1
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Sheldon RA. Waste Valorization in a Sustainable Bio-Based Economy: The Road to Carbon Neutrality. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202402207. [PMID: 39240026 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202402207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
The development of sustainable chemistry underlying the quest to minimize and/or valorize waste in the carbon-neutral manufacture of chemicals is followed over the last four to five decades. Both chemo- and biocatalysis have played an indispensable role in this odyssey. in particular developments in protein engineering, metagenomics and bioinformatics over the preceding three decades have played a crucial supporting role in facilitating the widespread application of both whole cell and cell-free biocatalysis. The pressing need, driven by climate change mitigation, for a drastic reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, has precipitated an energy transition based on decarbonization of energy and defossilization of organic chemicals production. The latter involves waste biomass and/or waste CO2 as the feedstock and green electricity generated using solar, wind, hydroelectric or nuclear energy. The use of waste polysaccharides as feedstocks will underpin a renaissance in carbohydrate chemistry with pentoses and hexoses as base chemicals and bio-based solvents and polymers as environmentally friendly downstream products. The widespread availability of inexpensive electricity and solar energy has led to increasing attention for electro(bio)catalysis and photo(bio)catalysis which in turn is leading to myriad innovations in these fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger A Sheldon
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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2
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Cheng Y, Jiang N, Diao J, Zheng L. Achieving cinnamic acid amides in water by a variant of acyltransferase from Mycobacterium smegmatis and its immobilized form using Ni-NTA modified aspen powder as a carrier. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129849. [PMID: 38296141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
An aqueous N-acylation reaction for preparing cinnamic acid amides was realized by using a variant of acyltransferase from Mycobacterium smegmatis (MsAcT-L12A), whereas the wild-type MsAcT showed no activity. MsAcT-L12A exhibited broad substrate adaptability, and preferred the substrates with electron-donating group. When the vinyl cinnamate (1a, 40 mM) and p-methoxyaniline (2a, 4 mM) were involved in the reaction, the excellent yield reached to 86.7 % ± 2.1 % within 3 h by MsAcT-L12A (1 mgpro./mL) in a PBS buffer (100 mM, pH 8.0) at 25 °C. The aqueous N-acylation reaction could be further improved by using an immobilized MsAcT-L12A. The biomass aspen powder (AP) as a carrier provided a low-cost, green, and environmental-friendly immobilization strategy. After it was modified by Ni-NTA, the obtained Ni-NAP could realize one-step purification and immobilization of MsAcT-L12A. The accomplished MsAcT-L12A-Ni-NAP exhibited excellent stability and recyclability, and retained its relative yield as 83.3 % ± 2.2 % even after the 7th cycle of reuse. Using only PBS buffer as a reaction medium, the operation for MsAcT-L12A-catalyzed acyl transfer was greatly simplified, and the improved stabilities of MsAcT-L12A-Ni-NAP could enhance its application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jiali Diao
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Liangyu Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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3
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De Vitis V, Cannazza P, Mattio L, Romano D, Pinto A, Molinari F, Laurenzi T, Eberini I, Contente ML. Caulobacter segnis Dioxygenase CsO2: A Practical Biocatalyst for Stilbenoid Ozonolysis. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300477. [PMID: 37490046 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Ozonolysis is a useful as well as dangerous reaction for performing alkene cleavage. On the other hand, enzymes are considered a more sustainable and safer alternative. Among them, Caulobacter segnis dioxygenase (CsO2) known so far for its ability to catalyze the coenzyme-free oxidation of vinylguaiacol into vanillin, was selected and its substrate scope evaluated towards diverse natural and synthetic stilbenoids. Under optimized conditions, CsO2 catalyzed the oxidative cleavage of the C=C double bonds of various trans-stilbenes, providing that a hydroxyl moiety was necessary in para-position of the phenyl group (e. g., resveratrol and its derivatives) for the reaction to take place, which was confirmed by modelling studies. The reactions occurred rapidly (0.5-3 h) with high conversions (95-99 %) and without formation of by-products. The resveratrol biotransformation was carried out on 50-mL scale thus confirming the feasibility of the biocatalytic system as a preparative method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio De Vitis
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria, 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Cannazza
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria, 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Luce Mattio
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria, 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Romano
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria, 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Pinto
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria, 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Molinari
