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Orievulu K, Hinga A, Nkosi B, Ngwenya N, Seeley J, Akanlu A, Tindana P, Molyneux S, Kinyanjui S, Kamuya D. A scoping review of ethics review processes during public health emergencies in Africa. BMC Med Ethics 2024; 25:63. [PMID: 38778293 PMCID: PMC11110293 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-024-01054-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic forced governments, multilateral public health organisations and research institutions to undertake research quickly to inform their responses to the pandemic. Most COVID-19-related studies required swift approval, creating ethical and practical challenges for regulatory authorities and researchers. In this paper, we examine the landscape of ethics review processes in Africa during public health emergencies (PHEs). METHODS We searched four electronic databases (Web of Science, PUBMED, MEDLINE Complete, and CINAHL) to identify articles describing ethics review processes during public health emergencies and/or pandemics. We selected and reviewed those articles that were focused on Africa. We charted the data from the retrieved articles including the authors and year of publication, title, country and disease(s) reference, broad areas of (ethical) consideration, paper type, and approach. RESULTS Of an initial 4536 records retrieved, we screened the titles and abstracts of 1491 articles, and identified 72 articles for full review. Nine articles were selected for inclusion. Of these nine articles, five referenced West African countries including Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone, and experiences linked to the Ebola virus disease. Two articles focused on South Africa and Kenya, while the other two articles discussed more general experiences and pitfalls of ethics review during PHEs in Africa more broadly. We found no articles published on ethics review processes in Africa before the 2014 Ebola outbreak, and only a few before the COVID-19 outbreak. Although guidelines on protocol review and approval processes for PHEs were more frequently discussed after the 2014 Ebola outbreak, these did not focus on Africa specifically. CONCLUSIONS There is a gap in the literature about ethics review processes and preparedness within Africa during PHEs. This paper underscores the importance of these processes to inform practices that facilitate timely, context-relevant research that adequately recognises and reinforces human dignity within the quest to advance scientific knowledge about diseases. This is important to improve fast responses to PHEs, reduce mortality and morbidity, and enhance the quality of care before, during, and after pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kingsley Orievulu
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
- School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
- Centre for Africa China Studies, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Alex Hinga
- KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Busisiwe Nkosi
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- University of Toledo, Ohio, Toledo, USA
| | - Nothando Ngwenya
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Janet Seeley
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Global Health and Development Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Anthony Akanlu
- West Africa Centre for Cell Biology and Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Paulina Tindana
- Department of Health Policy, Planning and Management, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Sassy Molyneux
- KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Samson Kinyanjui
- KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dorcas Kamuya
- KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Kolandai K, Milne B, von Randow M, Bullen C, Marsh S, Crump JA. Public opinion on global COVID-19 vaccine procurement and distribution policies: A nationally representative survey in Aotearoa New Zealand 2022. Vaccine 2024; 42:1372-1382. [PMID: 38326132 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.01.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The World Health Organisation and many health experts have regarded vaccine nationalism, a "my country first" approach to vaccines procurement, as a critical pandemic response failure. However, few studies have considered public opinion in this regard. This study gauged public support for vaccine nationalism and vaccine internationalism in a representative survey in New Zealand (N = 1,135). Support for vaccine internationalism (M (mean rating) = 3.64 on 5-point scales) was significantly stronger than for vaccine nationalism (M = 3.24). Additionally, support for openly sharing COVID-19 vaccine manufacturing knowledge and technology (M = 4.17 on 5-point scales) was significantly stronger than support for safeguarding vaccine manufacturers' intellectual property (M = 2.66). The public also supported a utilitarian approach that would see distributions based on need (M = 3.76 on 5-point scales) over an equal proportional international distribution (M = 3.16). Akin to the few preceding studies, the present observations suggest that the public is likely to be more supportive of pandemic responses that are globally equitable and long-term orientated. Our findings have substantial implications for pandemic preparedness as the congruence or lack thereof of public vaccine-related values with government policies can affect public trust, which, in turn, can affect public cooperation. It may pay for governments to invest in proactive public engagement efforts before and during a pandemic to discuss critical ethical issues and inequities in global vaccine procurement and distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komathi Kolandai
