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Xiang Y, Xu H. Occurrence, formation, and proteins perturbation of disinfection byproducts in indoor air resulting from chlorine disinfection. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 343:140182. [PMID: 37716567 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Increased amounts of chlorine disinfectant have been sprayed to inactivate viruses in the environment since the COVID-19 pandemic, and the health risk from chemicals, especially disinfection byproducts (DBPs), has unintentionally increased. In this study, we characterized the occurrence of haloacetic acids (HAAs) and trihalomethanes (THMs) in indoor air and evaluated their formation potential from typical indoor ingredients. Subsequently, the adverse effect of chloroacetic acid on A549 cells was depicted at the proteomic, transcriptional and silico levels. The results revealed that the total concentrations of HAAs and THMs ranged from 1.46 to 4.20 μg/m3 in ten indoor environments. Both classes of DBPs could be generated during the chlorination of prevalent terpenes by competing reactions, which are associated with the volatile state of indoor ingredients after disinfection. The C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway and cellular senescence were significantly perturbed pathways, which interfered with the development of lung fibrosis. The negative effect was further investigated by molecular docking and transcription, which showed that HAAs can interact with four C-type lectin receptor proteins by hydrogen bonds and inhibit the mRNA expression of related proteins. This study highlights the potential secondary biological risk caused by intensive DBPs generated from chlorination and draws our attention to the potential environmental factors leading to chronic respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangwei Xiang
- Department of Lung Transplantation and Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No.79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Huan Xu
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China
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2
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Khalaf BS, Abass SM, Al-Khafaji AM, Issa MI. Antimicrobial Efficiency of Hypochlorous Acid and Its Effect on Some Properties of Alginate Impression Material. Int J Dent 2023; 2023:8584875. [PMID: 38021346 PMCID: PMC10663091 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8584875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental clinicians and professionals need an affordable, nontoxic, and effective disinfectant against infectious microorganisms when dealing with the contaminated dental impressions. This study evaluated the efficiency of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) as an antimicrobial disinfectant by spraying technique for the alginate impression materials, compared with sodium hypochlorite, and its effect on dimensional stability and reproduction of details. HOCl with a concentration of 200 ppm for 5 and 10 min was compared with the control group (no treatment) as a negative control and with sodium hypochlorite (% 0.5) as a positive control. Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were selected to assess the antimicrobial activity with the colony forming unit test in addition to the dimensional stability and reproduction of details tests. The results revealed that HOCl had significant antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms and experimental time. Interestingly, HOCl showed no impact on the dimensional stability of alginate impression material. HOCl could be an effective antimicrobial agent for alginate impression material without interfering with their surface details and dimensional stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayan S. Khalaf
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad 1417, Iraq
| | - Shorouq M. Abass
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad 1417, Iraq
| | | | - Moamin I. Issa
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad 1417, Iraq
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3
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Mahmudiono T, Ramaiah P, Maleki H, Doewes RI, Shalaby MN, Alsaikhan F, Mohammadi MJ. Evaluation of the impact of different disinfectants on new coronavirus and human health. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2023; 38:451-460. [PMID: 35508445 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A new health threat was appeared in 2019 known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The new coronavirus distributed all over the world and caused millions of deaths. One way to incomplete the process of COVID-19 transfer from one person to another is using disinfectants. A narrative review study was done on manuscript published documents about the stability of the virus, different types of disinfectants and the effects of disinfectants on SARS-CoV2 and environment from 2005 to 2022 based on Searched databases included Google Scholar, Springer, PubMed, Web of Science and Science Direct (Scopus). All relevant studies published 2005 until 2022 gathered. According to the databases, 670 articles were retrieved. Thirty studies were screened after review and 30 full-text articles entered into the analysis process. Finally, 14 articles were selected in this study. New coronavirus could survive until 9 days in room temperature; the surviving time decreases if temperature increases. The virus can survive in various plastic, glass, and metal surfaces for hours to days. Disinfectants, such as alcohol, isopropanol, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, and ethanol, can kill 70-90% viruses in up to 30 s but should be noted that these disinfectants are recognized by Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) as a potential carcinogen. According to the different reports, increased duration and level of disinfectant exposure can have negative impacts on human and animal health including upper and lower respiratory tract irritation, inflammation, edema, ulceration, and allergic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trias Mahmudiono
