1
|
Waller SB, Ripoll MK, Pierobom RM, Rodrigues PRC, Costa PPC, Pinto FDCL, Pessoa ODL, Gomes ADR, de Faria RO, Cleff MB. Screening of alkaloids and withanolides isolated from Solanaceae plants for antifungal properties against non-wild type Sporothrix brasiliensis. J Mycol Med 2024; 34:101451. [PMID: 38043164 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2023.101451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Antifungal resistance has often been found in animal sporotrichosis in Southern Brazil. The biological potential of compounds from plants of the Solanaceae family against infectious diseases is known, however, it is still unknown against Sporothrix brasiliensis. This study evaluated the anti-Sporothrix brasiliensis activity, synergism, cytotoxicity, and action mechanism of steroidal lactones (withanolides) and alkaloids isolated from these plants. Pure compounds of withanolide D (WNOD), physalin F (PHYF), withanicandin (WNIC), nicandin B (NICB), solasonine (SSON), and solamargine (SMAR) were tested against 12 Sporothrix brasiliensis isolated from cats (n = 11) and dogs (n = 2) through M38-A2 CLSI. For the compounds with the best activity, a checkerboard assay for synergism, sorbitol protection, and ergosterol effect for action mechanism; and MTT test for cytotoxicity were performed. The withanolides WNOD, PHYF, WNIC, and NICB were not antifungal, but SSON (MIC 0.125-1 mg/mL) and SMAR (MIC 0.5-1 mg/mL) were both fungistatic and fungicidal (MFC 0.5-1 mg/mL for both) against wild-type (WT) and non-WT isolates. The activity of SSON and SMAR was indifferent when combined with itraconazole. In the mechanism of action, cell wall and plasma membrane by complexation with ergosterol seemed to be two target structures of SSON and SMAR. SSON was selected for cytotoxicity, whose cell viability in MDBK cells ranged from 28.85 % to 101.75 %, and was higher than 87.49 % at concentrations ≤0.0015 mg/ml. Only the steroidal alkaloids SSON and SMAR were active against non-WT isolates, being promising antifungal candidates for the treatment of feline and canine sporotrichosis with low susceptibility to itraconazole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Bressan Waller
- Center for Diagnostics and Research in Veterinary Mycology, Department of Preventive Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPEL), 96010-900, Pelotas/RS, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPEL), 96010-900, Pelotas/RS, Brazil.
| | - Márcia Kutscher Ripoll
- Center for Diagnostics and Research in Veterinary Mycology, Department of Preventive Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPEL), 96010-900, Pelotas/RS, Brazil
| | - Renata Marques Pierobom
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPEL), 96010-900, Pelotas/RS, Brazil
| | - Paulo Ricardo Centeno Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPEL), 96010-900, Pelotas/RS, Brazil
| | - Paula Priscila Correia Costa
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPEL), 96010-900, Pelotas/RS, Brazil
| | - Francisco das Chagas Lima Pinto
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry of Medicinal Plants, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Center of Science, Federal University of Ceará (UFC) (UFC), Fortaleza/CE, Brazil
| | - Otília Deusdênia Loiola Pessoa
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry of Medicinal Plants, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Center of Science, Federal University of Ceará (UFC) (UFC), Fortaleza/CE, Brazil
| | - Angelita Dos Reis Gomes
- Center for Diagnostics and Research in Veterinary Mycology, Department of Preventive Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPEL), 96010-900, Pelotas/RS, Brazil
| | - Renata Osório de Faria
- Center for Diagnostics and Research in Veterinary Mycology, Department of Preventive Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPEL), 96010-900, Pelotas/RS, Brazil
| | - Marlete Brum Cleff
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPEL), 96010-900, Pelotas/RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Waller SB, Ripoll MK, Gonçalves HP, Dalla Lana DF, de Faria RO, Meireles MCA, Fuentefria AM, de Mello JRB, Cleff MB. Are γ-terpinene, 1,8-cineole, p-coumaric acid, and quercetin active against wild-type and non-wild-type Sporothrix brasiliensis to itraconazole? Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:531-541. [PMID: 36422848 PMCID: PMC9944583 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00879-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of itraconazole (ITZ)-resistant Sporothrix brasiliensis in feline and canine cases in southern Brazil has hampered the clinical cure of animal sporotrichosis, encouraging the search for therapeutic alternatives. The promising use of plants extracts from Lamiaceae family is known; however, there are no studies with its major compounds, as γ-terpinene (γTER), 1,8-cineole (1,8CIN), p-coumaric acid (pCOU), and quercetin (QUER). For the first time, we evaluated the antifungal, synergistic, cytotoxic activities and action mechanism of these compounds against S. brasiliensis. For this, 28 S. brasiliensis from cats (n = 24) and dogs (n = 4) and standard strains of S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii (n = 4) were tested by M38-A2 (CLSI), revealing non-wild-type (WT) isolates to ITZ on 54.2% (13/24) and 75% (03/04) of feline and canine isolates, respectively. Of the compounds, γTER stood out against all isolates (MIC/MFC 0.75 to > 3 mg/ml; MIC50 3 mg/ml). However, 1,8CIN, pCOU, and QUER showed little or no activity (MIC50 > 3 mg/ml). Thus, γTER was selected for checkerboard assay, whose combination with ITZ showed synergistic (WT isolates) and indifferent (non-WT isolates) interaction. For action mechanism (sorbitol protection and ergosterol effect), γTER acted in membrane by complexing with fungal ergosterol and at the cell wall level, showing two possible pathways as antifungal target. Finally, cytotoxicity (MTT assay) showed that γTER was the safest compound on MDBK cells, even at a concentration of 3 mg/ml (90.16%). Our findings support that γTER is a potent antifungal candidate for the control of sporotrichosis, including against non-WT S. brasiliensis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Bressan Waller
- Departamento de Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), 1 Campus Universitário Capão Do Leão, Pelotas, RS, 96010-900, Brazil.
| | - Márcia Kutscher Ripoll
- Departamento de Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), 1 Campus Universitário Capão Do Leão, Pelotas, RS, 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Helena Piúma Gonçalves
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Daiane Flores Dalla Lana
- Departamento de Análises, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Renata Osório de Faria
- Departamento de Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), 1 Campus Universitário Capão Do Leão, Pelotas, RS, 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Mário Carlos Araújo Meireles
- Departamento de Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), 1 Campus Universitário Capão Do Leão, Pelotas, RS, 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Meneghello Fuentefria
- Departamento de Análises, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - João Roberto Braga de Mello
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marlete Brum Cleff
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Alvarez CM, Oliveira MME, Pires RH. Sporotrichosis: A Review of a Neglected Disease in the Last 50 Years in Brazil. Microorganisms 2022; 10:2152. [PMID: 36363744 PMCID: PMC9695284 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is caused by fungi belonging to the genus Sporothrix, which saprophytically are found in plants and organic matter. However, cats are highly susceptible to contamination with fungal spores and, when they become sick, they can transmit it to other animals and to man. The objective of this study is to carry out a systematic review on the emergency, diagnosis, clinical symptoms, therapeutics, and control of zoonotic sporotrichosis. Published data covering the last 50 years using a combination of keywords were selected to answer the question: Why has the zoonotic sporotrichosis been a neglected disease up to now? A total of 135 studies were included in this review. The studies emphasize that in recent decades, Brazil has experienced an unprecedented zoonotic outbreak of sporotrichosis. Advances on the genus Sporothrix allowed one to associate thermotolerance, capacity for melanin synthesis, potential for adhesion to tissue macromolecules, ergosterol peroxide production, and expression of virulence proteins as tools for infection and invasion in S. brasiliensis, the main species involved, although cases with S. schenckii or S. lurei were also reported. Correct diagnosis, early treatment, basic educational measures that emphasize responsible ownership of animals and reproductive control programs for felines can contribute to the control of zoonosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Magaly Alvarez
- Laboratory of Mycology and Environmental Diagnosis, Postgraduate Program in Health Promotion, University of Franca, Franca 14404-600, SP, Brazil
