Synthesis of MgO Nanoparticles Using Artemisia abrotanum Herba Extract and Their Antioxidant and Photocatalytic Properties

Oxidative stress modulating nanomaterials and their biochemical roles in nanomedicine

Many pathological conditions are predominantly associated with oxidative stress, arising from reactive oxygen species (ROS); therefore, the modulation of redox activities has been a key strategy to restore normal tissue functions. Current approaches involve establishing a favorable cellular redox environment through the administration of therapeutic drugs and redox-active nanomaterials (RANs). In particular, RANs not only provide a stable and reliable means of therapeutic delivery but also possess the capacity to finely tune various interconnected components, including radicals, enzymes, proteins, transcription factors, and metabolites. Here, we discuss the roles that engineered RANs play in a spectrum of pathological conditions, such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, infections, and inflammation. We visualize the dual functions of RANs as both generator and scavenger of ROS, emphasizing their profound impact on diverse cellular functions. The focus of this review is solely on inorganic redox-active nanomaterials (inorganic RANs). Additionally, we deliberate on the challenges associated with current RANs-based approaches and propose potential research directions for their future clinical translation.

The utility of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. to prepare metal oxides NPs for clinical application on osteoporosis supported by theoretical study

Green synthesis of metal oxides as a treatment for bone diseases is still exploring. Herein, MgO and Fe2O3 NPs were prepared from the extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. to study their effect on vit D3, Ca+2, and alkaline phosphatase enzyme ALP associated with osteoporosis. Computational chemistry was utilized to gain insight into the possible interactions. These oxides were characterized by X-ray diffraction, SEM, FTIR, and AFM. Results revealed that green synthesis of MgO and Fe2O3 NPs was successful with abundant. MgO NPs were in vitro applied on osteoporosis patients (n = 35) and showed a significant elevation of vit D3 and Ca+2 (0.0001 > p < 0.001) levels, compared to healthy volunteers (n = 25). Thus, Hibiscus sabdariffa L. is a good candidate to prepare MgO NPs, with a promising enhancing effect on vit D3 and Ca+2 in osteoporosis. In addition, interactions of Fe2O3 and MgO NPs with ALP were determined by molecular docking study.

Fabrication and evaluation of Dillenia indica-carrageenan blend hybrid superporous hydrogel reinforced with green synthesized MgO nanoparticles as an effective wound dressing material

An unexplored hybrid superporous hydrogel (MHSPH) of Dillenia indica fruit mucilage (DIFM) and carrageenan blend embedded with green synthesized magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MNPs) is utilized as an effective wound dressing material with appreciable mechanical strength in murine model. The prepared MNPs and the optimized MHSPH were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FT- IR) spectroscopy. Size, zeta potential and morphology of MNPs was assessed using Dynamic light scattering technique (DLS) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) respectively. The MHSPH grades were further optimized using swelling study in phosphate buffer solution at pH 1.2, 7.0, and 8. Both MNPs and the optimized grade of MHSPH were evaluated based on hemolysis assay, and protein denaturation assays indicating them to be safe for biological use. Acute toxicity studies of the optimized MHSPH on Zebra fish model, revealed no observable toxic effect on the gill cells. Wound healing in Swiss albino mice with application of optimized grade of MHSPH took only 11 days for healing when compared to control mice where healing took 14 days, thus concluding that MHSPH as an effective dressing material as well as tissue regrowth scaffold.

Nanoengineered chitosan functionalized titanium dioxide biohybrids for bacterial infections and cancer therapy

Nanoengineered chitosan functionalized titanium dioxide biohybrids (CTiO2@NPs) were prepared with Amomum subulatum Roxb extract via one-pot green method and assessed by UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, SEM and EDAX analyses. As revealed by XRD pattern, the nanohybrids exhibits a rutile TiO2 crystallites around 45 nm in size. The emergence of the Ti-O-Ti bond is identified by observing a peak between 400 and 800 cm-1. A wide bandgap (4.8 eV) has been observed in CTiO2@NPs, due to the quantum confinement effects and the oxygen vacancies reveal the intriguing potential of developed nanohybrids for various applications. Surface flaws were identified by observing an emission band at 382, 437, 482, 517, and 556 nm. They also exhibit better antibacterial performances using well diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus substilis, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Escherichia coli. CTiO2@NPs were discovered to have free radical scavenging activity on DPPH analysis and exhibit IC50 value as 95.80 μg/mL and standard (Vitamin C) IC50 is 87.62 μg/mL. CTiO2@NPs exhibited better anticancer properties against the osteosarcoma (MG-63) cell line. All these findings suggest that there is a forum for further useful therapeutic applications. Therefore, we claim that nano-engineered carbohydrated TiO2 phytohybrid is a promising solution for bacterial infections and bone cancer.

Differential responses of Brassica napus cultivars to dual effects of magnesium oxide nanoparticles

Magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) have great potential to enhance the crop productivity and sustainability of agriculture. Still, a thorough understanding is lacking about its essentiality or toxicity and precise dose for the safe cultivation of oilseed crops. Thus, we assessed the dual effects of MgO NPs (control, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 200 mg/L) on the seed germination, growth performance, photosynthesis, total soluble protein, total carbohydrates, oxidative stress markers (hydrogen peroxide as H2O2 and superoxide anion as O2•‒), lipid peroxidation as MDA, and antioxidant defence machinery (SOD, CAT, APX, and GR activities, and GSH levels) of seven different oilseeds (Brassica napus L.) cultivars (ZY 758, ZD 649, ZD 635, ZD 619, GY 605, ZD 622, and ZD 630). Our findings revealed that low doses of MgO NPs (mainly at 10 mg/L) markedly boosted the seed germination, plant growth (shoot and root lengths) (15‒22%), and biomass (fresh and dry) (11‒19%) by improving the levels of photosynthetic pigments (14‒27%), net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm), total soluble protein and total carbohydrates (16‒36%), antioxidant defence, and reducing the oxidative stress in B. napus tissues. Among all B. napus cultivars, these beneficial effects of MgO NPs were pronounced in ZD 635. ile, elevated levels of MgO NPs (particularly at 200 mg/L) induced oxidative stress, impaired antioxidant scavenging potential, photosynthetic inhibition, protein oxidation, and carbohydrate degradation and lead to inhibit the plant growth attributes. These inhibitory effects were more pronounced in ZD 622. Collectively, low-dose MgO NPs reinforced the Mg contents, protected the plant growth, photosynthesis, total soluble carbohydrates, enzyme activities, and minimized the oxidative stress. While, the excessive MgO NP levels impaired the above-reported traits. Overall, ZD 622 was highly susceptible to MgO NP toxicity and ZD 635 was found most tolerant to MgO NP toxicity.

