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Zhang Y, Xiao Y, Yang H, Wang L, Wang J, Hu W, Wang N, Xu Z, Liu G, Chen F, Guo X. Hydrogeochemical features, genesis, and quality appraisal of confined groundwater in a typical large sedimentary plain. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2024; 96:e11088. [PMID: 39091045 DOI: 10.1002/wer.11088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
The confined groundwater of arid sedimentary plains has been disturbed by long-term anthropogenic extraction, and its hydrochemical quality is required for sustainable development. The present research investigates the hydrochemical characteristics, formation, potential health threats, and quality suitability of the confined groundwater in the central North China Plain. Results show that the confined groundwater has a slightly alkaline nature in the study area, predominantly dominated by fresh-soft Cl-Na and HCO3-Na types. Water chemistry is governed by water-rock interactions, including dissolution of evaporites and cation exchange. Approximately 97% of the sampled confined groundwaters exceed the prescribed standard for F-. It is mainly due to geological factors such as mineral dissolution, cation exchange, and competitive adsorption of HCO3 - and may also be released from compacted soils because of groundwater extraction. Enriched F- in the confined groundwater can pose an intermediate and higher non-carcinogenic risk to more than 90% of the population. It poses the greatest health threat to the population in the north-eastern part of the study area, especially to infants and children. For sustainable development, the long-term use of confined groundwater for irrigation in the area should be avoided, and attention should also be paid to the potential soil salinization and infiltration risks. In the study area, 97% of the confined groundwaters are found to be excellent or good quality for domestic purposes based on Entropy-weighted Water Quality Index. However, the non-carcinogenic health risk caused by high contents of F- cannot be ignored. Therefore, it is recommended that differential water supplies should be implemented according to the spatial heterogeneity of confined groundwater quality to ensure the scientific and rational use of groundwater resources. PRACTITIONER POINTS: The hydrochemistry quality of confined groundwater in an arid sedimentary plain disturbed by long-term anthropogenic extraction was investigated. The suitability of confined groundwater for multiple purposes such as irrigation and drinking were evaluated. The hydrochemical characteristics and formation mechanism of confined groundwater under the influence of multiple factors were revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Zhang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Xiao
- Faculty of Geosciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Cycling and Eco-Geological Processes, Xiamen, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Hongjie Yang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Ecological Mitigation of Geohazards in Tibet Plateau Transportation Corridors, Chengdu, China
| | - Liwei Wang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Ecological Mitigation of Geohazards in Tibet Plateau Transportation Corridors, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Ecological Mitigation of Geohazards in Tibet Plateau Transportation Corridors, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenxu Hu
- Faculty of Geosciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Ecological Mitigation of Geohazards in Tibet Plateau Transportation Corridors, Chengdu, China
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhongyuan Xu
- Faculty of Geosciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Ecological Mitigation of Geohazards in Tibet Plateau Transportation Corridors, Chengdu, China
| | - Gongxi Liu
- Faculty of Geosciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Ecological Mitigation of Geohazards in Tibet Plateau Transportation Corridors, Chengdu, China
| | - Feiyu Chen
- Faculty of Geosciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Ecological Mitigation of Geohazards in Tibet Plateau Transportation Corridors, Chengdu, China
| | - Xu Guo
- Faculty of Geosciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Ecological Mitigation of Geohazards in Tibet Plateau Transportation Corridors, Chengdu, China
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Murthy Y, Ahirwar SK, Samaiya NK. Interplay of natural and anthropogenic inputs on the groundwater contamination of Beenaganj-Chachura block. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2024; 89:2823-2838. [PMID: 38822617 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2024.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
The present research work investigates the impact of natural and anthropogenic inputs on the chemistry and quality of the groundwater in the Beenaganj-Chachura block of Madhya Pradesh, India. A total of 50 groundwater samples were examined for nitrates, fluoride, chlorides, total dissolved solids, calcium, magnesium, pH, total hardness, and conductivity, and their impact on entropy-weighted water quality index and pollution index of groundwater (PIG) was investigated via the response surface methodology (RSM) using the central composite design. According to analytical findings, Ca, Mg, Cl-, SO42-, and NO3- exceed the desired limit and permitted limit set by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and the World Health Organization (WHO). According to PIG findings, 76, 16, and 8% of groundwater samples, respectively, fell into the insignificant, low, and moderate pollution categories. The regression coefficients of the quadratic RSM models for the experimental data provided excellent results. Thus, RSM provides an excellent means to obtain the optimized values of input parameters to minimize the PIG values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Murthy
- Jaypee University of Engineering and Technology, Raghogarh, Guna (MP), India E-mail:
| | | | - Nitin Kumar Samaiya
- Department of Civil Engineering, Jaypee University of Engineering and Technology, Raghogarh, Guna (MP), India
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Selvaganapathi R, Sivaprakasam V, Sathyanarayanan B, Balamurugan P, Das S, Sathiyamoorthy G. Evaluating hydrogeochemical controls and noncarcinogenic health risk assessment of fluoride concentration in groundwater of Palacode and Pennagaram taluk, Dharmapuri district, Tamil Nadu, India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1472. [PMID: 37964072 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12082-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on assessing hydrochemical characteristics and non-carcinogenic health risks associated with fluoride contamination in groundwater within the Palacode and Pennagaram taluks of Dharmapuri district. The presence of fluoride in drinking water is a significant concern due to its potential health impacts on both adults and children. We collected a total of 158 groundwater samples during both the summer (SUM) and monsoon (MON) seasons in 2021 to evaluate the suitability of water for drinking purposes in this region. During the SUM season, groundwater exhibits alkaline characteristics with a pH range of 6.70 to 8.73 and a mean value of 7.43, while the MON season falls within the neutral pH range with values ranging from 6.60 to 7.60 and a mean of 7.00. Hydrogeochemical analysis reveals that fluoride concentrations during the SUM season range from 0.13 to 2.7 mg/L, with a mean of 0.82 mg/L, whereas the MON season exhibits concentrations ranging from 0.08 to 1.6 mg/L, with a mean of 0.5 mg/L. Spatial distribution analysis indicates a gradual increase in fluoride concentrations from the northeast to the central and southern parts of the study area during both seasons. Residents in these areas have been exposed to high fluoride levels for an extended period, leading to health issues related to fluorosis. Our hydrogeochemical analysis attributes fluoride dominance to the Cl--SO42- water type in both seasons. Furthermore, the relationship between fluoride and pH, HCO3-, Ca2+, and Na+ suggests the influence of geological factors in fluoride dissolution under alkaline conditions, while a reverse cation exchange process and increasing calcium concentration inhibit fluoride concentration. Saturation indices indicate that the unsaturated state of gypsum dissolution contributes to elevated fluoride levels in groundwater. Additionally, Gibbs plots highlight rock-water interactions as a significant factor influencing groundwater chemistry in the study area. Based on our hazard quotient (HQ) investigation, children are at a higher risk during both seasons compared to adults, with the central and northern regions showing alarming HQ values. These findings underscore the urgent need for enhanced groundwater quality monitoring and a comprehensive assessment of health risks, providing valuable insights for groundwater safety management in vulnerable areas of this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Selvaganapathi
- Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, 608002, India
| | - Vasudevan Sivaprakasam
- Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, 608002, India.