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | | | - Heydar Maleki
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Mohammed Nader Shalaby
- Biological Sciences and Sports Health Department, Faculty of Physical Education, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Fahad Alsaikhan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Javad Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Ekanayake A, Rajapaksha AU, Hewawasam C, Anand U, Bontempi E, Kurwadkar S, Biswas JK, Vithanage M. Environmental challenges of COVID-19 pandemic: resilience and sustainability - A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114496. [PMID: 36257453 PMCID: PMC9576205 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of novel respiratory disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 has become a public health emergency worldwide and perturbed the global economy and ecosystem services. Many studies have reported the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in different environmental compartments, its transmission via environmental routes, and potential environmental challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. None of these studies have comprehensively reviewed the bidirectional relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic and the environment. For the first time, we explored the relationship between the environment and the SARS-CoV-2 virus/COVID-19 and how they affect each other. Supporting evidence presented here clearly demonstrates the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in soil and water, denoting the role of the environment in the COVID-19 transmission process. However, most studies fail to determine if the viral genomes they have discovered are infectious, which could be affected by the environmental factors in which they are found.The potential environmental impact of the pandemic, including water pollution, chemical contamination, increased generation of non-biodegradable waste, and single-use plastics have received the most attention. For the most part, efficient measures have been used to address the current environmental challenges from COVID-19, including using environmentally friendly disinfection technologies and employing measures to reduce the production of plastic wastes, such as the reuse and recycling of plastics. Developing sustainable solutions to counter the environmental challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic should be included in national preparedness strategies. In conclusion, combating the pandemic and accomplishing public health goals should be balanced with environmentally sustainable measures, as the two are closely intertwined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Ekanayake
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Anushka Upamali Rajapaksha
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka; Instrument Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka.
| | - Choolaka Hewawasam
- Faculty of Technology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Uttpal Anand
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion, 8499000, Israel
| | - Elza Bontempi
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, University of Brescia, via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Sudarshan Kurwadkar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, California State University, 800 N. State College Blvd., Fullerton, CA, 92831, USA
| | - Jayanta Kumar Biswas
- Department of Ecological Studies & International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Meththika Vithanage
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka; Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India
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5
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Mahanta N, Sharma S, Sharma LG, Pandey LM, Dixit US. Unfolding of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein through infrared and ultraviolet-C radiation based disinfection. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 221:71-82. [PMID: 36063893 PMCID: PMC9439869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The spreading of coronavirus from contacting surfaces and aerosols created a pandemic around the world. To prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 virus and other contagious microbes, disinfection of contacting surfaces is necessary. In this study, a disinfection box equipped with infrared (IR) radiation heating and ultraviolet-C (UV-C) radiation is designed and tested for its disinfection ability against pathogenic bacteria and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The killing of a Gram-positive, namely, S. aureus and a Gram-negative namely, S. typhi bacteria was studied followed by the inactivation of the spike protein. The experimental parameters were optimized using a statistical tool. For the broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, the optimum condition was holding at 65.61 °C for 13.54 min. The killing of the bacterial pathogen occurred via rupturing the cell walls as depicted by electron microscopy. Further, the unfolding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and RNase was studied under IR and UV-C irradiations at the aforesaid optimized condition. The unfolding of both the proteins was confirmed by changes in the secondary structure, particularly an increase in β-sheets and a decrease in α-helixes. Remarkably, the higher penetration depth of IR waves up to subcutaneous tissue resulted in lower optimum disinfection temperature, <70 °C in vogue. Thus, the combined UV-C and IR radiation is effective in killing the pathogenic bacteria and denaturing the glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilkamal Mahanta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India
| | - Swati Sharma
- Bio-Interface and Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India
| | - Laipubam Gayatri Sharma
- Bio-Interface and Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India
| | - Lalit M Pandey
- Bio-Interface and Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India
| | - Uday Shanker Dixit
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India.
