1
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Zhao L, Zaborowski E, Bordoloi S, Rajagopalan N, Sharma BK, Baroi C, Xing W, Zhang L. Characterization of novel polysulfide polymer coated fly ash and its application in mitigating diffusion of contaminants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 347:123706. [PMID: 38467367 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Fly ash consists of a considerable amount of hazardous elements with high mobility, posing substantial environmental risks during storage in surface impoundments and landfills. This hinders its efficient reuse in construction or material industries. To enhance the versatility of fly ash applications, a novel surface modification technique, termed SuMo, has been developed to create a hydrophobic polysulfide polymer coating on the surface of fly ash particles. The physicochemical properties of SuMo fly ash samples were examined using atomic force microscopy (AFM), environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and leaching of hazardous elements was tested under practical environmental conditions (pH 4-12) based on the EPA's leaching environmental assessment framework (LEAF). The successful coating of polysulfide polymer on fly ash surface was verified through an increased percentage of C, S, and O in elemental mapping, coupled with the identification of S-O, CO, and C-H functional groups consistent with the chemical structure of polysulfide polymer. While the SuMo fly ash particles maintained their spherical shape, they exhibited increased surface roughness, robust hydrophobicity, and thermal stability up to 250 °C. Notably, owing to the coating's resilience against water leaching, the SuMo fly ash demonstrated a substantial reduction (up to 60-fold) in leachate concentrations of multiple concerning elements, including B, Be, Ba, Mn, Zn, As, Cr, Hg, etc., under various pH conditions compared to the uncoated fly ash. Furthermore, the polysulphide polymer coating effectively prevented Hg volatilization from fly ash below 163 °C. This study highlights the efficacy of the developed polysulfide polymer coating in mitigating the diffusion of hazardous elements from fly ash, thereby enhancing its potential reutilization in material, construction, and agriculture industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhao
- Prairie Research Institute-Illinois Sustainable Technology Centre, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, USA.
| | - E Zaborowski
- Prairie Research Institute-Illinois Sustainable Technology Centre, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, USA.
| | - S Bordoloi
- School of Engineering, Aalto University, Finland.
| | - N Rajagopalan
- Prairie Research Institute-Illinois Sustainable Technology Centre, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, USA.
| | - B K Sharma
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, PA, USA.
| | - C Baroi
- Prairie Research Institute-Illinois Sustainable Technology Centre, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, USA.
| | - W Xing
- Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, USA.
| | - L Zhang
- Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, USA.
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2
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Lyu S, Abidin ZZ, Yaw TCS, Resul MFMG. Synthesis of surface-modified porous polysulfides from soybean oil by inverse vulcanization and its sorption behavior for Pb(II), Cu(II), and Cr(III). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:29264-29279. [PMID: 38573576 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33152-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Guided by efficient utilization of natural plant oil and sulfur as low-cost sorbents, it is desired to tailor the porosity and composition of polysulfides to achieve their optimal applications in the management of aquatic heavy metal pollution. In this study, polysulfides derived from soybean oil and sulfur (PSSs) with improved porosity (10.2-22.9 m2/g) and surface oxygen content (3.1-7.0 wt.%) were prepared with respect to reaction time of 60 min, reaction temperature of 170 °C, and mass ratios of sulfur/soybean oil/NaCl/sodium citrate of 1:1:3:2. The sorption behaviors of PSSs under various hydrochemical conditions such as contact time, pH, ionic strength, coexisting cations and anions, temperature were systematically investigated. PSSs presented a fast sorption kinetic (5.0 h) and obviously improved maximum sorption capacities for Pb(II) (180.5 mg/g), Cu(II) (49.4 mg/g), and Cr(III) (37.0 mg/g) at pH 5.0 and T 298 K, in comparison with polymers made without NaCl/sodium citrate. This study provided a valuable reference for the facile preparation of functional polysulfides as well as a meaningful option for the removal of aquatic heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Lyu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Zurina Zainal Abidin
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - Thomas Choong Shean Yaw
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Faiz Mukhtar Gunam Resul
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia
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3
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Lyu S, Abidin ZZ, Yaw TCS, Resul MFMG. Inverse vulcanization induced oxygen modified porous polysulfides for efficient sorption of heavy metals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:16940-16957. [PMID: 38326685 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32323-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The applications of polysulfides derived from natural plant oil and sulfur via the inverse vulcanization in the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions suffered from their low porosity and scarce surface functionality because of their hydrophobic surfaces and bulk characteristics. In this study, polysulfides from sulfur and palm oil (PSPs) with significantly enhanced porosity (13.7-24.1 m2/g) and surface oxygen-containing functional groups (6.9-8.6 wt.%) were synthesized with the optimization of process conditions including reaction time, temperature, and mass ratios of sulfur/palm oil/NaCl/sodium citrate. PSPs were applied as sorbents to remove heavy metals present in aqueous solutions. The integration of porosity and oxygen modification allowed a fast kinetic (4.0 h) and enhanced maximum sorption capacities for Pb(II) (218.5 mg/g), Cu(II) (74.8 mg/g), and Cr(III) (68.4 mg/g) at pH 5.0 and T 298 K comparing with polysulfides made without NaCl/sodium citrate. The sorption behaviors of Pb(II), Cu(II), and Cr(III) on PSPs were highly dependent on the solution pH values and ionic strength. The sorption presented excellent anti-interference capability for the coexisting cations and anions. The sorption processes were endothermic and spontaneous. This work would guide the preparation of porous polysulfides with surface modification as efficient sorbents to remediate heavy metals from aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Lyu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Zurina Zainal Abidin
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - Thomas Choong Shean Yaw
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Faiz Mukhtar Gunam Resul
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia
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4
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Mazumder K, Voit B, Banerjee S. Recent Progress in Sulfur-Containing High Refractive Index Polymers for Optical Applications. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:6253-6279. [PMID: 38371831 PMCID: PMC10870412 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The development in the field of high refractive index materials is a crucial factor for the advancement of optical devices with advanced features such as image sensors, optical data storage, antireflective coatings, light-emitting diodes, and nanoimprinting. Sulfur plays an important role in high refractive index applications owing to its high molar refraction compared to carbon. Sulfur exists in multiple oxidation states and can exhibit various stable functional groups. Over the last few decades, sulfur-containing polymers have attracted much attention owing to their wide array of applications governed by the functional group of sulfur present in the polymer repeat unit. The interplay of refractive index and various other polymer properties contributes to successfully implementing a specific polymer material in optical applications. The focus on developing optoelectronic devices induced an ever-increasing need to integrate different functional materials to achieve the devices' full potential. Several devices that see the potential use of sulfur in high refractive index materials are reviewed in the study. Like sulfur, selenium also exhibits high molar refraction and unique chemical properties, making it an essential field of study. This review covers the research and development in the field of sulfur and selenium in different forms of functionality, focusing on the chemistry of bonding and the optical properties of the polymers containing the heteroatoms mentioned above. The strategy and rationale behind incorporating heteroatoms in a polymer matrix to produce high-refractive-index materials are also described in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajari Mazumder
- Materials Science Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanta Banerjee
- Materials Science Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
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5
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Bao J, Kang KS, Molineux J, Bischoff DJ, Mackay ME, Pyun J, Njardarson JT. Dithiophosphoric Acids for Polymer Functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315963. [PMID: 38225715 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Dithiophosphoric acids (DTPAs) are an intriguing class of compounds that are sourced from elemental sulfur and white phosphorus and are prepared from the reaction of phosphorus pentasulfide with alcohols. The electrophilic addition of DTPAs to alkenes and unsaturated olefinic substrates is a known reaction, but has not been applied to polymer synthesis and polymer functionalization. We report on the synthesis and application of DTPAs for the functionalization of challenging poly-enes, namely polyisoprene (PI) and polynorbornene (pNB) prepared by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). The high heteroatom content within DTPA moieties impart intriguing bulk properties to poly-ene materials after direct electrophilic addition reactions to the polymer backbone introducing DTPAs as side chain groups. The resulting materials possess both enhanced optical and flame retardant properties vs the poly-ene starting materials. Finally, we demonstrate the ability to prepare crosslinked polydiene films with di-functional DTPAs, where the crosslinking density and thermomechanical properties can be directly tuned by DTPA feed ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Bao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Kyung-Seok Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Jake Molineux
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Derek J Bischoff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Michael E Mackay