| | | | - P Balamurugan
- Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, 608002, India
| | - Subhrajit Das
- Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, 608002, India
| | - G Sathiyamoorthy
- Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, 608002, India
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Krishna B, Achari VS. Groundwater chemistry and entropy weighted water quality index of tsunami affected and ecologically sensitive coastal region of India. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20431. [PMID: 37822639 PMCID: PMC10562766 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Quality groundwater is the most essential prerequisite for the better livelihood of the coastal villages and a vital resource for a safe living. Seawater interaction and coastal inundation modify hydro geochemical cycles leading to gross utility as a challenge. Poor quality water intake causes diseases and seriously affects human health. In this study, the suitability of shallow drinking water sources (10-15 m) has been studied with a focus on coastal village in south west of India (Alappad coast, Kollam, Kerala) which is a host of huge placer mineral reserve of the country. This coastal stretch has good deposition of Late Quaternary sediments of heavy mineral placers subjected to severe seawater interactions. Mineralogically, garnet and heavy minerals comprises the beaches and most coastal plains of the Alappad. A concerted geological process where moving water and waves causes erosion, leads to lowering of the earth's surface -is prominent in this fragmented land. This study critically evaluates the temporal-spatial impact of these interactions in an age of varying climatic conditions and hence for reference beyond. Water quality index analysis has been attempted using the entropy weighted water quality index (EWQI) method for a total of 45 samples (15 samples season-wise). It aims to ascertain better choices of groundwater sources for domestic uses for isolated settlers endowed with estuaries, and old coastal plains with barrier beaches. Irrigation suitability was evaluated using sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and Na%. Observed EWQ Indices (38.2 ± 14.5) for post-monsoon (80% samples), (66.1 ± 77.7) for monsoon (66% samples), and (71.4 ± 71.3) for pre-monsoon (53% samples) fall in excellent category. Post-monsoon is most favoured for a better quality groundwater as evidenced by WQI of 80% among the samples tested. Ca-HCO3 is the dominant hydrochemical type observed. The mean value of iron (0.9 ± 1.3 mg/L) exceeded the permissible limit of 0.3 mg/L during monsoon season due to mineral-water interactions. In pre-monsoon season the parameters Na+ (95.9 ± 200.7 mg/L), Cl- (173.4 ± 510.2 mg/L), EC (1559.3 ± 2510.6 μS/cm), and TDS (492.5 ± 629.7 mg/L) were observed in higher ranges. Significant correlation (p < 0.05) prevailed between EWQI, and parameters-conductivity (0.75), TDS (0.75), Iron (0.59), Ca2+ (0.66), and Mg2+ (0.74). Principal component analysis (PCA) on chemical parameters accounted for the total variance of 84.2% in pre-monsoon, 89.9% in monsoon and 82.9% in post-monsoon. Groundwater quality is influenced by geochemical processes, salt intrusion, and human activities like fertiliser application and domestic sewage discharge. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) grouped the samples into three clusters. Cluster 3 represents poor quality water (13%) in pre-monsoon (EWQI ranged 32.2-192.7), and monsoon (EWQI ranged 171.8-309.7). Cluster 3 in post-monsoon (20%) indicating good water quality (EWQI ranged 51.4-72.6). Ultimate finding is that post-monsoon groundwater is more suitable for drinking and domestic purposes for the selected coastal area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balamurali Krishna
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, 682 022, Kerala, India
| | - V. Sivanandan Achari
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, 682 022, Kerala, India
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Gyanendra Y, Alam W. Geospatial assessment and hydrogeochemical characterization of groundwater resources of Manipur Valley, India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1037. [PMID: 37572125 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11584-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Spatio-temporal hydrogeochemical assessments of groundwater resources were carried out for the valley region of Manipur in India to investigate its quality status and suitability criteria for irrigational and potable uses. The assessment was carried out for 140 spatially distributed groundwater samples collected during 2018-2021 for pre- and post-monsoon seasons. To assess and comprehend the hydrogeochemical behavior of underlying aquifers and controlling factors for groundwater quality in the region, groundwater quality indices and statistical tools were used. Assessment of in situ parameters such as pH, TDS, salinity, and EC under field conditions reveal that the values exceed concentration in many locations. Most of the samples fall in the category of hard to very hard water. Moreover, observation of both positive and negative oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and low dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in groundwater samples indicates aquifers are of recent unstable geologic formations. Similarly, elevated concentrations of F-, Cl-, HCO3-, and Fe3+ greater than the prescribed standards of the World Health Organization in many samples indicate the unsuitability of the groundwater sources for potable uses. The geochemical interactions were found to be dominated and controlled by the rock-weathering geochemical process that contributes to HCO3--Ca2+-type water, followed by HCO3--Na+, Cl--Ca2+, and mixed-type water in both seasons. Spatio-temporal geospatial vulnerable groundwater zone mapping using interpolation techniques carried out in the ArcGIS platform identifies the aquifers based on the water quality and pollution indices. The study's significant findings can provide baseline information that can supplement the government's planning and management initiatives to deal with the current water security challenges in the region as groundwater uses are increasing due to various hydroclimatic phenomena in the state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumnam Gyanendra
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, Manipur University, Canchipur, Manipur, India
| | - Wazir Alam
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, Manipur University, Canchipur, Manipur, India.
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6
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Sarkar S, Mukherjee A, Chakraborty M, Quamar MT, Duttagupta S, Bhattacharya A. Prediction of elevated groundwater fluoride across India using multi-model approach: insights on the influence of geologic and environmental factors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:31998-32013. [PMID: 36459318 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24328-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Elevated fluoride in groundwater is a severe problem in India due to its extensive occurrence and detrimental health impacts on the large population that thrives on groundwater. Although fluoride is primarily a geogenic pollutant, existing model-based studies lack the amalgamation of the influence of geologic factors, specifically tectonics, for identifying groundwater fluoride distribution. This drawback encourages the present study to investigate the association of the tectonic framework with fluoride in a multi-model approach. We have applied three machine learning models (random forest, boosted regression tree, and logistic regression) to predict elevated groundwater fluoride based on fluoride measurements across India. The random forest model outperformed other models with an accuracy of 93%. Tectonics was found to be one of the most important predictors alongside "depth to water table." Two major areas of high risk identified were the northwest parts and the south-southeast cratonic peninsular region. The random forest model also performed significantly well over the validation dataset. We estimate that nearly 257 million people are exposed to elevated fluoride risk in India. We endeavor that the findings of our study would be an effective tool for identifying the areas at risk of elevated fluoride and also assist in undertaking effective groundwater management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyajit Sarkar
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Abhijit Mukherjee
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India.