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Agraria del Ecuador, Guayaquil 090104, Ecuador
| | | | - Regina Helena Pires
- Laboratory of Mycology and Environmental Diagnosis, Postgraduate Program in Health Promotion, University of Franca, Franca 14404-600, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gremião IDF, Miranda LHMD, Pereira-Oliveira GR, Menezes RC, Machado ACDS, Rodrigues AM, Pereira SA. Advances and challenges in the management of feline sporotrichosis. Rev Iberoam Micol 2022; 39:61-67. [PMID: 35840526 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The domestic cat is the most susceptible host to Sporothrix infection, developing severe clinical forms. Few effective antifungal agents are available for treating feline sporotrichosis, and cases of treatment failure are common. Treatment success depends on cat health status, therapy-related factors, as well as social/economic issues, but it is mainly contingent upon the host-fungus interaction. The owner's adherence is critical and should be reinforced throughout the treatment to increase the chances of a successful outcome. The antifungal agents described for feline sporotrichosis are most often used in monotherapy regimens. Due to cases in which the treatment with itraconazole failed, the use of antifungal agents in combination should be considered to achieve synergy. The combination of itraconazole and potassium iodide represents an important option for the treatment of naïve cats presenting multiple cutaneous lesions, nasal mucosal lesions and/or respiratory signs, as well as for refractory cases. However, the therapeutic options for unsuccessfully treated cases are scarce. Therefore new options are needed, even more taking into account that there are many in vitro potential molecules not available for use in cats yet. More studies are necessary to correlate in vitro antifungal susceptibility tests results and the outcome of cats treated due to sporotrichosis. This review will briefly discuss both the antifungal drugs and treatment protocols used in cats with sporotrichosis, as well as the determinants of treatment failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Dib Ferreira Gremião
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | - Gabriela Reis Pereira-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Caldas Menezes
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Caroline de Sá Machado
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Sandro Antonio Pereira
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Portuondo Fuentes DL, Batista-Duharte A, Carvajal CC, de Oliveira CS, Borges JC, Téllez-Martínez D, Santana PA, Gauna A, Mercado L, Soleder BC, Inácio da Costa P, Quimbayo FG, Carlos IZ. A Sporothrix spp enolase derived multi-epitope vaccine confers protective response in BALB/c mice challenged with Sporothrix brasiliensis. Microb Pathog 2022; 166:105539. [PMID: 35447314 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a cosmopolitan mycosis caused by pathogenic species of Sporothrix genus, that in Brazil is often acquired by zoonotic transmission involved infected cats with S. brasiliensis. Previous studies showed that the Sporothrix spp. recombinant enolase (rSsEno), a multifunctional protein with immunogenic properties, could be a promising target for vaccination against sporotrichosis in cats. Nevertheless, the considerable sequence identity (62%) of SsEno with its feline counterpart is a great concern. Here, we report the identification in silico, chemical synthesis and biological validation of six peptides of SsEno with low sequence identity to its cat orthologue. All synthesized peptides exhibit B-cell epitopes on the molecular surface of SsEno and proved to be highly reactive with the serum of infected mice with S. brasiliensis and sera of cats with sporotrichosis. Interestingly, our study revealed that anti-peptide sera did not react with the recombinant enolase from Felis catus (cats, rFcEno), thus, may not trigger autoimmune response in these felines if used as a vaccine antigen. The immunization with peptide mixture (PeptMix) formulated with Freund adjuvant (FA), induced high levels of antigen-specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG2b antibodies that conferred protection upon passive transference in infected BALB/c mice with S. brasiliensis. We also observed, that the FA + PeptMix formulation induced a Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokine profile ex vivo, associated with protecting effect against the experimental sporotrichosis. Our results suggest that the six SsEno-derived peptides here evaluated, could be used as safe antigens for the development of vaccine strategies against feline sporotrichosis, whether prophylactic or therapeutic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander Batista-Duharte
