1
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Mutoh K, Abe J. Fast photochromism of helicene-bridged imidazole dimers. Chem Sci 2024; 15:13343-13350. [PMID: 39183935 PMCID: PMC11339945 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03578j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The unique optical and magnetic properties of organic biradicaloids on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are of fundamental interest in the development of novel organic optoelectronic materials. Open-shell π-conjugated molecules with helicity have recently attracted a great deal of attention due to the magnetic-field-dependence and spin-selectivity arising from the combination of helical chirality and electron spins. However, the molecular design for helical biradicaloids is limited due to the thermal instability and high reactivity. Herein, we achieved fast photochromic reactions and reversible photo-generation of biradical species using helicene-bridged imidazole dimers. A [9]helicene-bridged imidazole dimer exhibits reversible photochromism upon UV light irradiation. The transient species produced reversibly by UV light irradiation exhibited ESR spectra with a fine structure characteristic of a triplet radical pair, indicating the reversible generation of the biradical. The half-life of the thermal recombination reaction of the biradical was estimated to be 29 ms at 298 K. Conversely, a substantial activation energy barrier was confirmed for the intramolecular recombination reaction in the [7]helicene-bridged imidazole dimer, attributed to the extended pitch length of [7]helicene. The temperature dependence of the thermal back reactions revealed that the [7]helicene and [9]helicene moieties functioned as 'soft' and 'hard' molecular bridges, respectively. These findings pave the way for future advances in the development of photoswitchable helical biradicaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Mutoh
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University Sagamihara Kanagawa 252-5258 Japan
| | - Jiro Abe
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University Sagamihara Kanagawa 252-5258 Japan
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2
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Mishra S, Vilas-Varela M, Lieske LA, Ortiz R, Fatayer S, Rončević I, Albrecht F, Frederiksen T, Peña D, Gross L. Bistability between π-diradical open-shell and closed-shell states in indeno[1,2-a]fluorene. Nat Chem 2024; 16:755-761. [PMID: 38332330 PMCID: PMC11087267 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01431-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Indenofluorenes are non-benzenoid conjugated hydrocarbons that have received great interest owing to their unusual electronic structure and potential applications in nonlinear optics and photovoltaics. Here we report the generation of unsubstituted indeno[1,2-a]fluorene on various surfaces by the cleavage of two C-H bonds in 7,12-dihydroindeno[1,2-a]fluorene through voltage pulses applied by the tip of a combined scanning tunnelling microscope and atomic force microscope. On bilayer NaCl on Au(111), indeno[1,2-a]fluorene is in the neutral charge state, but it exhibits charge bistability between neutral and anionic states on the lower-workfunction surfaces of bilayer NaCl on Ag(111) and Cu(111). In the neutral state, indeno[1,2-a]fluorene exhibits one of two ground states: an open-shell π-diradical state, predicted to be a triplet by density functional and multireference many-body perturbation theory calculations, or a closed-shell state with a para-quinodimethane moiety in the as-indacene core. We observe switching between open- and closed-shell states of a single molecule by changing its adsorption site on NaCl.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Vilas-Varela
- Center for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials (CiQUS) and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Ricardo Ortiz
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Shadi Fatayer
- Applied Physics Program, Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Igor Rončević
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Thomas Frederiksen
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Diego Peña
- Center for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials (CiQUS) and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Leo Gross
- IBM Research Europe - Zurich, Rüschlikon, Switzerland.
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3
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Hollister KK, Molino A, Jones N, Le VV, Dickie DA, Cafiso DS, Wilson DJD, Gilliard RJ. Unlocking Biradical Character in Diborepins. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6506-6515. [PMID: 38420913 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Systems that possess open- and closed-shell behavior attract significant attention from researchers due to their inherent redox and charge transport properties. Herein, we report the synthesis of the first diborepin biradicals. They display tunable biradical character based on the steric and electronic profile of the stabilizing ligand and the resulting geometric deviation of the diborepin core from planarity. While there are numerous all-carbon-based biradical systems, boron-based biradical compounds are comparatively rare, particularly ones in which the radical sites are disjointed. Calculations using density functional theory (DFT) and multireference methods demonstrate that the fused diborepin scaffold exhibits high biradical character, up to 95%. Use of a nonsterically demanding diaminocarbene promotes the planarization of the pentacyclic framework, resulting in the synthetic realization of a diborepin containing a dibora-quinoidal core, which possesses a closed-shell ground state and thermally accessible triplet state. The biradicals were structurally authenticated and characterized by both solution and solid-state electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Half-field transitions were observed at low temperatures (about 170 K), confirming the presence of the triplet state. Initial reactivity studies of the biradicals led to the isolation and structural characterization of bis(borepin hydride) and bis(borepin dianion).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly K Hollister
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Building 18-596, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, United States
| | - Andrew Molino
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nula Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - VuongVy V Le
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Diane A Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - David S Cafiso
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - David J D Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert J Gilliard
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Building 18-596, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, United States
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4
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Shen L, Gao X, Chang Z, Zhang C, Li Y, Lu J, Meng Q, Wu Q. Sufficient driving force for quinoidal isoindigo-based diradicaloids with tunable diradical characters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:2529-2538. [PMID: 38170813 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05199d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Stable organic π-conjugated diradcialoids with tunable diradical characters can profoundly affect emerging technology. Over the past years, great efforts have been devoted to studying the structure-diradical character relationship in diradicaloids. Herein, a series of quinoidal isoindigo (IID) compounds with different attached terminal end groups were designed. Detailed analysis focuses on elucidating the driving force for evoking and enhancing the diradical character in the quinoidal IID systems. The arylene units of the IID core and the bridged aromatic units determine the contribution of the open-shell diradical form in the ground state. Diradical character y0 correlates well with bond length alternation (BLA), the total HOMA, and the total NICS(1)zz, and it is tuned by bridged aromatic units and terminal end groups in symmetric systems. The zwitterionic character weakens the diradical character in asymmetric systems to different extents. This work contributes to the deep understanding of evoking and enhancing the diradical character in quinoidal IID-based diradcialoids, providing useful guidelines to produce new molecules with desirable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shen
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Chemistry, Weifang University, Weifang, 261061, China.
| | - Xiaobo Gao
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Chemistry, Weifang University, Weifang, 261061, China.
| | - Zhanqing Chang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Chemistry, Weifang University, Weifang, 261061, China.
| | - Changhao Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Chemistry, Weifang University, Weifang, 261061, China.
| | - Yue Li
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Chemistry, Weifang University, Weifang, 261061, China.
| | - Jitao Lu
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Chemistry, Weifang University, Weifang, 261061, China.
| | - Qingguo Meng
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Chemistry, Weifang University, Weifang, 261061, China.
| | - Qian Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Chemistry, Weifang University, Weifang, 261061, China.