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India.
| | - Madhumita Chakraborty
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Md Tahseen Quamar
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Srimanti Duttagupta
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Animesh Bhattacharya
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India
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Panneerselvam B, Muniraj K, Pande C, Ravichandran N, Thomas M, Karuppannan S. Geochemical evaluation and human health risk assessment of nitrate-contaminated groundwater in an industrial area of South India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:86202-86219. [PMID: 34748179 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17281-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The primary goal of this study is to evaluate the groundwater quality and conduct a non-carcinogenic risk assessment of nitrate contamination in an industrialized and high-density region of South India. A total of 40 sampling sites were identified in and around the industrial area, and samples were collected during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Piper and Gibbs' diagram shows that rock-water interaction, lithological characteristics and ion-exchange processes are the primary factors determining groundwater quality. The novel entropy water quality index (EWQI) indicated that 32 and 37.5% of the water in the study area were unsuitable for drinking purposes during both the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, respectively. Due to landfill leachate and modern agricultural activity, the nitrate concentration in groundwater post-monsoon had increased by 17.11%. The nitrate pollution index (NPI) value of groundwater exceeded the contaminated level by 22.77%. The non-carcinogenic human health risk assessment revealed that 35 and 40% of adult males, 37.5 and 52.5% of adult females and 42.5 and 55% of children during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods were exposed to an increased concentration of nitrate in groundwater. The non-carcinogenic risk level to the exposed population in the study region descends in the following order: children > > females > males. The study suggests that low body weight in children is a direct result of consumption of low-quality water and that adult men and women suffer less severe consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balamurugan Panneerselvam
- Department of Civil, Building and Environmental Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | | | | | - Nagavinothini Ravichandran
- Department of Structures for Engineering and Architecture, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maciej Thomas
- Faculty of Environmental and Power Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, Cracow, Poland
| | - Shankar Karuppannan
- Department of Applied Geology, School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia
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Roy B, Pramanik M, Manna AK. Hydrogeochemistry and quality evaluation of groundwater and its impact on human health in North Tripura, India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 195:39. [PMID: 36301348 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10642-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater contamination becomes an alarming threat to the provision of ecosystem services and natural resources. A very high level of groundwater contamination has been observed in the northeastern states particularly in North Tripura district. Therefore, the present study considered the region as a case study to evaluate the hydrogeochemical facies, heavy metal pollution and irrigation indices, and their impact on human health. For the investigation, we have collected a total of 35 groundwater samples from North Tripura district. Hydrogeochemical facies through Piper plot reflect Ca2+-Mg2+-HCO3- and Na+-HCO3- as dominant water types. Gibbs plot identifies the dominance of rock-water interaction process in groundwater hydrochemistry. Geochemical plots indicate the dominance of silicate weathering, ion exchange and carbonate dissolution processes in groundwater mineralisation. The order of trace metal contaminations follows Fe > As > Zn > Mn > Cu > Pb. Results of heavy metal indices suggest above 80% samples are at high risk due to high Fe contamination. The risk of the heavy metal indices is associated with rising elevation in southern part of North Tripura. Findings of health risk assessment study imply that children face much carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks than adults because of unsafe levels of Fe and As. Multivariate statistical tools are applied to unravel interrelationships among all ions and trace metals as well as probable hydrogeochemical processes in groundwater. Results of Wilcox and USSL plots suggest 77% samples meet irrigation suitability criteria. Besides, the analysis suggests a better insight to identify hydrogeochemical processes controlling groundwater chemistry and the suitability of groundwater for irrigation and drinking purposes. The study also suggests treatment and sustainable management of groundwater resources is compulsory to reduce trace metal contaminations before public use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biplab Roy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Agartala, Tripura, 799046, India
| | - Malay Pramanik
- Urban Innovation and Sustainability Program, Department of Development and Sustainability, Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), P. O. Box 4, Klong Laung, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Ajay Kumar Manna
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Agartala, Tripura, 799046, India.
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Rashid A, Ayub M, Khan S, Ullah Z, Ali L, Gao X, Li C, El-Serehy HA, Kaushik P, Rasool A. Hydrogeochemical assessment of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks of potentially toxic elements in aquifers of the Hindukush ranges, Pakistan: insights from groundwater pollution indexing, GIS-based, and multivariate statistical approaches. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:75744-75768. [PMID: 35661301 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21172-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Globally, potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and bacterial contamination pose health hazards, persistency, and genotoxicity in the groundwater aquifer. This study evaluates PTE concentration, carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic health hazards, groundwater quality indexing (GWQI-model), source provenance, and fate distribution in the groundwater of Hindukush ranges, Pakistan. The new estimates of USEPA equations record new research dimensions for carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic hazards. The principal component analysis (PCA), mineral phases, and spatial distribution determine groundwater contamination and its impacts. The average concentrations of PTEs, viz., Cd, Cu, Co, Fe, Pb, and Zn, were 0.06, 0.27, 0.07, 0.55, 0.05, and 0.19 mg/L, and E. coli, F. coli, and P. coli were 27.5, 24.0, and 19.0 CFU/100 ml. Moreover, the average values of basic minerals, viz., anhydrite, aragonite, calcite, dolomite, gypsum, halite, and hydroxyl apatite, were 0.4, 2.4, 2.6, 5.1, 0.6, and - 4.0, 11.2, and PTE minerals like monteponite, tenorite, cuprite, cuprous ferrite, cupric ferrite, ferrihydrite, goethite, hematite, lepidocrocite, maghemite, magnetite, massicot, minium, litharge, plattnerite, and zincite were - 5.5, 2.23, 4.65, 18.56, 20.0, 4.84, 7.54, 17.46, 6.66, 9.67, 22.72, - 3.36, 22.9, 3.16, - 18.0, and 1.46. The groundwater showed carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health hazards for children and adults. The GWQI-model showed that 58.3% of samples revealed worse water quality. PCA revealed rock weathering, mineral dissolution, water-rock interaction, and industrial effluents as the dominant factors influencing groundwater chemistry. Carbonate weathering and ion exchange play vital roles in altering CaHCO3 type to NaHCO3 water. In this study, E. coli, F. coli, P. coli, EC, turbidity, TSS, PO43─, Na+, Mg+2, Ca+2, Cd, Co, Fe, and Pb have exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic impacts of PTEs and bacterial contamination declared that the groundwater is unfit for drinking and domestic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rashid
