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N'Djetchi MK, Camara O, Koffi M, Camara M, Kaba D, Kaboré J, Tall A, Rotureau B, Glover L, Traoré MB, Koné M, Coulibaly B, Adingra GP, Soumah A, Gassama M, Camara AD, Compaoré CFA, Camara A, Boiro S, Anton EP, Bessell P, Van Reet N, Bucheton B, Jamonneau V, Bart JM, Solano P, Biéler S, Lejon V. Specificity of serological screening tests and reference laboratory tests to diagnose gambiense human African trypanosomiasis: a prospective clinical performance study. Infect Dis Poverty 2024; 13:53. [PMID: 38978124 PMCID: PMC11229219 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-024-01220-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serological screening tests play a crucial role to diagnose gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (gHAT). Presently, they preselect individuals for microscopic confirmation, but in future "screen and treat" strategies they will identify individuals for treatment. Variability in reported specificities, the development of new rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) and the hypothesis that malaria infection may decrease RDT specificity led us to evaluate the specificity of 5 gHAT screening tests. METHODS During active screening, venous blood samples from 1095 individuals from Côte d'Ivoire and Guinea were tested consecutively with commercial (CATT, HAT Sero-K-SeT, Abbott Bioline HAT 2.0) and prototype (DCN HAT RDT, HAT Sero-K-SeT 2.0) gHAT screening tests and with a malaria RDT. Individuals with ≥ 1 positive gHAT screening test underwent microscopy and further immunological (trypanolysis with T.b. gambiense LiTat 1.3, 1.5 and 1.6; indirect ELISA/T.b. gambiense; T.b. gambiense inhibition ELISA with T.b. gambiense LiTat 1.3 and 1.5 VSG) and molecular reference laboratory tests (PCR TBRN3, 18S and TgsGP; SHERLOCK 18S Tids, 7SL Zoon, and TgsGP; Trypanozoon S2-RT-qPCR 18S2, 177T, GPI-PLC and TgsGP in multiplex; RT-qPCR DT8, DT9 and TgsGP in multiplex). Microscopic trypanosome detection confirmed gHAT, while other individuals were considered gHAT free. Differences in fractions between groups were assessed by Chi square and differences in specificity between 2 tests on the same individuals by McNemar. RESULTS One gHAT case was diagnosed. Overall test specificities (n = 1094) were: CATT 98.9% (95% CI: 98.1-99.4%); HAT Sero-K-SeT 86.7% (95% CI: 84.5-88.5%); Bioline HAT 2.0 82.1% (95% CI: 79.7-84.2%); DCN HAT RDT 78.2% (95% CI: 75.7-80.6%); and HAT Sero-K-SeT 2.0 78.4% (95% CI: 75.9-80.8%). In malaria positives, gHAT screening tests appeared less specific, but the difference was significant only in Guinea for Abbott Bioline HAT 2.0 (P = 0.03) and HAT Sero-K-Set 2.0 (P = 0.0006). The specificities of immunological and molecular laboratory tests in gHAT seropositives were 98.7-100% (n = 399) and 93.0-100% (n = 302), respectively. Among 44 reference laboratory test positives, only the confirmed gHAT patient and one screening test seropositive combined immunological and molecular reference laboratory test positivity. CONCLUSIONS Although a minor effect of malaria cannot be excluded, gHAT RDT specificities are far below the 95% minimal specificity stipulated by the WHO target product profile for a simple diagnostic tool to identify individuals eligible for treatment. Unless specificity is improved, an RDT-based "screen and treat" strategy would result in massive overtreatment. In view of their inconsistent results, additional comparative evaluations of the diagnostic performance of reference laboratory tests are indicated for better identifying, among screening test positives, those at increased suspicion for gHAT. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was retrospectively registered under NCT05466630 in clinicaltrials.gov on July 15 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martial Kassi N'Djetchi
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management, Jean Lorougnon Guédé University, Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Oumou Camara
- National Program for Neglected Tropical Disease Control, Patient Management, Ministry of Health, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Mathurin Koffi
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management, Jean Lorougnon Guédé University, Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Mamadou Camara
- National Program for Neglected Tropical Disease Control, Patient Management, Ministry of Health, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Dramane Kaba
- Trypanosomosis Research Unit, Pierre Richet Institute, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Jacques Kaboré
- International Research and Development Centre on Livestock in Subhumid Zones, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Alkali Tall
- National Program for Malaria Control, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Brice Rotureau
- Parasitology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Guinée, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Lucy Glover
- Trypanosome Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Pasteur Institute, Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Mélika Barkissa Traoré
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management, Jean Lorougnon Guédé University, Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Minayegninrin Koné
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management, Jean Lorougnon Guédé University, Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Bamoro Coulibaly
- Trypanosomosis Research Unit, Pierre Richet Institute, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Guy Pacome Adingra
- Trypanosomosis Research Unit, Pierre Richet Institute, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Aissata Soumah
- National Program for Neglected Tropical Disease Control, Patient Management, Ministry of Health, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Mohamed Gassama
- National Program for Neglected Tropical Disease Control, Patient Management, Ministry of Health, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Abdoulaye Dansy Camara
- National Program for Neglected Tropical Disease Control, Patient Management, Ministry of Health, Conakry, Guinea
| | | | - Aïssata Camara
- Parasitology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Guinée, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Salimatou Boiro
- Parasitology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Guinée, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Elena Perez Anton
- Trypanosome Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Pasteur Institute, Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | | | - Nick Van Reet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bruno Bucheton
- National Program for Neglected Tropical Disease Control, Patient Management, Ministry of Health, Conakry, Guinea
- Intertryp, IRD-CIRAD-University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Jamonneau
- Trypanosomosis Research Unit, Pierre Richet Institute, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
- Intertryp, IRD-CIRAD-University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Mathieu Bart
- National Program for Neglected Tropical Disease Control, Patient Management, Ministry of Health, Conakry, Guinea
- Intertryp, IRD-CIRAD-University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Solano
- Intertryp, IRD-CIRAD-University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Biéler
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Veerle Lejon
- Intertryp, IRD-CIRAD-University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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Boushaki D, Adel A, Dia ML, Madani H, Geerts M, Bebronne N, Brihoum BA, Kechemir Issad N, Büscher P. A Survey on Trypanosoma evansi (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae) Infection in Domestic Animals in a Surra Endemic Area of Southern Algeria. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2024; 24:219-225. [PMID: 38416509 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2023.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Trypanosoma (T.) evansi infection is endemic in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedaries) of southern Algeria. Materials and Methods: In order to assess the presence of T. evansi in other domestic animals living together with dromedary camels, a study was conducted in the wilayate of Béchar, El Bayadh, Ouargla and Tamanrasset, between 2015 and 2017. Authorisation to conduct the survey was obtained from the Direction des Services Vétérinaires (DSV, Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Fisheries). A total of 190 animals were sampled, including 42 cattle (Bos taurus), 11 dogs (Canis familiaris), 44 horses (Equus caballus), 3 donkeys (Equus asinus) and 1 mule, 49 goats (Capra hircus) and 40 sheep (Ovis aries). These animals were examined by parasitological (Giemsa stained thin smear, GST), serological (card agglutination test for trypanosomosis (CATT/T. evansi), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay/Variant Surface Glycoprotein/Rode Trypanozoon antigen type 1.2 [ELISA/VSG RoTat 1.2], immune trypanolysis [TL]) and molecular tests (T. evansi type A specific RoTat 1.2 PCR). Results and Conclusions: The CATT/T. evansi was positive in 10/42 cattle, 0/11 dogs, 2/48 equids, 27/49 goats and 15/40 sheep. On the other hand, 20/38 cattle, 1/9 dogs, 21/42 equids, 17/44 goats and 31/39 sheep were positive in ELISA/VSG RoTat 1.2. However, no single animal was positive in TL. In addition, the T. evansi parasite could not be demonstrated by either GST or RoTat 1.2 PCR in any of the examined animals. This may suggest cross-reactions of CATT/T. evansi and ELISA/VSG RoTat 1.2 with other pathogenic or commensal trypanosome species such as T. vivax or other parasites. Based on these data, in particular taking into account the high specificity of the TL for T. evansi type A, this study does not support the hypothesis that T. evansi circulates in the studied domestic animal species and that they would act as reservoirs for the parasite that causes trypanosomosis in dromedary camels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djamila Boushaki
- Inspection Vétérinaire de la Wilaya d'Alger, Direction des Services Agricoles, Ministère de l'Agriculture et du Développement Rural, Alger, Algeria
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire, Alger, Algeria
| | - Amel Adel
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Saad Dahlab Blida 1, Blida, Algeria
| | | | - Hafsa Madani
- Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire, Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire, Alger, Algeria
| | - Manon Geerts
- Unit of Diagnostic Parasitology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Bebronne
- Unit of Diagnostic Parasitology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Brahim A Brihoum
- Laboratoire Vétérinaire Régional de Laghouat, Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire, Laghouat, Algeria
| | - Nadia Kechemir Issad
- Faculté des sciences Biologiques, Université des Sciences et Technologies Houari Boumediène, Alger, Algeria
| | - Philippe Büscher
- Unit of Diagnostic Parasitology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Ortiz-Martínez Y, Kouamé MG, Bongomin F, Lakoh S, Henao-Martínez AF. Human African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness)-Epidemiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2023; 10:222-234. [PMID: 38939748 PMCID: PMC11210952 DOI: 10.1007/s40475-023-00304-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), also known as sleeping sickness, is a vector-borne parasitic neglected tropical disease (NTD) endemic in sub-Saharan Africa. This review aims to enhance our understanding of HAT and provide valuable insights to combat this significant public health issue by synthesizing the latest research and evidence. Recent Findings HAT has reached a historical < 1000 cases in 2018. In patients without neurologic symptoms and signs, the likelihood of a severe meningoencephalitic stage is deemed low, obviating the need for a lumbar puncture to guide treatment decisions using fexinidazole. Summary Both forms of the disease, gambiense HAT (gHAT) and rhodesiense HAT (rHAT), have specific epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment. Disease management still requires a high index of suspicion, infectious disease expertise, and specialized medical care. Essential stakeholders in health policy are critical to accomplishing the elimination goals of the NTD roadmap for 2021-2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeimer Ortiz-Martínez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | | | - Felix Bongomin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Sulaiman Lakoh
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Andrés F. Henao-Martínez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Mail Stop B168, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Ilboudo K, Boulangé A, Hounyèmè RE, Gimonneau G, Kaboré J, Belem AGM, Desquesnes M, Lejon V, Koffi M, Jamonneau V, Thévenon S. Performance of diagnostic tests for Trypanosoma brucei brucei in experimentally infected pigs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011730. [PMID: 37943881 PMCID: PMC10662723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal African trypanosomosis is an important vector-borne disease of livestock in sub-Saharan Africa. Pigs seem relatively tolerant to trypanosome infection and could act as a reservoir of trypanosomes affecting animals and humans. Our ability to reliably detect trypanosome infection in pigs depends on the performance of diagnostic tools, which is not well known. In pigs experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei, we evaluated the performance of parasitological Buffy Coat Technique (BCT), two molecular (TBR and 5.8S PCR) and four serological tests (CATT, HAT Sero-K-Set rapid diagnostic test-RDT, indirect ELISA, immune trypanolysis). Most diagnostic tests showed high specificity, estimated at 100% (95% CI = 74-100%) with the exception of CATT and RDT whose specificity varied between 100% (95% CI = 74-100%) to 50% (95% CI = 7-93%) during the experiment. The sensitivity of each test fluctuated over the course of the infection. The percentage of positive BCT over the infection (30%) was lower than of positive PCR (56% and 62%, depending on primers). Among the serological tests, the percentage of positive tests was 97%, 96%, 86% and 84% for RDT, ELISA, immune trypanolysis and CATT, respectively. Fair agreement was observed between both molecular tests (κ = 0.36). Among the serological tests, the agreement between the ELISA and the RDT was substantial (κ = 0.65). Our results on the T.b. brucei infection model suggest that serological techniques are efficient in detecting the chronic phase of infection, PCR is able to detect positive samples several months after parasites inoculation while BCT becomes negative. BCT examination and RDT are useful to get a quick information in the field, and BCT can be used for treatment decision. ELISA appears most suited for epidemiological studies. The selection of diagnostic tests for trypanosomosis in pigs depends on the context, the objectives and the available resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadidiata Ilboudo
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies à Vecteurs et Biodiversité, Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en zone Subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre, Université Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Alain Boulangé
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies à Vecteurs et Biodiversité, Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en zone Subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », Institut Pierre Richet, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, France
- INTERTRYP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Robert Eustache Hounyèmè
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies à Vecteurs et Biodiversité, Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en zone Subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », Institut Pierre Richet, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Geoffrey Gimonneau
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, France
- INTERTRYP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire National d’Élevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Service de Bio-Écologie et Pathologies Parasitaires, Dakar—Hann, Sénégal
| | - Jacques Kaboré
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies à Vecteurs et Biodiversité, Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en zone Subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre, Université Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Marc Desquesnes
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, France
- INTERTRYP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
- National Veterinary School of Toulouse (ENVT), Toulouse, France
| | - Veerle Lejon
- INTERTRYP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Mathurin Koffi
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Gestion des Ecosystèmes Tropicaux, Unité de Recherche en Génétique et Épidémiologie Moléculaire, UFR Environnement, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Daloa, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Vincent Jamonneau
- Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », Institut Pierre Richet, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
- INTERTRYP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie Thévenon
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, France
- INTERTRYP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
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5
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Ilboudo K, Hounyeme RE, Kabore J, Boulangé A, Gimonneau G, Salou E, Belem AGM, Lejon V, Compaoré CFA, Bucheton B, Koffi M, Solano P, Berthier D, Thevenon S, Jamonneau V. Experimental evidence that immune trypanolysis using the LiTat 1.3 and LiTat 1.5 variant antigen types is not specific to Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in pigs. Parasite 2022; 29:61. [PMID: 36562442 PMCID: PMC9879134 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2022063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of the human African trypanosomiasis elimination process, reliable and accurate diagnostic tools are crucial for exploring the role of a potential animal reservoir of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. The immune trypanolysis test (TL) using the variant antigen types (VAT) LiTat 1.3 and LiTat 1.5, described as a specific serological method to detect people infected by T. b. gambiense, seems to be a promising tool. However, its specificity was recently questioned during field animal surveys. The present study evaluates the performance of TL during experimental T. b. brucei infection in pigs. Eight infected pigs and four uninfected pigs were followed up with blood and plasma collection. Blood was used for parasitological investigation. TL was performed on the plasma with the LiTat 1.3, LiTat 1.5 and LiTat 1.6 VATs. All control pigs remained negative to parasitological investigation and TL. Trypanosomes were detected in all the infected pigs and the first detection was between 10 and 14 days post infection (dpi). TL results showed that infected pigs developed antibodies against the three VATs. The first antibody detections by TL occurred between 14 and 21 dpi for antibodies directed against LiTat 1.6, 21 and 168 dpi for antibodies directed against LiTat 1.5 and 70, and 182 dpi for antibodies directed against LiTat 1.3. This study highlights for the first time that TL using LiTat 1.3 and LiTat 1.5 VATs is not specific to T. b. gambiense. Development of specific diagnostic tools for the detection of T. b. gambiense infections in animals, especially in pigs, is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadidiata Ilboudo
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Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies à Vecteurs et Biodiversité, Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Élevage en Zone Subhumide 01 BP 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01 Burkina Faso
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Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences et Techniques, Université Nazi Boni 01 BP 1091 Bobo-Dioulasso Burkina-Faso
| | - Robert Eustache Hounyeme
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Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies à Vecteurs et Biodiversité, Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Élevage en Zone Subhumide 01 BP 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01 Burkina Faso
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Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », Institut Pierre Richet 01 BP 1500 Bouaké Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Jacques Kabore
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Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies à Vecteurs et Biodiversité, Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Élevage en Zone Subhumide 01 BP 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01 Burkina Faso
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Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences et Techniques, Université Nazi Boni 01 BP 1091 Bobo-Dioulasso Burkina-Faso
| | - Alain Boulangé
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Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies à Vecteurs et Biodiversité, Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Élevage en Zone Subhumide 01 BP 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01 Burkina Faso
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Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », Institut Pierre Richet 01 BP 1500 Bouaké Côte d’Ivoire
,
Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Intertryp F-34398 Montpellier France
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CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP F-34398 Montpellier France
| | - Geoffrey Gimonneau
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Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies à Vecteurs et Biodiversité, Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Élevage en Zone Subhumide 01 BP 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01 Burkina Faso
,
Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Intertryp F-34398 Montpellier France
,
Laboratoire National d’Élevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Service de Bio-Écologie et Pathologies Parasitaires BP 2057 Dakar – Hann Sénégal
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CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP F-34398 Montpellier France
| | - Ernest Salou
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Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies à Vecteurs et Biodiversité, Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Élevage en Zone Subhumide 01 BP 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01 Burkina Faso
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Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences et Techniques, Université Nazi Boni 01 BP 1091 Bobo-Dioulasso Burkina-Faso
| | | | - Veerle Lejon
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Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Intertryp F-34398 Montpellier France
| | - Charlie Franck Alfred Compaoré
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Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies à Vecteurs et Biodiversité, Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Élevage en Zone Subhumide 01 BP 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01 Burkina Faso
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Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences et Techniques, Université Nazi Boni 01 BP 1091 Bobo-Dioulasso Burkina-Faso
| | - Bruno Bucheton
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Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Intertryp F-34398 Montpellier France
| | - Mathurin Koffi
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Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Gestion des Écosystèmes Tropicaux, Unité de Recherche en Génétique et Épidémiologie Moléculaire, UFR Environnement, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé BP 150 Daloa Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Philippe Solano
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Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Intertryp F-34398 Montpellier France
| | - David Berthier
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Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Intertryp F-34398 Montpellier France
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CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP F-34398 Montpellier France
| | - Sophie Thevenon
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Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Intertryp F-34398 Montpellier France
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CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP F-34398 Montpellier France
| | - Vincent Jamonneau
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Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », Institut Pierre Richet 01 BP 1500 Bouaké Côte d’Ivoire
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Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Intertryp F-34398 Montpellier France
,Corresponding author:
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6
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VSGs Expressed during Natural T. b. gambiense Infection Exhibit Extensive Sequence Divergence and a Subspecies-Specific Bias towards Type B N-Terminal Domains. mBio 2022; 13:e0255322. [PMID: 36354333 PMCID: PMC9765701 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02553-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense is the primary causative agent of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), a vector-borne disease endemic to West and Central Africa. The extracellular parasite evades antibody recognition within the host bloodstream by altering its variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) coat through a process of antigenic variation. The serological tests that are widely used to screen for HAT use VSG as one of the target antigens. However, the VSGs expressed during human infection have not been characterized. Here, we use VSG sequencing (VSG-seq) to analyze the VSGs expressed in the blood of patients infected with T. b. gambiense and compared them to VSG expression in Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infections in humans as well as Trypanosoma brucei brucei infections in mice. The 44 VSGs expressed during T. b. gambiense infection revealed a striking bias toward expression of type B N termini (82% of detected VSGs). This bias is specific to T. b. gambiense, which is unique among T. brucei subspecies in its chronic clinical presentation and anthroponotic nature. The expressed T. b. gambiense VSGs also share very little similarity to sequences from 36 T. b. gambiense whole-genome sequencing data sets, particularly in areas of the VSG protein exposed to host antibodies, suggesting the antigen repertoire is under strong selective pressure to diversify. Overall, this work demonstrates new features of antigenic variation in T. brucei gambiense and highlights the importance of understanding VSG repertoires in nature. IMPORTANCE Human African trypanosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease primarily caused by the extracellular parasite Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. To avoid elimination by the host, these parasites repeatedly replace their variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) coat. Despite the important role of VSGs in prolonging infection, VSG expression during human infections is poorly understood. A better understanding of natural VSG gene expression dynamics can clarify the mechanisms that T. brucei uses to alter its VSG coat. We analyzed the expressed VSGs detected in the blood of patients with trypanosomiasis. Our findings indicate that there are features of antigenic variation unique to human-infective T. brucei subspecies and that natural VSG repertoires may vary more than previously expected.