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5
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Berdonces-Layunta A, Matěj A, Jiménez-Martín A, Lawrence J, Mohammed MSG, Wang T, Mallada B, de la Torre B, Martínez A, Vilas-Varela M, Nieman R, Lischka H, Nachtigallová D, Peña D, Jelínek P, de Oteyza DG. The effect of water on gold supported chiral graphene nanoribbons: rupture of conjugation by an alternating hydrogenation pattern. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:734-741. [PMID: 38086686 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr02933f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
In the last few years we have observed a breakpoint in the development of graphene-derived technologies, such as liquid phase filtering and their application to electronics. In most of these cases, they imply exposure of the material to solvents and ambient moisture, either in the fabrication of the material or the final device. The present study demonstrates the sensitivity of graphene nanoribbon (GNR) zigzag edges to water, even in extremely low concentrations. We have addressed the unique reactivity of (3,1)-chiral GNR with moisture on Au(111). Water shows a reductive behaviour, hydrogenating the central carbon of the zigzag segments. By combining scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) with simulations, we demonstrate how their reactivity reaches a thermodynamic limit when half of the unit cells are reduced, resulting in an alternating pattern of hydrogenated and pristine unit cells starting from the terminal segments. Once a quasi-perfect alternation is reached, the reaction stops regardless of the water concentration. The hydrogenated segments limit the electronic conjugation of the GNR, but the reduction can be reversed both by tip manipulation and annealing. Selective tip-induced dehydrogenation allowed the stabilization of radical states at the edges of the ribbons, while the annealing of the sample completely recovered the original, pristine GNR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Berdonces-Layunta
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain.
- Centro de Fisica de Materiales, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Adam Matěj
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 16200 Prague, Czech Republic.
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacky University, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alejandro Jiménez-Martín
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 16200 Prague, Czech Republic.
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacky University, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Brehova 7, Prague 1 115 19, Czech Republic
| | - James Lawrence
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain.
- Centro de Fisica de Materiales, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Mohammed S G Mohammed
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain.
- Centro de Fisica de Materiales, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Tao Wang
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain.
- Centro de Fisica de Materiales, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Benjamin Mallada
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 16200 Prague, Czech Republic.
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacky University, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Bruno de la Torre
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacky University, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Adrián Martínez
- Centro Singular de Investigacion en Quimica Bioloxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), and Departamento de Quimica Organica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Vilas-Varela
- Centro Singular de Investigacion en Quimica Bioloxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), and Departamento de Quimica Organica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Reed Nieman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061, USA
| | - Hans Lischka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061, USA
| | - Dana Nachtigallová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 16000 Prague, Czech Republic
- IT4Innovations, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, Ostrava-Poruba 70800, Czech Republic
| | - Diego Peña
- Centro Singular de Investigacion en Quimica Bioloxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), and Departamento de Quimica Organica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Pavel Jelínek
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 16200 Prague, Czech Republic.
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacky University, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Dimas G de Oteyza
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain.
- Centro de Fisica de Materiales, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN), CSIC-UNIOVI-PA, 33940 El Entrego, Spain.
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6
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Zhang H, Lu J, Zhao XJ, Li B, Zhou H, Zhang Y, Niu G, Fu B, Gao L, Tan YZ, Cai J. Length-Dependent Magnetic Evolution of Anthenes on Au(111). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202315216. [PMID: 37933811 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanographenes with zigzag edges, for example, anthenes, exhibit a unique nonbonding π-electron state, which can be described as a spin-polarized edge state that yields specific magnetic ground state. However, prior researches on the magnetism of anthenes with varying lengths on a surface is lacking. This study systematically fabricated anthenes with inherent zigzag carbon atoms of different lengths ranging from bisanthene to hexanthene. Their magnetic evolution on the Au(111) surface was analyzed through bond-resolved scanning probe techniques and density functional theory calculations. The analyses revealed a transition in magnetic properties associated with the length of the anthenes, arising from the imbalance between hybridization energy and the Coulomb repulsion between valence electrons. With the increasing length of the anthenes, the ground state transforms gradually from a closed-shell to an antiferromagnetic open-shell singlet, exhibiting a weak exchange coupling of 4 meV and a charge transfer-induced doublet. Therefore, this study formulated a chemically tunable platform to explore size-dependent π magnetism at the atomic scale, providing a framework for research in organic spintronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Jianchen Lu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Xin-Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Baijin Li
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Hangjing Zhou
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Gefei Niu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Boyu Fu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yuan-Zhi Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jinming Cai
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
- Southwest United Graduate School, Kunming, 650093, China
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7
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Abdurahman A, Shen L, Wang J, Niu M, Li P, Peng Q, Wang J, Lu G. A highly efficient open-shell singlet luminescent diradical with strong magnetoluminescence properties. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:272. [PMID: 37963871 PMCID: PMC10645991 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01314-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Developing open-shell singlet (OS) diradicals with high luminescent properties and exceptional single-molecule magnetoluminescence (ML) performance is extremely challenging. Herein, we propose a concept to enhance luminescent efficiency by adjusting the donor conjugation of OS diradicals, thereby achieving a highly luminescent diradical, DR1, with outstanding stability and making it a viable option for use in the emitting layer of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). More importantly, the 0.5 wt%-DR1 doped film demonstrates significant single-molecule magnetoluminescence (ML) properties. A giant ML value of 210% is achieved at a magnetic field of 7 T, showing the great potential of DR1 in magneto-optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alim Abdurahman
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Qianjin Avenue 2699, Changchun, 130012, China.
| | - Li Shen
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Chemistry, Weifang University, Weifang, 261061, China
| | - Jingmin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Meiling Niu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Ping Li
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qiming Peng
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Jianpu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Geyu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Qianjin Avenue 2699, Changchun, 130012, China.