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25130, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Ayub
- Department of Botany, Hazara University, PO 21300, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Sardar Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, PO 25120, Pakistan
| | - Zahid Ullah
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Liaqat Ali
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25130, Pakistan
| | - Xubo Gao
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengcheng Li
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Hamed A El-Serehy
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, l1451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Prashant Kaushik
- Instituto de Conservación Y Mejora de La Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Atta Rasool
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad (CUI), Vehari, 61100, Pakistan
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Rajkumar H, Naik PK, Singh G, Rishi M. Hydrogeochemical characterization, multi-exposure deterministic and probabilistic health hazard evaluation in groundwater in parts of Northern India. TOXIN REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2022.2080222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Herojeet Rajkumar
- Department of Environment Studies, Post Graduate Government College, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pradeep K. Naik
- Rajiv Gandhi National Ground Water Training & Research Institute, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | | | - Madhuri Rishi
- Department of Environmental Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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11
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Sarkar S, Mukherjee A, Duttagupta S, Bhanja SN, Bhattacharya A, Chakraborty S. Vulnerability of groundwater from elevated nitrate pollution across India: Insights from spatio-temporal patterns using large-scale monitoring data. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2021; 243:103895. [PMID: 34656805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2021.103895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Agriculture-sourced, non-point groundwater contamination (e.g., nitrate) is a serious concern from the drinking water crisis aspect across the agrarian world. India is one of the largest consumers of nitrogen fertilizers in South-Asia as well as in the world but groundwater nitrate lacks critical attention as a wide-scale drinking water pollutant in the country. Our study provides the first documentation of the distribution of groundwater nitrate and the extent of elevated nitrate contamination across India, along with the delineation of the temporal trends and the natural and anthropogenic factors that influence such occurrence of groundwater nitrate. High resolution, annual-scale spatio-temporal variability of groundwater nitrate concentration and consequent contamination was delineated using groundwater nitrate measurements from ~3 million drinking water wells spread across 7038 administrative blocks between 2010 and 2017 in India. An average 8% of the studied blocks were found affected by elevated groundwater nitrate (> 45 mg/L). Depth-dependent trend demonstrated that nitrate concentrations were about 14% higher in shallow water wells (≤ 35 m) than deep wells (>35 m). The overall temporal trend of groundwater nitrate concentration was decreasing slightly nationwide in the study period. The correlation tests and causality test results indicated that the spatial distribution of groundwater nitrate was significantly associated with agricultural N-fertilizer usage, whereas the decreasing temporal trend corresponded with the overall reduced N-fertilizer usage during the study period. Spatial autocorrelation analysis identified the clustering of high nitrate areas in central, north, and southern India, specifically in areas with higher fertilizer usage. We estimate about 71 million Indians possibly exposed to elevated groundwater nitrate concentrations and the majority of them reside in rural areas. Thus, this study provides the previously unrecognized, wide-scale, anthropogenic, diffused groundwater nitrate contamination across India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyajit Sarkar
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, WB, India.
| | - Abhijit Mukherjee
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, WB, India; Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, WB, India.
| | | | - Soumendra Nath Bhanja
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Animesh Bhattacharya
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, WB, India
| | - Swagata Chakraborty
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, WB, India
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12
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Selvam S, Jesuraja K, Roy PD, Venkatramanan S, Chung SY, Elzain HE, Muthukumar P, Nath AV, Karthik R. Assessment of groundwater from an industrial coastal area of south India for human health risk from consumption and irrigation suitability. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 200:111461. [PMID: 34090891 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the groundwater quality in an industrial area (Tiruchendur Taluk) of Tamil Nadu state in coastal south India for human health risk from drinking as well as irrigation suitability by using the drinking water quality index (DWQI), irrigation factors (sodium adsorption ratio, sodium percentage, residual sodium carbonate and permeability index) and health hazard valuation (THQI- by consuming NO3- and F-). About 57% of the samples represented Ca2+-Mg2+-Cl--SO42- facies and the anthropological unhygienic inputs elevated the salinity. Our results indicated that all the samples are unsuitable for drinking (DWQI up to 1063) and almost half of them are also unsuitable for irrigation due to sodium risk. Total hazard quotient index (THQI; HQ nitrate and HQ fluoride) suggested the order of health risk as children > women > men with about 64%, 70% and 79% of the samples posing non-carcinogenic risks for men, women and children, respectively. Different mitigation measures and sustainable development should be enforced to minimize the health issues from contamination caused by industries, fertilizers in agro-fields and natural processes and reduce the sodium dominance in groundwater. The spatial distribution maps of this study could also be helpful in organization of proper treatment plans to provide safe and hygienic groundwater to the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Selvam
- Department of Geology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - K Jesuraja
- Department of Geology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India; Registration No: 18212232061030, Affiliated to Manonmaniam Sundranar University, Abishekapatti, Tirunelveli, 627012, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Priyadarsi D Roy
- Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - S Venkatramanan
- Department of Disaster Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Y Chung
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Institute of Environmental Geosciences, Pukyong National University, Busan, 608-737, South Korea
| | - Hussam Eldin Elzain
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Institute of Environmental Geosciences, Pukyong National University, Busan, 608-737, South Korea
| | - P Muthukumar
- Department of Geology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Akhila V Nath
- Department of Geology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Karthik
- Department of Geology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India
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13