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Jeffrey Pyun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Jon T Njardarson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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6
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Ghumman AS, Shamsuddin R, Alothman ZA, Waheed A, Aljuwayid AM, Sabir R, Abbasi A, Sami A. Amine-Decorated Methacrylic Acid-based Inverse Vulcanized Polysulfide for Effective Mercury Removal from Wastewater. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:4831-4840. [PMID: 38313525 PMCID: PMC10832004 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Mercury [Hg(II)] contamination is an indefatigable global hazard that causes severe permanent damage to human health. Extensive research has been carried out to produce mercury adsorbents; however, they still face certain challenges, limiting their upscaling. Herein, we report the synthesis of a novel amine-impregnated inverse vulcanized copolymer for effective mercury removal. Poly(S-MA) was prepared using sulfur and methacrylic acid employing the inverse vulcanization method, followed by functionalization. The polyethylenimine (PEI) was impregnated on poly(S-MA) to increase the adsorption active sites. The adsorbent was then characterized byusing Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the formation of the copolymer, and successful impregnation of PEI and SEM revealed the composite porous morphology of the copolymer. Amine-impregnated copolymer [amine@poly(S-MA)] outperformed poly(S-MA) in mercury as it showed 20% superior performance with 44.7 mg/g of mercury adsorption capacity. The adsorption data best fit the pseudo-second-order, indicating that chemisorption is the most effective mechanism, in this case, indicating the involvement of NH2 in mercury removal. The adsorption is mainly a monolayer on a homogeneous surface as indicated by the 0.76 value of Redlich-Peterson exponent (g), which describes the adsorption nature advent from the R2 value of 0.99.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Shaan
Manzoor Ghumman
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi
PETRONAS, Bandar
Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
- HICoE,
Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research (CBBR), Institute of Self-Sustainable
Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Rashid Shamsuddin
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi
PETRONAS, Bandar
Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
- HICoE,
Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research (CBBR), Institute of Self-Sustainable
Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Zeid A. Alothman
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud
University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ammara Waheed
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Wah Engineering College, University of Wah, Wah Cantt 47040, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed M. Aljuwayid
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud
University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rabia Sabir
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Wah Engineering College, University of Wah, Wah Cantt 47040, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Amin Abbasi
- Technology
University of the Shannon (TUS), County
Westmeath, Athlone N37 HD68, Ireland
| | - Abdul Sami
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi
PETRONAS, Bandar
Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
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7
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Qureshi MH, Bao J, Kleine TS, Kim KJ, Carothers KJ, Molineux J, Cho E, Kang KS, Godman NP, Coropceanu V, Bredas JL, Norwood RA, Njardarson JT, Pyun J. Synthesis of Deuterated and Sulfurated Polymers by Inverse Vulcanization: Engineering Infrared Transparency via Deuteration. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:27821-27829. [PMID: 38060430 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of deuterated, sulfurated, proton-free, glassy polymers offers a route to optical polymers for infrared (IR) optics, specifically for midwave IR (MWIR) photonic devices. Deuterated polymers have been utilized to enhance neutron cross-sectional contrast with proteo polymers for morphological neutron scattering measurements but have found limited utility for other applications. We report the synthesis of perdeuterated d14-(1,3-diisopropenylbenzene) with over 99% levels of deuteration and the preparation of proton-free, perdeuterated poly(sulfur-random-d14-(1,3-diisopropenylbenzene)) (poly(S-r-d14-DIB)) via inverse vulcanization with elemental sulfur. Detailed structural analysis and quantum computational calculations of these reactions demonstrate significant kinetic isotope effects, which alter mechanistic pathways to form different copolymer microstructures for deutero vs proteo poly(S-r-DIB). This design also allows for molecular engineering of MWIR transparency by shifting C-H bond vibrations around 3.3 μm/3000 cm-1 observed in proteo poly(S-r-DIB) to 4.2 μm/2200 cm-1. Furthermore, the fabrication of thin-film MWIR optical gratings made from molding of deuterated-sulfurated, proton-free poly(S-r-d14-DIB) is demonstrated; operation of these gratings at 3.39 μm is achieved successfully, while the proteo poly(S-r-DIB) gratings are opaque at these wavelengths, highlighting the promise of MWIR sensors and compact spectrometers from these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munaum H Qureshi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jianhua Bao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Tristan S Kleine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Kyung-Jo Kim
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Kyle J Carothers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
- Azimuth Corporation, 2970 Presidential Drive, Suite 200, Beavercreek, Ohio 45324, United States
| | - Jake Molineux
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Eunkyung Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Division of Energy Technology, DIGST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Seok Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Nicholas P Godman
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
- Azimuth Corporation, 2970 Presidential Drive, Suite 200, Beavercreek, Ohio 45324, United States
| | - Veaceslav Coropceanu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jean-Luc Bredas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Robert A Norwood
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jon T Njardarson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jeffrey Pyun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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8
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Bao J, Martin KP, Cho E, Kang KS, Glass RS, Coropceanu V, Bredas JL, Parker WO, Njardarson JT, Pyun J. On the Mechanism of the Inverse Vulcanization of Elemental Sulfur: Structural Characterization of Poly(sulfur- random-(1,3-diisopropenylbenzene)). J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37224413 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfur polymers, such as those derived from elemental sulfur, are an important new class of macromolecules that have recently emerged via the inverse vulcanization process. Since the launching of this new field in 2013, the development of new monomers and organopolysulfide materials based on the inverse vulcanization process is now an active area in polymer chemistry. While numerous advances have been made over the last decade concerning this polymerization process, insights into the mechanism of inverse vulcanization and structural characterization of the high-sulfur-content copolymers that are produced remain challenging due to the increasing insolubility of the materials with a higher sulfur content. Furthermore, the high temperatures used in this process can result in side reactions and complex microstructures of the copolymer backbone, complicating detailed characterization. The most widely studied case of inverse vulcanization to date remains the reaction between S8 and 1,3-diisopropenylbenzene (DIB) to form poly(sulfur-random-1,3-diisopropenylbenzene)(poly(S-r-DIB)). Here, to determine the correct microstructure of poly(S-r-DIB), we performed comprehensive structural characterizations of poly(S-r-DIB) using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (solid state and solution) and analysis of sulfurated DIB units using designer S-S cleavage polymer degradation approaches, along with complementary de novo synthesis of the sulfurated DIB fragments. These studies reveal that the previously proposed repeating units for poly(S-r-DIB) were incorrect and that the polymerization mechanism of this process is significantly more complex than initially proposed. Density functional theory calculations were also conducted to provide mechanistic insights into the formation of the derived nonintuitive microstructure of poly(S-r-DIB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Bao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Kaitlyn P Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Eunkyung Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Kyung-Seok Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Richard S Glass
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Veaceslav Coropceanu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jean-Luc Bredas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Wallace O'Neil Parker
- Physical Chemistry Department, Eni, Research & Technical Innovation, ENI S.p.A., Via Maritano 26, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Jon T Njardarson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jeffrey Pyun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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9
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Pople JMM, Nicholls TP, Pham LN, Bloch WM, Lisboa LS, Perkins MV, Gibson CT, Coote ML, Jia Z, Chalker JM. Electrochemical Synthesis of Poly(trisulfides). J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:11798-11810. [PMID: 37196214 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
With increasing interest in high sulfur content polymers, there is a need to develop new methods for their synthesis that feature improved safety and control of structure. In this report, electrochemically initiated ring-opening polymerization of norbornene-based cyclic trisulfide monomers delivered well-defined, linear poly(trisulfides), which were solution processable. Electrochemistry provided a controlled initiation step that obviates the need for hazardous chemical initiators. The high temperatures required for inverse vulcanization are also avoided resulting in an improved safety profile. Density functional theory calculations revealed a reversible "self-correcting" mechanism that ensures trisulfide linkages between monomer units. This control over sulfur rank is a new benchmark for high sulfur content polymers and creates opportunities to better understand the effects of sulfur rank on polymer properties. Thermogravimetric analysis coupled with mass spectrometry revealed the ability to recycle the polymer to the cyclic trisulfide monomer by thermal depolymerization. The featured poly(trisulfide) is an effective gold sorbent, with potential applications in mining and electronic waste recycling. A water-soluble poly(trisulfide) containing a carboxylic acid group was also produced and found to be effective in the binding and recovery of copper from aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine M M Pople