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Kumar A, Hasija V, Sudhaik A, Raizada P, Nguyen VH, Le QV, Singh P, Nguyen DC, Thakur S, Hussain CM. The practicality and prospects for disinfection control by photocatalysis during and post-pandemic: A critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 209:112814. [PMID: 35090874 PMCID: PMC8789448 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of global health implications from the COVID-19 pandemic necessitates the innovation and large-scale application of disinfection technologies for contaminated surfaces, air, and wastewater as the significant transmission media of disease. To date, primarily recommended disinfection practices are energy exhausting, chemical driven, and cause severe impact on the environment. The research on advanced oxidation processes has been recognized as promising strategies for disinfection purposes. In particular, semiconductor-based photocatalysis is an effective renewable solar-driven technology that relies on the reactive oxidative species, mainly hydroxyl (•OH) and superoxide (•O2-) radicals, for rupturing the capsid shell of the virus and loss of pathogenicity. However, the limited understanding of critical aspects such as viral photo-inactivation mechanism, rapid virus mutagenicity, and virus viability for a prolonged time restricts the large-scale application of photocatalytic disinfection technology. In this work, fundamentals of photocatalysis disinfection phenomena are addressed with a reviewed remark on the reported literature of semiconductor photocatalysts efficacies against SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, to validate the photocatalysis process on an industrial scale, we provide updated data on available commercial modalities for an effective virus photo-inactivation process. An elaborative discussion on the long-term challenges and sustainable solutions is suggested to fill in the existing knowledge gaps. We anticipate this review will ignite interest among researchers to pave the way to the photocatalysis process for disinfecting virus-contaminated environments and surfaces for current and future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinandan Kumar
- School of Advanced Chemical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173212, India
| | - Vasudha Hasija
- School of Advanced Chemical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173212, India
| | - Anita Sudhaik
- School of Advanced Chemical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173212, India
| | - Pankaj Raizada
- School of Advanced Chemical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173212, India
| | - Van-Huy Nguyen
- School of Advanced Chemical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173212, India.
| | - Quyet Van Le
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Pardeep Singh
- School of Advanced Chemical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173212, India.
| | - D C Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Danang, University of Science and Education, Danang, 550000, Viet Nam
| | - Sourbh Thakur
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, N J, 07102, USA.
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Electrolyzed Water and Its Pharmacological Activities: A Mini-Review. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27041222. [PMID: 35209015 PMCID: PMC8877615 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrolyzed water (EW) is a new type of cleaning and disinfecting agent obtained by means of electrolysis with a dilute sodium chloride solution. It has low cost and harm to the human body and is also friendly to the environment. The anode produces acidic electrolyzed water (AEW), which is mainly used to inhibit bacterial growth and disinfect. The cathode provides basic electrolyzed water (BEW), which is implemented to promote human health. EW is a powerful multifunctional antibacterial agent with a wide range of applications in the medicine, agriculture, and food industry. Studies in vitro and in vivo show that it has an inhibitory effect on pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Therefore, EW is used to prevent chronic diseases, while it has been found to be effective against various kinds of infectious viruses. Animal experiments and clinical trials clearly showed that it accelerates wound healing, and has positive effects in oral health care, anti-obesity, lowering blood sugar, anti-cancer and anti-infectious viral diseases. This review article summarizes the application of EW in treating bacteria and viruses, the prevention of chronic diseases, and health promotion.
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Ayub M, Othman MHD, Khan IU, Yusop MZM, Kurniawan TA. Graphene-based nanomaterials as antimicrobial surface coatings: A parallel approach to restrain the expansion of COVID-19. SURFACES AND INTERFACES 2021; 27:101460. [PMID: 34957347 PMCID: PMC8442307 DOI: 10.1016/j.surfin.2021.101460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The recently emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a significant and topmost global health challenge of today. SARS-CoV-2 can propagate through several direct or indirect means resulting in its exponential spread in short times. Consequently, finding new research based real-world and feasible solutions to interrupt the spread of pathogenic microorganisms is indispensable. It has been established that this virus can survive on a variety of available surfaces ranging from a few hours to a few days, which has increased the risk of COVID-19 spread to large populations. Currently, available surface disinfectant chemicals provide only a temporary solution and are not recommended to be used in the long run due to their toxicity and irritation. Apart from the urgent development of vaccine and antiviral drugs, there is also a need to design and develop surface disinfectant antiviral coatings for long-term applications even for new variants. The unique physicochemical properties of graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs) have been widely investigated for antimicrobial applications. However, the research work for their use in antimicrobial surface coatings is minimal. This perspective enlightens the scope of using GBNs as antimicrobial/antiviral surface coatings to reduce the spread of transmittable microorganisms, precisely, SARS-CoV-2. This study attempts to demonstrate the synergistic effect of GBNs and metallic nanoparticles (MNPs), for their potential antiviral applications in the development of surface disinfectant coatings. Some proposed mechanisms for the antiviral activity of the graphene family against SARS-CoV-2 has also been explained. It is anticipated that this study will potentially lead to new insights and future trends to develop a framework for further investigation on this research area of pivotal importance to minimize the transmission of current and any future viral outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ayub