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria, 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso Laurenzi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", University of Milan, Via Balzaretti, 9, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Ivano Eberini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", University of Milan, Via Balzaretti, 9, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Martina L Contente
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria, 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
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4
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Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Optically Active Alcohols Possessing 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroquinoline Moiety Employing Lipases or Variants of the Acyltransferase from Mycobacterium smegmatis. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12121610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzymatic kinetic resolution (EKR) of racemic alcohols or esters is a broadly recognized methodology for the preparation of these compounds in optically active form. Although EKR approaches have been developed for the enantioselective transesterification of a vast number of secondary alcohols or hydrolysis of their respective esters, to date, there is no report of bio- or chemo-catalytic asymmetric synthesis of non-racemic alcohols possessing 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline moiety, which are valuable building blocks for the pharmaceutical industry. In this work, the kinetic resolution of a set of racemic 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline-propan-2-ols was successfully carried out in neat organic solvents (in the case of CAL-B and BCL) or in water (in the case of MsAcT single variants) using immobilized lipases from Candida antarctica type B (CAL-B) and Burkholderia cepacia (BCL) or engineered acyltransferase variants from Mycobacterium smegmatis (MsAcT) as the biocatalysts and vinyl acetate as irreversible acyl donor, yielding enantiomerically enriched (S)-alcohols and the corresponding (R)-acetates with E-values up to 328 and excellent optical purities (>99% ee). In general, higher ee-values were observed in the reactions catalyzed by lipases; however, the rates of the reactions were significantly better in the case of MsAcT-catalyzed enantioselective transesterifications. Interestingly, we have experimentally proved that enantiomerically enriched 1-(7-nitro-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)propan-2-ol undergoes spontaneous amplification of optical purity under achiral chromatographic conditions.
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Meyer LE, Hobisch M, Kara S. Process intensification in continuous flow biocatalysis by up and downstream processing strategies. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 78:102835. [PMID: 36332339 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we focus on the holistic continuous enzymatic production and put special emphasis on process intensification by up- and downstream processing in continuous flow biocatalysis. After a brief introduction, we provide an overview of current examples of enzyme immobilization as an upstream process for flow biocatalysis. Thereafter, we provide an overview of unit operations as downstream processing strategies, namely continuous (i) liquid-liquid extraction, (ii) adsorptive downstream processing, and (iii) crystallization and precipitation. Eventually, we present our perspectives on future trends in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars-Erik Meyer
- Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Markus Hobisch
- Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Selin Kara
- Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstr. 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
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6
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Annunziata F, Contente ML, Anzi V, Donzella S, Conti P, Molinari F, Martino PA, Meroni G, Sora VM, Tamborini L, Pinto A. Enzymatic continuous-flow preparation of nature-inspired phenolic esters as antiradical and antimicrobial agents. Food Chem 2022; 390:133195. [PMID: 35594770 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A collection of nature-inspired lipophilic phenolic esters have been prepared by an enzymatic synthesis under flow conditions, using the immobilized lipase B from Candida antarctica (Novozyme 435®) as a catalyst in cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME), a non-conventional and green solvent. Their antimicrobial activity against four selected bacterial strains together with their efficiency as radical scavengers were evaluated. The obtained compounds were characterized by enhanced lipophilicity in comparison with the parent non-esterified compounds, which increased the possibility of their use as additives in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Annunziata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), University of Milan, via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Martina L Contente
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Anzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), University of Milan, via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Donzella
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Conti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), University of Milan, via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Molinari
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Piera Anna Martino
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences (DSBCO), One Health Unit, University of Milan, via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Meroni