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Thomas P Nicholls
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Le Nhan Pham
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Witold M Bloch
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Lynn S Lisboa
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Michael V Perkins
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Christopher T Gibson
- Flinders Microscopy and Microanalysis, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Michelle L Coote
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Zhongfan Jia
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Justin M Chalker
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
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10
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Karunarathna MS, Maladeniya CP, Lauer MK, Tennyson AG, Smith RC. Durable composites by vulcanization of oleyl-esterified lignin. RSC Adv 2023; 13:3234-3240. [PMID: 36756427 PMCID: PMC9855616 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07082k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Productive utilization of lignocellulosic biomass is critical to the continued advancement of human civilization. Whereas the cellulose component can be efficiently upconverted to automotive fuel-grade ethanol, the lack of upconversion methods for the lignin component constitutes one of the grand challenges facing science. Lignin is an attractive feedstock for structural applications, in which its highly-crosslinked architecture can endow composite structures with high strengths. Prior work suggests that high-strength composites can be prepared by the reaction of olefin-modified lignin with sulfur. Those studies were limited to ≤5 wt% lignin, due to phase-separation of hydrophilic lignin from hydrophobic sulfur matrices. Herein we report a protocol to increase lignin hydrophobicity and thus its incorporation into sulfur-rich materials. This improvement is affected by esterifying lignin with oleic acid prior to its reaction with sulfur. This approach allowed preparation of esterified lignin-sulfur (ELS) composites comprising up to 20 wt% lignin. Two reaction temperatures were employed such that the reaction of ELS with sulfur at 180 °C would only produce S-C bonds at olefinic sites, whereas the reaction at 230 °C would produce C-S bonds at both olefin and aryl sites. Mechanistic analyses and microstructural characterization elucidated two ELS composites having compressive strength values (>20 MPa), exceeding the values observed with ordinary Portland cements. Consequently, this new method represents a way to improve lignin utilization to produce durable composites that represent sustainable alternatives to Portland cements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Moira K. Lauer
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson UniversityClemsonSouth Carolina29634USA
| | - Andrew G. Tennyson
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson UniversityClemsonSouth Carolina29634USA,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson UniversityClemsonSouth Carolina29634USA
| | - Rhett C. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson UniversityClemsonSouth Carolina29634USA
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11
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Dodd LJ, Lima C, Costa-Milan D, Neale AR, Saunders B, Zhang B, Sarua A, Goodacre R, Hardwick LJ, Kuball M, Hasell T. Raman analysis of inverse vulcanised polymers. Polym Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py01408d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Raman analysis has been found to provide otherwise hard to obtain information on inverse vulcanised polymers, including their homogeneity, sulfur rank, and unpolymerised sulfur content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam J. Dodd
- University of Liverpool, School of Physical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Crown Street, Liverpool, L697ZD, Merseyside, UK
| | - Cássio Lima
- University of Liverpool, Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Crown Street, Liverpool, L697BE, Merseyside, UK
| | - David Costa-Milan
- University of Liverpool, Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, Chadwick Building, Peach Street, Liverpool, L697ZF, Merseyside, UK
| | - Alex R. Neale
- University of Liverpool, Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, Chadwick Building, Peach Street, Liverpool, L697ZF, Merseyside, UK
| | - Benedict Saunders
- University College London, Department of Chemistry, Gower Street, London, WC1E6BT, UK
| | - Bowen Zhang
- University of Liverpool, School of Physical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Crown Street, Liverpool, L697ZD, Merseyside, UK
| | - Andrei Sarua
- University of Bristol, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS81TL, UK
| | - Royston Goodacre
- University of Liverpool, Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Crown Street, Liverpool, L697BE, Merseyside, UK
| | - Laurence J. Hardwick
- University of Liverpool, Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, Chadwick Building, Peach Street, Liverpool, L697ZF, Merseyside, UK
| | - Martin Kuball
- University of Bristol, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS81TL, UK
| | - Tom Hasell
- University of Liverpool, School of Physical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Crown Street, Liverpool, L697ZD, Merseyside, UK
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12
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Kang KS, Olikagu C, Lee T, Bao J, Molineux J, Holmen LN, Martin KP, Kim KJ, Kim KH, Bang J, Kumirov VK, Glass RS, Norwood RA, Njardarson JT, Pyun J. Sulfenyl Chlorides: An Alternative Monomer Feedstock from Elemental Sulfur for Polymer Synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:23044-23052. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Seok Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Chisom Olikagu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Taeheon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jianhua Bao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jake Molineux
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Lindsey N. Holmen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Kaitlyn P. Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Kyung-Jo Kim
- James C. Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Joona Bang
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Vlad K. Kumirov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Richard S. Glass
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Robert A. Norwood
- James C. Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jon T. Njardarson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jeffrey Pyun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- James C. Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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13
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Jia J, Liu J, Wang ZQ, Liu T, Yan P, Gong XQ, Zhao C, Chen L, Miao C, Zhao W, Cai S, Wang XC, Cooper AI, Wu X, Hasell T, Quan ZJ. Photoinduced inverse vulcanization. Nat Chem 2022; 14:1249-1257. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01049-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Miao C, Yan P, Liu H, Cai S(D, Dodd LJ, Wang H, Deng X, Li J, Wang XC, Hu X, Wu X, Hasell T, Quan ZJ. Fabrication of TiN-Based Superhydrophobic Anti-Corrosion Coating by Inverse Vulcanization. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20220142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Miao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Material, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
| | - Peiyao Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Haichao Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Material, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
| | | | - Liam J. Dodd
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Haoran Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Xi Deng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Jian Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Material, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
| | - Xi-Cun Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Material, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Hu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Green Energy Materials Technology and Systems, Department of Physics and Energy, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 40054, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Material, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Tom Hasell
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Material, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Zheng-Jun Quan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Material, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
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15
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Thalji MR, Ibrahim AA, Chong KF, Soldatov AV, Ali GAM. Glycopolymer-Based Materials: Synthesis, Properties, and Biosensing Applications. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2022; 380:45. [PMID: 35951265 PMCID: PMC9366760 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00395-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycopolymer materials have emerged as a significant biopolymer class that has piqued the scientific community's attention due to their potential applications. Recently, they have been found to be a unique synthetic biomaterial; glycopolymer materials have also been used for various applications, including direct therapeutic methods, medical adhesives, drug/gene delivery systems, and biosensor applications. Therefore, for the next stage of biomaterial research, it is essential to understand current breakthroughs in glycopolymer-based materials research. This review discusses the most widely utilized synthetic methodologies for glycopolymer-based materials, their properties based on structure–function interactions, and the significance of these materials in biosensing applications, among other topics. When creating glycopolymer materials, contemporary polymerization methods allow precise control over molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, chemical activity, and polymer architecture. This review concludes with a discussion of the challenges and complexities of glycopolymer-based biosensors, in addition to their potential applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad R Thalji
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Gyeongbuk, South Korea
| | - Amal Amin Ibrahim
- Polymers and pigments department, Chemical industries research institute, National Research Centre, El-Bohouth St, Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Kwok Feng Chong
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, 26300, Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Alexander V Soldatov
- The Smart Materials Research Institute, Southern Federal University, Sladkova Str. 178/24, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
| | - Gomaa A M Ali
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, 71524, Egypt.