Green Synthesis of Bacopa monnieri-Mediated Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles and Analysis of Their Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxic Properties

Background The management of aggressive forms of periodontal disease has become an issue of concern due to the emergence of bacterial resistance. Nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as a potential therapeutic agent with a multitude of biological functions. The green synthesis of these NPs is more eco-friendly than conventional methods. The present study aimed at the green synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles using Bacopa monnieri (bMgO NPs) and its antibacterial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic analysis. Materials and methods Magnesium oxide NPs were green synthesized using B. monnieri extract using a wet chemical method. The resultant bMgO NPs were assessed for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) assay. Cytotoxicity was assessed using zebrafish viability on treatment with bMgO NPs. Results Compared to the antibiotic standard, the green synthesized bMgO NPs showed good antibacterial properties against S. aureus and E. coli. It also showed excellent antioxidant activity and biocompatibility. Conclusion The bMgO NPs have great potential as a local drug delivery agent and should be further explored for their antibacterial and antioxidant properties in vivo.

Synergistic action of sumatriptan delivery and targeting magnesium deficiency using green, pH-responsive MgO nanoparticles synthesized from mahua flower extracts

Magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles were green synthesized using mahua (Madhuca longifolia) flower extracts by solvent evaporation and characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The drug loading of sumatriptan succinate (SS), an anti-migraine drug, was optimized using MINITAB's response surface methodology (RSM) Box Behnken model (BBD) model. The investigation of drug adsorption and release kinetics was further conducted using the optimized set obtained through RSM. The optimized parameters consisted of 23.53 mg of nanoparticles, a loading time of 6 h, and a pH of 9, yielding the experimental drug loading efficiency ~47%. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the potential of utilizing these green synthesized MgO nanoparticles for a dual purpose. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the viability of utilizing MgO nanoparticles synthesized through green route for the delivery of an anti-migraine medication. Additionally, the study aims to examine the degradation of these nanoparticles at physiological pH levels, with the intention of potentially enhancing cellular absorption. The investigation involved the assessment of drug release kinetics using various mathematical models, with a focus on the release of SS from MgO nanoparticles. This evaluation was conducted at different pH levels, specifically pH 5, 7, and 9. It has been found that the SS release increases as pH decreases, which is attributed to the dissolution of MgO nanoparticles, which therefore exhibits varied behavior at different pHs. The confirmation of the degradation of the green synthesized MgO nanoparticles was achieved through the execution of a degradation study, followed by the analysis of the obtained samples using FESEM and EDS. At neutral, the release data obtained adhered to the Higuchi model, which suggests that the release of the drug is based on diffusion. This finding is particularly advantageous for the controlled release of an anti-migraine drug. The results obtained from the study indicate that MgO nanoparticles have the potential to serve as a significant component in drug delivery systems, specifically as drug carriers. Attachment of SS over MgO nanoparticles to form SS loaded MgO nanoparticles and its possible working mechanism.

Boron-based magnesium diboride nanosheets preparation and tested for antimicrobial properties for PES membrane

Antimicrobial resistance to antibiotics for current bacterial infection treatments is a medical problem. 2D nanoparticles, which can be used as both antibiotic carriers and direct antibacterial agents due to their large surface areas and direct contact with the cell membrane, are important alternatives in solving this problem. This study focuses on the effects of a new generation borophene derivative obtained from MgB2 particles on the antimicrobial activity of polyethersulfone membranes. MgB2 nanosheets were created by mechanically separating magnesium diboride (MgB2) particles into layers. The samples were microstructurally characterized using SEM, HR-TEM, and XRD methods. MgB2 nanosheets were screened for various biological activities such as antioxidant, DNA nuclease, antimicrobial, microbial cell viability inhibition, and antibiofilm activities. The antioxidant activity of nanosheets was 75.24 ± 4.15% at 200 mg/L. Plasmid DNA was entirely degraded at 125 and 250 mg/L nanosheet concentrations. MgB2 nanosheets exhibited a potential antimicrobial effect against tested strains. The cell viability inhibitory effect of the MgB2 nanosheets was 99.7 ± 5.78%, 99.89 ± 6.02%, and 100 ± 5.84% at 12.5 mg/L, 25 mg/L, and 50 mg/L, respectively. The antibiofilm activity of MgB2 nanosheets against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa was observed to be satisfactory. Furthermore, a polyethersulfone (PES) membrane was prepared by blending MgB2 nanosheets from 0.5 wt to 2.0 wt %. Pristine PES membrane also has shown the lowest steady-state fluxes at 30.1 ± 2.1 and 56.6 L/m2h for BSA and E. coli, respectively. With the increase of MgB2 nanosheets amount from 0.5 to 2.0 wt%, steady-state fluxes increased from 32.3 ± 2.5 to 42.0 ± 1.0 and from 15.6 ± 0.7 to 24.1 ± 0.8 L/m2h, respectively for BSA and E. coli. E. coli elimination performance of PES membrane coated with MgB2 nanosheets at different rates and the membrane filtration procedure was obtained from 96% to 100%. The results depicted that BSA and E. coli rejection efficiencies of MgB2 nanosheets blended PES membranes increased when compared to pristine PES membranes.