- COMPASS Research Centre & Public Policy Institute, Faculty of Arts, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Barry Milne
- COMPASS Research Centre, Faculty of Arts, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Martin von Randow
- COMPASS Research Centre, Faculty of Arts, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Chris Bullen
- General Practice and Primary Healthcare, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Samantha Marsh
- General Practice and Primary Healthcare, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John A Crump
- Centre for International Health & Otago Global Health Institute, University of Otago, New Zealand
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Kara MA. Is It Possible to Allocate Life? Triage, Ageism, and Narrative Identity. New Bioeth 2023; 29:322-339. [PMID: 37791914 DOI: 10.1080/20502877.2023.2261735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Triage protocols can exclude older patients for the sake of effectiveness and this may be defended as the older have already had their fair share of life, which can mean fair amounts or complete lives. Nevertheless, if life is considered as a narrative, mentioning amounts might be nonsensical. Narratives have a quality of unity; so, life events are fragments whose meanings are dependent on the meaning of the whole. Thus, time units do not represent a reliable measure of the content of life. In addition, people's experience is different from the external flow of time, making its significance relative. Moreover, to compare the completeness of lives qualitatively, it is necessary to have a common cultural understanding, which is improbable to agree on in a modern society. Therefore, basic assumptions of the accounts that refer to fair shares of lives are mistaken, and these accounts do not support age-based rationing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut Alpertunga Kara
- History of Medicine and Ethics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
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Muaygil R, Aldekhyyel R, AlWatban L, Almana L, Almana RF, Barry M. Ethical uncertainty and COVID-19: exploring the lived experiences of senior physicians at a major medical centre. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS 2023; 49:275-282. [PMID: 36600609 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2022-108369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Given the wide-reaching and detrimental impact of COVID-19, its strain on healthcare resources, and the urgent need for-sometimes forced-public health interventions, thorough examination of the ethical issues brought to light by the pandemic is especially warranted. This paper aims to identify some of the complex moral dilemmas faced by senior physicians at a major medical centre in Saudi Arabia, in an effort to gain a better understanding of how they navigated ethical uncertainty during a time of crisis. This qualitative study uses a semistructured interview approach and reports the findings of 16 interviews. The study finds that participants were motivated by a profession-based moral obligation to provide care during the toughest and most uncertain times of the pandemic. Although participants described significant moral dilemmas during their practice, very few identified challenges as ethical in nature, and in turn, none sought formal ethics support. Rather, participants took on the burden of resolving ethical challenges themselves-whenever possible-rationalising oft fraught decisions by likening their experiences to wartime action or by minimising attention to the moral. In capturing these accounts, this paper ultimately contemplates what moral lessons can, and must be, learnt from this experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruaim Muaygil
- Department of Medical Education, The College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raniah Aldekhyyel
- Department of Medical Education, The College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lemmese AlWatban
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, The College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lyan Almana
- The College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rana F Almana
- Department of Pediatrics, King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazin Barry
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, The College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Dalton-Brown S. Trusting the Government to Do the Right Thing: Data Ethics in Australia's Pandemic Response. Camb Q Healthc Ethics 2022; 32:1-9. [PMID: 36511321 DOI: 10.1017/s0963180122000573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
After a brief overview of ethical issues in an Australian context catalyzed by the current pandemic, this article focuses on data protection in the light of recent debates about COVID-19 data tracking in Australia and globally. This article looks at the issue of trust as a fundamental principle of effective and ethical COVID-safe measures undertaken by the government. Key to ensuring such trust are Habermasian participatory dialogs, which assume trust as a condition of authentic illocution, and an emphasis on short-term data capture.