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16
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Pyun J, Carrozza CF, Silvano S, Boggioni L, Losio S, de Angelis AR, O'Neil Parker Jr W. Nuclear magnetic resonance structural characterization of sulfur‐derived copolymers from inverse vulcanization. Part 1: Styrene. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Pyun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA
- James C. Wyant College of Optical Sciences University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA
| | | | - Selena Silvano
- CNR‐SCITEC, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” Milan Italy
- Department Materials Science University of Milano Bicocca Milan Italy
- INSTM Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali Florence Italy
| | - Laura Boggioni
- CNR‐SCITEC, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” Milan Italy
| | - Simona Losio
- CNR‐SCITEC, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” Milan Italy
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17
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Kang K, Iyer KA, Pyun J. On the Fundamental Polymer Chemistry of Inverse Vulcanization for Statistical and Segmented Copolymers from Elemental Sulfur. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200115. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung‐Seok Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Arizona 1306 E. University Blvd. Tucson AZ 85721 USA
| | - Krishnan A. Iyer
- ExxonMobil Chemical Company 5200 Bayway Drive Baytown TX 77520 USA
| | - Jeffrey Pyun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Arizona 1306 E. University Blvd. Tucson AZ 85721 USA
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18
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Worthington MJH, Mann M, Muhti IY, Tikoalu AD, Gibson CT, Jia Z, Miller AD, Chalker JM. Modelling mercury sorption of a polysulfide coating made from sulfur and limonene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:12363-12373. [PMID: 35552571 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01903e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A polymer made from sulfur and limonene was used to coat silica gel and then evaluated as a mercury sorbent. A kinetic model of mercury uptake was established for a range of pH values and concentrations of sodium chloride. Mercury uptake was generally rapid from pH = 3 to pH = 11. At neutral pH, the sorbent (500 mg with a 10 : 1 ratio of silica to polymer) could remove 90% of mercury within one minute from a 100 mL solution containing 5 ppm HgCl2 and 99% over 5 minutes. It was found that sodium chloride, at concentrations comparable to seawater, dramatically reduced mercury uptake rates and capacity. It was also found that the spent sorbent was stable in acidic and neutral media, but degraded at pH 11 which led to mercury leaching. These results help define the conditions under which the sorbent could be used, which is an important advance for using this material in remediation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max J H Worthington
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia. .,College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia.
| | - Maximilian Mann
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia. .,College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia.
| | - Ismi Yusrina Muhti
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia.
| | - Alfrets D Tikoalu
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia. .,College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia.
| | - Christopher T Gibson
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia. .,Flinders Microscopy and Microanalysis, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Zhongfan Jia
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia. .,College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia.
| | - Anthony D Miller
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia.
| | - Justin M Chalker
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia. .,College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia.
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19
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Scheiger JM, Hoffmann M, Falkenstein P, Wang Z, Rutschmann M, Scheiger VW, Grimm A, Urbschat K, Sengpiel T, Matysik J, Wilhelm M, Levkin PA, Theato P. Inverse Vulcanization of Norbornenylsilanes: Soluble Polymers with Controllable Molecular Properties via Siloxane Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202114896. [PMID: 35068039 PMCID: PMC9302686 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes M. Scheiger
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems–Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Maxi Hoffmann
- Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Patricia Falkenstein
- Leipzig University Institute of Analytical Chemistry Linnéstrasse 3 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Zhenwu Wang
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems–Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Mark Rutschmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry (IAC) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Valentin W. Scheiger
- Institute of Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Kaiserstrasse 89 76133 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Alexander Grimm
- Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Klara Urbschat
- Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Tobias Sengpiel
- Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Jörg Matysik
- Leipzig University Institute of Analytical Chemistry Linnéstrasse 3 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Manfred Wilhelm
- Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Pavel A. Levkin
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems–Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute for Organic Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76313 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Patrick Theato
- Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory - Institute for Biological Interfaces III (IBG-3) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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20
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Tavella C, Luciano G, Lova P, Patrini M, D'Arrigo C, Comoretto D, Stagnaro P. 2,5-Diisopropenylthiophene by Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction and its exploitation in inverse vulcanization: a case study. RSC Adv 2022; 12:8924-8935. [PMID: 35424896 PMCID: PMC8985149 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00654e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel thiophene derivative, namely 2,5-diisopropenylthiophene (DIT) was synthetized by Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction (SMCCR). The influence of reaction parameters, such as temperature, solvent, stoichiometry of reagents, role of the base and reaction medium were thoroughly discussed in view of yield optimization and environmental impact minimization. Basic design of experiment (DoE) and multiple linear regression (MLR) modeling methods were used to interpret the obtained results. DIT was then employed as a comonomer in the copolymerization with waste elemental sulfur through a green process, inverse vulcanization (IV), to obtain sulfur-rich polymers named inverse vulcanized polymers (IVPs) possessing high refractive index (n ≈ 1.8). The DIT comonomer was purposely designed to (i) favor the IV process owing to the high reactivity of the isopropenyl functionalities and (ii) enhance the refractive index of the ensuing IVPs owing to the presence of the sulfur atom itself and to the high electronic polarizability of the π-conjugated thiophene ring. A series of random sulfur-r-diisopropenylthiophene (S-r-DIT) copolymers with sulfur content from 50 up to 90 wt% were synthesized by varying the S/DIT feed ratio. Spectroscopic, thermal and optical characterizations of the new IVPs were carried out to assess their main chemical–physical features. A novel thiophene derivative, namely 2,5-diisopropenylthiophene (DIT) was synthetized by Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction (SMCCR) and employed in the inverse vulcanization (IV) process achieving high-refractive-index sulfur-rich polymers.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Tavella
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, SCITEC-CNR Via De Marini 6 16149 Genova Italy
| | - Giorgio Luciano
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, SCITEC-CNR Via De Marini 6 16149 Genova Italy
| | - Paola Lova
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Genova, DCCI-UNIGE Via Dodecaneso 31 16132 Genova Italy
| | - Maddalena Patrini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pavia Via A. Bassi 6 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Cristina D'Arrigo
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, SCITEC-CNR Via De Marini 6 16149 Genova Italy
| | - Davide Comoretto
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Genova, DCCI-UNIGE Via Dodecaneso 31 16132 Genova Italy
| | - Paola Stagnaro
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, SCITEC-CNR Via De Marini 6 16149 Genova Italy
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21
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Scheiger JM, Hoffmann M, Falkenstein P, Wang Z, Rutschmann M, Scheiger VW, Grimm A, Urbschat K, Sengpiel T, Matysik J, Wilhelm M, Levkin PA, Theato P. Inverse Vulcanization of Norbornenylsilanes: Soluble Polymers with Controllable Molecular Properties via Siloxane Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Martin Scheiger
- Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie Institute of Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen GERMANY
| | - Maxi Hoffmann
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry GERMANY
| | | | - Zhenwu Wang
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems GERMANY
| | - Mark Rutschmann
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Inorganic Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Valentin W. Scheiger
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods GERMANY
| | - Alexander Grimm
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Klara Urbschat
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Tobias Sengpiel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Jörg Matysik
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Manfred Wilhelm
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Pavel A. Levkin
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems GERMANY
| | - Patrick Theato
- Karlruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Präparative Makromolekulare Chemie Kaiserstr. 12 76131 Karlsruhe GERMANY