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8
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Medina-Lopez D, Liu T, Osella S, Levy-Falk H, Rolland N, Elias C, Huber G, Ticku P, Rondin L, Jousselme B, Beljonne D, Lauret JS, Campidelli S. Interplay of structure and photophysics of individualized rod-shaped graphene quantum dots with up to 132 sp² carbon atoms. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4728. [PMID: 37550308 PMCID: PMC10406913 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40376-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanographene materials are promising building blocks for the growing field of low-dimensional materials for optics, electronics and biophotonics applications. In particular, bottom-up synthesized 0D graphene quantum dots show great potential as single quantum emitters. To fully exploit their exciting properties, the graphene quantum dots must be of high purity; the key parameter for efficient purification being the solubility of the starting materials. Here, we report the synthesis of a family of highly soluble and easily processable rod-shaped graphene quantum dots with fluorescence quantum yields up to 94%. This is uncommon for a red emission. The high solubility is directly related to the design of the structure, allowing for an accurate description of the photophysical properties of the graphene quantum dots both in solution and at the single molecule level. These photophysical properties were fully predicted by quantum-chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Medina-Lopez
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Thomas Liu
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, ENS Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, LuMIn, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Silvio Osella
- Chemical and Biological Systems Simulation Lab, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2C, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hugo Levy-Falk
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, ENS Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, LuMIn, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Nicolas Rolland
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Christine Elias
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, ENS Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, LuMIn, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Gaspard Huber
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LSDRM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pranav Ticku
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, ENS Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, LuMIn, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Loïc Rondin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, ENS Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, LuMIn, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Bruno Jousselme
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Jean-Sébastien Lauret
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, ENS Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, LuMIn, 91400, Orsay, France.
| | - Stephane Campidelli
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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9
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Abdurahman A, Wang J, Zhao Y, Li P, Shen L, Peng Q. A Highly Stable Organic Luminescent Diradical. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300772. [PMID: 36781392 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
It is very challenging to obtain stable room-temperature luminescent open-shell singlet diradicals. Herein we report the first stable Müller's hydrocarbon TTM-PhTTM with luminescent properties. Variable-temperature electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements and theoretical calculations show that TTM-PhTTM has an open-shell singlet ground state with a diradical character of 90 %. Because of a small singlet-triplet energy gap, the open-shell singlet ground state can be thermally excited to a triplet state. TTM-PhTTM shows room-temperature deep-red emission in various solutions. Unusually high stability of TTM-PhTTM was also observed owing to effective steric hindrance and spin delocalization. Our results are beneficial to the rational design and discovery of more stable luminescent diradical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alim Abdurahman
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Qianjin Avenue 2699, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Jingmin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yihan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Avenue 2699, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Ping Li
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Li Shen
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Chemistry, Weifang University, Weifang, 261061, China
| | - Qiming Peng
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
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10
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Lawrence J, Berdonces-Layunta A, Edalatmanesh S, Castro-Esteban J, Wang T, Jimenez-Martin A, de la Torre B, Castrillo-Bodero R, Angulo-Portugal P, Mohammed MSG, Matěj A, Vilas-Varela M, Schiller F, Corso M, Jelinek P, Peña D, de Oteyza DG. Circumventing the stability problems of graphene nanoribbon zigzag edges. Nat Chem 2022; 14:1451-1458. [PMID: 36163268 PMCID: PMC10665199 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01042-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanostructures with zigzag edges exhibit unique properties-such as localized electronic states and spins-with exciting potential applications. Such nanostructures however are generally synthesized under vacuum because their zigzag edges are unstable under ambient conditions: a barrier that must be surmounted to achieve their scalable integration into devices for practical purposes. Here we show two chemical protection/deprotection strategies, demonstrated on labile, air-sensitive chiral graphene nanoribbons. Upon hydrogenation, the chiral graphene nanoribbons survive exposure to air, after which they are easily converted back to their original structure by annealing. We also approach the problem from another angle by synthesizing a form of the chiral graphene nanoribbons that is functionalized with ketone side groups. This oxidized form is chemically stable and can be converted to the pristine hydrocarbon form by hydrogenation and annealing. In both cases, the deprotected chiral graphene nanoribbons regain electronic properties similar to those of the pristine nanoribbons. We believe both approaches may be extended to other graphene nanoribbons and carbon-based nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Lawrence
- Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales (MPC), CSIC-UPV/EHU, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Alejandro Berdonces-Layunta
- Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales (MPC), CSIC-UPV/EHU, San Sebastián, Spain
| | | | - Jesús Castro-Esteban
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Tao Wang
- Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales (MPC), CSIC-UPV/EHU, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Alejandro Jimenez-Martin
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bruno de la Torre
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Mohammed S G Mohammed
- Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales (MPC), CSIC-UPV/EHU, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Adam Matěj
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Manuel Vilas-Varela
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Frederik Schiller
- Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales (MPC), CSIC-UPV/EHU, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Martina Corso
- Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales (MPC), CSIC-UPV/EHU, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Pavel Jelinek
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Diego Peña
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Dimas G de Oteyza
- Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastián, Spain.
- Centro de Física de Materiales (MPC), CSIC-UPV/EHU, San Sebastián, Spain.
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN), CSIC-UNIOVI-PA, El Entrego, Spain.