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Kamaraj J, Sekar S, Roy PD, Senapathi V, Chung SY, Perumal M, Nath AV. Groundwater pollution index (GPI) and GIS-based appraisal of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation in coastal aquifers of Tiruchendur, South India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:29056-29074. [PMID: 33550554 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12702-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We assessed groundwater pollution index (GPI) and groundwater quality of coastal aquifers from Tiruchendur in South India for drinking and irrigation by evaluating the physico-chemical parameters of 35 samples of mainly Na-Cl type in an area of 470 km2 with respect to the World Health Organization (WHO) standard as well as by estimating different indices such as total hardness (TH), sodium percentage (Na%), magnesium ratio (MR), Kelley's ratio index (KR), potential salinity (PS), Langelier saturation index (LSI), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), sodium adsorption rate (SAR), permeability index (PI), and the irrigation water quality index (IWQI). Minimal influence of aquifer lithology and the dominant influence of evaporation on groundwater chemistry reflected the semi-arid climate of the study area. Electrical conductivity (EC) of about 89% of the samples across 418 km2 exceeded the permissible limit and Ca values of 74% of samples, however, remained within the allowable limit for drinking. More chloride was caused by influx of seawater and salt leaching and higher K was due to excessive fertilizer usage for agriculture. The spatial distribution map created using inverse distance weighting (IDW) method shows that the suitable groundwater is present close to the river basin. GPI values between 0.40 and 4.7, with an average of 1.5, classify insignificant pollution in 43% of the study region and the groundwater suitable for drinking purposes. In addition, 17% of the groundwater samples are also marginally suitable for drinking. The irrigation water quality indices provided contradictory assessments. Indices of TH, Na%, MR, PS, and LSI suggested 32-95% of the samples as unsuitable for irrigation, whereas the indices of RSC, SAR, and PI grouped 72-100% samples as permissible for irrigation. The IWQI map, however, indicated that the groundwater from more than half of the study area are not apt for irrigation and the groundwater of about one-third of the area could only be applied to salt-resistant plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesuraja Kamaraj
- Department of Geology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India
- Registration No. 18212232061030, Affiliated to Manonmaniam Sundranar University, Abishekapatti, Tirunelveli-627012, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Selvam Sekar
- Department of Geology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Priyadarsi D Roy
- Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, CP 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Sang Yong Chung
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Institute of Environmental Geosciences, Pukyong National University, Busan, 608-737, Korea
| | - Muthukumar Perumal
- Department of Geology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Akhila V Nath
- Department of Geology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India
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14
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Marghade D, Malpe DB, Duraisamy K, Patil PD, Li P. Hydrogeochemical evaluation, suitability, and health risk assessment of groundwater in the watershed of Godavari basin, Maharashtra, Central India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:18471-18494. [PMID: 32651796 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10032-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In this investigation, the geochemical progression of a total of 31 groundwater samples of pre-monsoon season was assessed with categorization based on entropy weight water quality index and risk assessment on public health in the semi-arid area of Godavari basin, Maharashtra, Central India. Graphically, the major groundwater types identified were Ca-HCO3, mixed Ca-Mg-Cl, and mixed Ca-Na-HCO3. Based on [Mg2+/Na+] with [Ca2+/Na+] and [HCO3-/Na+] with [Ca2+/Na+] plots, carbonate and silicate weathering were identified as a major geochemical process governing groundwater chemistry. The presence of reverse ion exchange process was authenticated by (Ca2+ + Mg2+) vs. (HCO3- + SO42-) and Na+ + K+-Cl- vs. (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-(HCO3- + SO42-) plots. The saturation index values for calcite and dolomite showed that these minerals were in dissolution state. The dissolution of gypsum, dolomite, and anhydrite increased Ca2+ load in groundwater which accelerated the precipitation of calcite. The high toxic level of NO3- (> 45 mg/L) was identified in 64.5% of the 31 groundwater samples, whereas F- concentration exceeded the threshold value in 12.9% of samples. Based on the entropy weight water quality index values, 70% of the samples were found to have moderate quality for drinking. In addition, health risk evaluation showed that the total hazard, due to fluoride and nitrate through oral pathways, was much higher than that through the dermal pathway. Children were found to be at high risk due to the consumption of NO3- and F- contaminated water. The calculated irrigation water quality index (IWQI) diverge from 7.4-89.2, expressing excellent to good quality for irrigation. Based on the irrigation water quality index, 90.3% of samples were found excellent for irrigation and 6.4% of good quality for irrigation. Authors recommend that continuous water quality monitoring programs along with effective management practices should be developed to avoid excessive extraction of groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Marghade
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Priyadarshini Institute of Engineering & Technology, Nagpur, 440019, India.
| | - Deepak B Malpe
- Department of Geology, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, 440001, India
| | - Karunanidhi Duraisamy
- Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology (Autonomous), Coimbatore, 641062, India
| | - Pravin D Patil
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Peiyue Li
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, China
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15
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Karunanidhi D, Aravinthasamy P, Subramani T, Muthusankar G. Revealing drinking water quality issues and possible health risks based on water quality index (WQI) method in the Shanmuganadhi River basin of South India. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:931-948. [PMID: 32557129 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00613-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study is to address the issues and associated health risks due to consumption of high-fluoride water supplied for drinking in a rural part of Shanmuganadhi River basin, Tamil Nadu, India. In this study, 61 groundwater samples were gathered from various tube and open wells and analysed for fluoride and other physicochemical parameters. The abundance of cations is Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+, and that of anions is HCO3- > SO42- > Cl- > F-. The fluoride concentration in drinking groundwater varied from 0.10 to 3.3 mg/l. According to the WHO standards, about 26% of the samples were unfit for drinking requirements (16 out of 61 samples) Water quality index (WQI) method was adopted to categorize the water into different classes to understand its suitability for drinking requirements. WQI signified that nearly 52% of the samples denoted poor, very poor and not suitable categories, whereas 48% of samples denoted good and excellent categories for consumption. Health risks associated with high-fluoride drinking water were assessed for various age groups of inhabitants such as children, teens and adults. The hazard quotient estimated based on the oral intake ranged from 0.00E+00 to 5.50E+00, from 0.00E+00 to 4.22E+00 and from 0.00E+00 to 3.45E+00 for children, teens and adults, respectively. It suggested that the health risks are associated with 75%, 59% and 43% of samples, respectively, among children, teens and adults. Therefore, children are more inclined towards risk than teens and adults in this region based on the intake of fluoride-rich drinking water. To improve the present scenario, groundwater should be either treated before drinking water supply or must be artificially recharged to lower the concentration of ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Karunanidhi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology (Autonomous), Coimbatore, 641062, India.