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7
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Franco JR, Cecchi G, Priotto G, Paone M, Kadima Ebeja A, Simarro PP, Diarra A, Sankara D, Zhao W, Dagne DA. Human African trypanosomiasis cases diagnosed in non-endemic countries (2011-2020). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010885. [PMID: 36342910 PMCID: PMC9639846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleeping sickness, or human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), is transmitted by tsetse flies in endemic foci in sub-Saharan Africa. Because of international travel and population movements, cases are also occasionally diagnosed in non-endemic countries. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Antitrypanosomal medicines to treat the disease are available gratis through the World Health Organization (WHO) thanks to a public-private partnership, and exclusive distribution of the majority of them enables WHO to gather information on all exported cases. Data collected by WHO are complemented by case reports and scientific publications. During 2011-2020, 49 cases of HAT were diagnosed in 16 non-endemic countries across five continents: 35 cases were caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, mainly in tourists visiting wildlife areas in eastern and southern Africa, and 14 cases were due to T. b. gambiense, mainly in African migrants originating from or visiting endemic areas in western and central Africa. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE HAT diagnosis in non-endemic countries is rare and can be challenging, but alertness and surveillance must be maintained to contribute to WHO's elimination goals. Early detection is particularly important as it considerably improves the prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose R. Franco
- World Health Organization, Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Prevention, Treatment and Care, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Giuliano Cecchi
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Animal Production and Health Division, Rome, Italy
| | - Gerardo Priotto
- World Health Organization, Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Prevention, Treatment and Care, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Massimo Paone
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Animal Production and Health Division, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Abdoulaye Diarra
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Dieudonné Sankara
- World Health Organization, Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Prevention, Treatment and Care, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Weining Zhao
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Animal Production and Health Division, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniel Argaw Dagne
- World Health Organization, Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Prevention, Treatment and Care, Geneva, Switzerland
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8
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Geerts M, Chen Z, Bebronne N, Savill NJ, Schnaufer A, Büscher P, Van Reet N, Van den Broeck F. Deep kinetoplast genome analyses result in a novel molecular assay for detecting Trypanosoma brucei gambiense-specific minicircles. NAR Genom Bioinform 2022; 4:lqac081. [PMID: 36285287 PMCID: PMC9582789 DOI: 10.1093/nargab/lqac081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization targeted Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (Tbg) human African trypanosomiasis for elimination of transmission by 2030. Sensitive molecular markers that specifically detect Tbg type 1 (Tbg1) parasites will be important tools to assist in reaching this goal. We aim at improving molecular diagnosis of Tbg1 infections by targeting the abundant mitochondrial minicircles within the kinetoplast of these parasites. Using Next-Generation Sequencing of total cellular DNA extracts, we assembled and annotated the kinetoplast genome and investigated minicircle sequence diversity in 38 animal- and human-infective trypanosome strains. Computational analyses recognized a total of 241 Minicircle Sequence Classes as Tbg1-specific, of which three were shared by the 18 studied Tbg1 strains. We developed a minicircle-based assay that is applicable on animals and as specific as the TgsGP-based assay, the current golden standard for molecular detection of Tbg1. The median copy number of the targeted minicircle was equal to eight, suggesting our minicircle-based assay may be used for the sensitive detection of Tbg1 parasites. Annotation of the targeted minicircle sequence indicated that it encodes genes essential for the survival of the parasite and will thus likely be preserved in natural Tbg1 populations, the latter ensuring the reliability of our novel diagnostic assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Geerts
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Zihao Chen
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Nicolas Bebronne
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nicholas J Savill
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Achim Schnaufer
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Philippe Büscher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
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9
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Hounyèmè RE, Kaboré J, Gimonneau G, Somda MB, Salou E, Missihoun AA, Bengaly Z, Jamonneau V, Boulangé A. Molecular epidemiology of Animal African Trypanosomosis in southwest Burkina Faso. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010106. [PMID: 35994491 PMCID: PMC9436040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Animal African Trypanosomosis (AAT) is a parasitic disease of livestock that has a major socio-economic impact in the affected areas. It is caused by several species of uniflagellate extracellular protists of the genus Trypanosoma mainly transmitted by tsetse flies: T. congolense, T. vivax and T. brucei brucei. In Burkina Faso, AAT hampers the proper economic development of the southwestern part of the country, which is yet the best watered area particularly conducive to agriculture and animal production. It was therefore important to investigate the extent of the infection in order to better control the disease. The objective of the present study was to assess the prevalence of trypanosome infections and collect data on the presence of tsetse flies.
Methods
Buffy coat, Trypanosoma species-specific PCR, Indirect ELISA Trypanosoma sp and trypanolysis techniques were used on 1898 samples collected. An entomological survey was also carried out.
Results
The parasitological prevalence of AAT was 1.1%, and all observed parasites were T. vivax. In contrast, the molecular prevalence was 23%, of which T. vivax was predominant (89%) followed by T. congolense (12.3%) and T. brucei s.l. (7.3%) with a sizable proportion as mixed infections (9.1%). T. brucei gambiense, responsible of sleeping sickness in humans, was not detected. The serological prevalence reached 49.7%. Once again T. vivax predominated (77.2%), but followed by T. brucei (14.7%) and T. congolense (8.1%). Seven samples, from six cattle and one pig, were found positive by trypanolysis. The density per trap of Glossina tachinoides and G. palpalis gambiensis was 1.2 flies.
Conclusions/Significance
Overall, our study showed a high prevalence of trypanosome infection in the area, pointing out an ongoing inadequacy of control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Eustache Hounyèmè
- Unité de recherche sur les maladies à vecteurs et biodiversité, Centre International of Recherche-Développement sur l’Élevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Département de Génétique et des Biotechnologies, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques (FAST), Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Jacques Kaboré
- Unité de recherche sur les maladies à vecteurs et biodiversité, Centre International of Recherche-Développement sur l’Élevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences et Techniques (UFR/ST), Université Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina-Faso
| | - Geoffrey Gimonneau
- Unité de recherche sur les maladies à vecteurs et biodiversité, Centre International of Recherche-Développement sur l’Élevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- INTERTRYP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Martin Bienvenu Somda
- Unité de recherche sur les maladies à vecteurs et biodiversité, Centre International of Recherche-Développement sur l’Élevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences et Techniques (UFR/ST), Université Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina-Faso
| | - Ernest Salou
- Unité de recherche sur les maladies à vecteurs et biodiversité, Centre International of Recherche-Développement sur l’Élevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Institut du Développement Rural (IDR), Université Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina-Faso
| | - Antoine Abel Missihoun
- Département de Génétique et des Biotechnologies, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques (FAST), Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Zakaria Bengaly
- Unité de recherche sur les maladies à vecteurs et biodiversité, Centre International of Recherche-Développement sur l’Élevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Alain Boulangé
- Unité de recherche sur les maladies à vecteurs et biodiversité, Centre International of Recherche-Développement sur l’Élevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- INTERTRYP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
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10
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Desquesnes M, Sazmand A, Gonzatti M, Boulangé A, Bossard G, Thévenon S, Gimonneau G, Truc P, Herder S, Ravel S, Sereno D, Waleckx E, Jamonneau V, Jacquiet P, Jittapalapong S, Berthier D, Solano P, Hébert L. Diagnosis of animal trypanosomoses: proper use of current tools and future prospects. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:235. [PMID: 35761373 PMCID: PMC9238167 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05352-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Reliable diagnostic tools are needed to choose the appropriate treatment and proper control measures for animal trypanosomoses, some of which are pathogenic. Trypanosoma cruzi, for example, is responsible for Chagas disease in Latin America. Similarly, pathogenic animal trypanosomoses of African origin (ATAO), including a variety of Trypanosoma species and subspecies, are currently found in Africa, Latin America and Asia. ATAO limit global livestock productivity and impact food security and the welfare of domestic animals. This review focusses on implementing previously reviewed diagnostic methods, in a complex epizootiological scenario, by critically assessing diagnostic results at the individual or herd level. In most cases, a single diagnostic method applied at a given time does not unequivocally identify the various parasitological and disease statuses of a host. These include “non-infected”, “asymptomatic carrier”, “sick infected”, “cured/not cured” and/or “multi-infected”. The diversity of hosts affected by these animal trypanosomoses and their vectors (or other routes of transmission) is such that integrative, diachronic approaches are needed that combine: (i) parasite detection, (ii) DNA, RNA or antigen detection and (iii) antibody detection, along with epizootiological information. The specificity of antibody detection tests is restricted to the genus or subgenus due to cross-reactivity with other Trypanosoma spp. and Trypanosomatidae, but sensitivity is high. The DNA-based methods implemented over the last three decades have yielded higher specificity and sensitivity for active infection detection in hosts and vectors. However, no single diagnostic method can detect all active infections and/or trypanosome species or subspecies. The proposed integrative approach will improve the prevention, surveillance and monitoring of animal trypanosomoses with the available diagnostic tools. However, further developments are required to address specific gaps in diagnostic methods and the sustainable control or elimination of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Desquesnes
- UMR INTERTRYP, French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD), 31076, Toulouse, France.,INTERTRYP, IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,National Veterinary School of Toulouse (ENVT), 23 chemin des Capelles, 31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Alireza Sazmand
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517658978, Iran.