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11
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de Oteyza DG, Frederiksen T. Carbon-based nanostructures as a versatile platform for tunable π-magnetism. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:443001. [PMID: 35977474 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac8a7f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Emergence ofπ-magnetism in open-shell nanographenes has been theoretically predicted decades ago but their experimental characterization was elusive due to the strong chemical reactivity that makes their synthesis and stabilization difficult. In recent years, on-surface synthesis under vacuum conditions has provided unprecedented opportunities for atomically precise engineering of nanographenes, which in combination with scanning probe techniques have led to a substantial progress in our capabilities to realize localized electron spin states and to control electron spin interactions at the atomic scale. Here we review the essential concepts and the remarkable advances in the last few years, and outline the versatility of carbon-basedπ-magnetic materials as an interesting platform for applications in spintronics and quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimas G de Oteyza
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN), CSIC-UNIOVI-PA, E-33940 El Entrego, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC)-UPV/EHU, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Thomas Frederiksen
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC)-UPV/EHU, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48013 Bilbao, Spain
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12
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Čavlović D, Häussinger D, Blacque O, Ravat P, Juríček M. Nonacethrene Unchained: A Cascade to Chiral Contorted Conjugated Hydrocarbon with Two sp 3-Defects. JACS AU 2022; 2:1616-1626. [PMID: 35911448 PMCID: PMC9326821 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that structurally complex carbon nanostructures can be achieved via a synthetic approach that capitalizes on a π-radical reaction cascade. The cascade is triggered by oxidation of a dihydro precursor of helical diradicaloid nonacethrene to give a chiral contorted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon named hypercethrene. In this ten-electron oxidation process, four σ-bonds, one π-bond, and three six-membered rings are formed in a sequence of up to nine steps to yield a 72-carbon-atom warped framework, comprising two configurationally locked [7]helicene units, a fluorescent peropyrene unit, and two precisely installed sp3-defects. The key intermediate in this cascade is a closed nonacethrene derivative with one quaternary sp3-center, presumably formed via an electrocyclic ring closure of nonacethrene, which, when activated by oxidation, undergoes a reaction cascade analogous to the oxidative dimerization of phenalenyl to peropyrene. By controlling the amount of oxidant used, two intermediates and one side product could be isolated and fully characterized, including single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, and two intermediates were detected by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. In concert with density functional theory calculations, these intermediates support the proposed reaction mechanism. Compared to peropyrene, the absorption and emission of hypercethrene are slightly red-shifted on account of extended π-conjugation and the fluorescence quantum yield of 0.45 is decreased by a factor of ∼2. Enantiomerically enriched hypercethrene displays circularly polarized luminescence with a brightness value of 8.3 M-1 cm-1. Our results show that reactions of graphene-based π-radicals-typically considered an "undefined decomposition" of non-zero-spin materials-can be well-defined and selective, and have potential to be transformed into a step-economic synthetic method toward complex carbon nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Čavlović
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Häussinger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Blacque
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Prince Ravat
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michal Juríček
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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13
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Nakatani K, Higashi M, Sato H. Extraction of local spin-coupled states by second quantized operators. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:014112. [PMID: 35803792 DOI: 10.1063/5.0092834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a methodology for analyzing chemical bonds embedded in the electronic wave function of molecules, especially in terms of spin correlations or so-called "local spin." In this paper, based on biorthogonal second quantization, the spin correlation functions of molecules are naturally introduced, which enables us to extract local singlet and local triplet elements from the wave function. We also clarify the relationship between these spin correlations and traditional chemical concepts, i.e., resonance structures. Several chemical reactions, including the intramolecular radical cyclization and the formation of preoxetane, are demonstrated to verify the analysis method numerically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaho Nakatani
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiro Higashi
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sato
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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14
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Sheka EF. Virtual Vibrational Spectrometry of Stable Radicals-Necklaced Graphene Molecules. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:597. [PMID: 35214926 PMCID: PMC8877590 DOI: 10.3390/nano12040597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The article presents results of an extended virtual experiment on graphene molecules performed using the virtual vibrational spectrometer HF Spectrodyn that exploits semiempirical Hartree-Fock approximation. The molecules are composed of flat graphene domains surrounded with heteroatom necklaces. Not existing individually, these molecules are met in practice as basic structure units of complex multilevel structure of all sp2 amorphous carbons. This circumstance deprives the solids' in vitro spectroscopy of revealing the individual character of basic structural elements, and in silico spectrometry fills this shortcoming. The obtained virtual vibrational spectra allow for drawing first conclusions about the specific features of the vibrational dynamics of the necklaced graphene molecules, caused by spatial structure and packing of their graphene domains as well as by chemical composition of the relevant necklaces. As shown, IR absorption spectra of the molecules are strongly necklace dependent, once becoming a distinct spectral signature of the amorphous body origin. Otherwise, Raman spectra are a spectral mark of the graphene domain's size and packing, thus disclosing the mystery of their universal D-G-band standard related to graphene-containing materials of various origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena F Sheka
- Institute of Physical Research and Technologies, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
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15
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Ajayakumar MR, Ma J, Feng X. π‐Extended peri‐Acenes: Recent Progress in Synthesis and Characterization. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Ajayakumar
- Dresden University of Technology: Technische Universitat Dresden Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry Dresden GERMANY
| | - Ji Ma
- Dresden University of Technology: Technische Universitat Dresden Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry 01069 Dresden GERMANY
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Technische Universitaet Dresden Chair for Molecular Functional Materials Mommsenstrasse 4 01062 Dresden GERMANY
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16
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Mutoh K, Toshimitsu S, Kobayashi Y, Abe J. Dynamic Spin-Spin Interaction Observed as Interconversion of Chemical Bonds in Stepwise Two-Photon Induced Photochromic Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:13917-13928. [PMID: 34427084 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Biradicaloids in π-conjugated organic molecules have been extensively studied in recent years because of the fundamental insights into the chemical bonds and unique optical, electrical, and magnetic properties. Several studies have reported that the spin-spin interactions of biradicaloids with flexible molecular frameworks dynamically evolve correlating with molecular structural changes. Although these dynamic behaviors will provide important insights into the relationship between molecular structures and spin properties, studies on such behaviors have been limited to two-spin systems. Here, we investigated the stepwise photochromic properties of biphotochromic molecules involving multiple spin interactions by double-pulse laser flash photolysis. The one-photon photochromic reaction generates the o-biradical form as the open-closed form, which thermally isomerizes to the o-quinoidal form and reaches the thermal equilibrium state between them. The additional absorption of a photon by the open-closed form leads to the photochromic reaction of the other photochromic unit, resulting in the generation of unpaired spins at the p-position of the central aromatic bridge of the biradical or quinoidal form. Under the situation, while the interaction between the unpaired spins and the o-biradical preferentially produces the p-quinoidal form in which the antiferromagnetic interaction at the p-position is dominant, that between the spins and the o-quinoidal form kinetically produces the bis(o-quinoidal) form followed by the thermal isomerization to the thermodynamically stable p-quinoidal form. These dynamic spin-spin interactions along with the rearrangement of chemical bonds will give a deeper understanding of the singlet biradicaloids and that to bridge organic multiradicals in molecular systems to cooperative spin behaviors in bulk materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Mutoh
- Department of Chemistry, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
| | - Shota Toshimitsu
- Department of Chemistry, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
| | - Yoichi Kobayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Jiro Abe
- Department of Chemistry, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
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17
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Nishijima M, Mutoh K, Abe J. A Qualitative Measure of Diradical Character Based on Radical–Radical Coupling Reaction. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.210267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moe Nishijima
- Department of Chemistry, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
| | - Katsuya Mutoh
- Department of Chemistry, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
| | - Jiro Abe
- Department of Chemistry, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
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18
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Ajayakumar MR, Ma J, Lucotti A, Schellhammer KS, Serra G, Dmitrieva E, Rosenkranz M, Komber H, Liu J, Ortmann F, Tommasini M, Feng X. Persistent peri-Heptacene: Synthesis and In Situ Characterization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13853-13858. [PMID: 33848044 PMCID: PMC8251907 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
n‐peri‐Acenes (n‐PAs) have gained interest as model systems of zigzag‐edged graphene nanoribbons for potential applications in nanoelectronics and spintronics. However, the synthesis of n‐PAs larger than peri‐tetracene remains challenging because of their intrinsic open‐shell character and high reactivity. Presented here is the synthesis of a hitherto unknown n‐PA, that is, peri‐heptacene (7‐PA), in which the reactive zigzag edges are kinetically protected with eight 4‐tBu‐C6H4 groups. The formation of 7‐PA is validated by high‐resolution mass spectrometry and in situ FT‐Raman spectroscopy. 7‐PA displays a narrow optical energy gap of 1.01 eV and exhibits persistent stability (t1/2≈25 min) under inert conditions. Moreover, electron‐spin resonance measurements and theoretical studies reveal that 7‐PA exhibits an open‐shell feature and a significant tetraradical character. This strategy could be considered a modular approach for the construction of next‐generation (3 N+1)‐PAs (where N≥3).