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Imran Ullah Khan
- Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Pak-Austria Fachhochschule, Institute of Applied Sciences & Technology (PAF:IAST), Khanpur Road, Mang, Haripur 22650, Pakistan
| | - Mohd Zamri Mohd Yusop
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Tonni Agustiono Kurniawan
- Key Laboratory of Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
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Dhama K, Patel SK, Kumar R, Masand R, Rana J, Yatoo MI, Tiwari R, Sharun K, Mohapatra RK, Natesan S, Dhawan M, Ahmad T, Emran TB, Malik YS, Harapan H. The role of disinfectants and sanitizers during COVID-19 pandemic: advantages and deleterious effects on humans and the environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:34211-34228. [PMID: 33991301 PMCID: PMC8122186 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14429-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Disinfectants and sanitizers are essential preventive agents against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic; however, the pandemic crisis was marred by undue hype, which led to the indiscriminate use of disinfectants and sanitizers. Despite demonstrating a beneficial role in the control and prevention of COVID-19, there are crucial concerns regarding the large-scale use of disinfectants and sanitizers, including the side effects on human and animal health along with harmful impacts exerted on the environment and ecological balance. This article discusses the roles of disinfectants and sanitizers in the control and prevention of the current pandemic and highlights updated disinfection techniques against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This article provides evidence of the deleterious effects of disinfectants and sanitizers exerted on humans, animals, and the environment as well as suggests mitigation strategies to reduce these effects. Additionally, potential technologies and approaches for the reduction of these effects and the development of safe, affordable, and effective disinfectants are discussed, particularly, eco-friendly technologies using nanotechnology and nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India.
| | - Shailesh Kumar Patel
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Dr. G.C Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176062, India
| | - Rupali Masand
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Dr. G.C Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176062, India
| | - Jigyasa Rana
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Rajeev Gandhi South Campus, Banaras Hindu University, Barkachha, Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh, 231001, India
| | - Mohd Iqbal Yatoo
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Alusteng Srinagar, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001, India
| | - Khan Sharun
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Ranjan K Mohapatra
- Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar, Odisha, 758002, India
| | - Senthilkumar Natesan
- Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Lekawada, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382042, India
| | - Manish Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
- The Trafford Group of Colleges, Manchester, WA14 5PQ, UK
| | - Tauseef Ahmad
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, 4381, Bangladesh
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Harapan Harapan
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.
- Tropical Disease Centre, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.
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10
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Mahanta N, Saxena V, Pandey LM, Batra P, Dixit US. Performance study of a sterilization box using a combination of heat and ultraviolet light irradiation for the prevention of COVID-19. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 198:111309. [PMID: 33984307 PMCID: PMC8107062 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 virus and other pathogenic microbes are transmitted to the environment through contacting surfaces, which need to be sterilized for the prevention of COVID-19 and related diseases. In this study, a prototype of a cost-effective sterilization box is developed to disinfect small items. The box utilizes ultra violet (UV) radiation with heat. For performance assessment, two studies were performed. First, IgG (glycoprotein, a model protein similar to that of spike glycoprotein of SARS-COV-2) was incubated under UV and heat sterilization. An incubation with UV at 70 °C for 15 min was found to be effective in unfolding and aggregation of the protein. At optimized condition, the hydrodynamic size of the protein increased to ~171 nm from ~5 nm of the native protein. Similarly, the OD280 values also increased from 0.17 to 0.78 indicating the exposure of more aromatic moieties and unfolding of the protein. The unfolding and aggregation of the protein were further confirmed by the intrinsic fluorescence measurement and FTIR studies, showing a 70% increase in the β-sheets and a 22% decrease in the α-helixes of the protein. The designed box was effective in damaging the protein's native structure indicating the effective inactivation of the SARS-COV-2. Furthermore, the incubation at 70 °C for 15 min inside the chamber resulted in 100% antibacterial efficacy for the clinically relevant E.coli bacteria as well as for bacteria collected from daily use items. It is the first detailed performance study on the efficacy of using UV irradiation and heat together for disinfection from virus and bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilkamal Mahanta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India
| | - Varun Saxena
- Bio-Interface and Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India
| | - Lalit M Pandey
- Bio-Interface and Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India
| | - Priyanka Batra
- North East Center for Biological Sciences and Health Care Engineering (NECBH), Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India
| | - U S Dixit
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India.
