni3S2/Ni3N/Ni@NVCN electrodes is a significant step forward, improving rate capability and capacity for redox-based supercapacitor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelakandan
M. Santhosh
- Department
of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan
Institute, Jamova Cesta
39, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
- Jožef
Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova Cesta 39, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Kush K. Upadhyay
- Charge2C-NewCap, Av. José Francisco Guerreiro,
No 28 Paiã Park, Armazém A2.12, Pontinha, Odivelas 1675-078, Portugal
- Centro
de Química Estrutural-CQE, Departamento de Engenharia Química,
Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade
de Lisboa, Lisboa 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Petra Stražar
- Department
of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan
Institute, Jamova Cesta
39, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
- Jožef
Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova Cesta 39, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Filipič
- Department
of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan
Institute, Jamova Cesta
39, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Janez Zavašnik
- Department
of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan
Institute, Jamova Cesta
39, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - André Mão de Ferro
- Charge2C-NewCap, Av. José Francisco Guerreiro,
No 28 Paiã Park, Armazém A2.12, Pontinha, Odivelas 1675-078, Portugal
| | - Rui Pedro Silva
- Charge2C-NewCap, Av. José Francisco Guerreiro,
No 28 Paiã Park, Armazém A2.12, Pontinha, Odivelas 1675-078, Portugal
| | - Elena Tatarova
- Instituto
de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1049, Portugal
| | - Maria de Fátima Montemor
- Centro
de Química Estrutural-CQE, Departamento de Engenharia Química,
Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade
de Lisboa, Lisboa 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Uroš Cvelbar
- Department
of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan
Institute, Jamova Cesta
39, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
- Jožef
Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova Cesta 39, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
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19
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Sikdar N, Schwiderowski P, Medina D, Dieckhöfer S, Quast T, Brix AC, Cychy S, Muhler M, Masa J, Schuhmann W. Trace Metal Loading of B‐N‐Co‐doped Graphitic Carbon for Active and Stable Bifunctional Oxygen Reduction and Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysts. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Sikdar
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES) Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Philipp Schwiderowski
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES) Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Danea Medina
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES) Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Stefan Dieckhöfer
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES) Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Thomas Quast
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES) Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Ann Cathrin Brix
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES) Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Steffen Cychy
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Martin Muhler
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Justus Masa
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstrasse 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES) Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 44780 Bochum Germany
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20
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Esqueda-Barrón Y, Pérez Del Pino A, Lebière PG, Musheghyan-Avetisyan A, Bertran-Serra E, György E, Logofatu C. Boost of Charge Storage Performance of Graphene Nanowall Electrodes by Laser-Induced Crystallization of Metal Oxide Nanostructures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:17957-17970. [PMID: 33843185 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Major research efforts are being carried out for the technological advancement to an energetically sustainable society. However, for the full commercial integration of electrochemical energy storage devices, not only materials with higher performance should be designed and manufactured but also more competitive production techniques need to be developed. The laser processing technology is well extended at the industrial sector for the versatile and high throughput modification of a wide range of materials. In this work, a method based on laser processing is presented for the fabrication of hybrid electrodes composed of graphene nanowalls (GNWs) coated with different transition-metal oxide nanostructures for electrochemical capacitor (EC) applications. GNW/stainless steel electrodes grown by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition were decorated with metal oxide nanostructures by means of their laser surface processing while immersed in aqueous organometallic solutions. The pseudocapacitive nature of the laser-induced crystallized oxide materials prompted an increase of the GNW electrodes' capacitance by 3 orders of magnitude, up to ca. 28 F/cm3 at 10 mV/s, at both the positive and negative voltages. Finally, asymmetric aqueous and solid-state ECs revealed excellent stability upon tens of thousands of charge-discharge cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmín Esqueda-Barrón
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Angel Pérez Del Pino
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Pablo García Lebière
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Arevik Musheghyan-Avetisyan
- Applied Physics Department, Barcelona University, Martí i Franquès, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- ENPHOCAMAT Group, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology of University of Barcelona (IN2UB), Martí i Franquès, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Bertran-Serra
- Applied Physics Department, Barcelona University, Martí i Franquès, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- ENPHOCAMAT Group, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology of University of Barcelona (IN2UB), Martí i Franquès, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enikö György
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, P.O. Box MG 36, 77125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Constantin Logofatu
- National Institute for Materials Physics, P.O. Box MG 7, 77125 Bucharest, Romania
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21
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Yoo H, Heo K, Ansari MHR, Cho S. Recent Advances in Electrical Doping of 2D Semiconductor Materials: Methods, Analyses, and Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:832. [PMID: 33805062 PMCID: PMC8064109 DOI: 10.3390/nano11040832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional materials have garnered interest from the perspectives of physics, materials, and applied electronics owing to their outstanding physical and chemical properties. Advances in exfoliation and synthesis technologies have enabled preparation and electrical characterization of various atomically thin films of semiconductor transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). Their two-dimensional structures and electromagnetic spectra coupled to bandgaps in the visible region indicate their suitability for digital electronics and optoelectronics. To further expand the potential applications of these two-dimensional semiconductor materials, technologies capable of precisely controlling the electrical properties of the material are essential. Doping has been traditionally used to effectively change the electrical and electronic properties of materials through relatively simple processes. To change the electrical properties, substances that can donate or remove electrons are added. Doping of atomically thin two-dimensional semiconductor materials is similar to that used for silicon but has a slightly different mechanism. Three main methods with different characteristics and slightly different principles are generally used. This review presents an overview of various advanced doping techniques based on the substitutional, chemical, and charge transfer molecular doping strategies of graphene and TMDs, which are the representative 2D semiconductor materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hocheon Yoo
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea; (H.Y.); (M.H.R.A.)