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22
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Zhang L, Hu Y, Hu R, Tang BZ. Room temperature synthesis of polythioamides from multicomponent polymerization of sulfur, pyridine-activated alkyne, and amines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:1994-1997. [PMID: 35048085 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06448g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Through the design of a pyridine-activated diyne monomer, the catalyst-free multicomponent polymerizations of sulfur, aromatic alkyne, and a group of commercially available primary and secondary diamines were realized at room temperature or 40 °C, affording functional polythioamides with well-defined structures, high yields (up to 98%), high molecular weights (95 100 g mol-1), improved mercury removal performance, and interesting photophysical and photochemical properties. This work not only demonstrated an advance in efficient and economic synthesis of polythioamides, but also revealed the structure-property relationship of these promising sulfur-containing polymer materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Rongrong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China. .,Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 2001 Longxiang Boulevard, Shenzhen City 518172, China. .,AIE Institute, Guangzhou 510530, China
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23
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Liu S, Li F, Cao W, Hu R, Tang BZ. Functional Hyperbranched Polythioamides Synthesized from Catalyst‐free Multicomponent Polymerization of Elemental Sulfur
†. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shangrun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates South China University of Technology Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 China
| | - Fengting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates South China University of Technology Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 China
| | - Wenxia Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates South China University of Technology Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 China
| | - Rongrong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates South China University of Technology Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates South China University of Technology Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 China
- Shenzhen Institute of Molecular Aggregate Science and Engineering, School of Science and Engineering The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen City Guangdong 518172 China
- AIE Institute Guangzhou Guangdong 510530 China
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong, China
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24
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Deliballi Z, Demir‐Cakan R, Kiskan B, Yagci Y. Self‐healable and Recyclable Sulfur Rich Poly(vinyl chloride) by S‐S Dynamic Bonding
+. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Deliballi
- Department of Chemistry Istanbul Technical University Maslak Istanbul 34469 Turkey
| | - Rezan Demir‐Cakan
- Department of Chemical Engineering Gebze Technical University Gebze Kocaeli 41400 Turkey
| | - Baris Kiskan
- Department of Chemistry Istanbul Technical University Maslak Istanbul 34469 Turkey
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- Department of Chemistry Istanbul Technical University Maslak Istanbul 34469 Turkey
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research and Chemistry Department Faculty of Science King Abdulaziz University P. O. Box 80203 Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
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25
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Davis AE, Sayer KB, Jenkins CL. A comparison of adhesive polysulfides initiated by garlic essential oil and elemental sulfur to create recyclable adhesives. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00418f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur and garlic essential oil can initiate polymerization with a variety of natural monomers to form sustainable adhesives. The sulfur source has a substantial impact on the adhesion strength and material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E. Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Idaho State University, 921 South 8th Ave, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA
| | - Kyler B. Sayer
- Department of Chemistry, Idaho State University, 921 South 8th Ave, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA
| | - Courtney L. Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, Idaho State University, 921 South 8th Ave, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA
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26
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Lundquist NA, Yin Y, Mann M, Tonkin SJ, Slattery AD, Andersson GG, Gibson CT, Chalker JM. Magnetic responsive composites made from a sulfur-rich polymer. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00903j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A magnetic responsive composite was made from a sulfur-rich polymer and iron nanoparticles. Diverse applications in mercury remediation, microwave curing, and magnetic responsive actuators were demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Lundquist
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Yanting Yin
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Maximilian Mann
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Samuel J. Tonkin
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Ashley D. Slattery
- Adelaide Microscopy, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Gunther G. Andersson
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Christopher T. Gibson
- Flinders Microscopy and Microanalysis, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Justin M. Chalker
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
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27
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Park KW, Tafili E, Fan F, Zujovic ZD, Leitao E. Synthesis and characterization of polysulfides formed by the inverse vulcanisation of cyclosiloxanes with sulfur. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00581f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Inverse vulcanisation stabilizes polysulfide chains through cross-linking. This research focuses on the incorporation of cyclosiloxane cross-linkers containing multiple alkene moieties, namely tetravinyl-tetramethyl-cyclotetrasiloxane (TVTSi) and pentavinyl-pentamethyl-cyclopentasiloxane (PVPSi). Both siloxanes underwent successful...
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28
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Valle SF, Giroto AS, Guimarães GGF, Nagel KA, Galinski A, Cohnen J, Jablonowski ND, Ribeiro C. Co-fertilization of Sulfur and Struvite-Phosphorus in a Slow-Release Fertilizer Improves Soybean Cultivation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:861574. [PMID: 35620702 PMCID: PMC9127873 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.861574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In face of the alarming world population growth predictions and its threat to food security, the development of sustainable fertilizer alternatives is urgent. Moreover, fertilizer performance should be assessed not only in terms of yield but also in root system development, as it impacts soil fertility and crop productivity. Fertilizers containing a polysulfide matrix (PS) with dispersed struvite (St) were studied for S and P nutrition due to their controlled-release behavior. Soybean cultivation in a closed system with St/PS composites provided superior biomass compared to a reference of triple superphosphate (TSP) with ammonium sulfate (AS), with up to 3 and 10 times higher mass of shoots and roots, respectively. Root system architectural changes may explain these results, with a higher proliferation of second order lateral roots in response to struvite ongoing P delivery. The total root length was between 1,942 and 4,291 cm for plants under St/PS composites and only 982 cm with TSP/AS. While phosphorus uptake efficiency was similar in all fertilized treatments (11-14%), St/PS achieved a 22% sulfur uptake efficiency against only 8% from TSP/AS. Overall, the composites showed great potential as efficient slow-release fertilizers for enhanced soybean productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella F. Valle
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
- Embrapa Instrumentation, São Carlos, Brazil
| | | | | | - Kerstin A. Nagel
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Anna Galinski
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jens Cohnen
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Nicolai D. Jablonowski
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Nicolai D. Jablonowski,
| | - Caue Ribeiro
- Embrapa Instrumentation, São Carlos, Brazil
- Caue Ribeiro,
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29
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Berk H, Kaya M, Cihaner A. Thermally highly stable polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)-sulfur based hybrid inorganic/organic polymers: synthesis, characterization and removal of mercury ion. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00761d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Elemental sulfur was copolymerized with octavinyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (OV-POSS) cages in diglyme solution via the inverse vulcanization method and characterized using NMR and FTIR spectroscopic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Berk
- Atilim Optoelectronic Materials and Solar Energy Laboratory (ATOMSEL), Department of Chemical Engineering, Atilim University, TR-06830 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Murat Kaya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Atilim University, TR-06830 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Atilla Cihaner
- Atilim Optoelectronic Materials and Solar Energy Laboratory (ATOMSEL), Department of Chemical Engineering, Atilim University, TR-06830 Ankara, Turkey
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30
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Silvano S, Tritto I, Losio S, boggioni L. Sulfur-Dipentene polysulfides: from industrial waste to sustainable, low-cost materials. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00095d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of poly(S-dipentene) with a sulfur content greater than 50 wt % by catalytic inverse vulcanization in the presence of zinc-based accelerators was investigated at 140 °C for the...