| | - P Aravinthasamy
- Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology (Autonomous), Coimbatore, 641062, India
| | - T Subramani
- Department of Geology, CEG, Anna University, Chennai, 600025, India
| | - G Muthusankar
- French Institute of Pondicherry, 11 St. Louis Street, P.B. 33, Puducherry, 605 001, India
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16
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Adimalla N, Qian H. Geospatial Distribution and Potential Noncarcinogenic Health Risk Assessment of Nitrate Contaminated Groundwater in Southern India: A Case Study. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 80:107-119. [PMID: 33011834 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-020-00762-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater nitrate pollution is a serious threat to human health in many regions of the world. The present study was performed to assess the nitrate contamination in groundwater in the region of Nirmal province, South India, where people purely depend on groundwater for drinking purposes. The associated human health risks for different age groups (male, female, and children) also were evaluated based on the United States Environmental Protection Agency model. Results indicate that nitrate concentration in groundwater is in the range of 0.8-130 mg/L with a mean of 36.51 mg/L. Furthermore, 26.47% of groundwater samples exceeded the WHO drinking water guidelines for NO3- in the study region. The contribution of oral ingestion is very higher than the dermal contact in the total hazard quotient or noncarcinogenic health risk. The total hazard quotient values ranged from 0.02 to 3.13 for adult males, 0.02 to 3.70 for adult females, and 0.03 to 4.32 for children. The health risk assessment highlights that children are more exposed to the noncarcinogenic health risks of nitrate than adult females and males in the study region. Therefore, specific groundwater quality measures should be formulated to address the health risk problems for children in the study region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narsimha Adimalla
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Hui Qian
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
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17
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Adimalla N, Qian H, Nandan MJ. Groundwater chemistry integrating the pollution index of groundwater and evaluation of potential human health risk: A case study from hard rock terrain of south India. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 206:111217. [PMID: 32882574 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater is an important resource for drinking and irrigation purposes and also the significant route of human exposure in most of the arid and semi-arid regions of the world. In view of this, 43 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters. Particularly, this study integrates the groundwater contamination by comparing it to national guidelines and the impact of fluoride and nitrate on health risk were quantified through the model recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The groundwater of the investigated region is slightly alkaline in nature with hydrochemical facies of groundwater is predominantly characterized by Ca2+-Mg2+-HCO3- and Ca2+-Mg2+-Cl- water types. The results show that the concentrations of groundwater nitrate and fluoride range from 2.2 to 165 mg/L and 0.84 to 4.3 mg/L, and 55.81% and 65% of groundwater exceed the national guidelines for drinking purposes, respectively. The pollution index of the groundwater (PIG) method unveiled that low quality and moderate quality of water account for 40% and 4.65% of collected groundwater samples, respectively. The results of non-carcinogenic health risk ranged from 0.63 to 5.31 ± 2.59 for adults, 0.85 to 7.18 ± 3.50 for children and 0.98 to 8.29 ± 4.04 for infants, indicating health risk was higher in infants and children as compared to the adults in the study region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narsimha Adimalla
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Hui Qian
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - M J Nandan
- CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad, 500 007, Telangana, India
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18
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Egbueri JC, Ezugwu CK, Unigwe CO, Onwuka OS, Onyemesili OC, Mgbenu CN. Multidimensional Analysis of the Contamination Status, Corrosivity and Hydrogeochemistry of Groundwater from Parts of the Anambra Basin, Nigeria. ANAL LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2020.1843049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. C. Egbueri
- Department of Geology, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Nigeria
| | - C. K. Ezugwu
- Department of Geology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - C. O. Unigwe
- Department of Physics/Geology/Geophysics, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Nigeria
| | - O. S. Onwuka
- Department of Geology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - O. C. Onyemesili
- Department of Geology, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Nigeria
| | - C. N. Mgbenu
- Department of Physics/Geology/Geophysics, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Nigeria
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19
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Gao Z, Shi M, Zhang H, Feng J, Fang S, Cui Y. Formation and In Situ Treatment of High Fluoride Concentrations in Shallow Groundwater of a Semi-Arid Region: Jiaolai Basin, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E8075. [PMID: 33147829 PMCID: PMC7663115 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fluorine is an essential nutrient, and excessive or deficient fluoride contents in water can be harmful to human health. The shallow groundwater of the Jiaolai Basin, China has a high fluoride content. This study aimed to (1) investigate the processes responsible for the formation of shallow high-fluoride groundwater (SHFGW); (2) identify appropriate methods for in situ treatment of SHFGW. A field investigation into the formation of SHFGW was conducted, and the results of experiments using soils from high-fluoride areas were examined to investigate the leaching and migration of fluoride. The results showed that the formation of SHFGW in the Jiaolai Basin is due to long-term geological and evaporation processes in the region. Stratums around and inside the basin act as the source of fluoride whereas the terrain promotes groundwater convergence. The hydrodynamic and hydrochemical conditions resulting from slow groundwater flow along with high evaporation and low rainfall all contribute to the enrichment of fluoride in groundwater. In situ treatment of SHFGW may be an effective approach to manage high SHFGW in the Jiaolai Basin. Since soil fluoride in high-fluoride areas can leach into groundwater and migrate with runoff, the construction of ditches can shorten the runoff of shallow groundwater and accelerate groundwater loss, resulting in the loss of SHFGW from high-fluoride areas through river outflow. The groundwater level will be reduced, thereby lowering the influence of evaporation on fluoride enrichment in shallow groundwater. The results of this study can act a reference for further research on in situ treatment for high-fluoride groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jianguo Feng
- College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China; (Z.G.); (M.S.); (H.Z.); (S.F.); (Y.C.)
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20
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Karunanidhi D, Aravinthasamy P, Subramani T, Balakumar KG, Chandran NS. Health threats for the inhabitants of a textile hub (Tiruppur region) in southern India due to multipath entry of fluoride ions from groundwater. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 204:111071. [PMID: 32784015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of the study is to assess the groundwater quality based on water quality index and health threats associated with fluoride contamination in the Tiruppur region of southern India. Totally 40 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for various physicochemical parameters such as pH, EC, TDS, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-, SO42-, NO3- and F-. The dominance of major cations and anions conforms to the following order Ca2+> Na+> K+> Mg2+ and Cl- > HCO3- > SO42-> NO3- > F-, respectively. About 48% of the groundwater samples indicated Ca-Mg-Cl water type in the Piper trilinear diagram. The Gibbs plot indicated that all the water samples fell under rock dominance. Water quality index (WQI) results showed that 22.5, 75 and 2.5% of the samples represented good, poor and very poor quality water types, respectively. The fluoride ions in groundwater of this region ranged from 0.1 to 2.70 mg/L with a mean of 1.33 mg/L. About 50% of the groundwater samples experienced fluoride concentration exceeding the permissible limit of 1.5 mg/l. Hazard quotient (HQ) and total hazard index (THI) were computed based on the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) guidelines to evaluate the health threats for infants, children, teens, women and men. The THI ranged from 0.14 to 3.76, 0.11 to 3.01, 0.07 to 1.93, 0.06 to 1.64 and 0.06 to 1.50 for infants, children, teens, women and men, respectively. The percentages of risks in terms of THI were respectively 78, 75, 55, 33 and 23% for infants, children, teens, women and men respectively. The health risk assessment indicated that infants are most vulnerable to fluoride intake in this region. Therefore, proper treatment should be done by the government organizations to provide safe groundwater for the inhabitants.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Karunanidhi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology (Autonomous), Coimbatore, 641062, India.