| | - Marisa Gonzatti
- Department of Cell Biology, Simón Bolívar University, Caracas, 1080, Venezuela
| | - Alain Boulangé
- INTERTRYP, IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,UMR INTERTRYP, CIRAD, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.,Pierre Richet Institute, National Public Health Institute, BP 1500, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Géraldine Bossard
- INTERTRYP, IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,UMR INTERTRYP, CIRAD, 34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie Thévenon
- INTERTRYP, IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,UMR INTERTRYP, CIRAD, 34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Geoffrey Gimonneau
- INTERTRYP, IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,UMR INTERTRYP, CIRAD , Dakar, Senegal.,National Laboratory for Livestock and Veterinary Research, Senegalese Institute on Agricultural Research (ISRA), BP 2057, Dakar, Hann, Senegal
| | - Philippe Truc
- IRD, UMR INTERTRYP, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphane Herder
- IRD, UMR INTERTRYP, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie Ravel
- IRD, UMR INTERTRYP, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Denis Sereno
- IRD, UMR INTERTRYP, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Etienne Waleckx
- IRD, UMR INTERTRYP, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Regional Research Centre Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Autonomous University of Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | | | - Philippe Jacquiet
- National Veterinary School of Toulouse (ENVT), 23 chemin des Capelles, 31000, Toulouse, France
| | | | - David Berthier
- INTERTRYP, IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,UMR INTERTRYP, CIRAD, 34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Solano
- IRD, UMR INTERTRYP, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Hébert
- Physiopathology & Epidemiology of Equine Diseases Unit (PhEED), Laboratory of Animal Health, Normandy Site, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Rd 675 Les Places, 14430, Goustranville, France
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11
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Compaoré CFA, Kaboré J, Ilboudo H, Thomas LF, Falzon LC, Bamba M, Sakande H, Koné M, Kaba D, Bougouma C, Adama I, Amathe O, Belem AMG, Fèvre EM, Büscher P, Lejon V, Jamonneau V. Monitoring the elimination of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis in the historical focus of Batié, South-West Burkina Faso. Parasite 2022; 29:25. [PMID: 35543528 PMCID: PMC9093133 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2022024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organisation has targeted the elimination of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) as zero transmission by 2030. Continued surveillance needs to be in place for early detection of re-emergent cases. In this context, the performance of diagnostic tests and testing algorithms for detection of the re-emergence of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense HAT remains to be assessed. We carried out a door-to-door active medical survey for HAT in the historical focus of Batié, South–West Burkina Faso. Screening was done using three rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). Two laboratory tests (ELISA/T. b. gambiense and immune trypanolysis) and parasitological examination were performed on RDT positives only. In total, 5883 participants were screened, among which 842 (14%) tested positive in at least one RDT. Blood from 519 RDT positives was examined microscopically but no trypanosomes were observed. The HAT Sero-K-Set test showed the lowest specificity of 89%, while the specificities of SD Bioline HAT and rHAT Sero-Strip were 92% and 99%, respectively. The specificity of ELISA/T. b. gambiense and trypanolysis was 99% (98–99%) and 100% (99–100%), respectively. Our results suggest that T. b. gambiense is no longer circulating in the study area and that zero transmission has probably been attained. While a least cost analysis is still required, our study showed that RDT preselection followed by trypanolysis may be a useful strategy for post-elimination surveillance in Burkina Faso.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Franck Alfred Compaoré
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Élevage en zone Subhumide, Unité de recherche sur les maladies à vecteurs et biodiversité, 01 BP 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso - Université Nazi Boni, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences et Techniques, 01 BP 1091 Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina-Faso
| | - Jacques Kaboré
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Élevage en zone Subhumide, Unité de recherche sur les maladies à vecteurs et biodiversité, 01 BP 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso - Université Nazi Boni, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences et Techniques, 01 BP 1091 Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina-Faso
| | - Hamidou Ilboudo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro, 11 BP 218 Ouagadougou CMS 11, Burkina Faso
| | - Lian Francesca Thomas
- International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya - University of Liverpool, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Cristina Falzon
- International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya - University of Liverpool, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Mohamed Bamba
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Élevage en zone Subhumide, Unité de recherche sur les maladies à vecteurs et biodiversité, 01 BP 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Hassane Sakande
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Élevage en zone Subhumide, Unité de recherche sur les maladies à vecteurs et biodiversité, 01 BP 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Minayégninrin Koné
- Institut Pierre Richet, Unité de Recherche et de Formation Trypanosomoses et Leishmanioses, 01 BP 1500 Bouake, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Dramane Kaba
- Institut Pierre Richet, Unité de Recherche et de Formation Trypanosomoses et Leishmanioses, 01 BP 1500 Bouake, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Clarisse Bougouma
- Programme National de Lutte contre les Maladies Tropicales Négligées, 03 BP 7009 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Ilboudo Adama
- Programme National de Lutte contre les Maladies Tropicales Négligées, 03 BP 7009 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Ouedraogo Amathe
- Programme National de Lutte contre les Maladies Tropicales Négligées, 03 BP 7009 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Adrien Marie Gaston Belem
- Université Nazi Boni, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences et Techniques, 01 BP 1091 Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina-Faso
| | - Eric Maurice Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya - University of Liverpool, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe Büscher
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Veerle Lejon
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR INTERTRYP IRD-CIRAD, Université de Montpellier, TA A-17/G, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Jamonneau
- Institut Pierre Richet, Unité de Recherche et de Formation Trypanosomoses et Leishmanioses, 01 BP 1500 Bouake, Côte d'Ivoire - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR INTERTRYP IRD-CIRAD, Université de Montpellier, TA A-17/G, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, France
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12
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Inocencio da Luz R, Tablado Alonso S, Büscher P, Verlé P, De Weggheleire A, Mumba Ngoyi D, Pyana PP, Hasker E. Two-Year Follow-Up of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Serology after Successful Treatment of Human African Trypanosomiasis: Results of Four Different Sero-Diagnostic Tests. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12020246. [PMID: 35204337 PMCID: PMC8871350 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12020246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (gHAT), also known as gambiense sleeping sickness, is a parasitic infection caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. During the last decades, gHAT incidence has been brought to an all-time low. Newly developed serological tools and drugs for its diagnosis and treatment put the WHO goal of interruption of transmission by 2030 within reach. However, further research is needed to efficiently adapt these new advances to new control strategies. We assessed the serological evolution of cured gHAT patients over a two-year period using four different tests: the rapid diagnostic test (RDT) HAT Sero K-SeT, ELISA/T.b. gambiense, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense inhibition ELISA (iELISA), and the immune trypanolysis test. High seropositive rates were observed in all the tests, although sero-reversion rates were different in each test: ELISA/T.b. gambiense was the test most likely to become negative two years after treatment, whereas RDT HAT Sero-K-SeT was the least likely. iELISA and trypanolysis showed intermediate and comparable probabilities to become negative. Stage 1 patients were also noted to be more likely to become negative than Stage 2 patients in all four serological tests. Our results confirm previous findings that trypanosome-specific antibody concentrations in blood may persist for up to two years, implying that HAT control programs should continue to take the history of past HAT episodes into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Inocencio da Luz
- Unit of Mycobacterial Diseases and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.T.A.); (P.V.); (A.D.W.); (E.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-3247-6519
| | - Sara Tablado Alonso
- Unit of Mycobacterial Diseases and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.T.A.); (P.V.); (A.D.W.); (E.H.)
| | - Philippe Büscher
- Unit of Diagnostic Parasitology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | - Paul Verlé
- Unit of Mycobacterial Diseases and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.T.A.); (P.V.); (A.D.W.); (E.H.)
| | - Anja De Weggheleire
- Unit of Mycobacterial Diseases and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.T.A.); (P.V.); (A.D.W.); (E.H.)
| | - Dieudonné Mumba Ngoyi
- Institut National de Recherce Biomédicale, Département de Parasitologie, Kinshasa 834, Congo; (D.M.N.); (P.P.P.)
| | - Pati Patient Pyana
- Institut National de Recherce Biomédicale, Département de Parasitologie, Kinshasa 834, Congo; (D.M.N.); (P.P.P.)
| | - Epco Hasker
- Unit of Mycobacterial Diseases and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.T.A.); (P.V.); (A.D.W.); (E.H.)
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13
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Free-ranging pigs identified as a multi-reservoir of Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma congolense in the Vavoua area, a historical sleeping sickness focus of Côte d'Ivoire. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0010036. [PMID: 34937054 PMCID: PMC8735613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The existence of an animal reservoir of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (T. b. gambiense), the agent of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), may compromise the interruption of transmission targeted by World Health Organization. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of trypanosomes in pigs and people in the Vavoua HAT historical focus where cases were still diagnosed in the early 2010’s. Methods For the human survey, we used the CATT, mini-anion exchange centrifugation technique and immune trypanolysis tests. For the animal survey, the buffy coat technique was also used as well as the PCR using Trypanosoma species specific, including the T. b. gambiense TgsGP detection using single round and nested PCRs, performed from animal blood samples and from strains isolated from subjects positive for parasitological investigations. Results No HAT cases were detected among 345 people tested. A total of 167 pigs were investigated. Free-ranging pigs appeared significantly more infected than pigs in pen. Over 70% of free-ranging pigs were positive for CATT and parasitological investigations and 27–43% were positive to trypanolysis depending on the antigen used. T. brucei was the most prevalent species (57%) followed by T. congolense (24%). Blood sample extracted DNA of T. brucei positive subjects were negative to single round TgsGP PCR. However, 1/22 and 6/22 isolated strains were positive with single round and nested TgsGP PCRs, respectively. Discussion Free-ranging pigs were identified as a multi-reservoir of T. brucei and/or T. congolense with mixed infections of different strains. This trypanosome diversity hinders the easy and direct detection of T. b. gambiense. We highlight the lack of tools to prove or exclude with certainty the presence of T. b. gambiense. This study once more highlights the need of technical improvements to explore the role of animals in the epidemiology of HAT. Significant efforts to control human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) since the 1990’s have drastically reduced the prevalence of the disease. Its elimination as a public health problem is being achieved. World Health Organization now targets the interruption of transmission for 2030. However, potential animal reservoirs of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (T. b. gambiense), the main agent of HAT, may compromise this ambitious objective. It is the case in the Vavoua historical focus in Côte d’Ivoire where HAT cases were still diagnosed in the early 2010’s. During a study conducted in this area, we scrutinized the trypanosomes circulating in pigs and people sharing the same environment using serological, immunological, parasitological and molecular tools. No HAT cases were detected. We showed that T. brucei s.l. and T. congolense actively circulated in free-ranging pigs. Even if no tools were sensitive and specific enough to unambiguously identify T. b. gambiense directly from biological samples, six isolated strains from pigs positive for trypanosomes were amplified for TgsGP, the only currently accepted T. b. gambiense specific molecular marker. The apparent discrepancies between the presence of T. b. gambiense in pigs despite the absence of human cases is discussed. These results stress the need for an efficient “molecular toolbox” to easily detect and identify T. b. gambiense in any animal it may infect.
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14
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Camara M, Soumah AM, Ilboudo H, Travaillé C, Clucas C, Cooper A, Kuispond Swar NR, Camara O, Sadissou I, Calvo Alvarez E, Crouzols A, Bart JM, Jamonneau V, Camara M, MacLeod A, Bucheton B, Rotureau B. Extravascular Dermal Trypanosomes in Suspected and Confirmed Cases of gambiense Human African Trypanosomiasis. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:12-20. [PMID: 32638003 PMCID: PMC8246823 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The diagnosis of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (gHAT) typically involves 2 steps: a serological screen, followed by the detection of living trypanosome parasites in the blood or lymph node aspirate. Live parasites can, however, remain undetected in some seropositive individuals, who, we hypothesize, are infected with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense parasites in their extravascular dermis. Methods To test this hypothesis, we conducted a prospective observational cohort study in the gHAT focus of Forecariah, Republic of Guinea. Of the 5417 subjects serologically screened for gHAT, 66 were enrolled into our study and underwent a dermatological examination. At enrollment, 11 seronegative, 8 unconfirmed seropositive, and 18 confirmed seropositive individuals had blood samples and skin biopsies taken and examined for trypanosomes by molecular and immunohistological methods. Results In seropositive individuals, dermatological symptoms were significantly more frequent, relative to seronegative controls. T.b. gambiense parasites were present in the blood of all confirmed cases (n = 18) but not in unconfirmed seropositive individuals (n = 8). However, T. brucei parasites were detected in the extravascular dermis of all unconfirmed seropositive individuals and all confirmed cases. Skin biopsies of all treated cases and most seropositive untreated individuals progressively became negative for trypanosomes 6 and 20 months later. Conclusions Our results highlight the skin as a potential reservoir for African trypanosomes, with implications for our understanding of this disease’s epidemiology in the context of its planned elimination and underlining the skin as a novel target for gHAT diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariame Camara
- Programme National de Lutte Contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, Ministère de la Santé, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Alseny M'mah Soumah
- Programme National de Lutte Contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, Ministère de la Santé, Conakry, Guinea.,Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital de Donka,Conakry, Guinea
| | - Hamidou Ilboudo
- Programme National de Lutte Contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, Ministère de la Santé, Conakry, Guinea.,Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)-Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro (URCN), Nanoro, Burkina-Faso.,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-CIRAD 177 InterTryp, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - Christelle Travaillé
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1201 and Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Clucas
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, Henry Wellcome Building for Comparative Medical Sciences, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Anneli Cooper
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, Henry Wellcome Building for Comparative Medical Sciences, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Nono-Raymond Kuispond Swar
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, Henry Wellcome Building for Comparative Medical Sciences, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom.,Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Biomedical Research (INRB), Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Oumou Camara
- Programme National de Lutte Contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, Ministère de la Santé, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Ibrahim Sadissou
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-CIRAD 177 InterTryp, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - Estefania Calvo Alvarez
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1201 and Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Aline Crouzols
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1201 and Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Mathieu Bart
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-CIRAD 177 InterTryp, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Jamonneau
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-CIRAD 177 InterTryp, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - Mamadou Camara
- Programme National de Lutte Contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, Ministère de la Santé, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Annette MacLeod
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, Henry Wellcome Building for Comparative Medical Sciences, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Bucheton
- Programme National de Lutte Contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, Ministère de la Santé, Conakry, Guinea.,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-CIRAD 177 InterTryp, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - Brice Rotureau
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1201 and Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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15
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Feasibility of a dried blood spot strategy for serological screening and surveillance to monitor elimination of Human African Trypanosomiasis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009407. [PMID: 34115754 PMCID: PMC8195376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the number of reported Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) cases caused by Trypanosoma brucei (T.b.) gambiense has been markedly declining, and the goal of ‘elimination as a public health problem’ is within reach. For the next stage, i.e. interruption of HAT transmission by 2030, intensive screening and surveillance will need to be maintained, but with tools and strategies more efficiently tailored to the very low prevalence. We assessed the sequential use of ELISA and Immune Trypanolysis (ITL) on dried blood spot (DBS) samples as an alternative to the traditional HAT field testing and confirmation approach. A cross-sectional study was conducted in HAT endemic and previously endemic zones in Kongo Central province, and a non-endemic zone in Haut Katanga province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Door-to-door visits were performed to collect dried blood spot (DBS) samples on filter paper. ELISA/T.b. gambiense was conducted followed by ITL for those testing positive by ELISA and in a subset of ELISA negatives. In total, 11,642 participants were enrolled. Of these, 11,535 DBS were collected and stored in appropriate condition for ELISA testing. Ninety-seven DBS samples tested positive on ELISA. In the endemic zone, ELISA positivity was 1.34% (95%CI: 1.04–1.64). In the previously endemic zone and non-endemic zone, ELISA positivity was 0.34% (95% CI: 0.13–0.55) and 0.37% (95% CI: 0.15–0.60) respectively. Among the ELISA positives, only two samples had a positive ITL result, both from the endemic zone. One of those was from a former HAT patient treated in 2008 and the other from an individual who unfortunately had deceased prior to the follow-up visit. Our study showed that a surveillance strategy, based on DBS samples and centralized testing with retracing of patients if needed, is feasible in DRC. ELISA seems well suited as initial test with a similar positivity rate as traditional screening tests, but ITL remains complex. Alternatives for the latter, also analyzable on DBS, should be further explored. Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), also known as sleeping sickness is a parasitic disease, transmitted by tsetse flies, that is usually fatal if untreated. The number of cases have been rapidly declining over the past years indicating that elimination of the disease as a public health problem is within reach. To achieve the next stage, i.e. interruption of HAT transmission by 2030, intensive screening and surveillance will need to be maintained, but with tools and strategies more efficiently tailored to the very low prevalence. In contrast to the traditional approach of sending laboratory expertise to the field, we assessed an alternative approach based on the collection of dried blood samples on filter paper that were tested in a regional laboratory. Samples were taken in endemic, previously endemic and non-endemic villages and tested by ELISA and Immune Trypanolysis. The ELISA positivity rates were similar to those of other screening techniques currently used and Immune Trypanolysis was highly specific. Hence for surveillance in HAT endemic areas, collecting dried blood samples followed by centralized testing could become an alternative to the current strategy of active screening by mobile teams with on the spot confirmation. It has also potential for post-elimination surveillance to monitor resurgence and for exploratory surveillance in historic foci. Though highly specific, Immune Trypanolysis remains too complex for use in intermediate level laboratories, to further expand this strategy an alternative second step test is required.
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16
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Alfred Compaoré CF, Ilboudo H, Kaboré J, Kaboré JW, Camara O, Bamba M, Sakande H, Koné M, Camara M, Kaba D, Gaston Belem AM, Deborggraeve S, Büscher P, Bucheton B, Lejon V, Jamonneau V. Analytical sensitivity of loopamp and quantitative real-time PCR on dried blood spots and their potential role in monitoring human African trypanosomiasis elimination. Exp Parasitol 2020; 219:108014. [PMID: 33011238 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.108014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective set by WHO to reach elimination of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) as a public health problem by 2020 is being achieved. The next target is the interruption of gambiense-HAT transmission in humans by 2030. To monitor progress towards this target, in areas where specialized local HAT control capacities will disappear, is a major challenge. Test specimens should be easily collectable and safely transportable such as dried blood spots (DBS). Monitoring tests performed in regional reference centres should be reliable, cheap and allow analysis of large numbers of specimens in a high-throughput format. The aim of this study was to assess the analytical sensitivity of Loopamp, M18S quantitative real-time PCR (M18S qPCR) and TgsGP qPCR as molecular diagnostic tests for the presence of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in DBS. The sensitivity of the Loopamp test, with a detection limit of 100 trypanosomes/mL, was in the range of parasitaemias commonly observed in HAT patients, while detection limits for M18S and TgsGP qPCR were respectively 1000 and 10,000 trypanosomes/mL. None of the tests was entirely suitable for high-throughput use and further development and implementation of sensitive high-throughput molecular tools for monitoring HAT elimination are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Franck Alfred Compaoré
- Centre International of Recherche-Développement sur l'Élevage en Zone Subhumide, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies à Vecteurs et Biodiversité, 01 BP 454, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso; Université Nazi Boni, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences et Techniques, 01 BP 1091, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Hamidou Ilboudo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro, 11 BP 218, Ouagadougou CMS 11, Burkina Faso
| | - Jacques Kaboré
- Centre International of Recherche-Développement sur l'Élevage en Zone Subhumide, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies à Vecteurs et Biodiversité, 01 BP 454, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso; Université Nazi Boni, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences et Techniques, 01 BP 1091, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Justin Windingoudi Kaboré
- Centre International of Recherche-Développement sur l'Élevage en Zone Subhumide, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies à Vecteurs et Biodiversité, 01 BP 454, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso; Programme National de Lutte Contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, BP 581, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Oumou Camara
- Programme National de Lutte Contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, BP 581, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Mohamed Bamba
- Centre International of Recherche-Développement sur l'Élevage en Zone Subhumide, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies à Vecteurs et Biodiversité, 01 BP 454, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Hassane Sakande
- Centre International of Recherche-Développement sur l'Élevage en Zone Subhumide, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies à Vecteurs et Biodiversité, 01 BP 454, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Minayégninrin Koné
- Institut Pierre Richet, Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », 01 BP 1500, Bouake, West Africa
| | - Mamadou Camara
- Programme National de Lutte Contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, BP 581, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Dramane Kaba
- Institut Pierre Richet, Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », 01 BP 1500, Bouake, West Africa
| | - Adrien Marie Gaston Belem
- Université Nazi Boni, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences et Techniques, 01 BP 1091, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Stijn Deborggraeve
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Philippe Büscher
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bruno Bucheton
- Programme National de Lutte Contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, BP 581, Conakry, Guinea; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR INTERTRYP IRD-CIRAD, Université de Montpellier, TA A-17/G, Campus International de Baillarguet, F-34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Veerle Lejon
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR INTERTRYP IRD-CIRAD, Université de Montpellier, TA A-17/G, Campus International de Baillarguet, F-34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Jamonneau
- Institut Pierre Richet, Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », 01 BP 1500, Bouake, West Africa; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR INTERTRYP IRD-CIRAD, Université de Montpellier, TA A-17/G, Campus International de Baillarguet, F-34398, Montpellier, France.