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Swisher LL. Ethics and Moral Agency for a Postpandemic Era: Beyond the Storm. Phys Ther 2022; 102:pzac149. [PMID: 37651700 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzac149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Laura Lee (Dolly) Swisher, PT, MDiv, PhD, FAPTA, the 53rd Mary McMillan Lecturer, is professor emerita and former director of the school of physical therapy and rehabilitation sciences at the University of South Florida in the USF Health Morsani College of Medicine. Dr Swisher received a bachelor of arts degree from Wilson College and is a 1986 physical therapy graduate of the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis. She received the M.Div. from Andover Newton Theological School and a doctoral degree in public administration from Tennessee State University. Dr Swisher is a highly regarded expert on professionalism, ethics, and interprofessional education and has been a featured speaker at local, state, and national conferences. She is the coauthor of Rehabilitation Ethics for Professional Practice, Professionalism in Physical Therapy and Legal and Ethical Issues in Physical Therapy and is a lead author or coauthor of multiple peer reviewed articles and individual book chapters. She served as a member and chair of the Commission on Accreditation for Physical Therapy Education, was former chair and member of the APTA Ethics and Judicial Committee, and served as co-chair of the Task Force to Revise the Core Ethics Documents. Dr Swisher served on the Editorial Board of the Journal of Physical Therapy Education and is a member of the Editorial Board of the Journal of Humanities in Rehabilitation. She is the recipient of APTA's Lucy Blair Service Award and the Polly Cerasoli Lecture Award and is a Catherine Worthingham Fellow of the APTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lee Swisher
- School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, USF Health Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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Voo TC, Ballantyne A, Ng CJ, Cowling BJ, Xiao J, Phang KC, Kaur S, Jenarun G, Kumar V, Lim JM, Tun ZM, Wong NCB, Tam CC. Public acceptability of COVID-19 control measures in Singapore, Hong Kong, and Malaysia: A cross-sectional survey. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 120:51-58. [PMID: 35430376 PMCID: PMC9007749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several countries have implemented control measures to limit SARS-CoV-2 spread, including digital contact tracing, digital monitoring of quarantined individuals, and testing of travelers. These raise ethical issues around privacy, personal freedoms, and equity. However, little is known regarding public acceptability of these measures. Methods In December 2020, we conducted a survey among 3635 respondents in Singapore, Hong Kong, and Malaysia to understand public perceptions on the acceptability of COVID-19 control measures. Findings Hong Kong respondents were much less supportive of digital contact tracing and monitoring devices than those in Malaysia and Singapore. Around three-quarters of Hong Kong respondents perceived digital contact tracing as an unreasonable restriction of individual freedom; <20% trusted that there were adequate local provisions preventing these data being used for other purposes. This was the opposite in Singapore, where nearly 3/4 of respondents agreed that there were adequate data protection rules locally. In contrast, only a minority of Hong Kong respondents viewed mandatory testing and vaccination for travelers as unreasonable infringements of privacy or freedom. Less than 2/3 of respondents in all territories were willing to be vaccinated against COVID-19, with a quarter of respondents undecided. However, support for differential travel restrictions for vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals was high in all settings. Interpretation Our findings highlight the importance of sociopolitical context in public perception of public health measures and emphasize the need to continually monitor public attitudes toward such measures to inform implementation and communication strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teck Chuan Voo
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Angela Ballantyne
- Department of Primary Health Care and General Practice, University of Otago, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Chirk Jenn Ng
- Department of Primary Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Benjamin J Cowling
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jingyi Xiao
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kean Chang Phang
- University of Malaya Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sharon Kaur
- Faculty of Law, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Grazele Jenarun
- Medical Research Ethics Committee, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vishakha Kumar
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jane Mingjie Lim
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zaw Myo Tun
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nigel Chong Boon Wong
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Clarence C Tam
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, England, United Kingdom.