- Graduate School of IT Convergence Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea
| | - Keun Heo
- Department of Semiconductor Science & Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Korea;
| | - Md. Hasan Raza Ansari
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea; (H.Y.); (M.H.R.A.)
- Graduate School of IT Convergence Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea
| | - Seongjae Cho
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea; (H.Y.); (M.H.R.A.)
- Graduate School of IT Convergence Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea
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22
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Zheng J, Peng X, Wang Z. Plasma-assisted defect engineering of N-doped NiCo 2O 4 for efficient oxygen reduction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:6591-6599. [PMID: 33704337 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00525a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Defect control is a promising way to enhance the electrocatalysis performance of metal oxides. Oxygen vacancy enriched NiCo2O4 was successfully prepared using cold plasma. Oxygen as a plasma-forming gas introduces oxygen vacancies via electron etching. The concentration of oxygen vacancies can be controlled by different plasma-forming gas. CoO, which formed on the plasma samples, is beneficial for quick charge transfer and electrocatalytic performance. A high amount of nitrogen atoms of up to 10.1% was doped on NiCo2O4 because of the enriched oxygen vacancies and improved the stability of the oxygen defects and the conductivity of the catalyst. Electrocatalytic studies showed that the plasma-induced N-doped NiCo2O4 shows enhanced electrocatalytic performance for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). It shows a typical four-electron process that considerably improves the current density and onset potential. The HO2- % was as low as 0.59% and current density was 4.9 mA cm-2 at 0.2 V (Vs. RHE) on the plasma-treated NiCo2O4. Calculations based on density functional theory reveal the mechanism for the promotion of the catalytic ORR activity via plasma treatment. This increases the electron density near the Fermi level, reducing the work function, and changing the position of the d-band center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxuan Zheng
- National Engineering Research Centre of Industry Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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23
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Robert Bigras G, Martel R, Stafford L. Incorporation-limiting mechanisms during nitrogenation of monolayer graphene films in nitrogen flowing afterglows. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:2891-2901. [PMID: 33533789 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07827a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Monolayer graphene films are exposed to the flowing afterglow of a low-pressure microwave nitrogen plasma, characterized by the absence of ion irradiation and significant populations of N atoms and N2(A) metastables. Hyperspectral Raman imaging of graphene domains reveals damage generation with a progressive rise of the D/G and D/2D band ratios following subsequent plasma treatments. Plasma-induced damage is mostly zero-dimensional and the graphene state remains in the pre-amorphous regime. Over the range of experimental conditions investigated, damage formation increases with the fluence of energy provided by heterogenous surface recombination of N atoms and deexcitation of N2(A) metastable species. In such conditions, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals that the nitrogen incorporation (either as pyridine, pyrrole, or quaternary moieties) does not simply increase with the fluence of plasma-generated N atoms but is also linked to the damage generation. Based on these findings, a surface reaction model for monolayer graphene nitrogenation is proposed. It is shown that the nitrogen incorporation is first limited by the plasma-induced formation of defect sites at low damage and then by the adsorption of nitrogen atoms at high damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Robert Bigras
- Département de Physique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Vesel A, Zaplotnik R, Primc G, Mozetič M. A Review of Strategies for the Synthesis of N-Doped Graphene-Like Materials. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E2286. [PMID: 33218129 PMCID: PMC7698902 DOI: 10.3390/nano10112286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Methods for synthesizing nitrogen-doped graphene-like materials have attracted significant attention among the scientific community because of the possible applications of such materials in electrochemical devices such as fuel cells, supercapacitors and batteries, as well as nanoelectronics and sensors. The aim of this paper is to review recent advances in this scientific niche. The most common synthesis technique is nitridization of as-deposited graphene or graphene-containing carbon mesh using a non-equilibrium gaseous plasma containing nitrogen or ammonia. A variety of chemical bonds have been observed, however, it is still a challenge how to ensure preferential formation of graphitic nitrogen, which is supposed to be the most favorable. The nitrogen concentration depends on the processing conditions and is typically few at.%; however, values below 1 and up to 20 at.% have been reported. Often, huge amounts of oxygen are found as well, however, its synergistic influence on N-doped graphene is not reported. The typical plasma treatment time is several minutes. The results reported by different authors are discussed, and future needs in this scientific field are summarized. Some aspects of the characterization of graphene samples with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy are presented as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alenka Vesel
- Department of Surface Engineering, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.Z.); (G.P.); (M.M.)