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17
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Koné M, N’Gouan EK, Kaba D, Koffi M, Kouakou L, N’Dri L, Kouamé CM, Nanan VK, Tapé GA, Coulibaly B, Courtin F, Ahouty B, Djohan V, Bucheton B, Solano P, Büscher P, Lejon V, Jamonneau V. The complex health seeking pathway of a human African trypanosomiasis patient in Côte d'Ivoire underlines the need of setting up passive surveillance systems. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008588. [PMID: 32925917 PMCID: PMC7515183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Significant efforts to control human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) over the two past decades have resulted in drastic decrease of its prevalence in Côte d’Ivoire. In this context, passive surveillance, integrated in the national health system and based on clinical suspicion, was reinforced. We describe here the health-seeking pathway of a girl who was the first HAT patient diagnosed through this strategy in August 2017. Methods After definitive diagnosis of this patient, epidemiological investigations were carried out into the clinical evolution and the health and therapeutic itinerary of the patient before diagnosis. Results At the time of diagnosis, the patient was positive in both serological and molecular tests and trypanosomes were detected in blood and cerebrospinal fluid. She suffered from important neurological disorders. The first disease symptoms had appeared three years earlier, and the patient had visited several public and private peripheral health care centres and hospitals in different cities. The failure to diagnose HAT for such a long time caused significant health deterioration and was an important financial burden for the family. Conclusion This description illustrates the complexity of detecting the last HAT cases due to complex diagnosis and the progressive disinterest and unawareness by both health professionals and the population. It confirms the need of implementing passive surveillance in combination with continued sensitization and health staff training. Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) or sleeping sickness is a parasitic disease caused by Trypanosoma brucei that is transmitted by tsetse flies. In 2012, HAT was included in the World Health Organization roadmap for the control of neglected tropical diseases with the objective of elimination as a public health problem by 2020. In Côte d’Ivoire, HAT prevalence has dropped sharply the last decade. A passive HAT surveillance was therefore integrated in the national health system, which allowed to detect a first patient in 2017. This article describes the complex health seeking pathway and suffering before diagnosis of this patient, an 11 years old girl, and illustrates the challenge when health agents and population no longer consider HAT as a threat in an elimination context. Our results show the need to install a solid surveillance system, in combination with continued sensitization and repeated health staff training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minayégninrin Koné
- Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », Institut Pierre Richet, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Gestion des Ecosystèmes Tropicaux, Unité de Recherche en Génétique et Epidémiologie Moléculaire, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, UFR Environnement, Daloa, Côte d’Ivoire
| | | | - Dramane Kaba
- Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », Institut Pierre Richet, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Mathurin Koffi
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Gestion des Ecosystèmes Tropicaux, Unité de Recherche en Génétique et Epidémiologie Moléculaire, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, UFR Environnement, Daloa, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Lingué Kouakou
- Programme National d’Élimination de la Trypanosomose Humaine Africaine, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Louis N’Dri
- Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », Institut Pierre Richet, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Cyrille Mambo Kouamé
- Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », Institut Pierre Richet, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Valentin Kouassi Nanan
- Direction Départementale de la Marahoué, District sanitaire de Sinfra, Ministère de la Santé et de l’Hygiène Publique, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Gossé Apollinaire Tapé
- Direction départementale de la santé de la Marahoué, Centre de Santé Urbain de Bonon, Ministère de la Santé et de l’Hygiène Publique, Abidjan Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Bamoro Coulibaly
- Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », Institut Pierre Richet, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Fabrice Courtin
- Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », Institut Pierre Richet, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
- Unité Mixte de Recherche IRD-CIRAD 177, INTERTRYP, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Bernardin Ahouty
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Gestion des Ecosystèmes Tropicaux, Unité de Recherche en Génétique et Epidémiologie Moléculaire, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, UFR Environnement, Daloa, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Vincent Djohan
- Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », Institut Pierre Richet, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Bruno Bucheton
- Unité Mixte de Recherche IRD-CIRAD 177, INTERTRYP, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Solano
- Unité Mixte de Recherche IRD-CIRAD 177, INTERTRYP, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Büscher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Veerle Lejon
- Unité Mixte de Recherche IRD-CIRAD 177, INTERTRYP, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Jamonneau
- Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », Institut Pierre Richet, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
- Unité Mixte de Recherche IRD-CIRAD 177, INTERTRYP, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
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Benfodil K, Büscher P, Ansel S, Mohamed Cherif A, Abdelli A, Van Reet N, Fettata S, Bebronne N, Dehou S, Geerts M, Balharbi F, Bouzid R, Ait-Oudhia K. Assessment of Trypanosoma evansi prevalence and associated risk factors by immune trypanolysis test in camels from Ghardaïa district, southern Algeria. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2020; 22:100460. [PMID: 33308746 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) is a flagellated parasite with worldwide distribution, mainly affecting camels, horses, dogs, buffaloes and wild animals. Trypanosomosis caused by T. evansi, known as surra, is a vector borne disease that affects the health and productivity of camels. The aim of our study was to assess the prevalence of trypanosomosis due to T. evansi in camels by the immune trypanolosis test and to identify associated risk factors. Our cross-sectional study was performed on 161 camels from Ghardaïa district, southern Algeria. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on individual characteristics (age, gender and breed) husbandry management (herd size and activity of animals) and health conditions (history of abortion and clinical symptoms). The immune trypanolysis test revealed an overall seroprevalence of 9.3% (CI 95%, 5.9-14.9). Possible factors associated with T. evansi infection were analysed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression. The results showed that risk factors for camels were history of symptoms (P = 0.002, OR = 21.91, CI95% = 3.48-169.80), racing activities (P = 0.003, OR = 0.01, CI95% = 0.001-0.18) and small herd size (P = 0.013, OR = 8.22, CI95% = 1.64-49.75). In conclusion, this study showed that T. evansi is endemic in camels of Ghardaïa district. To reduce dissemination of the disease to non-endemic areas, it is recommended to minimise risk factors associated with the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima Benfodil
- High National Veterinary School of Algiers, Issad Street, Oued Smar, Bab Ezzouar, Algeria; Akli Mohand Oulhadj University, Department of Agriculture Science, Drissi Yahia Street, Bouira, Algeria.
| | - Philippe Büscher
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Samir Ansel
- High National Veterinary School of Algiers, Issad Street, Oued Smar, Bab Ezzouar, Algeria
| | | | - Amine Abdelli
- Akli Mohand Oulhadj University, Department of Agriculture Science, Drissi Yahia Street, Bouira, Algeria
| | - Nick Van Reet
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Said Fettata
- Veterinary Practice, Thnia Street, Ghardaïa, Algeria
| | - Nicolas Bebronne
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sara Dehou
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Manon Geerts
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Fatima Balharbi
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Riad Bouzid
- High National Veterinary School of Algiers, Issad Street, Oued Smar, Bab Ezzouar, Algeria
| | - Khatima Ait-Oudhia
- High National Veterinary School of Algiers, Issad Street, Oued Smar, Bab Ezzouar, Algeria
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19
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Geerts M, Van Reet N, Leyten S, Berghmans R, S Rock K, Ht Coetzer T, E-A Eyssen L, Büscher P. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense-iELISA: a promising new test for the post-elimination monitoring of human African trypanosomiasis. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 73:e2477-e2483. [PMID: 32856049 PMCID: PMC8563279 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The World Health Organization targeted Trypanosoma brucei gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (gHAT) for elimination as a public health problem and for elimination of transmission. To measure gHAT elimination success with prevalences close to zero, highly specific diagnostics are necessary. Such a test exists in the form of an antibody-mediated complement lysis test, the trypanolysis test, but biosafety issues and technological requirements prevent its large-scale use. We developed an inhibition ELISA with high specificity and sensitivity that is applicable in regional laboratories in gHAT endemic countries. Methods The T. b. gambiense inhibition ELISA (g-iELISA) is based on the principle that binding of monoclonal antibodies to specific epitopes of T. b. gambiense surface glycoproteins can be inhibited by circulating antibodies of gHAT patients directed against the same epitopes. Using trypanolysis as reference test, the diagnostic accuracy of the g-iELISA was evaluated on plasma samples from 739 gHAT patients and 619 endemic controls and on dried blood spots prepared with plasma of 95 gHAT and 37 endemic controls. Results Overall sensitivity and specificity on plasma were, respectively, 98.0% (95% CI 96.7–98.9) and 99.5% (95% CI 98.6–99.9). With dried blood spots, sensitivity was 92.6% (95% CI 85.4–97.0), and specificity was 100% (95% CI 90.5–100.0). The g-iELISA is stable for at least 8 months when stored at 2–8°C. Conclusion The g-iELISA might largely replace trypanolysis for monitoring gHAT elimination and for postelimination surveillance. The g-iELISA kit is available for evaluation in reference laboratories in endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Geerts
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nick Van Reet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sander Leyten
- Advanced Practical Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhout, Belgium
| | - Raf Berghmans
- Advanced Practical Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhout, Belgium
| | - Kat S Rock
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Theresa Ht Coetzer
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Lauren E-A Eyssen
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Philippe Büscher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Belgium
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20
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Fataki Asina O, Noyes H, Bucheton B, Ilboudo H, MacLeod A, Mumba Ngoyi D. SNPs in IL4 and IFNG show no protective associations with human African trypanosomiasis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a case-control study. AAS Open Res 2020; 3:35. [PMID: 32964195 PMCID: PMC7481849 DOI: 10.12688/aasopenres.12999.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a protozoal disease transmitted by tsetse flies. Infection with trypanosomes can lead directly to active HAT or latent infection with no detectable parasites, which may progress to active HAT or to spontaneous self-cure. Genetic variation could explain these differences in the outcome of infection. To test this hypothesis, polymorphisms in 17 candidate genes were tested ( APOL1 [ G1 and G2], CFH, HLA-A, HPR, HP, IL1B, IL12B, IL12RB1, IL10, IL4R, MIF, TNFA , IL6, IL4, IL8, IFNG, and HLA-G). Methods: Samples were collected in Democratic Republic of the Congo. 233 samples were genotyped: 100 active HAT cases, 33 from subjects with latent infections and 100 negative controls. Commercial service providers genotyped polymorphisms at 96 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on 17 genes. Data were analyzed using Plink V1.9 software and R. Loci, with suggestive associations (uncorrected p < 0.05) validated using an additional 594 individuals, including 164 cases and 430 controls. Results: After quality control, 87 SNPs remained in the analysis. Two SNPs in IL4 and two in IFNG were suggestively associated (uncorrected p<0.05) with a differential risk of developing a Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection in the Congolese population. The IFNG minor allele (rs2430561, rs2069718) SNPs were protective in comparison between latent infections and controls. Carriers of the rs2243258_T and rs2243279_A alleles of IL4 and the rs2069728_T allele of IFNG had a reduced risk of developing illness or latent infection, respectively. None of these associations were significant after Bonferroni correction for multiple testing. A validation study using more samples was run to determine if the absence of significant association was due to lack of power. Conclusions: This study showed no evidence of an association of HAT with IL4 and IFNG SNPs or with APOL1 G1 and G2 alleles, which have been found to be protective in other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Fataki Asina
- National Institute of Biomedical Research (INRB), Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- School of Medicine, University of Uele, Isiro, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Harry Noyes
- Center for Genomic Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | | | - Hamidou Ilboudo
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zones Subhumides (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la santé ( IRSS)-Unite de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro( URCN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Annette MacLeod
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Dieudonné Mumba Ngoyi
- National Institute of Biomedical Research (INRB), Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- School of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - TrypanoGEN Group, as members of The H3Africa Consortium
- National Institute of Biomedical Research (INRB), Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- School of Medicine, University of Uele, Isiro, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Center for Genomic Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
- IRD-CIRAD 177, Montpellier, 34398, France
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zones Subhumides (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la santé ( IRSS)-Unite de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro( URCN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
- School of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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21
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Uzcanga GL, Bubis J. Dominant IgM synthesis against the soluble form of the prevailing variant surface glycoprotein from TeAp-N/D1 Trypanosoma equiperdum throughout the experimental acute infections of horses with non-tsetse transmitted Trypanozoon parasites. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2020; 41:745-760. [PMID: 32522083 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2020.1778029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Two horses were infected with distinct non-tsetse transmitted Trypanozoon Venezuelan stocks, namely TeAp-N/D1 Trypanosoma equiperdum and TeAp-El Frio01 Trypanosoma evansi. Preceding reports have revealed that a 64-kDa antigenic glycopolypeptide (p64), which is the soluble form of the predominant variant surface glycoprotein from TeAp-N/D1 T. equiperdum, can be used as a good antigen for immunodiagnosis of animal trypanosomosis. Here, the course of the experimental acute infection in both horses was monitored by evaluating total anti-p64 IgG and particular anti-p64 γ-specific IgG and μ-specific IgM isotypes in sera using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Both equines showed a maximum of whole anti-p64 antibody generation, which dropped to readings below the maximum but always above the positive cutoff point. Levels of specific IgG and IgM isotypes oscillated throughout the course of the experiments. Essentially, the γ-specific IgG response remained very close to the cutoff point, whereas the μ-specific IgM response displayed values that were mostly above the positive cutoff point, showing a major peak that coincided with the maximum of complete anti-p64 IgG production. These results showed that horses infected with non-tsetse transmitted Trypanozoon parasites developed an immune reaction characterized by a dominant IgM generation against the p64 antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela L Uzcanga
- Departamento De Biología Celular, Universidad Simón Bolívar , Caracas, Venezuela.,Facultad De Ciencias De La Salud, Universidad Técnica De Manabí , Portoviejo, Ecuador
| | - José Bubis
- Departamento De Biología Celular, Universidad Simón Bolívar , Caracas, Venezuela
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22
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Isolation of Trypanosoma brucei brucei Infection-Derived Splenic Marginal Zone B Cells Based on CD1d High/B220 High Surface Expression in a Two-Step MACS-FACS Approach. Methods Mol Biol 2020. [PMID: 32221952 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0294-2_43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Magnetic- and fluorescent-activated cell sorting (MACS and FACS) are used for isolation of distinct cell populations for subsequent studies including transcriptomics. The latter allows for the analysis of infection-induced alterations in gene expression profiles. MACS and FACS both use antibodies against cell surface molecules to isolate populations of interest. Standardized methods for both approaches exist for use in mouse models. These protocols, however, do not account for the fact that infection-associated immunopathology can significantly modulate the cell surface expression of targeted molecules. This is the case for Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection, where downregulation of CD23 surface expression on B cells has been reported. This hallmark of progressing infection interferes with the commercially available MACS technique for B cell purification, as CD23 expression is the target for the separation between Marginal Zone (MZ) and Follicular (Fo) B cells. Here, we provide a robust alternative method for isolation of infection-derived MZ B cells using CD1d and B220 surface molecules in a two-step MACS-FACS approach. The method yields 99% pure viable infection-derived MZ B cells, allowing extraction of a high quality total RNA suitable for subsequent RNA sequencing.