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Farah RI, Al-Haj Ali SN. Electrolyzed Water Generated On-Site as a Promising Disinfectant in the Dental Office During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Public Health 2021; 9:629142. [PMID: 33996714 PMCID: PMC8119747 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.629142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrolyzed water is a safe, broad-spectrum bactericidal and viricidal agent, which can be used as a potent and effective alternative disinfectant in case of supply shortages. This report describes the on-site production of slightly acidic electrolyzed water (EW) from diluted salt solution and vinegar at a dental office using a portable EW generator unit. Such measures can ensure the safe continuity of important dental service provision for our patients during the coronavirus disease 2019 (CoVID-19) pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ra'fat Ibrahim Farah
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sanaa Najeh Al-Haj Ali
- Department of Orthodontic and Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Mueller CA, Winter M, Renner B. A Concept for the Reduction of Mucosal SARS-CoV-2 Load using Hypochloric Acid Solutions. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2021; 71:348-350. [PMID: 33890267 DOI: 10.1055/a-1467-5956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
During the next few months or years, vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 infection will significantly reduce the morbidity and mortality of COVID-19. However, additional measures are needed to protect those who are still not immunized. This is even more important in view of new viral mutations that result in increased transmission rates. We propose that the use of long-standing medicinal solutions based on hypochloric acid (HOCl) and intended for application on wounds may be effective as a gargling solution or nasal irrigation in blocking transmission of the virus. Here, we propose the use of HOCl-containing solutions for blocking the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in combination with other prevention measures. This may constitute another important cornerstone in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Mueller
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Bertold Renner
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Sharma AK, Shukla SK, Kalonia A, Shaw P, Khanna K, Gupta R, Yashavarddhan MH, Bhatnagar A. Evaluation of decontamination efficacy of electrolytically generated hypochlorous acid for vesicating agent: A multimodel Study. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 23:287-299. [PMID: 33719970 DOI: 10.2174/1389201022666210311140922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sulfur Mustard is a strong vesicant and chemical warfare agent that imposes toxicity to the lungs, eyes, and skin after accidental or intended exposure. OBJECTIVES The current study was intended to explore in vitro and in vivo decontamination properties of electrolytically generated HOCl (hypochlorous acid) against CEES (2-chloroethyle ethyle sulphide), a known sulfur mustard simulant & vesicating agent. METHODS In vitro studies were carried out using UV spectroscopy and GC-MS methods. In vivo studies were perfomred in Strain A and immune compromised mice by subcutaneous as well as prophylactic topical administrion of HOCl pretreated CEES. The blister formation and mortality were considered as end-point. Histopathological study was conducted on skin samples by H & E method. DNA damage studies measuring γ-H2AX and ATM has been carried out in human blood using flow cytometry. Anti-bacterial action was tested by employing broth micro dilution methods. Comparative study was also carried out with known oxidizing agents. RESULTS The topical application of pre-treated CEES at 5, 30 min and 1 h time points showed significant (p<0.001) inhibition of blister formation. DNA damage study showed reduced mean flourences intensity of DSBs nearly 17-20 times, suggesting that HOCl plays a protective role against DNA damage. Histopathology showed no sign of necrosis in the epidermis upto 5 min although moderate changes were observed at 30 min. Pretreated samples were analyzed for detection of reaction products with m/z value of 75.04, 69.08, 83.93, 85.95, 123.99, 126.00, and 108.97. HOCl showed strong bactericidal effect at 40 ppm. The absorbance spectra of HOCl treated CEES showed lowered peaks in comparison to CEES alone and other oxidizing agents Conclusion: In a nutshell, our results signify the decontamination role of HOCl for biological surface application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar Sharma
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi-110054. India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Shukla
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi-110054. India
| | - Aman Kalonia
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi-110054. India
| | - Priyanka Shaw
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi-110054. India
| | - Kushagra Khanna
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi-110054. India
| | - Richa Gupta
- Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun. India
| | - M H Yashavarddhan
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi-110054. India
| | - Assem Bhatnagar
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi-110054. India