Facile synthesis of novel magnesium oxide nanoparticles for pesticide sorption from water

The quantum of pesticides in surface as well as drinking water has become a serious health hazard. In this experiment, magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) were synthesized using leaves of purple-colored rice variety (Crossa) and utilized for simultaneous removal of three pesticides, namely, thiamethoxam, chlorpyriphos, and fenpropathrin from water. The biogenic MgO NPs were characterized using SEM-EDX, FTIR, XRD, DLS, etc. The optimum synthesis parameters (1 M NaOH, 80 °C, and 2 h) resulted in maximum yield of MgO NPs (87.7 mg), minimum hydrodynamic diameter (35.12 nm), poly dispersity index (0.14) and mean zeta potential (-11 mV). Sorption data of the three pesticides fitted well with non-linear Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models and non-linear pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The maximum adsorption capacity of MgO NPs for the three pesticides was 87.66 µg/mg, as obtained from the Langmuir isotherm model. Under optimum conditions (initial concentration, 40 mg/L; dose, 30 mg/30 mL; and pH, 9), 60.13, 80.53, and 92.49% removal of thiamethoxam, chlorpyriphos, and fenpropathrin was achieved with a 100% desirability, respectively. Thus, the biogenic MgO NPs could be an efficient adsorbent of pesticides and could be recommended for pesticide decontamination in water treatment plants and domestic water purifier systems.

Exploring the Antibacterial Potential of Green-Synthesized MgO and ZnO Nanoparticles from Two Plant Root Extracts

The green approach-based nanoparticle synthesis is considered a more cost-effective and ecologically responsible method of producing nanoparticles than other standard techniques. A major accomplishment in resolving these issues is the use of nanoparticles for environmental pollution remediation. This article describes a simple method for producing MgO and ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) using aqueous extracts of Zingiber officinale and Glycyrrhiza roots as the stabilizing and reducing agents, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersed X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy methods were used to characterize the biologically synthesized metal oxide nanoparticles (MO NPs). The XRD results showed that the mean crystallite sizes of synthesized ZnO and MgO NPs, which have excellent purity, are 12.35 nm and 4.83 nm, respectively. The spherical or elliptical shape of the synthesized NPs was confirmed by the SEM analysis. The antibacterial activity of the synthesized NPs against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria was thoroughly investigated. With a medium zone of inhibition of 7 to 10 mm, the as-synthesized MgO NPs and ZnO NPs demonstrated moderate antibacterial activity towards various bacterial strains.

Comparative Study of MgO Nanopowders Prepared by Different Chemical Methods

Magnesium oxide (MgO) was synthesized by three different methods: the sol-gel (SG), microwave-assisted sol-gel (MW), and hydrothermal (HT) methods for comparing the influence of the preparation conditions on the properties of the products. The powders were annealed at 450 °C. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM/HRTEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), BET specific surface area and porosity, photoluminescence, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The samples consisted mainly of periclase as a crystalline phase, and the MW and HT preparation methods generated particles with higher specific surface areas. The powders had less-defined morphologies and high levels of aggregation. The optical band gaps of the samples were determined from UV DRS, and the photocatalytic activities of the magnesium oxides obtained by the three methods towards the degradation of methyl orange (MO) under UV light irradiation was evaluated.

A novel biosynthesis of MgO/PEG nanocomposite for organic pollutant removal from aqueous solutions under sunlight irradiation

The novel synthesis of MgO from Laurus nobilis L. leaves was prepared using the green synthesis method. It is using direct blending process to decorate MgO/PEG nanocomposite to enhance the photodegradation properties and examine its physical properties using diverse characterization techniques, including XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, and UV-Vis. X-ray diffraction reveals a cubic phase of MgO with a 37-nm grain size. SEM images confirm spherical nanoparticles with a diameter size of 22.9 nm. The optical energy gap of MgO NPs was 4.4 eV, and the MgO/PEG nanocomposite was 4.1 eV, which made it an efficient catalyst under sunlight. The photocatalytic activity of Rose Bengal (RB) and Toluidine Blue (TB) dyes at 5 × 10^-5 mol/l dye concentration indicates excellent degradation efficiencies of 98% and 95% in 120 min, respectively, under sunlight irradiation. MgO/PEG is an excellent candidate nanocomposite for applications of photodegradation and could be used for its potential capability to develop conventionally used techniques.

Green Synthesis of Bioinspired Nanoparticles Mediated from Plant Extracts of Asteraceae Family for Potential Biological Applications

The Asteraceae family is one of the largest families in the plant kingdom with many of them extensively used for significant traditional and medicinal values. Being a rich source of various phytochemicals, they have found numerous applications in various biological fields and have been extensively used for therapeutic purposes. Owing to its potential phytochemicals present and biological activity, these plants have found their way into pharmaceutical industry as well as in various aspects of nanotechnology such as green synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles. The nanoparticles developed from the plants of Asteraceae family are highly stable, less expensive, non-toxic, and eco-friendly. Synthesized Asteraceae-mediated nanoparticles have extensive applications in antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, and photocatalytic degradation activities. This current review provides an opportunity to understand the recent trend to design and develop strategies for advanced nanoparticles through green synthesis. Here, the review discussed about the plant parts, extraction methods, synthesis, solvents utilized, phytochemicals involved optimization conditions, characterization techniques, and toxicity of nanoparticles using species of Asteraceae and their potential applications for human welfare. Constraints and future prospects for green synthesis of nanoparticles from members of the Asteraceae family are summarized.

A critical review on the bio-mediated green synthesis and multiple applications of magnesium oxide nanoparticles

Nowadays, advancements in nanotechnology have efficiently solved many global problems, such as environmental pollution, climate change, and infectious diseases. Nano-scaled materials have played a central role in this evolution. Chemical synthesis of nanomaterials, however, required hazardous chemicals, unsafe, eco-unfriendly, and cost-ineffective, calling for green synthesis methods. Here, we review the green synthesis of MgO nanoparticles and their applications in biochemical, environmental remediation, catalysis, and energy production. Green MgO nanoparticles can be safely produced using biomolecules extracted from plants, fungus, bacteria, algae, and lichens. They exhibited fascinating and unique properties in morphology, surface area, particle size, and stabilization. Green MgO nanoparticles served as excellent antimicrobial agents, adsorbents, colorimetric sensors, and had enormous potential in biomedical therapies against cancers, oxidants, diseases, and the sensing detection of dopamine. In addition, green MgO nanoparticles are of great interests in plant pathogens, phytoremediation, plant cell and organ culture, and seed germination in the agricultural sector. This review also highlighted recent advances in using green MgO nanoparticles as nanocatalysts, nano-fertilizers, and nano-pesticides. Thanks to many emerging applications, green MgO nanoparticles can become a promising platform for future studies.