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Thomson G, Balaam MC, Nowland Harris R, Crossland N, Moncrieff G, Heys S, Sarian A, Cull J, Topalidou A, Downe S. Companionship for women/birthing people using antenatal and intrapartum care in England during COVID-19: a mixed-methods analysis of national and organisational responses and perspectives. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e051965. [PMID: 35017241 PMCID: PMC8753093 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore stakeholders' and national organisational perspectives on companionship for women/birthing people using antenatal and intrapartum care in England during COVID-19, as part of the Achieving Safe and Personalised maternity care In Response to Epidemics (ASPIRE) COVID-19 UK study. SETTING Maternity care provision in England. PARTICIPANTS Interviews were held with 26 national governmental, professional and service-user organisation leads (July-December 2020). Other data included public-facing outputs logged from 25 maternity Trusts (September/October 2020) and data extracted from 78 documents from eight key governmental, professional and service-user organisations that informed national maternity care guidance and policy (February-December 2020). RESULTS Six themes emerged: 'Postcode lottery of care' highlights variations in companionship and visiting practices between trusts/locations, 'Confusion and stress around 'rules'' relates to a lack of and variable information concerning companionship/visiting, 'Unintended consequences' concerns the negative impacts of restricted companionship or visiting on women/birthing people and staff, 'Need for flexibility' highlights concerns about applying companionship and visiting policies irrespective of need, ''Acceptable' time for support' highlights variations in when and if companionship was 'allowed' antenatally and intrapartum and 'Loss of human rights for gain in infection control' emphasises how a predominant focus on infection control was at a cost to psychological safety and human rights. CONCLUSIONS Policies concerning companionship and visiting have been inconsistently applied within English maternity services during the COVID-19 pandemic. In some cases, policies were not justified by the level of risk, and were applied indiscriminately regardless of need. There is an urgent need to determine how to sensitively and flexibly balance risks and benefits and optimise outcomes during the current and future crisis situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gill Thomson
- Maternal and Infant Nutrition & Nurture group, School of Community Health and Midwifery, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Marie-Claire Balaam
- Research in Childbirth and Health group, School of Community Health and Midwifery, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Rebecca Nowland Harris
- Maternal and Infant Nutrition & Nurture group, School of Community Health and Midwifery, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Nicola Crossland
- Maternal and Infant Nutrition & Nurture group, School of Community Health and Midwifery, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Gill Moncrieff
- Research in Childbirth and Health group, School of Community Health and Midwifery, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | | | - Arni Sarian
- School of Medicine, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Joanne Cull
- Maternal and Infant Nutrition & Nurture group, School of Community Health and Midwifery, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Anastasia Topalidou
- Research in Childbirth and Health group, School of Community Health and Midwifery, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Soo Downe
- Research in Childbirth and Health group, School of Community Health and Midwifery, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
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Toh HJ, Ballantyne A, Ong SAK, Sankaran C, Tay HY, Singh M, Zaidi R, Chia R, Singh S, Samachittananda S, Shi YG, Tan Z, Lysaght T. Religious Perspectives on Precision Medicine in Singapore. Asian Bioeth Rev 2021; 13:473-483. [PMID: 34611464 PMCID: PMC8486897 DOI: 10.1007/s41649-021-00180-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Precision medicine (PM) aims to revolutionise healthcare, but little is known about the role religion and spirituality might play in the ethical discourse about PM. This Perspective reports the outcomes of a knowledge exchange fora with religious authorities in Singapore about data sharing for PM. While the exchange did not identify any foundational religious objections to PM, ethical concerns were raised about the possibility for private industry to profiteer from social resources and the potential for genetic discrimination by private health insurers. According to religious authorities in Singapore, sharing PM data with private industry will require a clear public benefit and robust data governance that incorporates principles of transparency, accountability and oversight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jin Toh
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Angela Ballantyne
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Primary Health Care and General Practice, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Serene Ai Kiang Ong
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | - Raza Zaidi
- Jaafari Muslim Association Singapore, Singapore
| | - Roland Chia
- National Council of Churches of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | - Tamra Lysaght
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Ruiz-Galiana J, Cantón R, De Lucas Ramos P, García-Botella A, García-Lledó A, Gómez-Pavón J, González Del Castillo J, Hernández-Sampelayo T, Martín-Delgado MC, Martín Sánchez FJ, Martínez-Sellés M, Molero García JM, Moreno Guillén S, Rodríguez-Artalejo FJ, Bouza E. [COVID-19 vaccination: the reality after clinical trials]. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA : PUBLICACION OFICIAL DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA 2021; 34:408-418. [PMID: 33906339 PMCID: PMC8638833 DOI: 10.37201/req/035.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
After the start of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2, enough clinical experience is already accumulating, in the real world and outside clinical trials, to resolve some of the questions that are still pending about this problem. The Scientific Committee on COVID-19 of the Madrid College of Physicians has discussed and reviewed some of these issues with a multidisciplinary approach. The following document is an attempt to answer some of these questions with the information available so far. This document is structured in questions on different aspects of the indications, efficacy and tolerance of anti-COVID-19 vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - E Bouza
- Servicio de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas del Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense. CIBERES. Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias. Madrid, Spain.
