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Gomes AFR, Almeida MC, Sousa E, Resende DISP. Siderophores and metallophores: Metal complexation weapons to fight environmental pollution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 932:173044. [PMID: 38723971 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Siderophores are small molecules of organic nature, released by bacteria to chelate iron from the surrounding environment and subsequently incorporate it into the cytoplasm. In addition to iron, these secondary metabolites can complex with a wide variety of metals, which is why they are commonly studied in the environment. Heavy metals can be very toxic when present in large amounts on the planet, affecting public health and all living organisms. The pollution caused by these toxic metals is increasing, and therefore it is urgent to find practical, sustainable, and economical solutions for remediation. One of the strategies is siderophore-assisted bioremediation, an innovative and advantageous alternative for various environmental applications. This research highlights the various uses of siderophores and metallophores in the environment, underscoring their significance to ecosystems. The study delves into the utilization of siderophores and metallophores in both marine and terrestrial settings (e.g. bioremediation, biocontrol of pathogens, and plant growth promotion), such as bioremediation, biocontrol of pathogens, and plant growth promotion, providing context for the different instances outlined in the existing literature and highlighting their relevance in each field. The study delves into the structures and types of siderophores focusing on their singular characteristics for each application and methodologies used. Focusing on recent developments over the last two decades, the opportunities and challenges associated with siderophores and metallophores applications in the environment were mapped to arm researchers in the fight against environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana F R Gomes
- LQOF - Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, FFUP - Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Mariana C Almeida
- LQOF - Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, FFUP - Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Rua de Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Emília Sousa
- LQOF - Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, FFUP - Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Diana I S P Resende
- LQOF - Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, FFUP - Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Rua de Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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2
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Gomes AF, Sousa E, Resende DISP. A Practical Toolkit for the Detection, Isolation, Quantification, and Characterization of Siderophores and Metallophores in Microorganisms. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:26863-26877. [PMID: 38947835 PMCID: PMC11209696 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c03042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Siderophores are well-recognized low-molecular-weight compounds produced by numerous microorganisms to acquire iron from the surrounding environments. These secondary metabolites can form complexes with other metals besides iron, forming soluble metallophores; because of that, they are widely investigated in either the medicinal or environmental field. One of the bottlenecks of siderophore research is related to the identification of new siderophores from microbial sources. Herein we have compiled a comprehensive range of standard and updated methodologies that have been developed over the past few years to provide a comprehensive toolbox in this area to current researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana F.
R. Gomes
- LQOF
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica,
Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR-
Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Emília Sousa
- LQOF
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica,
Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR-
Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Diana I. S. P. Resende
- LQOF
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica,
Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR-
Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- ICBAS
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Adacan K, Obakan Yerlİkaya P. Epibrassinolide activates AKT to trigger autophagy with polyamine metabolism in SW480 and DLD-1 colon cancer cell lines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 44:417-426. [PMID: 33402868 PMCID: PMC7759188 DOI: 10.3906/biy-2005-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Epibrassinolide (EBR), a plant-derived polyhydroxylated derivative of 5α-cholestane, structurally shows similarities to animal steroid hormones. According to the present study, EBR treatment triggered a significant stress response via activating ER stress, autophagy, and apoptosis in cancer cells. EBR could also increase Akt phosphorylation in vitro. While the activation of Akt resulted in cellular metabolic activation in normal cells to proceed with cell survival, a rapid stress response was induced in cancer cells to reduce survival. Therefore, Akt as