Rapid fabrication of MgO@g-C3N4 heterojunctions for photocatalytic nitric oxide removal

Nitric oxide (NO) is an air pollutant impacting the environment, human health, and other biotas. Among the technologies to treat NO pollution, photocatalytic oxidation under visible light is considered an effective means. This study describes photocatalytic oxidation to degrade NO under visible light with the support of a photocatalyst. MgO@g-C₃N₄ heterojunction photocatalysts were synthesized by one-step pyrolysis of MgO and urea at 550 °C for two hours. The photocatalytic NO removal efficiency of the MgO@g-C₃N₄ heterojunctions was significantly improved and reached a maximum value of 75.4% under visible light irradiation. Differential reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) was used to determine the optical properties and bandgap energies of the material. The bandgap of the material decreases with increasing amounts of MgO. The photoluminescence spectra indicate that the recombination of electron-hole pairs is hindered by doping MgO onto g-C₃N₄. Also, NO conversion, DeNOx index, apparent quantum efficiency, trapping tests, and electron spin resonance measurements were carried out to understand the photocatalytic mechanism of the materials. The high reusability of the MgO@g-C₃N₄ heterojunction was shown by a five-cycle recycling test. This study provides a simple way to synthesize photocatalytic heterojunction materials with high reusability and the potential of heterojunction photocatalysts in the field of environmental remediation.

Mahmoud E, Elansary HO, Sannaningaiah D. Effect of Biofunctional Green Synthesized MgO-Nanoparticles on Oxidative-Stress-Induced Tissue Damage and Thrombosis

The present study describes the green biofunctional synthesis of magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles using the aqueous Tarenna asiatica fruit extract. The characterization of Tarenna asiatica fruit extract MgO nanoparticles (TAFEMgO NPs) was achieved by X-ray powder diffraction, UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, TEM, SEM, and energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction. TAFEMgO NPs scavenged the DPPH free radicals with an IC50 value of 55.95 μg/μL, and it was highly significant compared to the standard. To authenticate the observed antioxidant potential of TAFEMgO NPs, oxidative stress was induced in red blood cells (RBC) using sodium nitrite (NaNO₂). Interestingly, TAFEMgO NPs ameliorated the RBC damage from oxidative stress by significantly restoring the stress parameters, such as the protein carbonyl content (PCC), lipid peroxidation (LPO), total thiol (TT), super-oxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). Furthermore, oxidative stress was induced in-vivo in Sprague Dawley female rats using diclofenac (DFC). TAFEMgO NPs normalized the stress parameters in-vivo and minimized the oxidative damage in tissues. Most importantly, TAFEMgO NPs restored the function and architecture of the damaged livers, kidneys, and small intestines by regulating biochemical parameters. TAFEMgO NPs exhibited an anticoagulant effect by increasing the clotting time from 193 s in the control to 885 s in the platelet rich plasma. TAFEMgO NPs prolonged the formation of the clot process in the activated partial thromboplastin time and the prothrombin time, suggest the effective involvement in both intrinsic and extrinsic clotting pathways of the blood coagulation cascade. TAFEMgO NPs inhibited adenosine di-phosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation. TAFEMgO NPs did not show hemolytic, hemorrhagic, and edema-inducing properties at the tested concentration of 100 mg/kgbody weight, suggesting its non-toxic property. In conclusion, TAFEMgO NPs mitigates the sodium nitrite (NaNO₂)- and diclofenac (DFC)-induced stress due to oxidative damage in both in vitro and in vivo experimental models.

Effect of Phyto-Assisted Synthesis of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles (MgO-NPs) on Bacteria and the Root-Knot Nematode

The root-knot nematode was examined using magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs) made from strawberries. The biologically synthesized MgO-NPs were characterized by UV, SEM, FTIR, EDS, TEM, and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Nanoparticles (NPs) were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and shown to be spherical to hexagonal nanoparticles with an average size of 100 nm. MgO-NPs were tested on the root-knot nematode M. incognita (Meloidogynidae) and the plant pathogenic bacteria Ralstonia solanacearum. The synthesized MgO-NPs showed a significant inhibition of R. solanacearum and the root-knot nematode. MgO-NPs cause mortality and inhibit egg hatching of second-stage juveniles (J2) of M. incognita under the in vitro assay. This study aims to examine the biological activity of biogenic MgO-NPs. The findings marked that MgO-NPs may be utilized to manage R. solanacearum and M. incognita and develop effective nematicides. In addition, the antioxidant capacity of MgO-NPs was determined by using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH).

Methods for Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles Using Plant Extracts and their Biological Applications - A Review

Nanotechnology, a fast-developing branch of science, is gaining extensive popularity among researchers simply because of the multitude of applications it can offer. In recent years, biological synthesis has been widely used instead of physical and chemical synthesis methods, which often produce toxic products. These synthesis methods are now being commonly adapted to discover new applications of nanoparticles synthesized using plant extracts. In this review, we elucidate the various ways by which nanoparticles can be biologically synthesized. We further discuss the applications of these nanoparticles.

Tannery waste-derived biochar as a carrier of micronutrients essential to plants

The leather tannery industry generates about 33 Mt/year of solid waste with different properties, turning its management into a challenge. One of the valorization methods of tannery wastes is the production of biochar by pyrolysis of leather scratches. Biochar's sorption properties and its high nitrogen content (10%) make it suitable for its application as a soil conditioner or carrier of microelements for fertilizers. The paper presents an innovative spray method to enrich biochar with cationic micronutrients: Cu, Mn, Zn. Enriched biochar contained 1095 mg/kg Cu(II), 1334 mg/kg Mn(II) and 1205 mg/kg Zn(II). The high bioavailability of nutrients and the effectiveness of the new fertilizer were demonstrated in extraction in vitro tests - the analysis of leachability of elements to water and bioavailability of micro-nutrients. The functional properties of enriched biochar were examined in vivo (germination, pot) tests. A high biomass increase (approximately 10%) was observed compared to the group fertilized with a commercial product. The proposed solution benefits the environment in that it is made from alternative resources from which innovative fertilizers are produced according to the circular economy concept.