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Agathokleous E. Mastering the scientific peer review process: tips for young authors from a young senior editor. JOURNAL OF FORESTRY RESEARCH 2021; 33:1-20. [PMID: 34545272 PMCID: PMC8443951 DOI: 10.1007/s11676-021-01388-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Are you a student at a higher institution or an early-career researcher who is striving to understand and master the peer review process so to increase the odds of getting a paper published in the Journal of Forestry Research or another reputable, peer-reviewed, scientific journal? In this paper, a young, senior editor provides a handbook of the peer review process based on his decadal experience in scientific publishing. He covers major information you need to know during the entire process, from selecting journals to completing the proofing of your accepted paper. He introduces key points for consideration, such as avoidance of predatory journals, dubious research practices and ethics, interaction with peers, reviewers, and editors, and the pursuit of aretê. Finally, he points out some common statistical errors and misconceptions, such as P hacking and incorrect effect size inference. He hopes that this paper will enhance your understanding and knowledge of the peer-review process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenios Agathokleous
- Department of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing, 210044 People’s Republic of China
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Kearns AJ. Should nurses take a COVID-19 vaccine? Nurs Outlook 2021; 69:1081-1089. [PMID: 34493400 PMCID: PMC8343374 DOI: 10.1016/j.outlook.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The issue as to whether health care professionals have a moral obligation to take a vaccine for a communicable disease is not new. Nonetheless, this issue takes on a fresh urgency within nursing practice in the context of the present COVID-19 pandemic, i.e., is there an ethical requirement for nurses to take a COVID-19 vaccine? This paper approaches the issue by using a hypothetical example of Nurse X who has inadvertently infected Patient Y. French's (1984a) Principle of Responsive Adjustment is adapted to claim that there would be a moral expectation that Nurse X takes a COVID-19 vaccine (unless there are justifiable reasons not to). The proposition is also made that, should Nurse X not take a COVID-19 vaccine, they could be morally associated with originally infecting Patient Y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Kearns
- School of Theology, Philosophy, and Music, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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COVID-19 age-dependent immunology and clinical outcomes: implications for vaccines. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2021; 13:277-283. [PMID: 34284839 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174421000398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Understanding the evolution of the virus, and immune-pathogenic processes are critical for designing future therapeutic interventions. In this review, we collate information on the structure, genome, viral life cycle, and adult and pediatric host immune responses in response to SARS-CoV-2. The immunological responses are a prototype of the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) hypothesis to explain the socio-geographic differences impacting the severity and mortality rates in SARS-CoV-2 infections. The DOHaD hypothesis identifies the relevance of trained innate immunity, age groups, and geography for effective vaccinations. As COVID-19 vaccines are being rolled out, it may be pertinent to assess population-based immunological responses to understand the effectiveness and safety across different populations and age groups.