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences (DSBCO), One Health Unit, University of Milan, via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Valerio Massimo Sora
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences (DSBCO), One Health Unit, University of Milan, via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Tamborini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), University of Milan, via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Andrea Pinto
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
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7
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Kleoff M, Kiler P, Heretsch P. Synthesis of odorants in flow and their applications in perfumery. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:754-768. [PMID: 35859624 PMCID: PMC9263551 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous flow technology is a key technology for sustainable manufacturing with numerous applications for the synthesis of fine chemicals. In recent years, the preparation of odorants utilizing the advantages of flow reactors received growing attention. In this review, we give an overview of selected methods for the synthesis of odorants in flow, including heterogeneously catalyzed reactions, gas reactions, and photochemical C–H functionalization processes. After a brief introduction on types of odorants, the presented odorant syntheses are ordered according to the main odor families “fruity”, “green”, “marine”, “floral”, “spicy”, “woody”, “ambery”, and “musky” and their use and importance for perfumery is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlin Kleoff
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Fabeckstr. 34-36, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Kiler
- PK Perfumes, Menifee, California, United States of America
| | - Philipp Heretsch
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Organische Chemie, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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8
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Alcántara AR, Domínguez de María P, Littlechild JA, Schürmann M, Sheldon RA, Wohlgemuth R. Biocatalysis as Key to Sustainable Industrial Chemistry. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102709. [PMID: 35238475 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The role and power of biocatalysis in sustainable chemistry has been continuously brought forward step by step to its present outstanding position. The problem-solving capabilities of biocatalysis have been realized by numerous substantial achievements in biology, chemistry and engineering. Advances and breakthroughs in the life sciences and interdisciplinary cooperation with chemistry have clearly accelerated the implementation of biocatalytic synthesis in modern chemistry. Resource-efficient biocatalytic manufacturing processes have already provided numerous benefits to sustainable chemistry as well as customer-centric value creation in the pharmaceutical, food, flavor, fragrance, vitamin, agrochemical, polymer, specialty, and fine chemical industries. Biocatalysis can make significant contributions not only to manufacturing processes, but also to the design of completely new value-creation chains. Biocatalysis can now be considered as a key enabling technology to implement sustainable chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés R Alcántara
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences (QUICIFARM), Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040-, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Domínguez de María
- Sustainable Momentum, SL, Av. Ansite 3, 4-6, 35011, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Is., Spain
| | - Jennifer A Littlechild
- Henry Wellcome Building for Biocatalysis, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Roger A Sheldon
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Roland Wohlgemuth
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-537, Lodz, Poland
- Swiss Coordination Committee for Biotechnology, 8021, Zurich, Switzerland
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9
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Mycobacterium smegmatis acyltransferase: The big new player in biocatalysis. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 59:107985. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Efficient 2-Step Enzymatic Cascade for the Bioconversion of Oleuropein into Hydroxytyrosol. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020260. [PMID: 35204142 PMCID: PMC8868057 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the plant bioactive components, oleuropein (OLE) is the most abundant phenolic compound in all parts of olive trees (Olea europaea L.), particularly concentrated in olive leaves. It has been shown to present various remarkable biological actions, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer and anti-inflammatory ones. On the other hand, hydroxytyrosol (HT), the main degradation product of OLE, is considered one of the most powerful antioxidant agents, with higher beneficial properties than the OLE parent compound. In this work, oleuropein was efficiently transformed into hydroxytyrosol using a 2-step biotransformation involving a thermo-halophilic β-glucosidase from Alicyclobacillus herbarius (Ahe), which gave the corresponding aglycone with complete conversion (>99%) and rapid reaction times (30 min), and an acyltransferase from Mycobacterium smegmatis (MsAcT), here employed for the first time for its hydrolytic activity. After cascade completion, hydroxytyrosol was obtained in excellent yield (>99% m.c., 96% isolated yield) in 24 h. Starting from a natural substrate and employing enzymatic approaches, the final hydroxytyrosol can be claimed and commercialized as natural too, thus increasing its market value.