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23
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Benfodil K, Büscher P, Abdelli A, Van Reet N, Mohamed-Herif A, Ansel S, Fettata S, Dehou S, Bebronne N, Geerts M, Balharbi F, Ait-Oudhia K. Comparison of serological and molecular tests for detection of Trypanosoma evansi in domestic animals from Ghardaïa district, South Algeria. Vet Parasitol 2020; 280:109089. [PMID: 32222595 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) is a hemoflagellate parasite that affects a broad range of mammalian hosts and that causes a disease called surra. Diagnosis of surra based on clinical symptoms alone is inaccurate. Therefore, a variety of serological and molecular diagnostic tests are used to assist in the detection of T. evansi infections. The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic performance of four serological tests (CATT/T.evansi, immune trypanolysis, ELISA with purified variant surface glycoprotein RoTat 1.2 and with whole cell lysate) and two molecular PCR tests targeting sequences within the ribosomal genes locus (ITS1 TD PCR and 18S qPCR). Tests were carried out on blood samples from 161 dromedary camels, 93 horses, 129 goats, 168 sheep, 127 bovines and 76 dogs. Latent class analysis was carried out to calculate the sensitivity and specificity of each diagnostic test. Cohen's Kappa test was used to assess the concordance between the different diagnostic tests. Overall positivity rates observed with the serological tests were as follows: 3.1 % with CATT/T.evansi, 4.9 % with ELISA/RoTat 1.2, 3.4 % with ELISA/whole lysate and 2.0 % with immune trypanolysis (TL). Among the 754 samples tested with the molecular tests, 1.7 % were positive with 18S qPCR and 1.3 % with ITS1 TD PCR. Cohen's Kappa test showed agreement ranging from fair to substantial (k = 0.2-0.8) between serological diagnostic tests. However, it showed a perfect agreement (k = 0.868) between molecular diagnostic tests. Latent class analysis showed that all serological tests were 100 % sensitive, in contrast to the molecular tests with 47 % sensitivity. All tests, though, were highly specific (≥ 97 %). Given the persistence of circulating antibodies after cure, detectable by serological tests, it is recommend combining a serological and a molecular diagnostic test for accurate diagnosis of infection with T. evansi in domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima Benfodil
- High National Veterinary School of Algiers, Issad Street, Oued Smar, Bab Ezzouar, Algeria; Akli Mohand Oulhadj University, Department of Agriculture Science, Drissi Yahia Street, Bouira, Algeria.
| | - Philippe Büscher
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Amine Abdelli
- Akli Mohand Oulhadj University, Department of Agriculture Science, Drissi Yahia Street, Bouira, Algeria
| | - Nick Van Reet
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Abdellah Mohamed-Herif
- High National Veterinary School of Algiers, Issad Street, Oued Smar, Bab Ezzouar, Algeria
| | - Samir Ansel
- High National Veterinary School of Algiers, Issad Street, Oued Smar, Bab Ezzouar, Algeria
| | - Said Fettata
- Veterinary Practice, Thnia Street, Ghardaïa, Algeria
| | - Sara Dehou
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Bebronne
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Manon Geerts
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Fatima Balharbi
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Khatima Ait-Oudhia
- High National Veterinary School of Algiers, Issad Street, Oued Smar, Bab Ezzouar, Algeria
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24
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Dama E, Camara O, Kaba D, Koffi M, Camara M, Compaoré C, Ilboudo H, Courtin F, Kaboré J, N'Gouan EK, Büscher P, Lejon V, Bucheton B, Jamonneau V. Immune trypanolysis test as a promising bioassay to monitor the elimination of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 26:68. [PMID: 31755862 PMCID: PMC6873819 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2019066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) has set the goal of gambiense-Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) elimination as a public health problem for 2020 and interruption of transmission in humans for 2030. In this context, it is crucial to monitor progress towards these targets using accurate tools to assess the level of transmission in a given area. The aim of this study was to investigate the relevance of the immune trypanolysis test (TL) as a population-based bioassay to evaluate Trypanosoma brucei gambiense transmission in various epidemiological contexts. Significant correlations were observed between HAT endemicity levels and the percentage of TL-positive individuals in the population. TL therefore appears to be a suitable population-based biomarker of the intensity of transmission. In addition to being used as a tool to assess the HAT status at an individual level, assessing the proportion of TL positive individuals in the population appears as a promising and easy alternative to monitor the elimination of gambiense HAT in a given area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Dama
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zones Subhumides (CIRDES), Unité de recherches sur les maladies à vecteurs et biodiversité, 01 BP 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso - Université Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 1091 Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Oumou Camara
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomose Humaine Africaine, BP 851, Conakry, Guinée
| | - Dramane Kaba
- Institut Pierre Richet, Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », 01 BP 1500, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Mathurin Koffi
- Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Laboratoire de biodiversité et Gestion durable des écosystèmes tropicaux, Unité de Recherche en Génétique et Epidémiologie moléculaire, BP 150 Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Mamadou Camara
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomose Humaine Africaine, BP 851, Conakry, Guinée
| | - Charlie Compaoré
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zones Subhumides (CIRDES), Unité de recherches sur les maladies à vecteurs et biodiversité, 01 BP 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Hamidou Ilboudo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro (URCN), 11 BP 218 Ouagadougou CMS 11, Burkina Faso
| | - Fabrice Courtin
- Institut Pierre Richet, Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », 01 BP 1500, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR INTERTRYP IRD-CIRAD, Université de Montpellier, TA A-17/G, Campus International de Baillarguet, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Jacques Kaboré
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zones Subhumides (CIRDES), Unité de recherches sur les maladies à vecteurs et biodiversité, 01 BP 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso - Université Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 1091 Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Philippe Büscher
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Veerle Lejon
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR INTERTRYP IRD-CIRAD, Université de Montpellier, TA A-17/G, Campus International de Baillarguet, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Bucheton
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomose Humaine Africaine, BP 851, Conakry, Guinée - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR INTERTRYP IRD-CIRAD, Université de Montpellier, TA A-17/G, Campus International de Baillarguet, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Jamonneau
- Institut Pierre Richet, Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », 01 BP 1500, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR INTERTRYP IRD-CIRAD, Université de Montpellier, TA A-17/G, Campus International de Baillarguet, F-34398 Montpellier, France
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25
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Courtin F, Camara O, Camara M, Kagbadouno M, Bucheton B, Solano P, Jamonneau V. Sleeping sickness in the historical focus of forested Guinea: update using a geographically based method. Parasite 2019; 26:61. [PMID: 31599229 PMCID: PMC6785972 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2019061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2017, 1447 new cases of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) were reported, which reflects considerable progress towards the World Health Organisation's target of eliminating HAT as a public health problem by 2020. However, current epidemiological data are still lacking for a number of areas, including historical HAT foci. In order to update the HAT situation in the historical focus of forested Guinea, we implemented a geographically based methodology: Identification of Villages at Risk (IVR). The methodology is based on three sequential steps: Desk-based IVR (IVR-D), which selects villages at risk of HAT on the basis of HAT archives and geographical items; Field-based IVR (IVR-F), which consists in collecting additional epidemiological and geographical information in the field in villages at risk; and to be Medically surveyed IVR (IVR-M), a field data analysis through a Geographic Information System (GIS), to compile a list of the villages most at risk of HAT, suitable to guide active screening and passive surveillance. In an area of 2385 km2 with 1420,530 inhabitants distributed in 1884 settlements, 14 villages with a population of 11,236 inhabitants were identified as most at risk of HAT and selected for active screening. Although no HAT cases could be confirmed, subjects that had come into contact with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense were identified and two sentinel sites were chosen to implement passive surveillance. IVR, which could be applied to any gambiense areas where the situation needs to be clarified, could help to reach the objective of HAT elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Courtin
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Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 177 IRD-CIRAD INTERTRYP, Institut Pierre Richet/Institut National de Santé Publique Bouaké Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Oumou Camara
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Programme National de Lutte contre la THA, Ministère de la Santé Conakry Guinea
| | - Mamadou Camara
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Programme National de Lutte contre la THA, Ministère de la Santé Conakry Guinea
| | - Moïse Kagbadouno
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Programme National de Lutte contre la THA, Ministère de la Santé Conakry Guinea
| | - Bruno Bucheton
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Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 177 IRD-CIRAD INTERTRYP, Programme National de Lutte contre la THA Conakry Guinea
| | - Philippe Solano
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Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 177 IRD-CIRAD INTERTRYP Montpellier France
| | - Vincent Jamonneau
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Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 177 IRD-CIRAD INTERTRYP, Institut Pierre Richet/Institut National de Santé Publique Bouaké Côte d’Ivoire
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26
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Boushaki D, Adel A, Dia ML, Büscher P, Madani H, Brihoum BA, Sadaoui H, Bouayed N, Kechemir Issad N. Epidemiological investigations on Trypanosoma evansi infection in dromedary camels in the South of Algeria. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02086. [PMID: 31372547 PMCID: PMC6656995 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An epidemiological study of Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) infection in dromedaries was conducted in four wilayate (localities) of Southern Algeria: Béchar, El Bayadh, Ouargla, Tamanrasset. Between February 2014 and April 2016, 1056 camels of different ages and both sexes from 84 herds were sampled. The prevalence was determined through parasitological examination (Giemsa stained thin smear, GST), serological tests (CATT/T. evansi, ELISA/VSG RoTat 1.2, immune trypanolysis), and molecular tests (T. evansi type A specific RoTat 1.2 PCR and T. evansi type B specific EVAB PCR). The overall prevalence was 2.4 % with GST, 32.4% with CATT/T. evansi, 23.1% with ELISA/VSG RoTat 1.2, 21.0% with immune trypanolysis (TL), 11.2 % with RoTat 1.2 PCR and 0% with EVAB PCR. El Bayadh was the most affected wilaya with 11.8% positives in GST, 74.9% in CATT/T. evansi, 70.1% in ELISA/VSG RoTat 1.2 and 62.2% in immune trypanolysis. Only in Béchar, a non-significantly higher prevalence (13.6%) was observed with RoTat1.2 PCR than in El Bayadh (13.0%). We didn't find any evidence of the presence of T. evansi type B in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djamila Boushaki
- Inspection Vétérinaire de la Wilaya d’Alger, Direction des Services Agricoles, Ministère de l’Agriculture, du Développement Rural et de la Pêche, Alger, Algeria
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire, Alger, Algeria
- Laboratoire de biodiversité et environnement, Interaction génomes, Faculté des sciences biologiques, Université des Sciences et Technologies Houari Boumediène, Alger, Algeria
| | - Amel Adel
- Université Blida1, Institut des Sciences Vétérinaires, B.P. 270, Route de Soumaa, Blida, Algeria
| | | | - Philippe Büscher
- Department of Biomedical sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hafsa Madani
- Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire, Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire, Alger, Algeria
| | - Brahim Aymard Brihoum
- Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire, Laboratoire Vétérinaire Régional, Laghouat, Algeria
| | - Hassiba Sadaoui
- Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire, Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire, Alger, Algeria
| | - Nadera Bouayed
- Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire, Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire, Alger, Algeria
| | - Nadia Kechemir Issad
- Laboratoire de biodiversité et environnement, Interaction génomes, Faculté des sciences biologiques, Université des Sciences et Technologies Houari Boumediène, Alger, Algeria
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27
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Ofon E, Noyes H, Ebo’o Eyanga V, Njiokou F, Koffi M, Fogue P, Hertz-Fowler C, MacLeod A, Matovu E, Simo G. Association between IL1 gene polymorphism and human African trypanosomiasis in populations of sleeping sickness foci of southern Cameroon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007283. [PMID: 30908482 PMCID: PMC6448947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a neglected tropical disease caused by infections due to Trypanosoma brucei subspecies. In addition to the well-established environmental and behavioural risks of becoming infected, there is evidence for a genetic component to the response to trypanosome infection. We undertook a candidate gene case-control study to investigate genetic associations further. METHODOLOGY We genotyped one polymorphism in each of seven genes (IL1A, IL1RN, IL4RN, IL6, HP, HPR, and HLA-G) in 73 cases and 250 controls collected from 19 ethno-linguistic subgroups stratified into three major ethno-linguistic groups, 2 pooled ethno-linguistic groups and 11 ethno-linguistic subgroups from three Cameroonian HAT foci. The seven polymorphic loci tested consisted of three SNPs, three variable numbers of tandem repeat (VNTR) and one INDEL. RESULTS We found that the genotype (TT) and minor allele (T) of IL1A gene as well as the genotype 1A3A of IL1RN were associated with an increased risk of getting Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and develop HAT when all data were analysed together and also when stratified by the three major ethno-linguistic groups, 2 pooled ethno-linguistic subgroups and 11 ethno-linguistic subgroups. CONCLUSION This study revealed that one SNP rs1800794 of IL1A and one VNTR rs2234663 of IL1RN were associated with the increased risk to be infected by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and develop sleeping sickness in southern Cameroon. The minor allele T and the genotype TT of SNP rs1800794 in IL1A as well as the genotype 1A3A of IL1RN rs2234663 VNTR seem to increase the risk of getting Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infections and develop sleeping sickness in southern Cameroon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvis Ofon
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Harry Noyes
- Centre for Genomic Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent Ebo’o Eyanga
- MINSANTE, Divisional Centre for Diseases, PNLTHA, Ministry of Public Health, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Flobert Njiokou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Mathurin Koffi
- Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé (UJLoG), UFR Environnement-Santé, Laboratoire des Interactions Hôte- Microorganismes-Environnement et Evolution (LIHME) Daloa, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Pythagore Fogue
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | | | - Annette MacLeod
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University Place, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Enock Matovu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Bio-security, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Gustave Simo
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
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Hasker E, Kwete J, Inocencio da Luz R, Mpanya A, Bebronne N, Makabuza J, Claeys Y, Ilunga J, Lejon V, Mumba Ngoyi D, Büscher P, Boelaert M, Miaka EM. Innovative digital technologies for quality assurance of diagnosis of human African trypanosomiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006664. [PMID: 30212459 PMCID: PMC6136689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Epco Hasker
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Public Health, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jean Kwete
- Programme National de Lutte Contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Alain Mpanya
- Programme National de Lutte Contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Nicolas Bebronne
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jacquies Makabuza
- Programme National de Lutte Contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Yves Claeys
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Public Health, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jérémie Ilunga
- Programme National de Lutte Contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Veerle Lejon
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Dieudonné Mumba Ngoyi
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Department of Parasitology, Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Philippe Büscher
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marleen Boelaert
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Public Health, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Erick Mwamba Miaka
- Programme National de Lutte Contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Dama E, Drabo A, Kaboré J, Ouédraogo E, Coulibaly B, Ilboudo H, Kaboré J, Compaoré CF, Sakandé H, Ouédraogo M, Rayaissé JB, Courtin F, Solano P, Drabo F, Jamonneau V. Description of the first sleeping sickness case diagnosed in Burkina Faso since two decades. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006677. [PMID: 30125276 PMCID: PMC6124770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkina Faso belongs to a group of countries in which human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, is no longer considered to be a public health problem. Although no native cases have been detected since 1993, there is still the risk of HAT re-emergence due to significant population movements between Burkina Faso and active HAT foci in Côte d’Ivoire. Since 2014, Burkina Faso receives support from the WHO to implement a passive surveillance program. This resulted in the detection in 2015 of the first putative native HAT case since two decades. However, epidemiological entomological and molecular biology investigations have not been able to identify with certainty the origin of this infection or to confirm that it was due to T. b. gambiense. This case emphasises the need to strengthen passive surveillance of the disease for sustained elimination of HAT as a public health problem in Burkina Faso. In 2012, the roadmap for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) of the World Health Organization (WHO) included human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) to be eliminated as a public health problem by 2020. To reach this ambitious objective in Burkina Faso, where the vector (and consequently a risk of HAT re-emergence) is still present, a passive surveillance system based on sentinel sites was established in the southwestern part of the country, considered to be the most at-risk area. The implementation of this system recently resulted in the diagnosis of the first putative native sleeping sickness case since two decades. Although the origin of this infection and how the patient was infected could not be identified, the detection of this native case confirms that HAT re-emergence in Burkina Faso is still a risk. This demonstrates the importance of implementing, maintaining and reinforcing passive surveillance programs in at-risk areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Dama
- Université Nazi Boni, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences et Techniques, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en zones Subhumides, Unité de recherches sur les bases biologiques de la lutte intégrée, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- * E-mail:
| | - Aboubacar Drabo
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Jacques Kaboré
- Université Nazi Boni, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences et Techniques, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en zones Subhumides, Unité de recherches sur les bases biologiques de la lutte intégrée, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Elie Ouédraogo
- Programme National de Lutte contre les Maladies Tropicales Négligées, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Bamoro Coulibaly
- Institut Pierre Richet, Unité de Recherche “Trypanosomoses”, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Hamidou Ilboudo
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en zones Subhumides, Unité de recherches sur les bases biologiques de la lutte intégrée, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Justin Kaboré
- Université Nazi Boni, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences et Techniques, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en zones Subhumides, Unité de recherches sur les bases biologiques de la lutte intégrée, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Charlie Franck Compaoré
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en zones Subhumides, Unité de recherches sur les bases biologiques de la lutte intégrée, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Hassane Sakandé
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en zones Subhumides, Unité de recherches sur les bases biologiques de la lutte intégrée, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Micheline Ouédraogo
- Programme National de Lutte contre les Maladies Tropicales Négligées, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Jean-Baptiste Rayaissé
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en zones Subhumides, Unité de recherches sur les bases biologiques de la lutte intégrée, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Fabrice Courtin
- Institut Pierre Richet, Unité de Recherche “Trypanosomoses”, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INTERTRYP, Université de Montpellier-IRD-CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Solano
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INTERTRYP, Université de Montpellier-IRD-CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - François Drabo
- Programme National de Lutte contre les Maladies Tropicales Négligées, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Vincent Jamonneau
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en zones Subhumides, Unité de recherches sur les bases biologiques de la lutte intégrée, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Institut Pierre Richet, Unité de Recherche “Trypanosomoses”, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INTERTRYP, Université de Montpellier-IRD-CIRAD, Montpellier, France
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Luintel A, Lowe P, Cooper A, MacLeod A, Büscher P, Brooks T, Brown M. Case of Nigeria-Acquired Human African Trypanosomiasis in United Kingdom, 2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2018. [PMID: 28628444 PMCID: PMC5512500 DOI: 10.3201/eid2307.170695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis has not been reported in Nigeria since 2012. Nevertheless, limitations of current surveillance programs mean that undetected infections may persist. We report a recent case of stage 2 trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense acquired in Nigeria and imported into the United Kingdom.