Green synthesis of ZnO, MgO and SiO2 nanoparticles and its effect on irrigation water, soil properties, and Origanum majorana productivity

The synthesis of different metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) (e.g., ZnO, MgO and SiO₂) using green methods is a promising alternative to traditional chemical methods. In this work, ZnO, MgO, and SiO₂ NPs were prepared using lemon peel extract. The synthesized NPs were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV–Visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. Also, the effects of the green synthesis of different NPs on the irrigation water quality, the availability of some heavy metals in soil and plants, and the productivity of Origanum majorana (marjoram) were studied in detail. The obtained results showed that the addition of the NPs resulted in noticeable variations in the removal percentages of Cu²⁺ and Fe³⁺ from aqueous solutions. The maximum values obtained for the adsorption of Cu(II) on ZnO, MgO, and SiO₂ NPs within the pH values of 3–5 were 89.9%, 83.3%, and 68.36%, respectively. Meanwhile, the maximum adsorption values of Fe(III) at pH 3.3 were 82%, 80%, and 65% for ZnO, MgO, and SiO₂ NPs, respectively. Clearly, the application of the NPs effectively reduced the available Cu²⁺ in the studied soil samples in the following order: Zn2 > Zn1 > Mg2 > Si2 > Mg1 > Si1 > C (control). The highest values of available Cu²⁺ were observed in the control treatment, whereas the lowest values were obtained when Zn2 was added. The same tendencies were observed with substantial concentrations of Fe. The addition of NPs to the soil samples positively affected the plants' Cu²⁺ uptake. The effects of NPs and the additions of Cu²⁺ and Fe³⁺ on the availability of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) in the soil system were very completed and osculated from one treatment to another. The same tendencies were observed with the total concentration of NPK in plants.

Synthesis, photocatalytic and antibacterial activities of a PDS-activated MgO nanocatalyst: experimental and theoretical studies

PDS activation of MgO nanoparticles provides the opportunity to explore their applications and activities.

Formation, antimicrobial activity, and biomedical performance of plant-based nanoparticles: a review

Because many engineered nanoparticles are toxic, there is a need for methods to fabricate safe nanoparticles such as plant-based nanoparticles. Indeed, plant extracts contain flavonoids, amino acids, proteins, polysaccharides, enzymes, polyphenols, steroids, and reducing sugars that facilitate the reduction, formation, and stabilization of nanoparticles. Moreover, synthesizing nanoparticles from plant extracts is fast, safe, and cost-effective because it does not consume much energy, and non-toxic derivatives are generated. These nanoparticles have diverse and unique properties of interest for applications in many fields. Here, we review the synthesis of metal/metal oxide nanoparticles with plant extracts. These nanoparticles display antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. Plant-based nanoparticles are also useful for medical diagnosis and drug delivery.

Synthesis, Properties, and Selected Technical Applications of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles: A Review

In the last few decades, there has been a trend involving the use of nanoscale fillers in a variety of applications. Significant improvements have been achieved in the areas of their preparation and further applications (e.g., in industry, agriculture, and medicine). One of these promising materials is magnesium oxide (MgO), the unique properties of which make it a suitable candidate for use in a wide range of applications. Generally, MgO is a white, hygroscopic solid mineral, and its lattice consists of Mg2+ ions and O2− ions. Nanostructured MgO can be prepared through different chemical (bottom-up approach) or physical (top-down approach) routes. The required resultant properties (e.g., bandgap, crystallite size, and shape) can be achieved depending on the reaction conditions, basic starting materials, or their concentrations. In addition to its unique material properties, MgO is also potentially of interest due to its nontoxicity and environmental friendliness, which allow it to be widely used in medicine and biotechnological applications.

Green synthesis of magnesium nanoparticles mediated from Rosa floribunda charisma extract and its antioxidant, antiaging and antibiofilm activities

Flower based nanoparticles has gained a special attention as a new sustainable eco-friendly avenue. Rosa floribunda charisma belongs to modern roses with bright yellow, red flowers with marvellous rose scent. Different methods were used for the extraction of its floral scent such as hexane, microwave, and solid-phase micro-extraction. The latter was the most efficient method for the extraction of phenyl ethyl alcohol, the unique scent of roses. In the current study, magnesium nanoparticles (RcNps) have been synthesized using Rosa floribunda charisma petals that have privileges beyond chemical and physical routs. RcNps formation was confirmed using UV-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), High Resolution-Transmission Electron Microscope (HR-TEM), Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). HR-TEM images detected the polyhedral shape of RcNps with a diverse size ranged within 35.25-55.14 nm. The resulting RcNps exhibited a high radical scavenging activity illustrated by inhibition of superoxide, nitric oxide, hydroxyl radical and xanthine oxidase by by IC50 values 26.2, 52.9, 31.9 and 15.9 µg/ml respectively as compared to ascorbic acid. Furthermore, RcNps at concentration of 100 µg/ml significantly reduced xanthine oxidase activity (15.9 ± 0.61 µg/ml) compared with ascorbic acid (12.80 ± 0.32 µg/ml) with p < 0.05. Moreover, RcNps showed an excellent antiaging activity demonstrated by inhibition of collagenase, elastase, hyaluronidase and tyrosinase enzymes in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 values of 58.7 ± 1.66 µg/ml, 82.5 ± 2.93 µg/ml, 191.4 ± 5.68 µg/ml and 158.6 ± 5.20 µg/ml as compared to EGCG respectively. RcNps also, exhibited a promising antibacterial activity against three skin pathogens delineate a significant threat to a public health, as Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with MIC of 15.63, 7.81, 31.25 µg/ml as compared to ciprofloxacin (7.81, 3.9 and 15.63 µg/ml). Moreover, RcNps suppressed the formation of biofilms with minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations 1.95, 1.95, 7.81 µg/ml against the fore mentioned strains, respectively. Overall, our findings indicate that Rosa floribunda nanoparticles could be used as a leading natural source in skin care cosmetic industry.