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil; GC01 Immunology and Allergy Group. Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC). Reina Sofía University Hospital, IMIBIC Building, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Constanza Cardenas Carvajal
- Nucleo Biotecnologıa Curauma (NBC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Campus Curauma, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Carlos S de Oliveira
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, P.O. Box 780, 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Júlio César Borges
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, P.O. Box 780, 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Damiana Téllez-Martínez
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Paula Andrea Santana
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, el Llano Subercaseaux 2801, San Miguel, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Adriana Gauna
- Nucleo Biotecnologıa Curauma (NBC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Campus Curauma, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Luis Mercado
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad #330, 2373223, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Bruna Castilho Soleder
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Inácio da Costa
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fanny Guzmán Quimbayo
- Nucleo Biotecnologıa Curauma (NBC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Campus Curauma, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
de Souza LCDSV, Alcântara LM, de Macêdo-Sales PA, Reis NF, de Oliveira DS, Machado RLD, Geraldo RB, dos Santos ALS, Ferreira VF, Gonzaga DTG, da Silva FDC, Castro HC, Baptista ARDS. Synthetic Derivatives against Wild-Type and Non-Wild-Type Sporothrix brasiliensis: In Vitro and In Silico Analyses. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15010055. [PMID: 35056112 PMCID: PMC8781075 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the well-known geographically wide distribution of sporotrichosis in Brazil, combined with the difficulties of effective domestic feline treatment, has emphasized the pressing need for new therapeutic alternatives. This work considers a range of synthetic derivatives as potential antifungals against Sporothrix brasiliensis isolated from cats from the hyperendemic Brazilian region. Six S. brasiliensis isolates from the sporotrichotic lesions of itraconazole responsive or non-responsive domestic cats were studied. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of three novel hydrazone derivatives and eleven novel quinone derivatives were determined using the broth microdilution method (M38-A2). In silico tests were also used to predict the pharmacological profile and toxicity parameters of these synthetic derivatives. MICs and MFCs ranged from 1 to >128 µg/mL. The ADMET computational analysis failed to detect toxicity while a good pharmacological predictive profile, with parameters similar to itraconazole, was obtained. Three hydrazone derivatives were particularly promising candidates as antifungal agents against itraconazole-resistant S. brasiliensis from the Brazilian hyperendemic region. Since sporotrichosis is a neglected zoonosis currently spreading in Latin America, particularly in Brazil, the present data can contribute to its future control by alternative antifungal drug design against S. brasiliensis, the most virulent and prevalent species of the hyperendemic context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lais Cavalcanti dos Santos Velasco de Souza
- Center for Microorganisms’ Investigation, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói 24020-150, Brazil; (L.C.d.S.V.d.S.); (L.M.A.); (P.A.d.M.-S.); (N.F.R.); (D.S.d.O.); (R.L.D.M.)
| | - Lucas Martins Alcântara
- Center for Microorganisms’ Investigation, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói 24020-150, Brazil; (L.C.d.S.V.d.S.); (L.M.A.); (P.A.d.M.-S.); (N.F.R.); (D.S.d.O.); (R.L.D.M.)
| | - Pãmella Antunes de Macêdo-Sales
- Center for Microorganisms’ Investigation, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói 24020-150, Brazil; (L.C.d.S.V.d.S.); (L.M.A.); (P.A.d.M.-S.); (N.F.R.); (D.S.d.O.); (R.L.D.M.)
| | - Nathália Faria Reis
- Center for Microorganisms’ Investigation, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói 24020-150, Brazil; (L.C.d.S.V.d.S.); (L.M.A.); (P.A.d.M.-S.); (N.F.R.); (D.S.d.O.); (R.L.D.M.)