a mediator of cellular survival and death decision pathways is a crucial target in cancer cells. In this study, we determined that EBR induces stress responses through activating Akt, which reduced the mTOR complex I (mTORC1) activation in SW480 and DLD-1 colon cancer cells. As a consequence, EBR triggered macroautophagy and led to lipidation of LC3 most efficiently in SW480 cells. The cotreatment of spermidine (Spd) with EBR increased lipidation of LC3 synergistically in both cell lines. We also found that EBR promoted polyamine catabolism in SW480 cells. The retention of polyamine biosynthesis was remarkable following EBR treatment. We suggested that EBR-mediated Akt activation might determine the downstream cellular stress responses to induce autophagy related to polyamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaan Adacan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science and Literature Faculty, İstanbul Kültür University, İstanbul Turkey
| | - Pınar Obakan Yerlİkaya
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science and Literature Faculty, İstanbul Kültür University, İstanbul Turkey
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AlMatar M, Albarri O, Makky EA, Var I, Köksal F. A Glance on the Role of Bacterial Siderophore from the Perspectives of Medical and Biotechnological Approaches. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 21:1326-1343. [PMID: 32564749 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666200621193018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Iron, which is described as the most basic component found in nature, is hard to be assimilated by microorganisms. It has become increasingly complicated to obtain iron from nature as iron (II) in the presence of oxygen oxidized to press (III) oxide and hydroxide, becoming unsolvable at neutral pH. Microorganisms appeared to produce organic molecules known as siderophores in order to overcome this condition. Siderophore's essential function is to connect with iron (II) and make it dissolvable and enable cell absorption. These siderophores, apart from iron particles, have the ability to chelate various other metal particles that have collocated away to focus the use of siderophores on wound care items. There is a severe clash between the host and the bacterial pathogens during infection. By producing siderophores, small ferric iron-binding molecules, microorganisms obtain iron. In response, host immune cells produce lipocalin 2 to prevent bacterial reuptake of siderophores loaded with iron. Some bacteria are thought to produce lipocalin 2-resistant siderophores to counter this risk. The aim of this article is to discuss the recently described roles and applications of bacterial siderophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manaf AlMatar
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP), Gambang, 26300 Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Osman Albarri
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences (Fen Bilimleri Enstitusu) Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Essam A Makky
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP), Gambang, 26300 Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Işıl Var
- Department of Food Engineering, Agricultural Faculty, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Fatih Köksal
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
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Gotsbacher MP, Codd R. Azido‐Desferrioxamine Siderophores as Functional Click‐Chemistry Probes Generated in Culture upon Adding a Diazo‐Transfer Reagent. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1433-1445. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Gotsbacher
- School of Medical Sciences (Pharmacology) The University of Sydney Molecular Bioscience Building G08 Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Rachel Codd
- School of Medical Sciences (Pharmacology) The University of Sydney Molecular Bioscience Building G08 Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
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Kosyakovsky J, Witthuhn BA, Svitak AL, Frey WH, Hanson LR, Fine JM. Quantifying Intranasally Administered Deferoxamine in Rat Brain Tissue with Mass Spectrometry. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:4571-4578. [PMID: 31573798 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deferoxamine, a metal chelator, has been shown to be neuroprotective in animal models of ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury and both subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhage. Intranasal deferoxamine (IN DFO) has also shown promise as a potential treatment for multiple neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. However, there have been no attempts to thoroughly understand the dynamics and pharmacokinetics of IN DFO. We developed a new high-performance liquid-chromatography electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS2) method to quantify the combined total levels of DFO, ferrioxamine (FO; DFO bound to iron), and aluminoxamine (AO; aluminum-bound DFO) in brain tissue using a custom-synthesized deuterated analogue (DFO-d7, Medical Isotopes Inc., Pelham NH) as an internal standard. We applied our method toward understanding the pharmacokinetics of IN DFO delivery to the brain and blood of rats from 15 min to 4 h after delivery. We found that IN delivery successfully targets DFO to the brain to achieve concentrations of 0.5-15 μM in various brain regions within 15 min, and decreasing though still detectable after 4 h. Systemic exposure was minimized as assessed by concentration in blood serum. Serum concentrations were 0.02 μM at 15 min and no more than 0.1 μM at later time points. Compared to blood serum, brain region-specific drug exposure (as measured by area under the curve) ranged from slightly under 10 times exposure in the hippocampus to almost 200 times exposure in the olfactory bulb with IN DFO delivery. These findings represent a major step toward future method development, pharmacokinetic studies, and clinical trials for this promising therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Kosyakovsky