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31
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Lee T, Dirlam PT, Njardarson JT, Glass RS, Pyun J. Polymerizations with Elemental Sulfur: From Petroleum Refining to Polymeric Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 144:5-22. [PMID: 34936350 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The production of elemental sulfur from petroleum refining has created a technological opportunity to increase the valorization of elemental sulfur by the synthesis of high-performance sulfur-based plastics with improved optical, electrochemical, and mechanical properties aimed at applications in thermal imaging, energy storage, self-healable materials, and separation science. In this Perspective, we discuss efforts in the past decade that have revived this area of organosulfur and polymer chemistry to afford a new class of high-sulfur-content polymers prepared from the polymerization of liquid sulfur with unsaturated monomers, termed inverse vulcanization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeheon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Philip T Dirlam
- Department of Chemistry, San José State University, San Jose, California 95195-0101, United States
| | - Jon T Njardarson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Richard S Glass
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jeffrey Pyun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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32
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Influence of Component Ratio on Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Terpenoid-Sulfur Composites. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs5100257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids are potentially sustainable replacements for petrochemical olefins. Sulfur is a waste product produced in large quantities from fossil fuel refining. Several composites with attractive properties have recently been made from terpenoids and sulfur. This report details the extent to which the ratio of sulfur to terpenoid and the terpenoid olefin content influences the thermal and mechanical properties of such terpenoid-sulfur composites. The terpenoids selected were diunsaturated geraniol and triunsaturated farnesol that, upon their inverse vulcanization with elemental sulfur, yield composites GerSx and FarSx, respectively (x = wt % sulfur). The wt % sulfur in the monomer feed was varied from 30–95 for this study, providing twelve materials. Mechanical analysis of these materials was undertaken by compressive and tensile strength techniques. Differential scanning calorimetric analysis revealed both polymeric and orthorhombic sulfur present in the materials with glass transition temperatures (Tg) of −37 °C to −13 °C and melt temperatures (Tm) of 119 to 104 °C. The crystallinity of composites decreases as the weight fraction of sulfur decreases and composites having the highest olefin content exhibit no detectable crystalline microstructures. The compressive strength of the materials showed increasing strength for higher olefin-content materials for both GerSx (with compressive strength of up to 32 MPa) and FarSx (with compressive strength of up to 43 MPa). The improved strength with increasing olefin content levels off at around 80–85% of terpenoid, after which point both tensile and compressive strength diminish.
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33
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Lyu Y, Hu Q, Chen L, Luo T, Liu J, Yin X. Using conjugated system from natural sources for the synthesis of sulfur copolymers by bi‐function catalysts at mild temperatures. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Lyu
- School of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
- International Joint Research Center of Green Energy Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Qing Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Long Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Tianxiang Luo
- School of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Jianghui Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yin
- School of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
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34
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Bu Najmah I, Lundquist NA, Stanfield MK, Stojcevski F, Campbell JA, Esdaile LJ, Gibson CT, Lewis DA, Henderson LC, Hasell T, Chalker JM. Insulating Composites Made from Sulfur, Canola Oil, and Wool*. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:2352-2359. [PMID: 33634605 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An insulating composite was made from the sustainable building blocks wool, sulfur, and canola oil. In the first stage of the synthesis, inverse vulcanization was used to make a polysulfide polymer from the canola oil triglyceride and sulfur. This polymerization benefits from complete atom economy. In the second stage, the powdered polymer was mixed with wool, coating the fibers through electrostatic attraction. The polymer and wool mixture were then compressed with mild heating to provoke S-S metathesis in the polymer, which locks the wool in the polymer matrix. The wool fibers imparted tensile strength, insulating properties, and reduced the flammability of the composite. All building blocks are sustainable or derived from waste and the composite is a promising lead on next-generation insulation for energy conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israa Bu Najmah
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Lundquist
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - Melissa K Stanfield
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Pigdons Road Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - Filip Stojcevski
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Pigdons Road Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - Jonathan A Campbell
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - Louisa J Esdaile
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - Christopher T Gibson
- Flinders Microscopy and Microanalysis, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - David A Lewis
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - Luke C Henderson
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Pigdons Road Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - Tom Hasell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Justin M Chalker
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia
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35
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Abstract
This article highlights recent discoveries within the field of polysulfides which are created from waste sulfur through inverse vulcanisation. Due to the current environmental climate, making materials from renewable resources or industrial waste is highly desirable. Sulfur is an impurity refined out of petroleum and gas reserves at a rate of more than 70 million tonnes a year and is currently used in the rubber, fertiliser and chemical industries. However, even with these applications, the usage is significantly below the amount refined each year, leading to large stockpiles of sulfur. Inverse vulcanisation is an attractive method to synthesize new sulfur based materials by trapping the polysulfide using crosslinkers containing diene functionalities. A wide variety of unsaturated crosslinkers can be incorporated into polysulfide materials resulting in inorganic rubbers, combining the benefits of both components. The materials produced have been shown to selectively absorb mercury, are prominsing replacements for existing mid IR lenses, and can be used as capsules for controlled release fertilisers. An overview of the field, including the breadth of crosslinkers employed, synthetic strategies, and the properties and potential applications of polysulfides created through inverse vulcanisation, is captured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Woo Park
- School of chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag, 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
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36
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Dodd LJ, Omar Ö, Wu X, Hasell T. Investigating the Role and Scope of Catalysts in Inverse Vulcanization. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c05010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liam James Dodd
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Ömer Omar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaofeng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Tom Hasell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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37
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Mutlu H, Döpping DA, Huber B, Theato P. Elemental Sulfur Mediated Novel Multicomponent Redox Polycondensation for the Synthesis of Alternating Copolymers Based on 2,4-Thiophene/Arene Repeating Units. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2000695. [PMID: 33496021 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A sulfur-based self-condensation method is investigated as an efficient tool for the synthesis of polythiophene derivatives. The reaction proceeds through multicomponent redox polycondensation between readily available diketone compounds and elemental sulfur in the presence of a Brønsted acid/base pair. Six different diketone derivatives have been screened and the polymerization is generalized by the synthesis of so-far-unprecedented alternating copolymers based on 2,4-thiophene/arene repeating units. By exploiting microwave heating the synthetic procedure is optimized, particularly for alternating copolymers containing aryl and thiophene units, such that a copolymer can be synthesized in only 24 h compared to the conventional process taking 6 d, yielding polymers within the same apparent weight average molar mass (Mw ). All obtained copolymers are analyzed in detail using size exclusion chromatography (SEC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR), thermal gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Mutlu
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory, Institute for Biological Interfaces 3 (IBG 3), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, D-76344, Germany
| | - Daniel A Döpping
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory, Institute for Biological Interfaces 3 (IBG 3), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, D-76344, Germany
| | - Birgit Huber
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory, Institute for Biological Interfaces 3 (IBG 3), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, D-76344, Germany
| | - Patrick Theato
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory, Institute for Biological Interfaces 3 (IBG 3), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, D-76344, Germany.,Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr.18, Karlsruhe, D-73131, Germany
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38
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Mann M, Luo X, Tikoalu AD, Gibson CT, Yin Y, Al-Attabi R, Andersson GG, Raston CL, Henderson LC, Pring A, Hasell T, Chalker JM. Carbonisation of a polymer made from sulfur and canola oil. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:6296-6299. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01555a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A polymer made from sulfur and canola oil can be used as an oil spill sorbent and then repurposed into a sulfur-rich graphitic carbon for mercury removal from water.