The Catalytic Activity of Biosynthesized Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles (MgO-NPs) for Inhibiting the Growth of Pathogenic Microbes, Tanning Effluent Treatment, and Chromium Ion Removal

Magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs) were synthesized using the fungal strain Aspergillus terreus S1 to overcome the disadvantages of chemical and physical methods. The factors affecting the biosynthesis process were optimized as follows: concentration of Mg(NO3)2·6H2O precursor (3 mM), contact time (36 min), pH (8), and incubation temperature (35 °C). The characterization of biosynthesized MgO-NPs was accomplished using UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy—energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Data confirmed the successful formation of crystallographic, spherical, well-dispersed MgO-NPs with a size range of 8.0–38.0 nm at a maximum surface plasmon resonance of 280 nm. The biological activities of biosynthesized MgO-NPs including antimicrobial activity, biotreatment of tanning effluent, and chromium ion removal were investigated. The highest growth inhibition of pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans was achieved at 200 μg mL–1 of MgO-NPs. The biosynthesized MgO-NPs exhibited high efficacy to decolorize the tanning effluent (96.8 ± 1.7% after 150 min at 1.0 µg mL–1) and greatly decrease chemical parameters including total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and conductivity with percentages of 98.04, 98.3, 89.1, 97.2, and 97.7%, respectively. Further, the biosynthesized MgO-NPs showed a strong potential to remove chromium ions from the tanning effluent, from 835.3 mg L–1 to 21.0 mg L–1, with a removal percentage of 97.5%.

Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract-Mediated Green Synthesis of Nanostructured Alkaline Earth Oxide (MgO) and Its Physicochemical Properties

The magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) were prepared from Moringa oleifera leaf extract. Phytochemicals are derived from plant extract which are served as stabilizing and capping agents. This green route has been attracted owing to speed, reliable, and eco-friendly and cost-effective one. The synthesized magnesium oxide nanoparticles were taken into three different calcination temperatures (500, 600, and 700°C). The powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) study shows a pure phase of face-centered cubic structure. Periclase MgO nanoparticles were prepared. The optical band gap of MgO nanoparticles is 4.5 eV, and its absorption in the UV region was observed by UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis). Photoluminescence spectra have exhibited multicolor emissions were being at UV and visible region due to defect centers (F centers) of MgO nanoparticles. EDX (energy dispersive X-ray spectrum) has given the stoichiometric ratio of Mg and O. The functional groups have been studied by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), surface morphology transformation has been identified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies, and VSM measurements have given the information of diamagnetic nature of MgO nanoparticles. H-R TEM micrographs have confirmed that particles were in nanorange matched with XRD report. Polycrystalline nature has been observed pattern information. TG-DSC characterization revealed phase transition and weight loss information. D-band and G-band of MgO nanoparticles are studied by micro-Raman analysis. Dielectric analysis has proven that MgO nanoparticles will be a promising candidate for linear dielectric ceramics, thermistor. The present resent studies have revealed that MgO powder will be an economical and promising candidate in superconductor, optoelectronic device, and energy storage applications.

A Tagetes minuta based eco-benign synthesis of multifunctional Au/MgO nanocomposite with enhanced photocatalytic, antibacterial and DPPH scavenging activities

In this research work, facile, economical and eco-benign experimental procedure were adopted to synthesize Au/MgO nanocomposite with the help of Tagetes minuta leaves extract. Phytochemicals present in the leaves of Tagetes minuta were acting as reducing and stabilizing agents to avoid aggregation of nanomaterials during the preparation of Au/MgO nanocomposite. The biologically synthesized nanocomposite were systematically characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared microscopy (FTIR), High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and elemental mapping. UV-visible spectrum confirmed the presence of MgO and Au due to the presence of two SPR peaks at 315 nm and 528 nm, respectively. Moreover, the Au/MgO nanocomposite exhibited superior photocatalytic, antibacterial, hemolytic, and antioxidant activities. Photocatalytic performance tests of Au/MgO nanocomposite were- appraised by the rapid degradation of the methylene blue (MB) under UV light illumination. More importantly, after four successive cycles of MB degradation, the photocatalytic efficacy remained unchanged, which ensures the stability of the Au/MgO nanocomposite. Furthermore, the antibacterial tests showed that the advanced nanocomposite inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus with zones of inhibition 18 (±0.3), 21 (±0.5), and 19 (±0.4) mm, respectively. The cytotoxicity study revealed that Au/MgO nanocomposite is nontoxic to ordinary healthy RBCs. Interestingly, the Au/MgO nanocomposite also possesses an excellent antioxidant activity, whereby effectively scavenging 82% stable and harmful DPPH. Overall, the present study concludes that eco-benign Au/MgO nanocomposite has excellent potential for the remediation of bacterial pathogens and degradation of MB.

Facile Biogenic Synthesis and Characterization of Seven Metal-Based Nanoparticles Conjugated with Phytochemical Bioactives Using Fragaria ananassa Leaf Extract

In this investigation, for the first time, we used Fragaria ananassa (strawberry) leaf extract as a source of natural reducing, capping or stabilizing agents to develop an eco-friendly, cost-effective and safe process for the biosynthesis of metal-based nanoparticles including silver, copper, iron, zinc and magnesium oxide. Calcinated and non-calcinated zinc oxide nanoparticles also synthesized during a method different from our previous study. To confirm the successful formation of nanoparticles, different characterization techniques applied. UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Photon Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy (PCCS) and Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) were used to study the unique structure and properties of biosynthesized nanoparticles. The results show the successful formation of metal-based particles in the range of nanometer, confirmed by different characterization techniques. Finally, the presented approach has been demonstrated to be effective in the biosynthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles.

An Eco-Friendly Approach to the Control of Pathogenic Microbes and Anopheles stephensi Malarial Vector Using Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles (Mg-NPs) Fabricated by Penicillium chrysogenum

The discovery of eco-friendly, rapid, and cost-effective compounds to control diseases caused by microbes and insects are the main challenges. Herein, the magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs) are successfully fabricated by harnessing the metabolites secreted by Penicillium chrysogenum. The fabricated MgO-NPs were characterized using UV-Vis, XRD, TEM, DLS, EDX, FT-IR, and XPS analyses. Data showed the successful formation of crystallographic, spherical, well-dispersed MgO-NPs with sizes of 7-40 nm at a maximum wavelength of 250 nm. The EDX analysis confirms the presence of Mg and O ions as the main components with weight percentages of 13.62% and 7.76%, respectively. The activity of MgO-NPs as an antimicrobial agent was investigated against pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans, and exhibited zone of inhibitions of 12.0 ± 0.0, 12.7 ± 0.9, 23.3 ± 0.8, 17.7 ± 1.6, and 14.7 ± 0.6 mm respectively, at 200 µg mL-1. The activity is decreased by decreasing the MgO-NPs concentration. The biogenic MgO-NPs exhibit high efficacy against different larvae instar and pupa of Anopheles stephensi, with LC50 values of 12.5-15.5 ppm for I-IV larvae instar and 16.5 ppm for the pupa. Additionally, 5 mg/cm2 of MgO-NPs showed the highest protection percentages against adults of Anopheles stephensi, with values of 100% for 150 min and 67.6% ± 1.4% for 210 min.