- HealthPartners Neuroscience Center, HealthPartners Institute, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55130, United States
| | - Bruce A. Witthuhn
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Aleta L. Svitak
- HealthPartners Neuroscience Center, HealthPartners Institute, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55130, United States
| | - William H. Frey
- HealthPartners Neuroscience Center, HealthPartners Institute, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55130, United States
| | - Leah R. Hanson
- HealthPartners Neuroscience Center, HealthPartners Institute, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55130, United States
| | - Jared M. Fine
- HealthPartners Neuroscience Center, HealthPartners Institute, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55130, United States
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Telfer TJ, Codd R. Fluorinated Analogues of Desferrioxamine B from Precursor-Directed Biosynthesis Provide New Insight into the Capacity of DesBCD. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:2456-2471. [PMID: 30081629 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The siderophore desferrioxamine B (DFOB, 1) native to Streptomyces pilosus is biosynthesized by the DesABCD enzyme cluster. DesA-mediated decarboxylation of l-lysine gives 1,5-diaminopentane (DP) for processing by DesBCD. S. pilosus culture medium was supplemented with rac-1,4-diamino-2-fluorobutane ( rac-FDB) to compete against DP to generate fluorinated analogues of DFOB, as agents of potential clinical interest. LC-MS/MS analysis identified fluorinated analogues of DFOB with one, two, or three DP units (binary notation: 0) exchanged for one (DFOA-F1[001] (2), DFOA-F1[010] (3), DFOA-F1[100] (4)), two (DFOA-F2[011] (5), DFOA-F2[110] (6), DFOA-F2[101] (7)), or three (DFOA-F3[111] (8)) rac-FDB units (binary notation: 1). The two sets of constitutional isomers 2-4 and 5-7 arose from the position of the substrates in the N-acetyl, internal, or amine-containing regions of the DFOB trimer. N-Acetylated fluorinated DFOB analogues were formed where the rac-FDB substrate was positioned in the amine region ( e.g., N-Ac-DFOA-F1[001] (2a)). Other analogues contained two hydroxamic acid groups and three amide bonds. Experiments using rac-FDB, R-FDB, or S-FDB showed a similar species profile between rac-FDB and R-FDB. These data are consistent with the following. (i) DesB can act on rac-FDB. (ii) DesC can act directly on rac-FDB. (iii) The products of DesBC or DesC catalysis of rac-FDB can undergo a second round of DesC catalysis at the free amine. (iv) DesD catalysis of these products gives N, N'-diacetylated compounds. (v) A minimum of two hydroxamic acid groups is required to form a viable DesD-substrate(s) precomplex. (vi) One or more DesBCD-catalyzed steps in DFOB biosynthesis is enantioselective. This work has provided a potential path to access fluorinated analogues of DFOB and new insight into its biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Telfer
- School of Medical Sciences (Pharmacology), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Rachel Codd
- School of Medical Sciences (Pharmacology), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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Su Q, Xu G, Guan T, Que Y, Lu H. Mass spectrometry-derived systems biology technologies delineate the system's biochemical applications of siderophores. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:188-201. [PMID: 27579891 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Siderophores are chemically diverse secondary metabolites that primarily assist the host organisms to chelate iron. Siderophores are biosynthesized by many biological organisms, including bacteria, fungi, and plants and they are responsible for a variety of biological functions beyond capture iron. Thus, they could provide a novel understanding of host-pathogen interactions, plant physiology, disease pathogenesis, and drug development. However, knowledge gaps in analytical technologies, chemistry, and biology have severely impeded the applications of siderophores, and a new strategy is urgently needed to bridge these gaps. Mass spectrometry (MS) and associated technologies render unparalleled advantages in this niche in terms of high throughput, resolution, and sensitivity. Herein, this critical review briefly summarizes progress in the study of siderophores and specifically identifies MS-based novel strategies that attempt to mimic the complexity of siderophore systems in order to increase the applicability of these compounds in the scientific community. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:188-201, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Su