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Crisp BR, Stanford S, Moulding N. Educating Social Workers in the Midst of COVID-19: The Value of a Principles-led Approach to Designing Educational Experiences during the Pandemic. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL WORK 2021; 51:1839-1857. [PMID: 34393657 PMCID: PMC8344608 DOI: 10.1093/bjsw/bcab108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Social work education in Australia in the midst of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) would not have been possible under our pre-pandemic accreditation standards due to assumptions about best practice in higher education that were not possible to enact during the pandemic. Rather than immediately arguing for a new set of standards, as Heads of Social Work programmes the authors of this paper promoted a principles-led approach to inform 'the right' way-in an ethical sense-of ensuring social work education could continue in Australia during the pandemic. This meant conceptualising the challenges of delivering social work education in a pandemic as being not only practical but also ethical in their nature. Using examples of how this approach guided the design of adaptive online teaching and field education placements at our universities, we consider the future possibilities for ethical and rules-based governance approaches to social work education. How students learn is changing and what they are learning will help them respond to the immediate and future needs arising from the pandemic. As such, rather than having their education compromised by COVID-19, social work students at the time of the pandemic and into the future may in fact benefit from the changes that have emerged during this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth R Crisp
- School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria,Australia
| | - Sonya Stanford
- School of Social Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania,Australia
| | - Nicole Moulding
- Justice and Society, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia,Australia
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15
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Thayer WM, Hasan MZ, Sankhla P, Gupta S. An interrupted time series analysis of the lockdown policies in India: a national-level analysis of COVID-19 incidence. Health Policy Plan 2021; 36:620-629. [PMID: 33899097 PMCID: PMC8135431 DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czab027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
India implemented a national mandatory lockdown policy (Lockdown 1.0) on 24 March 2020 in response to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The policy was revised in three subsequent stages (Lockdown 2.0–4.0 between 15 April to 18 May 2020), and restrictions were lifted (Unlockdown 1.0) on 1 June 2020. This study evaluated the effect of lockdown policy on the COVID-19 incidence rate at the national level to inform policy response for this and future pandemics. We conducted an interrupted time series analysis with a segmented regression model using publicly available data on daily reported new COVID-19 cases between 2 March 2020 and 1 September 2020. National-level data from Google Community Mobility Reports during this timeframe were also used in model development and robustness checks. Results showed an 8% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 6–9%] reduction in the change in incidence rate per day after Lockdown 1.0 compared to prior to the Lockdown order, with an additional reduction of 3% (95% CI = 2–3%) after Lockdown 4.0, suggesting an 11% (95% CI = 9–12%) reduction in the change in COVID-19 incidence after Lockdown 4.0 compared to the period before Lockdown 1.0. Uptake of the lockdown policy is indicated by decreased mobility and attenuation of the increasing incidence of COVID-19. The increasing rate of incident case reports in India was attenuated after the lockdown policy was implemented compared to before, and this reduction was maintained after the restrictions were eased, suggesting that the policy helped to ‘flatten the curve’ and buy additional time for pandemic preparedness, response and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winter M Thayer
- Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, 525 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Md Zabir Hasan
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, 2206 E Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Prithvi Sankhla
- Secretary Finance, Government of Rajasthan, Secretariat, Main Building, Bhagwan Das Rd, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302005, India.,Former Secretary Medical Education, Government of Rajasthan, Secretariat, Main Building, Bhagwan Das Rd, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302005, India
| | - Shivam Gupta
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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16
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Besançon L, Peiffer-Smadja N, Segalas C, Jiang H, Masuzzo P, Smout C, Billy E, Deforet M, Leyrat C. Open science saves lives: lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Med Res Methodol 2021; 21:117. [PMID: 34090351 PMCID: PMC8179078 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-021-01304-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade Open Science principles have been successfully advocated for and are being slowly adopted in different research communities. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic many publishers and researchers have sped up their adoption of Open Science practices, sometimes embracing them fully and sometimes partially or in a sub-optimal manner. In this article, we express concerns about the violation of some of the Open Science principles and its potential impact on the quality of research output. We provide evidence of the misuses of these principles at different stages of the scientific process. We call for a wider adoption of Open Science practices in the hope that this work will encourage a broader endorsement of Open Science principles and serve as a reminder that science should always be a rigorous process, reliable and transparent, especially in the context of a pandemic where research findings are being translated into practice even more rapidly. We provide all data and scripts at https://osf.io/renxy/ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Lonni Besançon
- Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Media and Information Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Nathan Peiffer-Smadja
- Université de Paris, IAME, INSERM, Paris, F-75018 France
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Corentin Segalas
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Haiting Jiang
- School of Health Policy and Management, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Paola Masuzzo
- IGDORE, Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education, Box 1074, Kristinehöjdsgatan 9A, Gothenburg, 412 82 Sweden
| | - Cooper Smout
- IGDORE, Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education, Box 1074, Kristinehöjdsgatan 9A, Gothenburg, 412 82 Sweden
| | | | - Maxime Deforet
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Laboratoire Jean Perrin (LJP), Paris, France
| | - Clémence Leyrat
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Inequalities in Cancer Outcomes Network, Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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17
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Wang M. Health indicators on adolescents reveal disparity and inequality on regional and national levels. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1006. [PMID: 34049513 PMCID: PMC8161722 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10989-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health status in adolescents is difficult to evaluate and compare horizontally, vertically and longitudinally among different regions and nations of the world. METHODS With repeated surveys conducted with relatively uniformed standards, the UNICEF Data warehouse compiles and publishes a wide spectrum of health indicators, of which data analysis and visualization would reveal the underlying statuses and trends on global, regional and national levels. RESULTS Apparent geographic disparity is present in that sub-Saharan African countries lag far behind their counterparts in other regions with regard to most health indicators on adolescents. Education attendance rates sequentially drop from primary to secondary school levels, and display correlation with youth literacy. Harmful practices of early marriage, early childbearing and female genital mutilation have decreased but the presences of peer violence and sexual violence are worthy of attentions. Although incidence and mortality rates of HIV/AIDS have dropped (most notably in sub-Saharan Africa), adolescents' HIV/AIDS awareness remains suboptimal in selected countries. Cumulative COVID-19 cases and deaths in the adolescents are comparable to the children but relatively lower than the adult and senior groups. CONCLUSIONS Findings on the health indicators of adolescents until 2019 reveal the most recent status quo for reference right before the hit of ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Progresses made on the various health indicators as well as the associated disparity and inequality underlie the remaining gaps to fill for the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqiao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Renmin South Road 16, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Mert S, Sayilan AA, Karatoprak AP, Baydemir C. The effect of Covid-19 on ethical sensitivity. Nurs Ethics 2021; 28:1124-1136. [PMID: 33910398 DOI: 10.1177/09697330211003231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic, healthcare workers increasingly encounter serious ethical issues that negatively affect their professionalism. PURPOSE The study aims to examine the ethical sensitivity levels of physicians and nurses working in surgical units during the Covid-19 pandemic and the associating factors. METHOD The sample of this cross-sectional online questionnaire-based study consists of 161 healthcare workers working at the surgical units in Turkish hospitals. The data were collected using the "Nurse Descriptive Information Form" developed by the researchers and the "Ethical Sensitivity Questionnaire." ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS Approval was granted by the ethics committee. Verbal and written consent was received from the healthcare workers. RESULTS Ethical sensitivity in the dimension of conflict was found to be higher in healthcare workers who had ethical issues during the Covid-19 pandemic, who were married, who were nurses, who worked more than 45 h, and who had a work experience of 7-10 years (p < 0.05). Healthcare workers with a family member diagnosed with Covid-19 had high ethical sensitivity in the dimension of conflict (p = 0.008), while those who reported being fully competent and ready (p = 0.038) about Covid-19 were found to have low ethical sensitivity. Besides, those who experienced inadequate supplies (p = 0.045), long working hours (p = 0.038), and problems in asepsis-sterilization (p = 0.046) during the Covid-19 pandemic were found to have low sensitivity in the holistic approach dimension. CONCLUSION The study revealed that ethical issues during the Covid-19 pandemic, sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge-skills about Covid-19, and the problems encountered in the work environment during the pandemic affect the ethical sensitivity of healthcare workers in the dimensions of conflict and holistic approach. Therefore, it is recommended that governments and all healthcare workers, and stakeholders in the health system in our country and other countries take action to promote ethical sensitivity in response to the rapidly increasing epidemic by considering the factors that adversely affect ethical sensitivity.