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Escalona JL, Uzcanga GL, Carrasquel LM, Bubis J. The inositol-1,2-cyclic phosphate moiety of the cross-reacting determinant, carbohydrate chains, and proteinaceous components are all responsible for the cross-reactivity of trypanosome variant surface glycoproteins. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2018; 39:173-189. [DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2017.1414701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- José L. Escalona
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Graciela L. Uzcanga
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas, Venezuela
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Ambientales, Universidad Internacional SEK, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - José Bubis
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas, Venezuela
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Büscher P, Cecchi G, Jamonneau V, Priotto G. Human African trypanosomiasis. Lancet 2017; 390:2397-2409. [PMID: 28673422 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)31510-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) is a parasitic infection that almost invariably progresses to death unless treated. Human African trypanosomiasis caused devastating epidemics during the 20th century. Thanks to sustained and coordinated efforts over the past 15 years, the number of reported cases has fallen to an historically low level. Fewer than 3000 cases were reported in 2015, and the disease is targeted for elimination by WHO. Despite these recent successes, the disease is still endemic in parts of sub-Saharan Africa, where it is a considerable burden on rural communities, most notably in central Africa. Since patients are also reported from non-endemic countries, human African trypanosomiasis should be considered in differential diagnosis for travellers, tourists, migrants, and expatriates who have visited or lived in endemic areas. In the absence of a vaccine, disease control relies on case detection and treatment, and vector control. Available drugs are suboptimal, but ongoing clinical trials provide hope for safer and simpler treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Büscher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Giuliano Cecchi
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Sub-regional Office for Eastern Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Vincent Jamonneau
- UMR INTERTRYP, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | - Gerardo Priotto
- World Health Organization, Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Innovative and Intensified Disease Management, Geneva, Switzerland
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Matovu E, Kitibwa A, Picado A, Biéler S, Bessell PR, Ndung'u JM. Serological tests for gambiense human African trypanosomiasis detect antibodies in cattle. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:546. [PMID: 29100526 PMCID: PMC5670715 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2487-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Serological tests for gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (gHAT) detect antibodies to antigens on the cell surface of bloodstream trypanosomes. As trypanosomes that cause animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) also express related antigens, we have evaluated two rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) on cattle in trypanosomiasis endemic and non-endemic regions, to determine whether gHAT serological tests could also be used to screen for AAT. Methods Two RDTs, 1G RDT, made with native antigens, and p2G RDT, made with recombinant antigens, were tested on 121 cattle in a trypanosomiasis-free region, and on 312 cattle from a rhodesiense HAT and AAT endemic region. A subset of samples from the endemic region were also tested with two immune trypanolysis (TL) tests. The sensitivity of the tests was estimated by evaluating the result of the RDT on samples that were positive by both microscopy and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) PCR, whilst specificity was the result of the RDT on samples that were negative by ITS PCR and microscopy, and others from the non-endemic region. Results The specificity of the p2G RDT on cattle from the non-endemic region was 97.5% (95% CI: 93.0–99.2%), compared to only 57.9% (95% CI: 48.9–66.3%) for 1G RDT. The specificities of 1G RDT, p2G RDT and TL on endemic control cattle were 14.6% (95% CI: 9.7–21.5%), 22.6% (95% CI: 16.4–30.3%) and 68.3% (95% CI: 59.6–75.9%), respectively. The sensitivities of the tests on trypanosome positive samples were 85.1% (95% CI: 79.1–89.7%), 89.1% (95% CI: 83.7–93.0%) and 59.3% (95% CI: 51.8–66.4%), respectively. Among the same samples, 51.7% were positive by both TL and the 1G RDT. Conclusions These serological tests detect cross-reacting antibodies in cattle. The p2G RDT based on recombinant antigens had a high specificity in a non-endemic region, while the 1G RDT had a lower specificity, suggesting cross-reactivity with other pathogens. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-017-2487-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enock Matovu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Annah Kitibwa
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Albert Picado
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Campus Biotech, Chemin des Mines, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Biéler
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Campus Biotech, Chemin des Mines, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Joseph Mathu Ndung'u
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Campus Biotech, Chemin des Mines, Geneva, Switzerland
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N’Djetchi MK, Ilboudo H, Koffi M, Kaboré J, Kaboré JW, Kaba D, Courtin F, Coulibaly B, Fauret P, Kouakou L, Ravel S, Deborggraeve S, Solano P, De Meeûs T, Bucheton B, Jamonneau V. The study of trypanosome species circulating in domestic animals in two human African trypanosomiasis foci of Côte d'Ivoire identifies pigs and cattle as potential reservoirs of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005993. [PMID: 29045405 PMCID: PMC5662240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Important control efforts have led to a significant reduction of the prevalence of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) in Côte d’Ivoire, but the disease is still present in several foci. The existence of an animal reservoir of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense may explain disease persistence in these foci where animal breeding is an important source of income but where the prevalence of animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) is unknown. The aim of this study was to identify the trypanosome species circulating in domestic animals in both Bonon and Sinfra HAT endemic foci. Methodology/Principal findings 552 domestic animals (goats, pigs, cattle and sheep) were included. Blood samples were tested for trypanosomes by microscopic observation, species-specific PCR for T. brucei sl, T. congolense, T. vivax and subspecies-specific PCR for T. b. gambiense and T. b. gambiense immune trypanolysis (TL). Infection rates varied significantly between animal species and were by far the highest in pigs (30%). T. brucei s.l was the most prevalent trypanosome species (13.7%) followed by T. congolense. No T. b. gambiense was identified by PCR while high TL positivity rates were observed using T. b. gambiense specific variants (up to 27.6% for pigs in the Bonon focus). Conclusion This study shows that domestic animals are highly infected by trypanosomes in the studied foci. This was particularly true for pigs, possibly due to a higher exposure of these animals to tsetse flies. Whereas T. brucei s.l. was the most prevalent species, discordant results were obtained between PCR and TL regarding T. b. gambiense identification. It is therefore crucial to develop better tools to study the epidemiological role of potential animal reservoir for T. b. gambiense. Our study illustrates the importance of “one health” approaches to reach HAT elimination and contribute to AAT control in the studied foci. In Africa, significant efforts to control human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) over the past three decades have drastically reduced the prevalence of the disease and elimination seems today an achievable goal. However, potential animal reservoirs of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense may compromise this ambitious objective. In the Bonon and Sinfra HAT endemic foci in Côte d’Ivoire, no recent data are available about the prevalence of animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT). The aim of this study was to identify trypanosomes circulating in domestic animals in these two HAT foci using serological, parasitological and molecular tools. We showed that T. brucei s.l. and T. congolense were the most prevalent trypanosome species and that pigs and cattle were the most infected animals. Discordant results were observed between the T. b. gambiense specific molecular and serological tools and the presence of an animal reservoir for T. b. gambiense remains unclear. Nevertheless, improved control strategies can be proposed based on this study to reach HAT elimination and contribute to AAT control in the study areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martial Kassi N’Djetchi
- Laboratoire des Interactions Hôte-Microorganisme-Environnement et Evolution, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Environnement, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Daloa, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Hamidou Ilboudo
- Unité de recherches sur les bases biologiques de la lutte intégrée, Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en zone Subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Mathurin Koffi
- Laboratoire des Interactions Hôte-Microorganisme-Environnement et Evolution, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Environnement, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Daloa, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Jacques Kaboré
- Unité de recherches sur les bases biologiques de la lutte intégrée, Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en zone Subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences et Techniques, Université Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina-Faso
| | - Justin Windingoudi Kaboré
- Unité de recherches sur les bases biologiques de la lutte intégrée, Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en zone Subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Dramane Kaba
- Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », Institut Pierre Richet, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Fabrice Courtin
- Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », Institut Pierre Richet, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
- Unité Mixte de Recherche IRD-CIRAD 177, INTERTRYP, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Bamoro Coulibaly
- Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », Institut Pierre Richet, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Pierre Fauret
- Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », Institut Pierre Richet, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
- Unité Mixte de Recherche IRD-CIRAD 177, INTERTRYP, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Lingué Kouakou
- Programme National d’Elimination de la Trypanosomose Humaine Africaine, Ministère de la Santé et de l’Hygiène Publique, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Sophie Ravel
- Unité Mixte de Recherche IRD-CIRAD 177, INTERTRYP, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Stijn Deborggraeve
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Philippe Solano
- Unité Mixte de Recherche IRD-CIRAD 177, INTERTRYP, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry De Meeûs
- Unité Mixte de Recherche IRD-CIRAD 177, INTERTRYP, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Bucheton
- Unité Mixte de Recherche IRD-CIRAD 177, INTERTRYP, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Jamonneau
- Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », Institut Pierre Richet, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
- Unité Mixte de Recherche IRD-CIRAD 177, INTERTRYP, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
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Candidate gene polymorphisms study between human African trypanosomiasis clinical phenotypes in Guinea. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005833. [PMID: 28827791 PMCID: PMC5595334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), a lethal disease induced by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, has a range of clinical outcomes in its human host in West Africa: an acute form progressing rapidly to second stage, spontaneous self-cure and individuals able to regulate parasitaemia at very low levels, have all been reported from endemic foci. In order to test if this clinical diversity is influenced by host genetic determinants, the association between candidate gene polymorphisms and HAT outcome was investigated in populations from HAT active foci in Guinea. METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS Samples were collected from 425 individuals; comprising of 232 HAT cases, 79 subjects with long lasting positive and specific serology but negative parasitology and 114 endemic controls. Genotypes of 28 SNPs in eight genes passed quality control and were used for an association analysis. IL6 rs1818879 allele A (p = 0.0001, OR = 0.39, CI95 = [0.24-0.63], BONF = 0.0034) was associated with a lower risk of progressing from latent infection to active disease. MIF rs36086171 allele G seemed to be associated with an increased risk (p = 0.0239, OR = 1.65, CI95 = [1.07-2.53], BONF = 0.6697) but did not remain significant after Bonferroni correction. Similarly MIF rs12483859 C allele seems be associated with latent infections (p = 0.0077, OR = 1.86, CI95 = [1.18-2.95], BONF = 0.2157). We confirmed earlier observations that APOL1 G2 allele (DEL) (p = 0.0011, OR = 2.70, CI95 = [1.49-4.91], BONF = 0.0301) is associated with a higher risk and APOL1 G1 polymorphism (p = 0.0005, OR = 0.45, CI95 = [0.29-0.70], BONF = 0.0129) with a lower risk of developing HAT. No associations were found with other candidate genes. CONCLUSION Our data show that host genes are involved in modulating Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection outcome in infected individuals from Guinea with IL6 rs1818879 being associated with a lower risk of progressing to active HAT. These results enhance our understanding of host-parasite interactions and, ultimately, may lead to the development of new control tools.
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More S, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Calistri P, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin-Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Stegeman JA, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Candiani D, Beltrán Beck B, Kohnle L, Morgado J, Bicout D. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): Trypanosoma evansi infections (including Surra). EFSA J 2017; 15:e04892. [PMID: 32625557 PMCID: PMC7010157 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi infections (including Surra) have been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on the eligibility of T. evansi infections (including Surra) to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation of T. evansi infections (including Surra) according to disease prevention and control rules as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to T. evansi infections (including Surra). The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection and compilation, expert judgement on each criterion at individual and, if no consensus was reached before, also at collective level. The output is composed of the categorical answer, and for the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. Details on the methodology used for this assessment are explained in a separate opinion. According to the assessment performed, it is inconclusive whether T. evansi infections (including Surra) can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL because there was no full consensus on the criterion 5 A(v). Consequently, the assessment on compliance of T. evansi infections (including Surra) with the criteria as in sections 4 and 5 of Annex IV of the AHL, for the application of the disease prevention and control rules referred to in points (d) and (e) of Article 9(1) is also inconclusive, as well as which animal species can be considered to be listed for T. evansi infections (including Surra) according to Article 8(3) of the AHL.
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Performance of the SD BIOLINE® HAT rapid test in various diagnostic algorithms for gambiense human African trypanosomiasis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180555. [PMID: 28672036 PMCID: PMC5495481 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We carried out a study to compare the performance, in terms of sensitivity and specificity, of the new SD BIOLINE® HAT rapid diagnostic test (RDT) with the card agglutination test for trypanosomiasis (CATT) for diagnosis of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Participants were enrolled actively by four mobile teams, and passively at four health facilities in three provinces. Consenting participants were tested concurrently with the RDT and CATT on whole blood. Those found positive by either test were tested with CATT on serial dilutions of plasma, and with a parasitological composite reference standard (CRS). Cases were only the individuals found positive by the CRS, while controls were negative by both CATT and RDT, as well as those that were positive by CATT or RDT, but were negative by the CRS, and had no history of HAT. Over five months, 131 cases and 13,527 controls were enrolled. The sensitivity of the RDT was 92.0% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 86.1-95.5), which was significantly higher than CATT (sensitivity 69.1%; 95% CI = 60.7-76.4). The sensitivity of CATT on plasma at a dilution of 1:8 was 59.0% (95% CI = 50.2-67.2). The specificity of the RDT was 97.1% (95% CIs = 96.8-97.4) while that of CATT was 98.0% (95% CIs = 97.8, 98.2) and specificities of algorithms involving CATT at 1:8 dilution were 99.6% (95% CI = 99.5-99.7). Reproducibility of results was excellent. We concluded that an algorithm in which the SD BIOLINE® HAT RDT is used for screening is optimal for case detection in both passive and active screening settings. However, the lower specificity of the RDT compared to that of CATT would result in a larger number of false positive individuals undergoing confirmatory testing.