| | - P Aravinthasamy
- Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology (Autonomous), Coimbatore, 641062, India
| | - T Subramani
- Department of Geology, CEG, Anna University, Chennai, 600025, India
| | - K G Balakumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology (Autonomous), Coimbatore, 641062, India
| | - N Subhash Chandran
- Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology (Autonomous), Coimbatore, 641062, India
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21
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Zhang Q, Xu P, Qian H, Yang F. Hydrogeochemistry and fluoride contamination in Jiaokou Irrigation District, Central China: Assessment based on multivariate statistical approach and human health risk. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 741:140460. [PMID: 32886997 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Too little and too much fluorine are potentially hazardous for human health. In the Jiaokou Irrigation District, ionic concentrations, hydrogeochemistry, and fluoride contaminations were analyzed using correlation matrices, principal component analysis (PCA), and health risk assessment. The patterns for the average cation and anion concentrations were Na+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > K+ and SO42- > HCO3- > Cl- > NO3- > CO32-. The fluoride concentrations ranged between 0.29 and 8.92 mg/L (mean = 2.4 mg/L). 5% of the samples displayed lower than the recommended limit of 0.5 mg/L fluoride content, while 69% exceeded the allowable limits of 1.5 mg/L for drinking. The low F- content is distributed in a small part of the southeast, while elevated F- mainly in the central area of the study region. The PCA results indicated three principal components (PC), PC1 having the greatest variance (45.83%) and affected by positive loadings of TDS, Cl-, SO42-, Na+, and Mg2+, PC2 accounting for 17.03% and dominated by Ca2+, pH, HCO3-, and K+, and PC3 representing 12.17% and mainly comprising of CO32-. High fluoride groundwater is of the SO4-Cl-Na type, followed by HCO3-Na type. Evaporation and ion exchange play important roles in producing high fluoride groundwater. Furthermore, saturation index and anthropogenic activities also promote the high fluoride concentrations. The values of the total hazard quotient of 93% groundwater samples were greater than 1 for infants, followed by 85% for children, 68% for teenagers, and 57% for adults. Non-carcinogenic health risks to infants may occur over the entire study area, while for adults, health risks are mainly found in Weinan and Pucheng. High fluorine may have a potential negative influence on neurodevelopment, especially for infants and children. Adults in this region have serious dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis because of long-term drinking of high fluoride groundwater. Therefore, measures, including using organic fertilizers, strengthening defluoridation process, and optimizing water supply strategies, are necessary in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiying Zhang
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Panpan Xu
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui Qian
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Faxuan Yang
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China
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Sarma GK, Sharma R, Saikia R, Borgohain X, Iraqui S, Bhattacharyya KG, Rashid MH. Facile synthesis of chitosan-modified ZnO/ZnFe 2O 4 nanocomposites for effective remediation of groundwater fluoride. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:30067-30080. [PMID: 32447730 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09270-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the possibility of developing an eco-friendly adsorbent for effective remediation of groundwater fluoride, a well-known health hazard affecting more than 25 nations on the various continents. A facile and milder approach has been adopted to synthesize chitosan-modified ZnO/ZnFe2O4 nanocomposites. The synthesized materials have been characterized by different spectroscopic, microscopic, and diffractometric techniques. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction studies have confirmed the formation of pure and highly crystalline ZnO/ZnFe2O4 nanocomposites. The presence of surface-adsorbed chitosan in the modified ZnO/ZnFe2O4 has been confirmed by FT-IR and thermogravimetric analysis. The results from microscopic and BET surface area analysis of ZnO/ZnFe2O4 nanocomposites indicated that chitosan plays a crucial role in modulating the surface morphology and surface properties of the nanocomposites. The nanocomposites exhibit excellent adsorption performance in the remediation of groundwater fluoride. Experimental conditions have been systematically designed to evaluate the optimum adsorption condition for fluoride, and the results have been analyzed with various non-linear models to describe the kinetics and isotherms of adsorption. The adsorption primarily follows Lagergren pseudo-first-order kinetics, and the Langmuir adsorption capacity is varied from 10.54 to 13.03 mg g-1 over the temperature range 293-323 K. The thermodynamics study reveals that the adsorption process is endothermic and spontaneous. The mechanism of adsorption has been proposed based on the spectroscopic analysis of the fluoride-loaded adsorbent. The adsorption is non-specific in nature as co-existing anion can reduce its fluoride removal capacity. The effect of the co-existing anions on adsorption of fluoride follows the trend PO43- > CO32- > SO42- > Cl-. The adsorbent can be reused successfully for the 5th consecutive cycles of adsorption-desorption study. This study offers a very promising material for remediation of groundwater fluoride of affected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Kumar Sarma
- Department of Chemistry, Rajiv Gandhi University, Rono Hills, Doimukh, Arunachal Pradesh, 791112, India
| | - Raju Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Rajiv Gandhi University, Rono Hills, Doimukh, Arunachal Pradesh, 791112, India
| | - Rosy Saikia
- Department of Chemistry, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, 781014, India
| | - Xavy Borgohain
- Department of Chemistry, Rajiv Gandhi University, Rono Hills, Doimukh, Arunachal Pradesh, 791112, India
| | - Saddam Iraqui
- Department of Chemistry, Rajiv Gandhi University, Rono Hills, Doimukh, Arunachal Pradesh, 791112, India
| | | | - Md Harunar Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, Rajiv Gandhi University, Rono Hills, Doimukh, Arunachal Pradesh, 791112, India.
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Adimalla N. Controlling factors and mechanism of groundwater quality variation in semiarid region of South India: an approach of water quality index (WQI) and health risk assessment (HRA). ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:1725-1752. [PMID: 31317373 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00374-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The study region comprises fractured granitic, basaltic and lateritic aquifer system constituted by Precambrian rocks. Groundwater is the primary source for drinking and household needs. Its quality is a big issue in the three aquifers, which are mostly of human health concern. Many developing regions suffer from lack of safe drinking water, thereby health problems arise in many parts of the regions, and Telangana state is one of them. For this reason, 194 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for fluoride, nitrate, chloride and other physicochemical parameters. The concentrations of fluoride (F-), nitrate (NO3-), magnesium (Mg2+), total dissolved solids and total hardness are above the acceptable limits for drinking purposes, prescribed by the World Health Organization. The higher concentrations of fluoride and nitrate in drinking water cause health hazards, and above 50% of the groundwater samples are not suitable for drinking purposes with respect to fluoride and nitrate. Weathering of rocks and dissolution of fluoride-bearing minerals can be a cause for higher fluoride concentrations, while anthropogenic sources are one of the major reasons for higher nitrate concentrations in the study area. Groundwater suitability for irrigation suggests that more than 90% of the groundwater sampling locations are suitable for irrigation. In addition, health risk assessments were evaluated by using the United States Environmental Protection Agency model, to determine the non-carcinogenic risk of fluoride and nitrate in drinking water for adults (females and males) and children. The ranges of hazard index in all sampling locations are varied from 0.133 to 8.870 for males, 0.146 to 10.293 for females and 0.419 to 29.487 for children, respectively. The health risk assessment results indicated that children were more exposed to health risk, due to the intake of high contaminated drinking water with respective of nitrate and fluoride in the study region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narsimha Adimalla
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, China.