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Ajayakumar
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ji Ma
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrea Lucotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Karl Sebastian Schellhammer
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 18, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gianluca Serra
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Evgenia Dmitrieva
- Center of Spectroelectrochemistry, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW), Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marco Rosenkranz
- Center of Spectroelectrochemistry, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW), Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz-Institut for Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Junzhi Liu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, 999077, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Frank Ortmann
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 18, 01069, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Matteo Tommasini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
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19
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Ajayakumar MR, Ma J, Lucotti A, Schellhammer KS, Serra G, Dmitrieva E, Rosenkranz M, Komber H, Liu J, Ortmann F, Tommasini M, Feng X. Persistent
peri
‐Heptacene: Synthesis and In Situ Characterization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Ajayakumar
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry Technische Universität Dresden Mommsenstrasse 4 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Ji Ma
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry Technische Universität Dresden Mommsenstrasse 4 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Andrea Lucotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta” Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Karl Sebastian Schellhammer
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden Technische Universität Dresden Helmholtzstraße 18 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Gianluca Serra
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta” Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Evgenia Dmitrieva
- Center of Spectroelectrochemistry Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Helmholtzstraße 20 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Marco Rosenkranz
- Center of Spectroelectrochemistry Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Helmholtzstraße 20 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz-Institut for Polymerforschung Dresden e. V. Hohe Straße 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Junzhi Liu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry Technische Universität Dresden Mommsenstrasse 4 01062 Dresden Germany
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road 999077 Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Frank Ortmann
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden Technische Universität Dresden Helmholtzstraße 18 01069 Dresden Germany
- Department of Chemistry Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstr. 4 85748 Garching b. München Germany
| | - Matteo Tommasini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta” Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry Technische Universität Dresden Mommsenstrasse 4 01062 Dresden Germany
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20
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Konishi A, Horii K, Iwasa H, Okada Y, Kishi R, Nakano M, Yasuda M. Characterization of Benzo[a]naphtho[2,3-f]pentalene: Interrelation between Open-shell and Antiaromatic Characters Governed by Mode of the Quinoidal Subunit and Molecular Symmetry. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:1553-1561. [PMID: 33861497 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The singlet open-shell character and antiaromaticity are intriguing features in π-conjugated carbocycles. These two exhibit similar chemical and physical properties. However, they rarely coexist in the same molecule. Understanding the interrelation between the open-shell and antiaromatic characteristics in the same molecule is crucial to control the electronic properties. Herein we describe the synthesis and characterization of a new member of diareno[a,f]pentalene, benzo[a]naphtho[2,3-f]pentalene 6. Unlike its isomer 5 with a closed-shell ground state, 6 exhibits an appreciable open-shell character and a moderate antiaromatic feature. The behaviors of the open-shell index (y0 ) against the difference of the proton chemical signal (Δδ(H1 )) between pentalenide dianions/neutral pentalenes for our reported pentalenes 1, 4, 5, and 6 give a thought-provoking conclusion about the interrelation between open-shell and antiaromatic characteristics in this series. The mode of the incorporated quinoidal moiety and the formal molecular symmetry are critical to balance these two characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Konishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Center for Atomic and Molecular Technologies, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koki Horii
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Haruna Iwasa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yui Okada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan.,Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (QIQB-OTRI), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan.,Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (QIQB-OTRI), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Center for Spintronics Research Network (CSRN), Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Makoto Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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21
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Berdonces-Layunta A, Lawrence J, Edalatmanesh S, Castro-Esteban J, Wang T, Mohammed MSG, Colazzo L, Peña D, Jelínek P, de Oteyza DG. Chemical Stability of (3,1)-Chiral Graphene Nanoribbons. ACS NANO 2021; 15:5610-5617. [PMID: 33656868 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured graphene has been widely studied in recent years due to the tunability of its electronic properties and its associated interest for a variety of fields, such as nanoelectronics and spintronics. However, many of the graphene nanostructures of technological interest are synthesized under ultrahigh vacuum, and their limited stability as they are brought out of such an inert environment may compromise their applicability. In this study, a combination of bond-resolving scanning probe microscopy (BR-SPM), along with theoretical calculations, has been employed to study (3,1)-chiral graphene nanoribbons [(3,1)-chGNRs] that were synthesized on a Au(111) surface and then exposed to oxidizing environments. Exposure to the ambient atmosphere, along with the required annealing treatment to desorb a sufficiently large fraction of contaminants to allow for its postexposure analysis by BR-SPM, revealed a significant oxidation of the ribbons, with a dramatically disruptive effect on their electronic properties. More controlled experiments avoiding high temperatures and exposing the ribbons only to low pressures of pure oxygen show that also under these more gentle conditions the ribbons are oxidized. From these results, we obtain additional insights into the preferential reaction sites and the nature of the main defects that are caused by oxygen. We conclude that graphene nanoribbons with zigzag edge segments require forms of protection before they can be used in or transferred through ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Berdonces-Layunta
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - James Lawrence
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Shayan Edalatmanesh
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 16200 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jesús Castro-Esteban
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Tao Wang
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Mohammed S G Mohammed
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Luciano Colazzo
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Diego Peña
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Pavel Jelínek
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 16200 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dimas G de Oteyza
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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22
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Fei Y, Fu Y, Bai X, Du L, Li Z, Komber H, Low KH, Zhou S, Phillips DL, Feng X, Liu J. Defective Nanographenes Containing Seven-Five-Seven (7-5-7)-Membered Rings. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:2353-2360. [PMID: 33502182 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Defects have been observed in graphene and are expected to play a key role in its optical, electronic, and magnetic properties. However, because most of the studies focused on the structural characterization, the implications of topological defects on the physicochemical properties of graphene remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate a bottom-up synthesis of three novel nanographenes (1-3) with well-defined defects in which seven-five-seven (7-5-7)-membered rings were introduced to their sp2 carbon frameworks. From the X-ray crystallographic analysis, compound 1 adopts a nearly planar structure. Compound 2, with an additional five-membered ring compared to 1, possesses a slightly saddle-shaped geometry. Compound 3, which can be regarded as the "head-to-head" fusion of 1 with two bonds, features two saddles connected together. The resultant defective nanographenes 1-3 were well-investigated by UV-vis absorption, cyclic voltammetry, and time-resolved absorption spectra and further corroborated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Detailed experimental and theoretical investigations elucidate that these three nanographenes 1-3 exhibit an anti-aromatic character in their ground states and display a high stability under ambient conditions, which contrast with the reported unstable biradicaloid nanographenes that contain heptagons. Our work reported herein offers insights into the understanding of structure-related properties and enables the control of the electronic structures of expanded nanographenes with atomically precise defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Fei
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, 999077 Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Yubin Fu
- Centre for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CFAED), Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Xueqin Bai
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, 999077 Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Lili Du
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, 999077 Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Zichao Li
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kam-Hung Low
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, 999077 Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Shengqiang Zhou
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - David Lee Phillips
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, 999077 Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Centre for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CFAED), Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Junzhi Liu
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, 999077 Hong Kong, P. R. China
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23
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Fang Y, Sun Q, Chen X, Qiu Y, Chen C, Wang L, Zhao Y, Su Y, Li T, Zhang L, Wang X. Rational design and syntheses of aniline-based diradical dications: isolable congeners of quinodimethane diradicals. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01265c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two-electron oxidation of five aniline-based compounds 4,4′′-p/m-terphenyldiamines afforded the first isolable aniline-based diradical dications 12+–52+.