| | - Débora Sena de Oliveira
- Center for Microorganisms’ Investigation, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói 24020-150, Brazil; (L.C.d.S.V.d.S.); (L.M.A.); (P.A.d.M.-S.); (N.F.R.); (D.S.d.O.); (R.L.D.M.)
| | - Ricardo Luiz Dantas Machado
- Center for Microorganisms’ Investigation, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói 24020-150, Brazil; (L.C.d.S.V.d.S.); (L.M.A.); (P.A.d.M.-S.); (N.F.R.); (D.S.d.O.); (R.L.D.M.)
| | - Reinaldo Barros Geraldo
- Laboratory of Antibiotics, Biochemistry and Molecular Modeling, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói 24210-201, Brazil; (R.B.G.); (H.C.C.)
| | - André Luis Souza dos Santos
- Laboratory of Advanced Studies of Emerging and Resistant Microorganisms, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil;
| | - Vítor Francisco Ferreira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Graduate Program in Applied Health Sciences, Niterói 24241-000, Brazil;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói 24241-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Helena Carla Castro
- Laboratory of Antibiotics, Biochemistry and Molecular Modeling, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói 24210-201, Brazil; (R.B.G.); (H.C.C.)
| | - Andréa Regina de Souza Baptista
- Center for Microorganisms’ Investigation, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói 24020-150, Brazil; (L.C.d.S.V.d.S.); (L.M.A.); (P.A.d.M.-S.); (N.F.R.); (D.S.d.O.); (R.L.D.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-21-2629-2559
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Waller SB, Cleff MB, Ripoll MK, Meireles MCA, Ferrarini M, Varela MT, Fernandes JPS. Bioisosteric modification on benzylidene-carbonyl compounds improved the drug-likeness and maintained the antifungal activity against Sporothrix brasiliensis. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 99:391-397. [PMID: 34873847 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Considering the emergence of antifungal resistance on Sporothrix brasiliensis, we aimed to assess new benzylidene-carbonyl compounds against feline-borne S. brasiliensis isolates. The compounds were designed as bioisosteres from previously reported benzylidene-ketones generating the p-coumaric (1), cinnamic (2), p-methoxycinnamic (3) and caffeic acid (4) analogues. The corresponding compounds were tested against feline isolates of S. brasiliensis with sensitivity (n = 4) and resistance (n = 5) to itraconazole (ITZ), following the M38-A2 protocol (CLSI, Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi M38-A2 Guideline, 2008). Eleven analogues showed activity against all fungal strains with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ≤1 mg/ml (1a-d, 2e, 3b, 3e, 4, 4a and 5e) and fungicidal concentrations (MFC) ≤1 mg/ml (1b, 1d, 3e and 4a), whereas 3 was the less active with both MIC and MFC values above 1 mg/ml. Compound 3e (4-methoxy-N-butylcinnamamide) was the most potent (MICrange 0.08-0.16 mg/ml; MFCrange 0.32-0.64 mg/ml) from the set, suggesting a different role of the substituents in ester and amide derivatives. The designed compounds proved to be important prototypes with improved drug-likeness to achieve compounds with higher activity against ITZ-resistant S. brasiliensis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Bressan Waller
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.,Department of Veterinary Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Marlete Brum Cleff
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Márcia Kutscher Ripoll
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Márcio Ferrarini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina Themoteo Varela
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - João Paulo S Fernandes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lopes-Bezerra LM, de Almeida SR. Special issue on sporotrichosis: challenges to deal with the new emerging pathogenic species. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:1-3. [PMID: 33604764 PMCID: PMC7966650 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00436-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leila M Lopes-Bezerra
- BIDiagnostics, Technology and Innovation Center (CIETEC), São Paulo Univervity, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Sandro Rogério de Almeida