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Hussain S, Kovacevic E, Berndt J, Santhosh NM, Pattyn C, Dias A, Strunskus T, Ammar MR, Jagodar A, Gaillard M, Boulmer-Leborgne C, Cvelbar U. Low-temperature low-power PECVD synthesis of vertically aligned graphene. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:395604. [PMID: 32521529 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab9b4a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The need for 2D vertical graphene nanosheets (VGNs) is driven by its great potential in diverse energy, electronics, and sensor applications, wherein many cases a low-temperature synthesis is preferred due to requirements of the manufacturing process. Unfortunately, most of today's known methods, including plasma, require either relatively high temperatures or high plasma powers. Herein, we report on a controllable synthesis of VGNs at a pushed down low-temperature boundary for synthesis, the low temperatures (450 °C) and low plasma powers (30 W) using capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) driven by radio-frequency power at 13.56 MHz. The strategies implemented also include unrevealing the role of Nickel (Ni) catalyst thin film on the substrates (Si/Al). It was found that the Ni catalyst on Si/Al initiates the nucleation/growth of VGNs at 450 °C in comparison to the substrates without Ni catalyst. With increasing temperature, the graphene nanosheets become bigger in size, well-structured and well separated. The role of Ni catalysts is hence to boost the growth rate, density, and quality of the growing VGNs. Furthermore, this CCP method can be used to synthesize VGNs at the lowest temperatures possible so far on a variety of substrates and provide new opportunities in the practical application of VGNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad Hussain
- GREMI, UMR 7344, CNRS & Université d'Orléans, Orleans Cedex 2, 45067, France. Nanotechnology & Integrated Bio-Engineering Centre (NIBEC), Ulster University, Shore Road, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, United Kingdom
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26
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Santhosh NM, Vasudevan A, Jurov A, Filipič G, Zavašnik J, Cvelbar U. Oriented Carbon Nanostructures from Plasma Reformed Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Polymer Gels for Gas Sensor Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1704. [PMID: 32872479 PMCID: PMC7559324 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Oriented carbon nanostructures (OCNs) with dominant graphitic characteristics have attracted research interest for various applications due to the excellent electrical and optical properties owing to their vertical orientation, interconnected structures, electronic properties, and large surface area. Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) is considered as a promising method for the large-scale synthesis of OCNs. Alternatively, structural reformation of natural carbon precursor or phenol-based polymers using plasma-assisted surface treatment is also considered for the fabrication of OCNs. In this work, we have demonstrated a fast technique for the synthesis of OCNs by plasma-assisted structure reformation of resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF) polymer gels using radio-frequency inductively coupled plasma (rf-ICP). A thin layer of RF polymer gel cast on a glass substrate was used as the carbon source and treated with rf plasma under different plasma discharge conditions. Argon and hydrogen gases were used in surface treatment, and the growth of carbon nanostructures at different discharge parameters was systematically examined. This study explored the influence of the gas flow rate, the plasma power, and the treatment time on the structural reformation of polymer gel to produce OCNs. Moreover, the gas-sensing properties of as-prepared OCNs towards ethanol at atmospheric conditions were also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelakandan M. Santhosh
- Department of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.M.S.); (A.V.); (A.J.); (G.F.); (J.Z.)
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aswathy Vasudevan
- Department of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.M.S.); (A.V.); (A.J.); (G.F.); (J.Z.)
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrea Jurov
- Department of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.M.S.); (A.V.); (A.J.); (G.F.); (J.Z.)
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Filipič
- Department of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.M.S.); (A.V.); (A.J.); (G.F.); (J.Z.)
| | - Janez Zavašnik
- Department of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.M.S.); (A.V.); (A.J.); (G.F.); (J.Z.)
| | - Uroš Cvelbar
- Department of Gaseous Electronics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.M.S.); (A.V.); (A.J.); (G.F.); (J.Z.)
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