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24
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Wäckerlin C, Gallardo A, Mairena A, Baljozović M, Cahlík A, Antalík A, Brabec J, Veis L, Nachtigallová D, Jelínek P, Ernst KH. On-Surface Hydrogenation of Buckybowls: From Curved Aromatic Molecules to Planar Non-Kekulé Aromatic Hydrocarbons. ACS NANO 2020; 14:16735-16742. [PMID: 32687321 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c04488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Functionalization of surfaces with derivatives of Buckminsterfullerene fragment molecules seems to be a promising approach toward bottom-up fabrication of carbon nanotube modified electrode surfaces. The modification of a Cu(100) surface with molecules of the buckybowl pentaindenocorannulene has been studied by means of scanning tunneling microscopy, carbon monoxide-modified noncontact atomic force microscopy, time-of-flight secondary mass spectrometry, and quantum chemical calculations. Two different adsorbate modes are identified, in which the majority is oriented such that the bowl cavity points away from the surface and the convex side is partially immersed into a four-atom vacancy in the Cu(100) surface. A minority is oriented such that the convex side points away from the surface with the five benzo tabs oriented basically parallel to the surface. Thermal annealing leads to hydrogenation and planarization of the molecules in two steps under specific C-C bond cleavage. The benzo tabs of the convex side up species serve as a hydrogen source. The final product has an open-shell electron structure that is quenched on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wäckerlin
- Surface Science and Coating Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Aurelio Gallardo
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00 Praha 6, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Anaïs Mairena
- Surface Science and Coating Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Miloš Baljozović
- Surface Science and Coating Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Aleš Cahlík
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00 Praha 6, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Břehová 78/7, 115 19 Praha 1, Czech Republic
| | - Andrej Antalík
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. Dolejškova 3, 18223 Praha 8, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Brabec
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. Dolejškova 3, 18223 Praha 8, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Veis
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. Dolejškova 3, 18223 Praha 8, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Nachtigallová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo nam. 2, 16610 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Jelínek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Karl-Heinz Ernst
- Surface Science and Coating Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00 Praha 6, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00 Praha 6, Czech Republic
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25
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Ershova IV, Piskunov AV, Cherkasov VK. Complexes of diamagnetic cations with radical anion ligands. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Tani F, Narita M, Murafuji T. Helicene Radicals: Molecules Bearing a Combination of Helical Chirality and Unpaired Electron Spin. Chempluschem 2020; 85:2093-2104. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumito Tani
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Masahiro Narita
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Toshihiro Murafuji
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation Yamaguchi University Yamaguchi 753-8512 Japan
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27
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Xiang L, Liu X, He Y, Zhang K. Eye-Readable Dynamic Covalent Click Reaction and Its Application in Polymer Synthesis. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lue Xiang
- Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xianfeng Liu
- Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuxiang He
- Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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28
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Corso M, de Oteyza DG. Topological engineering for metallic polymers. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 15:421-423. [PMID: 32313218 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-020-0667-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Corso
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Dimas G de Oteyza
- Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastián, Spain.