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11
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Pinna C, Martino PA, Meroni G, Sora VM, Tamborini L, Dallavalle S, Contente ML, Pinto A. Biocatalyzed Synthesis of Vanillamides and Evaluation of Their Antimicrobial Activity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:223-228. [PMID: 34965127 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A series of vanillamides were easily synthesized, exploiting an acyltransferase from Mycobacterium smegmatis (MsAcT). After their evaluation as antimicrobial agents against a panel of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, three compounds were demonstrated to be 9-fold more effective toward Pseudomonas aeruginosa than the vanillic acid precursor. Taking into consideration the scarce permeability of the Gram-negative bacteria cell envelope when compared to Gram-positive strains or yeasts, these molecules can be considered the basis for the generation of new nature-inspired antimicrobials. To increase the process productivity and avoid any problem related to the poor water solubility of the starting material, a tailored flow biocatalyzed strategy in pure toluene was set up. While a robust immobilization protocol exploiting glyoxyl-agarose was employed to increase the stability of MsAcT, in-line work-up procedures were added downstream the process to enhance the system automation and reduce the overall costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Pinna
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Piera Anna Martino
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences (DSBCO), One Health Unit, University of Milan, via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Meroni
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences (DSBCO), One Health Unit, University of Milan, via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Valerio Massimo Sora
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences (DSBCO), One Health Unit, University of Milan, via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Tamborini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), University of Milan, via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Sabrina Dallavalle
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Martina L Contente
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Pinto
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
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12
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Abstract
Biocatalysis has an enormous impact on chemical synthesis. The waves in which biocatalysis has developed, and in doing so changed our perception of what organic chemistry is, were reviewed 20 and 10 years ago. Here we review the consequences of these waves of development. Nowadays, hydrolases are widely used on an industrial scale for the benign synthesis of commodity and bulk chemicals and are fully developed. In addition, further enzyme classes are gaining ever increasing interest. Particularly, enzymes catalysing selective C-C-bond formation reactions and enzymes catalysing selective oxidation and reduction reactions are solving long-standing synthetic challenges in organic chemistry. Combined efforts from molecular biology, systems biology, organic chemistry and chemical engineering will establish a whole new toolbox for chemistry. Recent developments are critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Hanefeld
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, The Netherlands.
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, The Netherlands.
| | - Caroline E Paul
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, The Netherlands.
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13
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Padrosa DR, Contente ML. Multi-gram preparation of cinnamoyl tryptamines as skin whitening agents through a chemo-enzymatic flow process. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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14
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Müller H, Terholsen H, Godehard SP, Badenhorst CPS, Bornscheuer UT. Recent Insights and Future Perspectives on Promiscuous Hydrolases/Acyltransferases. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Müller
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
- Competence Center for Biocatalysis, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Henrik Terholsen
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Simon P. Godehard
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christoffel P. S. Badenhorst
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
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15
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Coloma J, Guiavarc'h Y, Hagedoorn PL, Hanefeld U. Immobilisation and flow chemistry: tools for implementing biocatalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11416-11428. [PMID: 34636371 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04315c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The merger of enzyme immobilisation and flow chemistry has attracted the attention of the scientific community during recent years. Immobilisation enhances enzyme stability and enables recycling, flow chemistry allows process intensification. Their combination is desirable for the development of more efficient and environmentally friendly biocatalytic processes. In this feature article, we aim to point out important metrics for successful enzyme immobilisation and for reporting flow biocatalytic processes. Relevant examples of immobilised enzymes used in flow systems in organic, biphasic and aqueous systems are discussed. Finally, we describe recent developments to address the cofactor recycling hurdle.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Coloma
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling Biotechnologie, Technische Universiteit Delft, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands. .,Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabí, Avenida Circunvalación s/n, P. O. Box 13-05-2732, Manta, Ecuador
| | - Yann Guiavarc'h
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling Biotechnologie, Technische Universiteit Delft, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands. .,Laboratory Reactions and Process Engineering, University of Lorraine, CNRS, LRGP, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Peter-Leon Hagedoorn
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling Biotechnologie, Technische Universiteit Delft, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Ulf Hanefeld
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling Biotechnologie, Technische Universiteit Delft, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
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16
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Biocatalyzed Flow Oxidation of Tyrosol to Hydroxytyrosol and Efficient Production of Their Acetate Esters. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10071142. [PMID: 34356374 PMCID: PMC8301122 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosol (Ty) and hydroxytyrosol (HTy) are valuable dietary phenolic compounds present in olive oil and wine, widely used for food, nutraceutical and cosmetic applications. Ty and HTy are endowed with a number of health-related biological activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. In this work, we developed a sustainable, biocatalyzed flow protocol for the chemo- and regio-selective oxidation of Ty into HTy catalyzed by free tyrosinase from Agaricus bisporus in a gas/liquid biphasic system. The aqueous flow stream was then in-line extracted to recirculate the water medium containing the biocatalyst and the excess ascorbic acid, thus improving the cost-efficiency of the process and creating a self-sufficient closed-loop system. The organic layer was purified in-line through a catch-and-release procedure using supported boronic acid that was able to trap HTy and leave the unreacted Ty in solution. Moreover, the acetate derivatives (TyAc and HTyAc) were produced by exploiting a bioreactor packed with an immobilized acyltransferase from Mycobacterium smegmatis (MsAcT), able to selectively act on the primary alcohol. Under optimized conditions, high-value HTy was obtained in 75% yield, whereas TyAc and HTyAc were isolated in yields of up to 80% in only 10 min of residence time.