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Bossard G, Bartoli M, Fardeau ML, Holzmuller P, Ollivier B, Geiger A. Characterization of recombinant Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein (rTbgTCTP) and its interaction with Glossina midgut bacteria. Gut Microbes 2017; 8:413-427. [PMID: 28586253 PMCID: PMC5628649 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2017.1331833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, sleeping sickness (i.e. Human African Trypanosomiasis) is caused by the protozoan parasites Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (Tbg) in West and Central Africa, and T. b. rhodesiense in East Africa. We previously showed in vitro that Tbg is able to excrete/secrete a large number of proteins, including Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein (TCTP). Moreover, the tctp gene was described previously to be expressed in Tbg-infected flies. Aside from its involvement in diverse cellular processes, we have investigated a possible alternative role within the interactions occurring between the trypanosome parasite, its tsetse fly vector, and the associated midgut bacteria. In this context, the Tbg tctp gene was synthesized and cloned into the baculovirus vector pAcGHLT-A, and the corresponding protein was produced using the baculovirus Spodoptera frugicola (strain 9) / insect cell system. The purified recombinant protein rTbgTCTP was incubated together with bacteria isolated from the gut of tsetse flies, and was shown to bind to 24 out of the 39 tested bacteria strains belonging to several genera. Furthermore, it was shown to affect the growth of the majority of these bacteria, especially when cultivated under microaerobiosis and anaerobiosis. Finally, we discuss the potential for TCTP to modulate the fly microbiome composition toward favoring trypanosome survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Bossard
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, France,CONTACT Géraldine Bossard Centre de coopération International en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Campus international de Baillarguet TA-A/17G 34398 Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Philippe Holzmuller
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE (control des maladies animales exotiques et émergentes), Montpellier, France
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Evaluation of Antigens for Development of a Serological Test for Human African Trypanosomiasis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168074. [PMID: 27936225 PMCID: PMC5148118 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Control and elimination of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) can be accelerated through the use of diagnostic tests that are more accurate and easier to deploy. The goal of this work was to evaluate the immuno-reactivity of antigens and identify candidates to be considered for development of a simple serological test for the detection of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense or T. b. rhodesiense infections, ideally both. Methodology/Principal Findings The reactivity of 35 antigens was independently evaluated by slot blot and ELISA against sera from both T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense infected patients and controls. The antigens that were most reactive by both tests to T. b. gambiense sera were the membrane proteins VSG LiTat 1.3, VSG LiTat 1.5 and ISG64. Reactivity to T. b. rhodesiense sera was highest with VSG LiTat 1.3, VSG LiTat 1.5 and SRA, although much lower than with T. b. gambiense samples. The reactivity of all possible combinations of antigens was also calculated. When the slot blot results of 2 antigens were paired, a VSG LiTat 1.3- ISG75 combination performed best on T. b. gambiense sera, while a VSG LiTat 1.3-VSG LiTat 1.5 combination was the most reactive using ELISA. A combination of SRA and either VSG LiTat 1.3 or VSG LiTat 1.5 had the highest reactivity on T. b. rhodesiense sera according to slot blot, while in ELISA, pairing SRA with either GM6 or VSG LiTat 1.3 yielded the best results. Conclusions This study identified antigens that were highly reactive to T. b. gambiense sera, which could be considered for developing a serological test for gambiense HAT, either individually or in combination. Antigens with potential for inclusion in a test for T. b. rhodesiense HAT were also identified, but because their reactivity was comparatively lower, a search for additional antigens would be required before developing a test for this form of the disease.
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Koffi M, N'Djetchi M, Ilboudo H, Kaba D, Coulibaly B, N'Gouan E, Kouakou L, Bucheton B, Solano P, Courtin F, Ehrhardt S, Jamonneau V. A targeted door-to-door strategy for sleeping sickness detection in low-prevalence settings in Côte d'Ivoire. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 23:51. [PMID: 27849517 PMCID: PMC5112757 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2016059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Significant efforts to control human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) over the three past decades have resulted in drastic reductions of disease prevalence in Côte d’Ivoire. In this context, the costly and labor-intensive active mass screening strategy is no longer efficient. In addition to a more cost-effective passive surveillance system being implemented in this low-prevalence context, our aim was to develop an alternative targeted active screening strategy. In 2012, we carried out a targeted door-to-door (TDD) survey focused on the immediate vicinities of former HAT patients detected in the HAT focus of Bonon and compared the results to those obtained during classical active mass screening (AMS) surveys conducted from 2000 to 2012 in the same area. The TDD that provides a friendlier environment, inviting inhabitants to participate and gain awareness of the disease, detected significantly more HAT cases than the AMS. These results suggest that the TDD is an efficient and useful strategy in low-prevalence settings where very localized transmission cycles may persist and, in combination with passive surveillance, could help in eliminating HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathurin Koffi
- Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, UFR Environnement, Laboratoire des Interactions Hôte-Microorganisme-Environnement et Évolution (LIHME), BP 150 Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Martial N'Djetchi
- Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, UFR Environnement, Laboratoire des Interactions Hôte-Microorganisme-Environnement et Évolution (LIHME), BP 150 Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Hamidou Ilboudo
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Unité Mixte de Recherche IRD-CIRAD 177, INTERTRYP /Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Élevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Unité de recherches sur les bases biologiques de la lutte intégrée, 01 BP 454, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Dramane Kaba
- Institut Pierre Richet, Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », 01 BP 1500, Bouaké 01, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Bamoro Coulibaly
- Institut Pierre Richet, Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », 01 BP 1500, Bouaké 01, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Emmanuel N'Gouan
- Projet de Recherche Clinique sur les Trypanosomoses (PRCT), BP 1425, Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Lingué Kouakou
- Programme National d'Élimination de la Trypanosomose Humaine Africaine, 17 BP 934, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Bruno Bucheton
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Unité Mixte de Recherche IRD-CIRAD 177, INTERTRYP, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Philippe Solano
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Unité Mixte de Recherche IRD-CIRAD 177, INTERTRYP /Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Élevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Unité de recherches sur les bases biologiques de la lutte intégrée, 01 BP 454, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Fabrice Courtin
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Unité Mixte de Recherche IRD-CIRAD 177, INTERTRYP /Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Élevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Unité de recherches sur les bases biologiques de la lutte intégrée, 01 BP 454, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Stephan Ehrhardt
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vincent Jamonneau
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Unité Mixte de Recherche IRD-CIRAD 177, INTERTRYP /Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Élevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Unité de recherches sur les bases biologiques de la lutte intégrée, 01 BP 454, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
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Bisser S, Lumbala C, Nguertoum E, Kande V, Flevaud L, Vatunga G, Boelaert M, Büscher P, Josenando T, Bessell PR, Biéler S, Ndung’u JM. Sensitivity and Specificity of a Prototype Rapid Diagnostic Test for the Detection of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Infection: A Multi-centric Prospective Study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004608. [PMID: 27058033 PMCID: PMC4825971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A major challenge in the control of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is lack of reliable diagnostic tests that are rapid and easy to use in remote areas where the disease occurs. In Trypanosoma brucei gambiense HAT, the Card Agglutination Test for Trypanosomiasis (CATT) has been the reference screening test since 1978, usually on whole blood, but also in a 1/8 dilution (CATT 1/8) to enhance specificity. However, the CATT is not available in a single format, requires a cold chain for storage, and uses equipment that requires electricity. A solution to these challenges has been provided by rapid diagnostic tests (RDT), which have recently become available. A prototype immunochromatographic test, the SD BIOLINE HAT, based on two native trypanosomal antigens (VSG LiTat 1.3 and VSG LiTat 1.5) has been developed. We carried out a non-inferiority study comparing this prototype to the CATT 1/8 in field settings. Methodology/Principal Findings The prototype SD BIOLINE HAT, the CATT Whole Blood and CATT 1/8 were systematically applied on fresh blood samples obtained from 14,818 subjects, who were prospectively enrolled through active and passive screening in clinical studies in three endemic countries of central Africa: Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic. One hundred and forty nine HAT cases were confirmed by parasitology. The sensitivity and specificity of the prototype SD BIOLINE HAT was 89.26% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 83.27–93.28) and 94.58% (95% CI = 94.20–94.94) respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the CATT on whole blood were 93.96% (95% CI = 88.92–96.79) and 95.91% (95% CI = 95.58–96.22), and of the CATT 1/8 were 89.26% (95% CI = 83.27–93.28) and 98.88% (95% CI = 98.70–99.04) respectively. Conclusion/Significance After further optimization, the prototype SD BIOLINE HAT could become an alternative to current screening methods in primary healthcare settings in remote, resource-limited regions where HAT typically occurs. Early diagnosis and treatment of human African trypanosomiasis is essential for safe and effective treatment. The tests used to screen suspected patients and populations at risk are difficult to implement in remote rural settings where the disease occurs. Availability of simple, easy to use, instrument-free rapid diagnostic tests would improve screening and coverage of the population at risk and contribute to elimination of the disease. It would enable technicians with limited training and clinicians in emergency or medical wards to make rapid differential diagnosis for neurological syndromes or malaria-like illnesses. Introduction of such tests in all healthcare facilities in endemic regions would enable early detection of cases, hence reducing the time lost by patients before they get adequate and safe treatment. Treatment delay occurs when such patients attend non-specialized health centres that are unable to perform diagnosis of the disease. We evaluated a prototype rapid diagnostic test for HAT, the SD BIOLINE HAT in Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic. We show here that the test is as sensitive as the CATT in a 1/8 dilution and less sensitive than CATT on whole blood, although this latter difference was not statistically significant. The prototype RDT is a promising alternative for serodiagnosis of HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Bisser
- INSERM UMR1094, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, Limoges, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Crispin Lumbala
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine (PNLTHA), Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Etienne Nguertoum
- Institut Centrafricain de la Recherche Agronomique (ICRA), Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Victor Kande
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine (PNLTHA), Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Laurence Flevaud
- Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) Operational Centre Barcelona-Athens (OCBA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gedeao Vatunga
- Instituto de Combate e Controlo das Tripanossomiases, Luanda, Angola
| | | | | | | | | | - Sylvain Biéler
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Joseph M. Ndung’u
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
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Ilboudo H, Jamonneau V, Koffi M, Kaboré J, Amoussa R, Holzmuller P, Garcia A, Bucheton B, Courtin D. Trypanosome-induced Interferon-γ production in whole blood stimulation assays is associated with latent Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infections. Microbes Infect 2016; 18:436-440. [PMID: 26993030 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Control of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is highly dependent on the ability to detect and treat infected individuals. However, a number of individuals exposed to Trypanosoma brucei gambiense are able to control infection to undetectable levels in blood. They are long-term potential reservoirs and thus a threat for control strategies. Cytokine responses in whole blood stimulation assays were quantified in individuals with contrasting HAT status. Trypanosome-induced IFN-γ production was only observed in "trypanotolerant" subjects suspected of harboring latent infections. This result contributes new insights into the immune responses associated with infection control and opens novel diagnosis perspectives regarding HAT elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidou Ilboudo
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zones Subhumides (CIRDES), Unité de recherches sur les bases biologiques de la lutte intégrée, 01 BP 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Vincent Jamonneau
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zones Subhumides (CIRDES), Unité de recherches sur les bases biologiques de la lutte intégrée, 01 BP 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche, UMR Intertryp, IRD-CIRAD 177, TA A-17/G, Campus International de Baillarguet, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Mathurin Koffi
- Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, UFR Environnement, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire et Evolution des Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales, BP 150 Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Jacques Kaboré
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zones Subhumides (CIRDES), Unité de recherches sur les bases biologiques de la lutte intégrée, 01 BP 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso; Université Polytechnique de Bobo-Dioulasso, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 01 BP 1091 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Roukiyath Amoussa
- Centre d'Etude et de Recherche sur le Paludisme Associé à la Grossesse et à l'Enfance (CERPAGE), Cotonou, Benin
| | - Philippe Holzmuller
- Centre de coopération International en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR CIRAD-INRA Contrôle des maladies animales exotiques et émergentes CMAEE, TA A-15/G, Campus International de Baillarguet, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - André Garcia
- Centre d'Etude et de Recherche sur le Paludisme Associé à la Grossesse et à l'Enfance (CERPAGE), Cotonou, Benin
| | - Bruno Bucheton
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche, UMR Intertryp, IRD-CIRAD 177, TA A-17/G, Campus International de Baillarguet, F-34398 Montpellier, France; Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomose Humaine Africaine, BP 851, Conakry, Guinéa
| | - David Courtin
- Centre d'Etude et de Recherche sur le Paludisme Associé à la Grossesse et à l'Enfance (CERPAGE), Cotonou, Benin; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 216 Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales, Paris, France; Communauté d'universités et d'établissements (COMUE) Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris, France.
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Rooney B, Piening T, Büscher P, Rogé S, Smales CM. Expression of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Antigens in Leishmania tarentolae. Potential for Use in Rapid Serodiagnostic Tests (RDTs). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004271. [PMID: 26650813 PMCID: PMC4674146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of rapid serodiagnostic tests for sleeping sickness and other diseases caused by kinetoplastids relies on the affordable production of parasite-specific recombinant antigens. Here, we describe the production of recombinant antigens from Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (T.b. gambiense) in the related species Leishmania tarentolae (L. tarentolae), and compare their diagnostic sensitivity and specificity to native antigens currently used in diagnostic kits against a panel of human sera. A number of T.b. gambiense protein antigen candidates were chosen for recombinant expression in L. tarentolae based on current diagnostics in field use and recent findings on immunodiagnostic antigens found by proteomic profiling. In particular, the extracellular domains of invariant surface glycoprotein 65 (ISG65), variant surface glycoproteins VSG LiTat 1.3 and VSG LiTat 1.5 were fused with C-terminal histidine tags and expressed as soluble proteins in the medium of cultured, recombinant L. tarentolae. Using affinity chromatography, on average 10 mg/L of recombinant protein was purified from cultures and subsequently tested against a panel of sera from sleeping sickness patients from controls, i.e. persons without sleeping sickness living in HAT endemic countries. The evaluation on sera from 172 T.b. gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) patients and from 119 controls showed very high diagnostic potential of the two recombinant VSG and the rISG65 fragments with areas under the curve between 0.97 and 0.98 compared to 0.98 and 0.99 with native VSG LiTat 1.3 and VSG LiTat 1.5 (statistically not different). Evaluation on sera from 78 T.b. rhodesiense HAT patients and from 100 controls showed an acceptable diagnostic potential of rISG65 with an area under the curve of 0.83. These results indicate that a combination of these recombinant antigens has the potential to be used in next generation rapid serodiagnostic tests. In addition, the L. tarentolae expression system enables simple, cheap and efficient production of recombinant kinetoplatid proteins for use in diagnostic, vaccine and drug discovery research that does not rely on animal use to generate materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barrie Rooney
- Centre for Molecular Processing, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (BR); (CMS)
| | - Turid Piening
- Medecins sans Frontieres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Büscher
- Unit of Parasite Diagnostics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Stijn Rogé
- Unit of Parasite Diagnostics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - C. Mark Smales
- Centre for Molecular Processing, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (BR); (CMS)
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Pandey A, Atkins KE, Bucheton B, Camara M, Aksoy S, Galvani AP, Ndeffo-Mbah ML. Evaluating long-term effectiveness of sleeping sickness control measures in Guinea. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:550. [PMID: 26490037 PMCID: PMC4618537 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1121-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human African Trypanosomiasis threatens human health across Africa. The subspecies T.b. gambiense is responsible for the vast majority of reported HAT cases. Over the past decade, expanded control efforts accomplished a substantial reduction in HAT transmission, spurring the WHO to include Gambian HAT on its roadmap for 2020 elimination. To inform the implementation of this elimination goal, we evaluated the likelihood that current control interventions will achieve the 2020 target in Boffa prefecture in Guinea, which has one of the highest prevalences for HAT in the country, and where vector control measures have been implemented in combination with the traditional screen and treat strategy. Methods We developed a three-species mathematical model of HAT and used a Bayesian melding approach to calibrate the model to epidemiological and entomological data from Boffa. From the calibrated model, we generated the probabilistic predictions regarding the likelihood that the current HAT control programs could achieve elimination by 2020 in Boffa. Results Our model projections indicate that if annual vector control is implemented in combination with annual or biennial active case detection and treatment, the probability of eliminating HAT as public health problem in Boffa by 2020 is over 90%. Annual implementation of vector control alone has a significant impact but a decreased chance of reaching the objective (77%). However, if the ongoing control efforts are interrupted, HAT will continue to remain a public health problem. In the presence of a non-human animal transmission reservoir, intervention strategies must be maintained at high coverage, even after 2020 elimination, to prevent HAT reemerging as a public health problem. Conclusions Complementing active screening and treatment with vector control has the potential to achieve the elimination target before 2020 in the Boffa focus. However, surveillance must continue after elimination to prevent reemergence. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-1121-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Pandey
- Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.,Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Katherine E Atkins
- HAT National Control Program, Ministry of Health, Conakry, Republic of Guinea.