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
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29
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Yuan B, Li C, Zhao Y, Gröning O, Zhou X, Zhang P, Guan D, Li Y, Zheng H, Liu C, Mai Y, Liu P, Ji W, Jia J, Wang S. Resolving Quinoid Structure in Poly(para-phenylene) Chains. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:10034-10041. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingkai Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Can Li
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Oliver Gröning
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Xieyu Zhou
- Department of Physics, Renmin University, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - DanDan Guan
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yaoyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Canhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yiyong Mai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Peinian Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Department of Physics, Renmin University, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Jinfeng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shiyong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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30
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Sahara K, Abe M, Zipse H, Kubo T. Duality of Reactivity of a Biradicaloid Compound with an o-Quinodimethane Scaffold. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:5408-5418. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Sahara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Manabu Abe
- JST-CREST, K’s Gobancho 6F, 7, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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31
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Dai L, Ye S. NHC-Catalyzed ε-Umpolung via p-Quinodimethanes and Its Nucleophilic Addition to Ketones. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b04409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Dai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Song Ye
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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32
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Piskunov AV, Meshcheryakova IN, Piskunova MS, Somov NV, Bogomyakov AS, Kubrin SP. Diradical hexacoordinated tin(IV) bis-o-iminobenzosemiquinonates: synthesis, structure and magnetic properties. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.05.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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33
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Liu J, Mishra S, Pignedoli CA, Passerone D, Urgel JI, Fabrizio A, Lohr TG, Ma J, Komber H, Baumgarten M, Corminboeuf C, Berger R, Ruffieux P, Müllen K, Fasel R, Feng X. Open-Shell Nonbenzenoid Nanographenes Containing Two Pairs of Pentagonal and Heptagonal Rings. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:12011-12020. [PMID: 31299150 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nonbenzenoid carbocyclic rings are postulated to serve as important structural elements toward tuning the chemical and electronic properties of extended polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, or namely nanographenes), necessitating a rational and atomically precise synthetic approach toward their fabrication. Here, using a combined bottom-up in-solution and on-surface synthetic approach, we report the synthesis of nonbenzenoid open-shell nanographenes containing two pairs of embedded pentagonal and heptagonal rings. Extensive characterization of the resultant nanographene in solution shows a low optical gap, and an open-shell singlet ground state with a low singlet-triplet gap. Employing ultra-high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy, we conduct atomic-scale structural and electronic studies on a cyclopenta-fused derivative on a Au(111) surface. The resultant five to seven rings embedded nanographene displays an extremely narrow energy gap of 0.27 eV and exhibits a pronounced open-shell biradical character close to 1 (y0 = 0.92). Our experimental results are supported by mean-field and multiconfigurational quantum chemical calculations. Access to large nanographenes with a combination of nonbenzenoid topologies and open-shell character should have wide implications in harnessing new functionalities toward the realization of future organic electronic and spintronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhi Liu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry , Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
| | - Shantanu Mishra
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 129 , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - Carlo A Pignedoli
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 129 , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland.,National Centre for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials (MARVEL) , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Daniele Passerone
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 129 , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland.,National Centre for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials (MARVEL) , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - José I Urgel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 129 , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - Alberto Fabrizio
- National Centre for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials (MARVEL) , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland.,Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Avenue F.-A. Forel 2 , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Thorsten G Lohr
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry , Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
| | - Ji Ma
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry , Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. , Hohestraße 6 , 01069 Dresden , Germany
| | | | - Clémence Corminboeuf
- National Centre for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials (MARVEL) , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland.,Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Avenue F.-A. Forel 2 , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Berger
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry , Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 129 , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max-Planck Institut für Polymerforschung , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Roman Fasel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 129 , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Bern , Freiestrasse 3 , 3012 Bern , Switzerland
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry , Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
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34
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Liu Y, Varava P, Fabrizio A, Eymann LYM, Tskhovrebov AG, Planes OM, Solari E, Fadaei-Tirani F, Scopelliti R, Sienkiewicz A, Corminboeuf C, Severin K. Synthesis of aminyl biradicals by base-induced Csp 3-Csp 3 coupling of cationic azo dyes. Chem Sci 2019; 10:5719-5724. [PMID: 31293757 PMCID: PMC6568049 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01502g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of the industrially important polymer parylene is achieved by polymerization of p-quinodimethane (p-QDM). The polymerization is thought to proceed via a biradical p-QDM dimer, but isolation or characterization of such a biradical has remained elusive. Here, we describe the synthesis of an aza-analogue of this p-QDM dimer. The biradical is formed by base-induced dimerization of an azoimidazolium dye. Due to the presence of sterically shielded aminyl radicals instead of terminal H2Ċ groups, the stability of this dimer is sufficient for analyses by ESR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. A similar Csp3-Csp3 coupling was observed for an azotriazolium dye, suggesting that base-induced C-C coupling reactions can be realized for different types of azo dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhu Liu
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland .
| | - Paul Varava
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland .
| | - Alberto Fabrizio
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland .
| | - Léonard Y M Eymann
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland .
| | - Alexander G Tskhovrebov
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland .
| | - Ophélie Marie Planes
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland .
| | - Euro Solari
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland .
| | - Farzaneh Fadaei-Tirani
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland .
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland .
| | | | - Clémence Corminboeuf
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland .
| | - Kay Severin
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland .
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35
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Konishi A, Horii K, Shiomi D, Sato K, Takui T, Yasuda M. Open-Shell and Antiaromatic Character Induced by the Highly Symmetric Geometry of the Planar Heptalene Structure: Synthesis and Characterization of a Nonalternant Isomer of Bisanthene. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:10165-10170. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Konishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Atomic
and Molecular Technologies, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koki Horii
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shiomi
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Sato
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Takeji Takui
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Makoto Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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36
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Wehrmann CM, Charlton RT, Chen MS. A Concise Synthetic Strategy for Accessing Ambient Stable Bisphenalenyls toward Achieving Electroactive Open-Shell π-Conjugated Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:3240-3248. [PMID: 30689950 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Open-shell, π-conjugated molecules represent exciting next-generation materials due to their unique optoelectronic and magnetic properties and their potential to exploit unpaired spin densities to engineer exceptionally close π-π interactions. However, prior syntheses of ambient stable, open-shell molecules required lengthy routes and displayed intermolecular spin-spin coupling with limited dimensionality. Here we report a general fragment-coupling strategy with phenalenone that enables the rapid construction of both biradicaloid (Ph2- s-IDPL, 1) and radical [10(OTf)] bisphenalenyls in ≤7 steps from commercial starting materials. Significantly, we have discovered an electronically stabilized π-radical cation [10(OTf)] that shows multiple intermolecular closer-than-vdW contacts (<3.4 Å) in its X-ray crystal structure. DFT simulations reveal that each of these close π-π interactions allows for intermolecular spin-spin coupling to occur and suggests that 10(OTf) achieves electrostatically enhanced intermolecular covalent-bonding interactions in two dimensions. Single crystal devices were fabricated from 10(OTf) and demonstrate average electrical conductivities of 1.31 × 10-2 S/cm. Overall, these studies highlight the practical synthesis and device application of a new π-conjugated material, based on a design principle that promises to facilitate spin and charge transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb M Wehrmann
- Department of Chemistry , Lehigh University , Bethlehem , Pennsylvania 18015-3102 , United States
| | - Ryan T Charlton
- Department of Chemistry , Lehigh University , Bethlehem , Pennsylvania 18015-3102 , United States
| | - Mark S Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Lehigh University , Bethlehem , Pennsylvania 18015-3102 , United States
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37
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Hu X, Chen H, Zhao L, Miao M, Han J, Wang J, Guo J, Hu Y, Zheng Y. Nitrogen analogues of Chichibabin's and Müller's hydrocarbons with small singlet-triplet energy gaps. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:7812-7815. [PMID: 31215565 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc02725d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen analogues of Chichibabin's and Müller's hydrocarbons, DPh-D and TPh-D, based on 1,2,4-benzotriazinyl (Blatter) were studied. The two diradicaloids with good chemical and thermal stability exhibit smaller singlet-triplet energy gaps (ΔES-T from -1.05 to -1.27 kcal mol-1) than the hydrocarbon diradicaloids with the same bridges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Hu
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China.