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Flow Biocatalysis: A Challenging Alternative for the Synthesis of APIs and Natural Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22030990. [PMID: 33498198 PMCID: PMC7863935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22030990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biocatalysts represent an efficient, highly selective and greener alternative to metal catalysts in both industry and academia. In the last two decades, the interest in biocatalytic transformations has increased due to an urgent need for more sustainable industrial processes that comply with the principles of green chemistry. Thanks to the recent advances in biotechnologies, protein engineering and the Nobel prize awarded concept of direct enzymatic evolution, the synthetic enzymatic toolbox has expanded significantly. In particular, the implementation of biocatalysts in continuous flow systems has attracted much attention, especially from industry. The advantages of flow chemistry enable biosynthesis to overcome well-known limitations of “classic” enzymatic catalysis, such as time-consuming work-ups and enzyme inhibition, as well as difficult scale-up and process intensifications. Moreover, continuous flow biocatalysis provides access to practical, economical and more sustainable synthetic pathways, an important aspect for the future of pharmaceutical companies if they want to compete in the market while complying with European Medicines Agency (EMA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and green chemistry requirements. This review focuses on the most recent advances in the use of flow biocatalysis for the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), pharmaceuticals and natural products, and the advantages and limitations are discussed.
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Biocatalysis in Continuous-Flow Microfluidic Reactors. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 179:211-246. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2020_160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
Biocatalysis has undergone a remarkable transition in the last two decades, from being considered a niche technology to playing a much more relevant role in organic synthesis today. Advances in molecular biology and bioinformatics, and the decreasing costs for gene synthesis and sequencing contribute to the growing success of engineered biocatalysts in industrial applications. However, the incorporation of biocatalytic process steps in new or established manufacturing routes is not always straightforward. To realize the full synthetic potential of biocatalysis for the sustainable manufacture of chemical building blocks, it is therefore important to regularly analyze the success factors and existing hurdles for the implementation of enzymes in large scale small molecule synthesis. Building on our previous analysis of biocatalysis in the Swiss manufacturing environment, we present a follow-up study on how the industrial biocatalysis situation in Switzerland has evolved in the last four years. Considering the current industrial landscape, we record recent advances in biocatalysis in Switzerland as well as give suggestions where enzymatic transformations may be valuably employed to address some of the societal challenges we face today, particularly in the context of the current Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.
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Contente ML, Roura Padrosa D, Molinari F, Paradisi F. A strategic Ser/Cys exchange in the catalytic triad unlocks an acyltransferase-mediated synthesis of thioesters and tertiary amides. Nat Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-020-00539-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Domínguez de María P. Across the Board: Pablo Domínguez de María on the Biocatalytic Synthesis of Esters and Amides in Aqueous Media. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:5611-5613. [PMID: 33034407 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202002298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this series of articles, the board members of ChemSusChem discuss recent research articles that they consider of exceptional quality and importance for sustainability. This entry features Dr. P. Domínguez de María, who introduces the biocatalytic synthesis of esters and amides in aqueous media by means of some acyltransferases that seem to proceed against Le Chatelier's principle. Continuous processes with immobilized forms of these enzymes enable the efficient production of aroma esters and important amides (e. g., melatonin) in aqueous solutions and using natural substrates with limited environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Domínguez de María
- Sustainable Momentum SL, Av. Ansite 3, 4-6, 35011, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
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Abstract
A flow-based chemo-enzymatic synthesis of selected APIs (i.e., butacaine, procaine and procainamide) has been developed. A bioreactor made of MsAcT, a versatile acyltransferase from Mycobacterium smegmatis, immobilised on glyoxyl–garose, was exploited to efficiently prepare amide and ester intermediates in gram scale. Immobilised MsAcT was employed in pure organic solvent, demonstrating high stability and reusability. In-line purification of the key intermediates using polymer-bound sulphonyl chloride was added after the bioreactor, enhancing the automation of the process. A final hydrogenation step using the H-Cube reactor was further carried out to obtain the selected APIs in excellent yields (>99%), making the process fast, safe and easily handled.
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