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China.
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Borgohain X, Boruah A, Sarma GK, Rashid MH. Rapid and extremely high adsorption performance of porous MgO nanostructures for fluoride removal from water. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.112799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kaur L, Rishi MS, Siddiqui AU. Deterministic and probabilistic health risk assessment techniques to evaluate non-carcinogenic human health risk (NHHR) due to fluoride and nitrate in groundwater of Panipat, Haryana, India. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 259:113711. [PMID: 31891909 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Human interferences have caused groundwater contamination in alluvial aquifers which subsequently affects the health of exposed population. In the present study, 74 groundwater samples from the semi-arid region of Panipat district, falling under Yamuna sub-basin, India was evaluated to know the potential non-carcinogenic human health risk in local adult and child population. The major objective of the present study was to know the non-carcinogenic human health risk due to intake of fluoride and nitrate contaminated water, using two different approaches: deterministic and probabilistic (Monte Carlo simulation). The values of hazard quotient (HQ) determined by deterministic as well as probabilistic approach were nearly identical. The hazard index (HI) value of 40.8% samples was above the unity in case of adults while 69.7% samples indicated HI value greater than unity for children thus indicating children are more prone to non-carcinogenic health risk than the adult population. Sensitivity analysis was performed to identify the influence of the non-carcinogenic human health risk predictor variables for the prediction of risk and concentration factor (CF) was the most influential variable. Multivariate statistical techniques were employed to know the positive and negative relationship of fluoride and nitrate with other parameters. Results of principal component analysis/factor analysis (PCA/FA) indicated that the concentration of fluoride is controlled by the presence of calcium due to their negative correlation in groundwater samples. The hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis (HCA) also supported the outcome of PCA/FA and both indicated anthropogenic sources of fluoride and nitrate in groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakhvinder Kaur
- Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Madhuri S Rishi
- Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Azeem Uddin Siddiqui
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, India
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Karunanidhi D, Aravinthasamy P, Deepali M, Subramani T, Roy PD. The effects of geochemical processes on groundwater chemistry and the health risks associated with fluoride intake in a semi-arid region of South India. RSC Adv 2020; 10:4840-4859. [PMID: 35693695 PMCID: PMC9122570 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10332e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
This study attempts to establish the effects of subsurface geochemical processes based on the hydrogeochemical attributes of 61 well samples collected in a semi-arid region of South India. The study also provides the health risks associated with the consumption of fluoride-enriched groundwater by the rural people since groundwater is the major source of water supply in the Shanmuganadhi River basin. In this work, water-rock interaction diagrams, an entropy-weighted water quality index (EWQI), and health risk models as per the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) were prepared to understand the geochemical mechanism behind the groundwater chemistry and its role in impacting health. About 72% of these samples are of mixed Ca2+-Mg2+-Cl- water type, representing a transition from freshwater to brackish water, and 36% of them have fluoride above the permissible limit (>1.5 mg l-1). An evaluation of the hydrogeochemical attributes suggests that silicate weathering, carbonate dissolution and reverse ion exchange mostly control the hydrochemistry of the groundwater. The EWQI characterizes about 30% of these samples as unsuitable for drinking and another 49% as of moderate quality. Human health risks were evaluated by dividing the population into seven different age groups and estimating the hazard quotient (HQ) and total hazard index (THI) from intake and dermal contact with fluoride-rich groundwater. The groundwater of this region poses a higher risk for the younger population compared to the adults. About 79% of these groundwater samples pose a health risk to 5-12 month-old infants and only 36% of the samples could be potentially hazardous for adults >23 years old. Our results suggest that the ADDdermal pathway indicates less risk compared to the ADDintake estimations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Karunanidhi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology (Autonomous) Coimbatore - 641062 India +91 9786557646
| | - P Aravinthasamy
- Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology (Autonomous) Coimbatore - 641062 India +91 9786557646
| | - M Deepali
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Priyadarshini Institute of Engineering and Technology Nagpur - 440019 India
| | - T Subramani
- Department of Geology, CEG Campus, Anna University Chennai - 600025 India
| | - Priyadarsi D Roy
- Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria CP 04510 Mexico City Mexico
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Assessment of Groundwater Quality and Human Health Risk (HHR) Evaluation of Nitrate in the Central-Western Guanzhong Basin, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16214246. [PMID: 31683798 PMCID: PMC6862655 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16214246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the quality of domestic groundwater and assess its risk to inhabitants of the Guanzhong Basin, China, 191 groundwater samples were collected to analyze major ions, nitrate, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), and electrical conductivity (EC). The physiochemical parameters, hydrochemical facies, and sources of major ions were analyzed using Durov diagrams, bivariate diagrams, and chloro-alkaline indices (CAI-I and CAI-II). The suitability of groundwater for drinking, the nitrate distribution, and human health risk (HHR) for different age groups were evaluated. The results showed that the relative abundance of cations in the groundwater samples was K++Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+, while that of anions was HCO3− > SO42− > Cl− > NO3−. Groundwater samples mainly contained HCO3-Na and HCO3-Ca, which were introduced mainly by rock weathering and ion exchange. The groundwater in the Guanzhong Basin contained mainly good and medium water, and the groundwater in the southern part of the Wei River was better than that north of the Wei River. Areas containing high nitrate concentrations were mainly located in the central and western parts of the Guanzhong Basin. The percentages of low risk (<45 mg/L), high risk (45–100 mg/L), and very high risk (>100 mg/L) of nitrate pollution in the study area were 90.58%, 8.9%, and 0.52%, respectively. The HHR assessment results indicated that people in the 6–12 month age group were more likely to suffer from health complications due to a higher nitrate concentration, followed by 6–11 years, 21–65 years, 18–21 years, ≥65 years, 11–16 years, and 16–18 years age groups, which was mainly due to the different exposure parameters. The results of this study will be useful in regional groundwater management and protection.
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