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19
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Margraf J, Brailovskaia J, Schneider S. Adherence to behavioral Covid-19 mitigation measures strongly predicts mortality. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249392. [PMID: 33784361 PMCID: PMC8009358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the absence of vaccines or causal therapies, behavioral measures such as wearing face masks and maintaining social distance are central to fighting Covid-19. Yet, their benefits are often questioned by the population and the level of adherence to the measures is variable. We examined in representative samples across eight countries (N = 7,568) whether adherence reported around June 1, 2020 predicted the increase in Covid-19 mortality by August 31, 2020. Mortality increased 81.3% in low adherence countries (United States, Sweden, Poland, Russia), 8.4% in high adherence countries (Germany, France, Spain, United Kingdom). Across countries adherence and subsequent mortality increases correlated with r = -0.91. No African or South American countries were included in the present study, which limits the generalizability of the findings. While reported Covid-19 mortality is likely to be influenced by other factors, the almost tenfold difference in additional mortality is significant, and may inform decisions when choosing whether to prioritize individual liberty rights or health-protective measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Margraf
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Julia Brailovskaia
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Silvia Schneider
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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20
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Jalongo MR. The Effects of COVID-19 on Early Childhood Education and Care: Research and Resources for Children, Families, Teachers, and Teacher Educators. EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION JOURNAL 2021; 49:763-774. [PMID: 34054286 PMCID: PMC8142069 DOI: 10.1007/s10643-021-01208-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 world health crisis has profound implications for the care and education of young children in homes and schools, the lives of preservice and inservice teachers, and the work of college/university faculty. This article begins by discussing the implications of a world health pandemic for education and the challenges of conducting a literature review on such a rapidly evolving topic. The next four sections categorize the COVID-19 literature into themes: (1) threats to quality of life (QoL) and wellness, (2) pressure on families and intensification of inequities, (3) changes in teaching methods and reliance on technology, and (4) restructuring of higher education and scholarship interrupted. Each of the four themes is introduced with a narrative that highlights the current context, followed by the literature review. Next is a compilation of high-quality, online resources developed by leading professional organizations to support children, families, and educators dealing with the COVID crisis. The article concludes with changes that hold the greatest potential to advance the field of early childhood education and care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Renck Jalongo
- Emerita, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, 654 College Lodge Road, Indiana, PA 15701 USA
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21
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Effective Contact Tracing for COVID-19 Using Mobile Phones: An Ethical Analysis of the Mandatory Use of the Aarogya Setu Application in India. Camb Q Healthc Ethics 2020; 30:262-271. [PMID: 32993842 PMCID: PMC7642501 DOI: 10.1017/s0963180120000821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Several digital contact tracing smartphone applications have been developed worldwide in the effort to combat COVID-19 that warn users of potential exposure to infectious patients and generate big data that helps in early identification of hotspots, complementing the manual tracing operations. In most democracies, concerns over a breach in data privacy have resulted in severe opposition toward their mandatory adoption. This paper examines India as a noticeable exception, where the compulsory installation of such a government-backed application, the “Aarogya Setu” has been deemed mandatory in certain situations. We argue that the mandatory app requirement constitutes a legitimate public health intervention during a public health emergency.
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22
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Laurie G. Sustaining Bioethical Contributions in Times of Crisis and Change. Asian Bioeth Rev 2020; 12:61-63. [PMID: 32837553 PMCID: PMC7286217 DOI: 10.1007/s41649-020-00129-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Laurie
- Edinburgh Law School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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