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38
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Rottschäfer D, Busch J, Neumann B, Stammler HG, van Gastel M, Kishi R, Nakano M, Ghadwal RS. Diradical Character Enhancement by Spacing: N-Heterocyclic Carbene Analogues of Müller's Hydrocarbon. Chemistry 2018; 24:16537-16542. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Rottschäfer
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse; Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstrasse 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Jasmin Busch
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse; Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstrasse 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse; Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstrasse 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse; Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstrasse 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Maurice van Gastel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science; Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science; Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Institute for Molecular Science; 38 Nishigo-Naka Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585 Japan
| | - Rajendra S. Ghadwal
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse; Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstrasse 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
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39
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Ravat P, Šolomek T, Häussinger D, Blacque O, Juríček M. Dimethylcethrene: A Chiroptical Diradicaloid Photoswitch. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:10839-10847. [PMID: 30067898 PMCID: PMC6120736 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b05465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis and properties of 13,14-dimethylcethrene, a prototype of a chiral diradicaloid photochemical switch that can be transformed reversibly via conrotatory electrocyclization to its more stable closed form by light (630 nm) or heat and back to its open form by light (365 nm). This system illustrates how the chemical reactivity of a diradicaloid molecule can be translated into a switching function, which alters substantially all electronic parameters, namely, the HOMO-LUMO and the singlet-triplet (ST) energy gaps, and the degree of helical twist. As a result, distinct changes in the optical and chiroptical properties of this system were observed, which allowed us to monitor the switching process by a variety of spectroscopic techniques, including NMR, UV-vis, and CD. In comparison to the previously reported parent molecule cethrene, this system benefits from two methyl substituents installed in the fjord region, which account for the stability of the closed form against oxidation and racemization. The methyl substituents increase the ST energy gap of 13,14-dimethylcethrene by ∼4 kcal mol-1 in comparison to cethrene. Our DFT calculations reveal that the larger ST gap is a result of electronic and geometric effects of the methyl substituents and show the potential of related systems to act as magnetic switches at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince Ravat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tomáš Šolomek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Häussinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Blacque
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse
190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michal Juríček
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse
190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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40
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Rottschäfer D, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Andrada DM, Ghadwal RS. Kekulé diradicaloids derived from a classical N-heterocyclic carbene. Chem Sci 2018; 9:4970-4976. [PMID: 29938024 PMCID: PMC5989652 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01209a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct double carbenylation of 1,4-diiodobenzene and 4,4'-dibromobiphenyl with a classical N-heterocyclic carbene, SIPr (1) (SIPr = :C{N(2,6-iPr2C6H3)}2CH2CH2), by means of nickel catalysis gives rise to 1,3-imidazolinium salts [(SIPr)(C6H4)(SIPr)](I)2 (2) and [(SIPr)(C6H4)2(SIPr)](Br)2 (3) as off-white solids. Two-electron reduction of 2 and 3 with KC8 cleanly yields Kekulé diradicaloid compounds [(SIPr)(C6H4)(SIPr)] (4) and [(SIPr)(C6H4)2(SIPr)] (5), respectively, as crystalline solids. Structural parameters and DFT as well as CASSCF calculations suggest the closed-shell singlet ground state for 4 and 5. Calculations reveal a very low singlet-triplet energy gap ΔES-T for 5 (10.7 kcal mol-1), while ΔES-T for 4 (29.1 kcal mol-1) is rather large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Rottschäfer
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse , Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie , Centrum für Molekulare Materialien , Fakultät für Chemie , Universität Bielefeld , Universitätsstr. 25 , D-33615 Bielefeld , Germany . ; http://www.ghadwalgroup.de ; ; Tel: +49 521 106 6167
| | - Beate Neumann
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse , Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie , Centrum für Molekulare Materialien , Fakultät für Chemie , Universität Bielefeld , Universitätsstr. 25 , D-33615 Bielefeld , Germany . ; http://www.ghadwalgroup.de ; ; Tel: +49 521 106 6167
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse , Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie , Centrum für Molekulare Materialien , Fakultät für Chemie , Universität Bielefeld , Universitätsstr. 25 , D-33615 Bielefeld , Germany . ; http://www.ghadwalgroup.de ; ; Tel: +49 521 106 6167
| | - Diego M Andrada
- Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie , Universität des Saarlandes , Campus C4.1 , D-66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
| | - Rajendra S Ghadwal
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse , Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie , Centrum für Molekulare Materialien , Fakultät für Chemie , Universität Bielefeld , Universitätsstr. 25 , D-33615 Bielefeld , Germany . ; http://www.ghadwalgroup.de ; ; Tel: +49 521 106 6167
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41
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Tokunaga A, Mutoh K, Hasegawa T, Abe J. Reversible Valence Photoisomerization between Closed-Shell Quinoidal and Open-Shell Biradical Forms. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:1833-1837. [PMID: 29584951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report here a kinetic study on the thermal equilibrium process between the biradical form and the quinoidal form starting from the singlet biradical form alone. A photochromic phenoxyl-imidazolyl radical complex repeatedly generates biradical species upon UV light irradiation, and the following thermal equilibrium process responsible for valence isomerization from the open-shell singlet biradical to the closed-shell quinoidal form is observed in the microsecond time region. The thermodynamic parameters for the equilibrium process were determined for the first time by nanosecond laser flash photolysis. We also found that visible-light excitation to the equilibrium state causes valence photoisomerization from the quinoidal to the biradical form, which returns thermally to the quinoidal form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Tokunaga
- Department of Chemistry , School of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University , 5-10-1 Fuchinobe , Chuo-ku, Sagamihara , Kanagawa 252-5258 , Japan
| | - Katsuya Mutoh
- Department of Chemistry , School of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University , 5-10-1 Fuchinobe , Chuo-ku, Sagamihara , Kanagawa 252-5258 , Japan
| | - Takeshi Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Chemistry for Functionalized Surfaces, Division of Environmental Chemistry, Institute for Chemical Research , Kyoto University , Gokasho, Uji , Kyoto 611-0011 , Japan
| | - Jiro Abe
- Department of Chemistry , School of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University , 5-10-1 Fuchinobe , Chuo-ku, Sagamihara , Kanagawa 252-5258 , Japan
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