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39
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McGuire TM, Buchard A. Polymers from sugars and CS 2: ring opening copolymerisation of a d-xylose anhydrosugar oxetane. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00753j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
An oxetane derived from d-xylose has been copolymerised with CS2 into sulfur-containing polymers which are chemically recyclable and degradable under UV light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. McGuire
- Centre for Sustainable and Circular Technologies
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bath
- Bath BA2 7AY
- UK
| | - Antoine Buchard
- Centre for Sustainable and Circular Technologies
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bath
- Bath BA2 7AY
- UK
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40
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Orme K, Fistrovich AH, Jenkins CL. Tailoring Polysulfide Properties through Variations of Inverse Vulcanization. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kennalee Orme
- Department of Chemistry, Idaho State University, 921 South Eighth Ave., Pocatello, Idaho 83209, United States
| | - Alessandra H. Fistrovich
- Department of Chemistry, Ball State University, 2000 W. University Ave., Muncie, Indiana 47306, United States
| | - Courtney L. Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, Idaho State University, 921 South Eighth Ave., Pocatello, Idaho 83209, United States
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41
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Scheiger JM, Direksilp C, Falkenstein P, Welle A, Koenig M, Heissler S, Matysik J, Levkin PA, Theato P. Inverse Vulcanization of Styrylethyltrimethoxysilane-Coated Surfaces, Particles, and Crosslinked Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18639-18645. [PMID: 32627908 PMCID: PMC7589442 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur as a side product of natural gas and oil refining is an underused resource. Converting landfilled sulfur waste into materials merges the ecological imperative of resource efficiency with economic considerations. A strategy to convert sulfur into polymeric materials is the inverse vulcanization reaction of sulfur with alkenes. However, the materials formed are of limited applicability, because they need to be cured at high temperatures (>130 °C) for many hours. Herein, we report the reaction of elemental sulfur with styrylethyltrimethoxysilane. Marrying the inverse vulcanization and silane chemistry yielded high sulfur content polysilanes, which could be cured via room temperature polycondensation to obtain coated surfaces, particles, and crosslinked materials. The polycondensation was triggered by hydrolysis of poly(sulfur-r-styrylethyltrimethoxysilane) (poly(Sn -r-StyTMS) under mild conditions (HCl, pH 4). For the first time, an inverse vulcanization polymer could be conveniently coated and mildly cured via post-polycondensation. Silica microparticles coated with the high sulfur content polymer could improve their Hg2+ ion remediation capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes M Scheiger
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 20, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Materials Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Chatrawee Direksilp
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College (PPC), Chulalongkorn University, Soi Chulalongkorn 12, Phayathai road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Patricia Falkenstein
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstrasse 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Welle
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (Campus North), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (Campus North), Germany
| | - Meike Koenig
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (Campus North), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefan Heissler
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (Campus North), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jörg Matysik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstrasse 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pavel A Levkin
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Materials Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Patrick Theato
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 20, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory, Institute for Biological Interfaces III, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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42
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Scheiger JM, Direksilp C, Falkenstein P, Welle A, Koenig M, Heissler S, Matysik J, Levkin PA, Theato P. Inverse Vulcanization of Styrylethyltrimethoxysilane–Coated Surfaces, Particles, and Crosslinked Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes M. Scheiger
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 20 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems—Functional Materials Systems (IBCS-FMS) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Chatrawee Direksilp
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College (PPC) Chulalongkorn University Soi Chulalongkorn 12, Phayathai road, Pathumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Patricia Falkenstein
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry Leipzig University Linnéstrasse 3 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Alexander Welle
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (Campus North) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (Campus North) Germany
| | - Meike Koenig
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (Campus North) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Stefan Heissler
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (Campus North) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Jörg Matysik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry Leipzig University Linnéstrasse 3 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Pavel A. Levkin
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems—Functional Materials Systems (IBCS-FMS) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Patrick Theato
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 20 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory Institute for Biological Interfaces III Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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43
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Liu Y, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Wang L, Zan X, Zhang L. Density-Adjustable Bio-Based Polysulfide Composite Prepared by Inverse Vulcanization and Bio-Based Fillers. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2127. [PMID: 32961851 PMCID: PMC7570261 DOI: 10.3390/polym12092127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Excess sulfur has become a global problem in petrochemical industry. Inexpensive and easily available cottonseed oil (CSO) is still underutilized. To resolve these issues, bio-based polysulfide composites were prepared via inverse vulcanization of sulfur and CSO. The density of polysulfide composites was adjusted by fillers. The results showed that Elm and cattail as the fillers had no effects on the thermal properties and chemical structures of polysulfide composites. However, the morphologies of polysulfide composites were significantly influenced by the fillers. Different types and amounts of fillers produced significantly different holes and folds in the composites. The fillers were embedded in polysulfide composites by physical filling. This study provides an alternative and promising approach for preparing affordable density-adjustable bio-based polysulfide composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Liu
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (Y.C.); (L.W.); (L.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Xinjiang Institute of Engineering, Urumqi 830026, China
| | - Yidan Chen
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (Y.C.); (L.W.); (L.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yagang Zhang
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (Y.C.); (L.W.); (L.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Xinjiang Institute of Engineering, Urumqi 830026, China
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Yurong Chen
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (Y.C.); (L.W.); (L.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Xinjiang Institute of Engineering, Urumqi 830026, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (Y.C.); (L.W.); (L.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Xinjiang Institute of Engineering, Urumqi 830026, China
| | - Xingjie Zan
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (Y.C.); (L.W.); (L.Z.)
| | - Letao Zhang
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (Y.C.); (L.W.); (L.Z.)
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44
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Lundquist NA, Tikoalu AD, Worthington MJH, Shapter R, Tonkin SJ, Stojcevski F, Mann M, Gibson CT, Gascooke JR, Karton A, Henderson LC, Esdaile LJ, Chalker JM. Reactive Compression Molding Post-Inverse Vulcanization: A Method to Assemble, Recycle, and Repurpose Sulfur Polymers and Composites. Chemistry 2020; 26:10035-10044. [PMID: 32428387 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Inverse vulcanization provides dynamic and responsive materials made from elemental sulfur and unsaturated cross-linkers. These polymers have been used in a variety of applications such as energy storage, infrared optics, repairable materials, environmental remediation, and precision fertilizers. In spite of these advances, there is a need for methods to recycle and reprocess these polymers. In this study, polymers prepared by inverse vulcanization are shown to undergo reactive compression molding. In this process, the reactive interfaces of sulfur polymers are brought into contact by mechanical compression. Upon heating these molds at relatively low temperatures (≈100 °C), chemical bonding occurs at the polymer interfaces by S-S metathesis. This method of processing is distinct from previous studies on inverse vulcanization because the polymers examined in this study do not form a liquid phase when heated. Neither compression nor heating alone was sufficient to mold these polymers into new architectures, so this is a new concept in the manipulation of sulfur polymers. Additionally, high-level ab initio calculations revealed that the weakest S-S bond in organic polysulfides decreases linearly in strength from a sulfur rank of 2 to 4, but then remains constant at about 100 kJ mol-1 for higher sulfur rank. This is critical information in engineering these polymers for S-S metathesis. Guided by this insight, polymer repair, recycling, and repurposing into new composites was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Lundquist
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - Alfrets D Tikoalu
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - Max J H Worthington
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - Ryan Shapter
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - Samuel J Tonkin
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - Filip Stojcevski
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - Maximilian Mann
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - Christopher T Gibson
- Flinders Microscopy and Microanalysis, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - Jason R Gascooke
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - Amir Karton
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Luke C Henderson
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - Louisa J Esdaile
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - Justin M Chalker
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, 5042, Australia
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45
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Abstract
A review with 132 references. Societal and regulatory pressures are pushing industry towards more sustainable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, while the growing popularity of portable cordless electronic devices continues. These trends necessitate the ability to store large amounts of power efficiently in rechargeable batteries that should also be affordable and long-lasting. Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have recently gained renewed interest for their potential low cost and high energy density, potentially over 2600 Wh kg−1. The current review will detail the most recent advances in early 2020. The focus will be on reports published since the last review on Li-S batteries. This review is meant to be helpful for beginners as well as useful for those doing research in the field, and will delineate some of the cutting-edge adaptations of many avenues that are being pursued to improve the performance and safety of Li-S batteries.