Rhizopus oryzae-Mediated Green Synthesis of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles (MgO-NPs): A Promising Tool for Antimicrobial, Mosquitocidal Action, and Tanning Effluent Treatment

The metabolites of the fungal strain Rhizopus oryaze were used as a biocatalyst for the green-synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs). The production methodology was optimized to attain the maximum productivity as follows: 4 mM of precursor, at pH 8, incubation temperature of 35 °C, and reaction time of 36 h between metabolites and precursor. The as-formed MgO-NPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, TEM, SEM-EDX, XRD, DLS, FT-IR, and XPS analyses. These analytical techniques proved to gain crystalline, homogenous, and well-dispersed spherical MgO-NPs with an average size of 20.38 ± 9.9 nm. The potentiality of MgO-NPs was dose- and time-dependent. The biogenic MgO-NPs was found to be a promising antimicrobial agent against the pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans with inhibition zones of 10.6 ± 0.4, 11.5 ± 0.5, 13.7 ± 0.5, 14.3 ± 0.7, and 14.7 ± 0.6 mm, respectively, at 200 μg mL-1. Moreover, MgO-NPs manifested larvicidal and adult repellence activity against Culex pipiens at very low concentrations. The highest decolorization percentages of tanning effluents were 95.6 ± 1.6% at 100 µg/ 100 mL after 180 min. At this condition, the physicochemical parameters of tannery effluents, including TSS, TDS, BOD, COD, and conductivity were reduced with percentages of 97.9%, 98.2%, 87.8%, 95.9%, and 97.3%, respectively. Moreover, the chromium ion was adsorbed with percentages of 98.2% at optimum experimental conditions.

Biogenic synthesis of MgO nanoparticles from different extracts (flower, bark, leaf) of Tecoma stans (L.) and their utilization in selected organic dyes treatment

The occurrence and influence of dyes-containing effluents are alarmingly serious; hence, the treatment of such wastewater needs to be undertaken. Here, we report the biosynthesis strategy and utilisation of MgO nanoparticles (MgO NPs) from distinct Tecoma stans (L.) plant extracts (flower, bark, and leaf). The FT-IR spectroscopy revealed the dominance of chemical bonds as well as functional groups on MgO NPs surfaces. For adsorption experiments, the impact of pH, contact time, concentration, and pH on uptake efficiency of congo red (CR) and crystal violet (CV) dyes were investigated and then optimized using response surface methodology and Box-Behnken design. Under the optimal conditions, 99.7% CR (at C_i = 9.33 mg/L, Dos = 0.22, pH = 7.9) and 90.8% CV (at C_i = 5.0 mg/L, Dos = 0.3, pH = 6.3) were attained. The maximum adsorption capacities were calculated from 89.24 to 150.49 mg/g, where MgO NPs derived from flower extract gave better adsorption efficiency than those from other extracts. Therefore, MgO NPs material from Tecoma stans (L.) flower extract is expected as a perspective adsorbent for the effective remediation of organic dyes.

Phytoassisted synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles from Pterocarpus marsupium rox.b heartwood extract and its biomedical applications

BACKGROUND

Unlike chemical techniques, the combination of metal oxide nanoparticles utilizing plant concentrate is a promising choice. The purpose of this work was to synthesize magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs) utilizing heartwood aqueous extract of Pterocarpus marsupium. The heartwood extract of Pterocarpus marsupium is rich in polyphenolic compounds and flavonoids that can be used as a green source for large-scale, simple, and eco-friendly production of MgO-NPs. The phytoassisted synthesis of MgO is characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with EDS (energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

RESULTS

The formation of MgO-NPs is confirmed by a visual color change from colorless to dark brown and they displayed a wavelength of 310 nm in UV-Spectrophotometry analysis. The crystalline nature of the obtained biosynthesized nanoparticles are revealed by X-ray diffraction analysis. SEM results revealed the synthesized magnesium oxide nanoparticles formed by this cost-effective method are spherically shaped with an average size of < 20 nm. The presence of magnesium and oxygen were confirmed by the EDS data. TEM analysis proved the spherical shape of the nanoparticles with average particle size of 13.28 nm and SAED analysis confirms the crystalline nature of MgO-NPs. FT-IR investigation confirms the existence of the active compounds required to stabilize the magnesium oxide nanoparticles with hydroxyl and carboxyl and phenolic groups that act as reducing, stabilizing, and capping agent. All the nanoparticles vary in particle sizes between 15 and 25 nm and obtained a polydispersity index value of 0.248. The zeta-potential was measured and found to be - 2.9 mV. Further, MgO-NPs were tested for antibacterial action against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive bacteria) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative bacteria) by minimum inhibitory concentration technique were found to be potent against both the bacteria. The blended nanoparticles showed good antioxidant activity examined by the DPPH radical scavenging method, showed good anti-diabetic activity determined by alpha-amylase inhibitory activity, and displayed strong anti-inflammatory activity evaluated by the albumin denaturation method.

CONCLUSIONS

The investigation reports the eco-friendly, cost-effective method for synthesizing magnesium oxide nanoparticles from Pterocarpus marsupium Rox.b heartwood extract with biomedical applications.