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Waller SB, Dalla Lana DF, Quatrin PM, Ferreira MRA, Fuentefria AM, Mezzari A. Antifungal resistance on Sporothrix species: an overview. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:73-80. [PMID: 32476087 PMCID: PMC7966672 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00307-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The treatment of human and animal sporotrichosis is often performed with antifungal agents; however, the emergence of antifungal-resistant strains of Sporothrix species has been reported. We aimed to discuss the ability of Sporothrix species in developing resistance to the conventional antifungals and mechanisms for this. METHODOLOGY Published data on databases (PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar) were investigated using a combination of keywords from 2008 to 2019 by the StArt tool. RESULTS The minimal inhibitory concentrations values based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) from eight references were classified according to the epidemiological cutoff values in wild-type or non-wild-type strains. In this way, non-wild-type S. schenckii and, mainly, S. brasiliensis isolates were recognized on itraconazole, amphotericin B, terbinafine, and voriconazole, which are strains that deserve more attention toward antifungal control, with a probable risk of mutation to antifungal resistance. Among the few reviewed studied on antifungal resistance, the melanin production capacity (DHN-melanin, L-DOPA melanin, and pyomelanin), the low genetic diversity due to the abnormal number of chromosomes, and the mutation in cytochrome P450 are some of the factors for developing resistance mechanism. CONCLUSIONS The emergence of Sporothrix species with in vitro antifungal resistance was evidenced and the possible mechanisms for resistance development may be due to the melanin production capacity, genetic diversity and mutations in cytochrome P450. Further studies should be carried out targeting gene expression for the development of antifungal resistance on Sporothrix species in order to prospect new therapeutic targets for human and veterinary use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Bressan Waller
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, 96010-900, Brazil.
| | - Daiane Flores Dalla Lana
- Postgraduate Program in Pathology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Priscilla Maciel Quatrin
- Postgraduate Program in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Adelina Mezzari
- Department of Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Waller SB, Cleff MB, Ripoll MK, Meireles MCA, Varela MT, Fernandes JPDS. Benzylidene-carbonyl compounds are active against itraconazole-susceptible and itraconazole-resistant Sporothrix brasiliensis. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2020; 65:1033-1038. [PMID: 32821987 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-020-00814-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the antifungal activity of benzylidene-carbonyl compounds (LINS03) based on the structure of gibbilimbol from Piper malacophyllum Linn. Five analogues (1-5) were synthetized following a classic aldol condensation between an aromatic aldehyde and a ketone, under basic conditions. These were tested against itraconazole-susceptible (n = 3) and itraconazole-resistant (n = 5) isolates of Sporothrix brasiliensis by M38-A2 guidelines of CLSI. All of them were fungistatic (MIC ranged of 0.11-0.22 mg/mL (1); 0.08-0.17 mg/mL (2); 0.05-0.1 mg/mL (3); 0.04-0.33 mg/mL (4); and 0.04-0.3 mg/mL (5)), highlighting compounds 2 and 3. As fungicidal, compounds 1 and 2 were highlighted (MFC ranged of 0.22-0.89 mg/mL and 0.08-1.35 mg/mL, respectively), compared with the remaining (0.77-> 3.08 mg/mL (3); 0.08-> 2.6 mg/mL (4); and 0.59-> 2.37 mg/mL (5)). The inhibitory activity was related to the benzylidene-carbonyl, whereas the phenol group and the low chain homolog seems to contribute to some extent to the fungicidal effect. Compound 2 highlighted due to the considerable fungistatic and fungicidal activities, including itraconazole-resistant Sporothrix brasiliensis. These findings support the potential usefulness of benzylidene-carbonyl compounds as promising prototypes for the development of antifungal against sporotrichosis by Sporothrix brasiliensis, including against itraconazole-resistant isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Bressan Waller
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, 96010-900, Brazil.
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, 96010-900, Brazil.
| | - Marlete Brum Cleff
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Márcia Kutscher Ripoll
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Mário Carlos Araújo Meireles
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Marina Themoteo Varela
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, SP, 09913-030, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Dos S Fernandes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, SP, 09913-030, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|