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46
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Tonkin SJ, Gibson CT, Campbell JA, Lewis DA, Karton A, Hasell T, Chalker JM. Chemically induced repair, adhesion, and recycling of polymers made by inverse vulcanization. Chem Sci 2020; 11:5537-5546. [PMID: 32874497 PMCID: PMC7441575 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00855a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inverse vulcanization is a copolymerization of elemental sulfur and alkenes that provides unique materials with high sulfur content (typically ≥50% sulfur by mass). These polymers contain a dynamic and reactive polysulfide network that creates many opportunities for processing, assembly, and repair that are not possible with traditional plastics, rubbers and thermosets. In this study, we demonstrate that two surfaces of these sulfur polymers can be chemically joined at room temperature through a phosphine or amine-catalyzed exchange of the S-S bonds in the polymer. When the nucleophile is pyridine or triethylamine, we show that S-S metathesis only occurs at room temperature for a sulfur rank > 2-an important discovery for the design of polymers made by inverse vulcanization. This mechanistic understanding of the S-S metathesis was further supported with small molecule crossover experiments in addition to computational studies. Applications of this chemistry in latent adhesives, additive manufacturing, polymer repair, and recycling are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Tonkin
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology , College of Science and Engineering , Flinders University , Bedford Park , South Australia 5042 , Australia .
| | - Christopher T Gibson
- Flinders Microscopy and Microanalysis , College of Science and Engineering , Flinders University , Bedford Park , South Australia 5042 , Australia
| | - Jonathan A Campbell
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology , College of Science and Engineering , Flinders University , Bedford Park , South Australia 5042 , Australia .
| | - David A Lewis
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology , College of Science and Engineering , Flinders University , Bedford Park , South Australia 5042 , Australia .
| | - Amir Karton
- School of Molecular Sciences , University of Western Australia , Perth , Western Australia 6009 , Australia
| | - Tom Hasell
- Department of Chemistry , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZD , UK
| | - Justin M Chalker
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology , College of Science and Engineering , Flinders University , Bedford Park , South Australia 5042 , Australia .
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47
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Mutlu H, Theato P. Making the Best of Polymers with Sulfur–Nitrogen Bonds: From Sources to Innovative Materials. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e2000181. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Mutlu
- Soft Matter Synthesis LaboratoryInstitute for Biological Interfaces IIIKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen D‐76344 Germany
| | - Patrick Theato
- Soft Matter Synthesis LaboratoryInstitute for Biological Interfaces IIIKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen D‐76344 Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesser Str. 18 Karlsruhe D‐76131 Germany
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48
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Smith J, Mulhall R, Goodman S, Fleming G, Allison H, Raval R, Hasell T. Investigating the Antibacterial Properties of Inverse Vulcanized Sulfur Polymers. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:5229-5234. [PMID: 32201811 PMCID: PMC7081397 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
More than 60 million tons of sulfur are produced as a byproduct of the petrochemical industry annually. Recently, the inverse vulcanization process has transformed this excess sulfur into functional polymers by stabilization with organic cross-linkers. These interesting new polymers have many potential applications covering diverse areas. However, there has been very little focus on the potential of these high-sulfur polymers for their antibacterial properties. These properties are examined here by exposing two common bacteria species, Escherichia coli (E. Coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), to two structurally different, inverse vulcanized sulfur polymers: sulfur-co-diisopropenyl benzene (S-DIB) and sulfur dicyclopentadiene (S-DCPD). We report the highest bacteria log reduction (>log 4.3) of adhered bacterial cells (S. aureus) to an inverse vulcanized sulfur polymer to date and investigate the potential pathways in which antibacterial activity may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica
A. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Ross Mulhall
- Open
Innovation Hub for Antimicrobial Surfaces at the Surface Science Research
Centre and Department of Chemistry, University
of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Sean Goodman
- Open
Innovation Hub for Antimicrobial Surfaces at the Surface Science Research
Centre and Department of Chemistry, University
of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - George Fleming
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Allison
- Institute
of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Rasmita Raval
- Open
Innovation Hub for Antimicrobial Surfaces at the Surface Science Research
Centre and Department of Chemistry, University
of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Hasell
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
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49
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Karunarathna MS, Lauer MK, Tennyson AG, Smith RC. Copolymerization of an aryl halide and elemental sulfur as a route to high sulfur content materials. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01706b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
RASP (radical-induced aryl halide-sulfur polymerization) is reported as a new route to high sulfur-content materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menisha S. Karunarathna
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies
- Clemson University
- Clemson
- USA
| | - Moira K. Lauer
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies
- Clemson University
- Clemson
- USA
| | - Andrew G. Tennyson
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies
- Clemson University
- Clemson
- USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Rhett C. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies
- Clemson University
- Clemson
- USA
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50
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Park S, Lee D, Cho H, Lim J, Char K. Inverse Vulcanization Polymers with Enhanced Thermal Properties via Divinylbenzene Homopolymerization-Assisted Cross-Linking. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:1670-1675. [PMID: 35619393 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
High-refractive-index sulfur-rich polymers with significantly improved thermal properties are prepared using divinylbenzene (DVB) as a comonomer in a modified, low-temperature inverse vulcanization with elemental sulfur. Differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared studies reveal that under the modified inverse vulcanization conditions, homopolymerized DVB segments form, leading to high glass-transition temperatures (Tg > 100 °C) and thermal stability previously unattainable from the inverse vulcanization of bifunctional olefin comonomers. On the basis of the modified procedures, a three-step molding process of the inverse vulcanization product of DVB, poly(S-r-DVB), involving (1) prepolymer formation, (2) hot-press compression molding of the soft prepolymer, and (3) thermal annealing of the molded product is demonstrated. The molded high-sulfur-content poly(S-r-DVB) exhibits a high refractive index (n > 1.85), along with high midwave infrared transmittance. Combined with a high Tg, these properties render poly(S-r-DVB) with properties highly desirable in applications involving infrared optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoo Park
- The National Creative Research Initiative Center for Intelligent Hybrids, The WCU Program of Chemical Convergence for Energy & Environment, School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Duhwan Lee
- Research and Development Center, LG Hausys, Seoul 07796, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongkwan Cho
- Research and Development Center, LG Hausys, Seoul 07796, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeewoo Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Basic Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Kookheon Char
- The National Creative Research Initiative Center for Intelligent Hybrids, The WCU Program of Chemical Convergence for Energy & Environment, School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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