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Gupta A, Singh A, Bharadwaj D, Mondal AK. Humans and Robots: A Mutually Inclusive Relationship in a Contagious World. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AUTOMATION AND COMPUTING 2021; 18. [PMCID: PMC7837077 DOI: 10.1007/s11633-020-1266-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The Coronavirus global pandemic has spread faster and more severely than experts had anticipated. While this has presented itself as a great challenge, researchers worldwide have shown ingenuity and dexterity in adapting technology and devising new strategies to combat this pandemic. However, implementing these strategies alone impedes the nature of everyone’s daily life. Hence, an intersection between these strategies and the technological advantages of robotics, artificial intelligence, and autonomous systems is essential for near-to-normal operation. In this review paper, different applications of robotic systems, various aspects of modern technologies, including medical imaging, telemedicine, and supply chains, have been covered with respect to the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, concerns over user’s data privacy, job losses, and legal aspects of the implementation of robotics are also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Gupta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248007 India
| | - Anshuman Singh
- Department of Systems Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 USA
| | - Deepak Bharadwaj
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248007 India
| | - Amit Kumar Mondal
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Dubai, 345050 UAE
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Bishai M. A comprehensive study of COVID-19 in wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT OF NOVEL CORONAVIRUS DISEASE (COVID-19 ) 2021. [PMCID: PMC8237500 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-85780-2.00015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has had an adverse effect on human health, economy, and diverse environments. Besides the general transmission of the virus through air droplets and human-to-human contact; it is also transmitted while infecting the digestive system, which subsequently is defecated through the feces. Such fecal transmission can cause a major environmental distress, causing community transmission. This chapter attempts to investigate thoroughly the types of aquatic water bodies and addresses their role in the viral dissemination to combat SARS-CoV-2. It further enlightens the need for wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) studies for surveillance as well as for early warning signal. The study could provide a comprehensive approach for designing effective strategies in the context of COVID-19 to counter the viral transmission and its deactivation. It also serves as a working paper for scholars and strategy regulators for planning and development of a new set-up from the global to the local level.
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Javaid M, Haleem A, Singh RP, Haq MIU, Raina A, Suman R. Industry 5.0: Potential Applications in COVID-19. JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL INTEGRATION AND MANAGEMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s2424862220500220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Industry 5.0, the fifth industrial revolution, consists of smart digital information and manufacturing technologies. This industrial revolution generates effective processes and makes rapid improvement in industries and healthcare. Solutions to challenges posed by COVID-19 pandemic can be identified with the deployment of Industry 5.0-based technologies. It helps to provide personalized therapy and treatment processes to the COVID-19 patients if a detailed patient’s information is available. The aim of Industry 5.0 technologies is to create a smart healthcare environment with real-time capabilities. During the COVID-19 pandemic, these technologies can provide a remote monitoring system in healthcare. This paper identifies and studies major technologies of Industry 5.0 helpful for the COVID-19 pandemic. The supportive features of Industry 5.0 for the COVID-19 pandemic are discussed diagrammatically. Finally, we identified and studied significant challenges faced in the context of Industry 5.0 technologies for the COVID-19 pandemic. The literature revealed that this technological innovation allows a high personalization level to fulfill personal specific demands of the patient and doctors. These technologies play a significant role in making the life of doctors better. Further, doctors can use this technology to focus on critically infected patients and provide proper appropriate information regarding their better treatment. Moreover, Industry 5.0 technologies can help doctors and medical students for required medical training during this COVID-19 outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Javaid
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Abid Haleem
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravi Pratap Singh
- Department of Industrial and Production Engineering, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Mir Irfan Ul Haq
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ankush Raina
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Rajiv Suman
- Department of Industrial & Production Engineering, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India
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Agrawal A, Singh SG. PREFACE on the Special Issue 'Technologies for Fighting COVID-19'. TRANSACTIONS OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; 5:91-95. [PMID: 38624410 PMCID: PMC7381859 DOI: 10.1007/s41403-020-00156-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Agrawal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Shiv Govind Singh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India
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