Structural and physicochemical properties of Rheum emodi mediated Mg(OH)2 nanoparticles and their antibacterial and cytotoxic potential

In the present investigation, Rheum emodi roots extract mediated magnesium hydroxide nanoparticles [Mg(OH)2 NPs] through the bio-inspired experimental technique were synthesised. Mg(OH)2 NPs were characterised by using various characterisation techniques such as field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The formation of Mg(OH)2 NPs was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The structural analysis confirmed the hexagonal crystal symmetry of Mg(OH)2 NPs with space group P-3m1 and space group no. 164 using the Rietveld refinement technique. TEM micrographs illustrated the nano-size formation of Mg(OH)2 NPs of spherical shape and size ∼14.86 nm. With the aid of FTIR data, plant metabolites such as anthraquinones have been identified as a stabilising and reducing agent for the synthesis of biogenic Mg(OH)2 NPs. The synthesised Mg(OH)2 NPs showed antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria such as Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell lines.

The effects of MgS nanoparticles-Cisplatin-bio-conjugate on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line

Magnesium sulfide nanoparticles (MgS NPs) is a nanomaterial that has an important place in diagnosis, treatment, diagnosis, and drug delivery systems. Neuroblastoma, a type of brain cancer, is an extremely difficult cancer to treat with today's treatment options. This study was carried out to determine the cytotoxic, oxidant, and antioxidant effects on the neuroblastoma cancer line (SH-SY5Y cell line) along with the green synthesis and characterization of MgS NPs structures. MgS NPs were synthesized by green synthesis using Na₂S and Punica granatum, a cleaner method for toxic effects, and characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, X-Ray diffraction methods. In cell culture, SH-SY5Y cells were grown in a suitable nutrient medium under favorable conditions. Five different doses of MgS NPs (10, 25, 50, 75, and 100 µg/mL) were applied to the cell line for 24 h. The analysis of the MgS NPs applications was performed with MTT cytotoxicity test and total oxidant and total antioxidant tests. According to the data obtained, 75 μg/mL MgS NPs application decreased cancer cell viability up to 48.54%. MgS NPs exhibited a dose-dependent effect on the SH-SY5Y cell line. Also, it was determined that MgS NPs increased oxidant activity in neuroblastoma cells, which was compatible with the cytotoxicity test. As a result, MgS NPs exhibited an effective activity on the neuroblastoma cell line. It was clearly seen that NPs obtained by green synthesis prevented the related cancer line from proliferating.

Biogenic nanoparticles: a comprehensive perspective in synthesis, characterization, application and its challenges

BACKGROUND

Translating the conventional scientific concepts into a new robust invention is a much needed one at a present scenario to develop some novel materials with intriguing properties. Particles in nanoscale exhibit superior activity than their bulk counterpart. This unique feature is intensively utilized in physical, chemical, and biological sectors. Each metal is holding unique optical properties that can be utilized to synthesize metallic nanoparticles. At present, versatile nanoparticles were synthesized through chemical and biological methods. Metallic nanoparticles pose numerous scientific merits and have promising industrial applications. But concerning the pros and cons of metallic nanoparticle synthesis methods, researchers elevate to drive the synthesis process of nanoparticles through the utilization of plant resources as a substitute for use of chemicals and reagents under the theme of green chemistry. These synthesized nanoparticles exhibit superior antimicrobial, anticancer, larvicidal, leishmaniasis, wound healing, antioxidant, and as a sensor. Therefore, the utilization of such conceptualized nanoparticles in treating infectious and environmental applications is a warranted one.

CONCLUSION

Green chemistry is a keen prudence method, in which bioresources is used as a template for the synthesis of nanoparticles. Therefore, in this review, we exclusively update the context of plant-based metallic nanoparticle synthesis, characterization, and applications in detailed coverage. Hopefully, our review will be modernizing the recent trends going on in metallic nanoparticles synthesis for the blooming research fraternities.

The potential antimalarial efficacy of hemocompatible silver nanoparticles from Artemisia species against P. falciparum parasite

Malaria represents one of the most common infectious diseases which becoming an impellent public health problem worldwide. Antimalarial classical medications include quinine-based drugs, like chloroquine, and artesunate, a derivative of artemisinin, a molecule found in the plant Artemisia annua. Such therapeutics are very effective but show heavy side effects like drug resistance. In this study, "green" silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been prepared from two Artemisia species (A. abrotanum and A. arborescens), traditionally used in folk medicine as a remedy for different conditions, and their potential antimalarial efficacy have been assessed. AgNPs have been characterized by UV-Vis, dynamic light scattering and zeta potential, FTIR, XRD, TEM and EDX. The structural characterization has demonstrated the spheroidal shape of nanoparticles and dimensions under 50 nm, useful for biomedical studies. Zeta potential analysis have shown the stability and dispersion of green AgNPs in aqueous medium without aggregation. AgNPs hemocompatibility and antimalarial activity have been studied in Plasmodium falciparum cultures in in vitro experiments. The antiplasmodial effect has been assessed using increasing doses of AgNPs (0.6 to 7.5 μg/mL) on parasitized red blood cells (pRBCs). Obtained data showed that the hemocompatibility of AgNPs is related to their synthetic route and depends on the administered dose. A. abrotanum-AgNPs (1) have shown the lowest percentage of hemolytic activity on pRBCs, underlining their hemocompatibility. These results are in accordance with the lower levels of parasitemia observed after A. abrotanum-AgNPs (1) treatment respect to A. arborescens-AgNPs (2), and AgNPs (3) derived from a classical chemical synthesis. Moreover, after 24 and 48 hours of A. abrotanum-AgNPs (1) treatment, the parasite growth was locked in the ring stage, evidencing the effect of these nanoparticles to hinder the maturation of P. falciparum. The anti-malarial activity of A. abrotanum-AgNPs (1) on pRBCs was demonstrated to be higher than that of A. arborescens-AgNPs (2).

Approaches to synthesize MgO nanostructures for diverse applications

Magnesium oxide remained interesting from long time for several important phenomena like; defect induced magnetism, spin electron reflectivity, broad laser emission etc. Moreover, nanostructures of this material exhibited suitability for different kinds of applications ranging from wastewater treatment to spintronics depending upon their shape and size. In this way, researchers had grown nanostructures in the form of nanoparticles, thin films, nanotubes, nanowalls, nanobelts. Though nanoparticles and thin films are well known form of nanostructures and wide variety of synthesis approaches are available, however, limited methodology for other nanostructures are available. In order to grow these nanostructures in an optimized way an understanding of these methods is essential. Thus, this review article depicts an overview of various approaches for design of different kinds of nanostructures.