| | - Bruno Bucheton
- HAT National Control Program, Ministry of Health, Conakry, Republic of Guinea.,UMR INTERTRYP IRD/CIRAD, TA A 17/G, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier, cedex 5, France
| | - Mamadou Camara
- HAT National Control Program, Ministry of Health, Conakry, Republic of Guinea.
| | - Serap Aksoy
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Alison P Galvani
- Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.,Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Martial L Ndeffo-Mbah
- Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.,Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
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Tehseen S, Jahan N, Qamar MF, Desquesnes M, Shahzad MI, Deborggraeve S, Büscher P. Parasitological, serological and molecular survey of Trypanosoma evansi infection in dromedary camels from Cholistan Desert, Pakistan. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:415. [PMID: 26259616 PMCID: PMC4532143 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Surra, a vector borne disease caused by Trypanosoma (T.) evansi, affects the health, productivity and working capacity of camels. Since clinical signs are not pathognomonic, diagnosis must be confirmed by laboratory methods. This is a first study on the prevalence of surra in Cholistan Desert, Pakistan using a broad variety of diagnostic tests thereby emphasizing it as a risk for the dromedaries of Pakistan. Methods In a cross sectional study, 1005 dromedary camels from three districts in the Cholistan Desert were sampled to assess the prevalence of trypanosomosis due to T. evansi by means of parasitological (Giemsa stained thin smear), serological (formol gel test, CATT/T. evansi, ELISA/VSG RoTat 1.2, immune trypanolysis) and molecular tests (TBR1/2 PCR and RoTat 1.2 PCR). Kappa was calculated to assess the degree of agreement between different tests whereas chi-square test along with odds ratios and their 95 % confidence intervals were used to study influence of breed, gender, age and locality on disease prevalence. Results Overall prevalence was 0.7 % with Giemsa stained thin smears (GST), 40.1 % with formol gel test (FGT), 47.7 % with CATT/T. evansi, 44.2 % with ELISA/VSG RoTat 1.2, 39.9 % with immune trypanolysis (TL), 31.9 % with TBR1/2 PCR and 30.5 % with RoTat1.2 PCR. Based on these results, the Cholistan Desert appears to be a high risk area for surra. According to TL and TBR1/2 PCR, camels at Bahawalpur are approximately two times more likely to be infected than those in Bahawalnagar (OR = 1.8; 95 % CI: 1.38-2.42) and Rahim Yar Khan (OR = 1.9; 95 % CI: 1.30-2.75). Test agreement of TL was moderate with CATT/T. evansi (k = 0.43; 95 % CI: 0.378-0.489) and ELISA/VSG RoTat 1.2 (k = 0.54; 95 % CI: 0.489-0.594) and poor with the other tests. Test agreement between TBR1/2 PCR and RoTat1.2 PCR was almost perfect (k = 0.96; 95 % CI: 0.950-0.984). We didn't find evidence for the presence of T. evansi type B in the studied population. Conclusion Our study supports using antibody detection tests, rather than parasitological and molecular examination, to assess surra prevalence in camels. It also calls for implementation of measures to control surra in the Cholistan Desert.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Tehseen
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Nusrat Jahan
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Fiaz Qamar
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | | | - Mirza Imran Shahzad
- University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Islamia University Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan.
| | - Stijn Deborggraeve
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Philippe Büscher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Courtin F, Camara M, Rayaisse JB, Kagbadouno M, Dama E, Camara O, Traoré IS, Rouamba J, Peylhard M, Somda MB, Leno M, Lehane MJ, Torr SJ, Solano P, Jamonneau V, Bucheton B. Reducing Human-Tsetse Contact Significantly Enhances the Efficacy of Sleeping Sickness Active Screening Campaigns: A Promising Result in the Context of Elimination. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003727. [PMID: 26267667 PMCID: PMC4534387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Control of gambiense sleeping sickness, a neglected tropical disease targeted for elimination by 2020, relies mainly on mass screening of populations at risk and treatment of cases. This strategy is however challenged by the existence of undetected reservoirs of parasites that contribute to the maintenance of transmission. In this study, performed in the Boffa disease focus of Guinea, we evaluated the value of adding vector control to medical surveys and measured its impact on disease burden. Methods The focus was divided into two parts (screen and treat in the western part; screen and treat plus vector control in the eastern part) separated by the Rio Pongo river. Population census and baseline entomological data were collected from the entire focus at the beginning of the study and insecticide impregnated targets were deployed on the eastern bank only. Medical surveys were performed in both areas in 2012 and 2013. Findings In the vector control area, there was an 80% decrease in tsetse density, resulting in a significant decrease of human tsetse contacts, and a decrease of disease prevalence (from 0.3% to 0.1%; p=0.01), and an almost nil incidence of new infections (<0.1%). In contrast, incidence was 10 times higher in the area without vector control (>1%, p<0.0001) with a disease prevalence increasing slightly (from 0.5 to 0.7%, p=0.34). Interpretation Combining medical and vector control was decisive in reducing T. b. gambiense transmission and in speeding up progress towards elimination. Similar strategies could be applied in other foci. Sleeping sickness is a serious neglected tropical disease which has been targeted for elimination by 2020. Currently, control relies on mass screening populations at risk and treatment of cases. This strategy is compromised because it is often impossible to reach more than 75% of the population. An alternate method is to kill the tsetse fly which transmits the parasite causing the disease. To determine the value of adding vector control to medical interventions we undertook a vector control programme alongside a screen and treat programme in the Boffa disease focus of Guinea. We divided the focus into two parts (screen and treat in the western part; screen and treat plus vector control in the eastern part). In the vector control area, there was an 80% decrease in tsetse density and a decrease of disease prevalence from three cases per thousand to one case per thousand with almost no new cases being contracted during the control period. In contrast, incidence was 10 times higher in the area without vector control. Combining medical and vector control was decisive in reducing sleeping sickness transmission and could speed up the elimination process. Similar strategies could be applied in other foci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Courtin
- IRD, UMR 177 IRD-CIRAD INTERTRYP, CIRDES 01 BP 454, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Mamadou Camara
- PNLTHA, Ministère de la Santé, Conakry, Republique de Guinee
| | | | | | - Emilie Dama
- CIRDES URBIO, 01 BP 454, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Oumou Camara
- PNLTHA, Ministère de la Santé, Conakry, Republique de Guinee
| | | | | | - Moana Peylhard
- IRD, UMR 177 IRD-CIRAD INTERTRYP, CIRDES 01 BP 454, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Mamadou Leno
- PNLTHA, Ministère de la Santé, Conakry, Republique de Guinee
| | - Mike J. Lehane
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Steve J. Torr
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe Solano
- IRD, UMR 177 IRD-CIRAD INTERTRYP, CIRDES 01 BP 454, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Vincent Jamonneau
- IRD, UMR 177 IRD-CIRAD INTERTRYP, CIRDES 01 BP 454, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Bruno Bucheton
- IRD, UMR 177 IRD-CIRAD INTERTRYP, PNLTHA-Ministère de la Santé, Conakry, Republique de Guinee
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Birhanu H, Rogé S, Simon T, Baelmans R, Gebrehiwot T, Goddeeris BM, Büscher P. Surra Sero K-SeT, a new immunochromatographic test for serodiagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi infection in domestic animals. Vet Parasitol 2015; 211:153-7. [PMID: 26012857 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi, the causative agent of surra, infects different domestic and wild animals and has a wide geographical distribution. It is mechanically transmitted mainly by haematophagous flies. Parasitological techniques are commonly used for the diagnosis of surra but have limited sensitivity. Therefore, serodiagnosis based on the detection of T. evansi specific antibodies is recommended by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Recently, we developed a new antibody detection test for the serodiagnosis of T. evansi infection, the Surra Sero K-SeT. Surra Sero K-SeT is an immunochromatographic test (ICT) that makes use of recombinant variant surface glycoprotein rVSG RoTat 1.2, produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris. In this study, we compared the diagnostic accuracy of the Surra Sero K-SeT and the Card Agglutination Test for T. evansi Trypanosomososis (CATT/T. evansi) with immune trypanolysis (TL) as reference test on a total of 806 sera from camels, water buffaloes, horses, bovines, sheep, dogs and alpacas. Test agreement was highest between Surra Sero K-SeT and TL (κ=0.91, 95% CI 0.841-0.979) and somewhat lower between CATT/T. evansi and TL (κ=0.85, 95% CI 0.785-0.922) and Surra Sero K-SeT and CATT/T. evansi (κ=0.81, 95% CI 0.742-0.878). The Surra Sero K-SeT displayed a somewhat lower overall specificity than CATT/T. evansi (94.8% versus 98.3%, χ(2)=13.37, p<0.001) but a considerably higher sensitivity (98.1% versus 84.4%, χ(2)=33.39, p<0.001). We conclude that the Surra Sero K-SeT may become an alternative for the CATT/T. evansi for sensitive detection of antibodies against T. evansi in domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadush Birhanu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 2084, Mekelle, Ethiopia; KU Leuven, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Biosystems, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Stijn Rogé
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Thomas Simon
- Coris BioConcept, 4A rue Jean Sonet, B-5032 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Rudy Baelmans
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Applied Technology and Production, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tadesse Gebrehiwot
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 2084, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Bruno Maria Goddeeris
- KU Leuven, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Biosystems, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe Büscher
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium
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The journey towards elimination of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis: not far, nor easy. Parasitology 2015; 141:748-60. [PMID: 24709291 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182013002102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Considering the epidemic situation of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) at the end of the twentieth century, the World Health Organization (WHO) and partners strengthened disease control and surveillance. Over the last 15 years, the activities implemented through the National Control Programmes have brought gambiense HAT under control and now its elimination is deemed as an achievable goal. In 2012, WHO targeted gambiense HAT for elimination as a public health problem by 2020. The final goal will be the sustainable disease elimination by 2030, defined as the interruption of the transmission of gambiense HAT. The elimination is considered feasible, because of the epidemiological vulnerability of the disease, the current state of control, the availability of strategies and tools and international commitment and political will. Integration of activities in the health system is needed to ensure the sustainability of the elimination. The development of user-friendly diagnostic and treatment tools will facilitate the integration process. Adequate funding is needed to implement activities, but also to support research that will make the elimination sustainable. A long-term commitment by donors is needed and ownership of the process by endemic countries is critical.
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Accuracy of individual rapid tests for serodiagnosis of gambiense sleeping sickness in West Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003480. [PMID: 25642701 PMCID: PMC4314185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Individual rapid tests for serodiagnosis (RDT) of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) are particularly suited for passive screening and surveillance. However, so far, no large scale evaluation of RDTs has been performed for diagnosis of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense HAT in West Africa. The objective of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of 2 commercial HAT-RDTs on stored plasma samples from West Africa. Methodology/Principal findings SD Bioline HAT and HAT Sero-K-Set were performed on 722 plasma samples originating from Guinea and Côte d’Ivoire, including 231 parasitologically confirmed HAT patients, 257 healthy controls, and 234 unconfirmed individuals whose blood tested antibody positive in the card agglutination test but negative by parasitological tests. Immune trypanolysis was performed as a reference test for trypanosome specific antibody presence. Sensitivities in HAT patients were respectively 99.6% for SD Bioline HAT, and 99.1% for HAT Sero-K-Set, specificities in healthy controls were respectively 87.9% and 88.3%. Considering combined positivity in both RDTs, increased the specificity significantly (p≤0.0003) to 93.4%, while 98.7% sensitivity was maintained. Specificities in controls were 98.7–99.6% for the combination of one or two RDTs with trypanolysis, maintaining a sensitivity of at least 98.1%. Conclusions/Significance The observed specificity of the single RDTs was relatively low. Serial application of SD Bioline HAT and HAT Sero-K-Set might offer superior specificity compared to a single RDT, maintaining high sensitivity. The combination of one or two RDTs with trypanolysis seems promising for HAT surveillance. Screening for gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) or sleeping sickness is traditionally based on detection of trypanosome specific antibodies in blood. Whereas the card agglutination test is particularly suited for mass screening, individual rapid serodiagnostic tests (RDTs) are rather adapted for use in peripheral health-care centres. Two RDTs have been commercialized recently, and we assessed their diagnostic accuracy on stored plasma samples from West Africa. Immune trypanolysis was performed as a laboratory reference test for antibody presence. Although sensitivity for serodiagnosis of HAT in West Africa was high for both RDTs, their specificity was only 88%. Taking into account the high number of false positive test results, combined seropositivity in both RDTs was considered, raising specificity to 93%. Serial application of two RDTs should therefore be considered as an option for passive case finding, especially in settings with low HAT prevalence. A combination of one or two RDTs with immune trypanolysis further improved specificity for HAT to 99%, while maintaining sensitivity at 99% and seems promising for HAT surveillance.
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Sternberg JM, Gierliński M, Biéler S, Ferguson MAJ, Ndung'u JM. Evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of prototype rapid tests for human African trypanosomiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3373. [PMID: 25521120 PMCID: PMC4270746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diagnosis of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) remains a challenge both for active screening, which is critical in control of the disease, and in the point-of-care scenario where early and accurate diagnosis is essential. Recently, the first field deployment of a lateral flow rapid diagnostic test (RDT) for HAT, “SD BIOLINE HAT” has taken place. In this study, we evaluated the performance of “SD BIOLINE HAT” and two new prototype RDTs. Methodology/Principal Findings The performance of “SD BIOLINE HAT” and 2 prototype RDTs was tested using archived plasma from 250 Trypanosoma brucei gambiense patients, and 250 endemic controls. As well as comparison of the sensitivity and specificity of each device, the performance of individual antigens was assessed and the hypothetical performance of novel antigen combinations extrapolated. Neither of the prototype devices were inferior in sensitivity or specificity to “SD BIOLINE HAT” (sensitivity 0.82±0.01, specificity 0.97±0.01, 95% CI) at the 5% margins, while one of the devices (BBI) had significantly superior sensitivity (0.88±0.03). Analysis of the performance of individual antigens was used to model new antigen combinations to be explored in development of the next generation of HAT RDTs. The modelling showed that an RDT using two recombinant antigens (rLiTat1.5 and rISG65) would give a performance similar to the best devices in this study, and would also offer the most robust performance under deteriorating field conditions. Conclusions/Significance Both “SD BIOLINE HAT” and the prototype devices performed comparably well to one another and also to the published performance range of the card agglutination test for trypanosomiasis in sensitivity and specificity. The performance of individual antigens enabled us to predict that an all-recombinant antigen RDT can be developed with an accuracy equivalent to “ SD BIOLINE HAT.” Such an RDT would have advantages in simplified manufacture, lower unit cost and assured reproducibility. The most prevalent species of trypanosome causing human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, presents a diagnostic challenge. While early diagnosis is essential for effective treatment and also to control transmission, symptoms are non-specific and parasitological diagnosis is laborious and technically difficult. Screening for HAT suspects has until now been done using the card agglutination test for trypanosomiasis (CATT), which requires a cold chain and equipment, making it difficult to deploy. Thus there is an urgent need for sensitive point of care diagnostic tests that are suitable for use in rural areas in terms of stability, simplicity and cost. We describe the evaluation of 3 rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for HAT based on lateral flow devices that detect antibodies against defined parasite antigens in blood samples. We demonstrate that the SD BIOLINE HAT RDT currently being deployed in HAT endemic regions, as well as two new prototype devices, are accurate in screening for HAT. By analysing the sensitivity of each of the antigens used in the devices tested, we predict that a highly sensitive RDT based on recombinant antigens can be developed. An all-recombinant antigen RDT offers significant benefits in manufacturing reproducibility and cost, and would dramatically simplify HAT diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M. Sternberg
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Marek Gierliński
- College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvain Biéler
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND) Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Joseph M. Ndung'u
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND) Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
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