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- The Laboratory for Functional Omics and Innovative Chinese Medicine, Innovative Drug Research Center, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, P.R. China
| | - Guang Xu
- The Laboratory for Functional Omics and Innovative Chinese Medicine, Innovative Drug Research Center, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, P.R. China
| | - Tianbing Guan
- The Laboratory for Functional Omics and Innovative Chinese Medicine, Innovative Drug Research Center, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, P.R. China
| | - Yumei Que
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- The Laboratory for Functional Omics and Innovative Chinese Medicine, Innovative Drug Research Center, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, P.R. China
| | - Haitao Lu
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- The Laboratory for Functional Omics and Innovative Chinese Medicine, Innovative Drug Research Center, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, P.R. China
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9
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Schmitt V, Rodríguez-Rodríguez C, Hamilton JL, Shenoi RA, Schaffer P, Sossi V, Kizhakkedathu JN, Saatchi K, Häfeli UO. Quantitative SPECT imaging and biodistribution point to molecular weight independent tumor uptake for some long-circulating polymer nanocarriers. RSC Adv 2018; 8:5586-5595. [PMID: 35542449 PMCID: PMC9078196 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra09183d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymeric nanocarriers are promising entities for cancer diagnosis and therapy. The aim of such nanocarriers is to selectively accumulate in cancerous tissue that is difficult to visualize or treat. The passive accumulation of a nanocarrier in a tumor through extravasation is often attributed to the enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect and the size and shape of the nanocarrier. However, the tumor microenvironment is very heterogeneous and the intratumoral pressure is usually high, leading to different opinions about how the EPR of nanocarriers through the irregular vasculature of a tumor leads to accumulation. In order to investigate this topic, we studied methods for the determination of pharmacokinetic parameters, biodistribution and the tumor uptake of nanocarriers. More specifically, we used non-invasive quantitative Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography/Computed Tomography (qSPECT/CT) imaging of hyperbranched polyglycerols (HPGs) to explore the specific biodistribution and tumor uptake of six model nanocarriers in Rag2m mice. We were interested to see if a distinct molecular weight (MW) of nanocarriers (HPG 25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 500 kDa) is favoured by the tumor. To trace the model nanocarriers, HPGs were covalently linked to the strong chelator desferrioxamine (DFO), and radiolabeled with the gamma emitter 67Ga (EC = 100%, E γ = 185 keV (21.4%), 300 keV (16.6%), half-life = 3.26 d). Without the need for blood collection, but instead using qSPECT/CT imaging inside the heart, the blood circulation half-lives of the 67Ga labeled HPGs were determined and increased from 9.9 ± 2.9 to 47.8 ± 7.9 hours with increasing polymer MW. Total tumor accumulation correlated positively with the circulation time of the HPGs. Comparing the tumor-to-blood ratio dynamically revealed how blood and tumor concentrations of the nanocarrier change over time and when equilibrium is reached. The time of equilibrium is size-dependent and increases with molecular weight. Furthermore, the data indicate that for larger MWs, nanocarrier uptake and retention by the tumor is size independent. Further studies are necessary to advance our understanding of the interplay between MW and nanoparticle accumulation in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Schmitt
- The University of British Columbia, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2405 Wesbrook Mall Vancouver BC V6T1Z3 Canada
| | - C Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- The University of British Columbia, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2405 Wesbrook Mall Vancouver BC V6T1Z3 Canada
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, The University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
- Centre for Comparative Medicine, The University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - J L Hamilton
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - R A Shenoi
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - P Schaffer
- TRIUMF 4004 Wesbrook Mall Vancouver BC Canada
| | - V Sossi
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, The University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - J N Kizhakkedathu
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - K Saatchi
- The University of British Columbia, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2405 Wesbrook Mall Vancouver BC V6T1Z3 Canada
| | - U O Häfeli
- The University of British Columbia, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2405 Wesbrook Mall Vancouver BC V6T1Z3 Canada
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10
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Kurth C, Kage H, Nett M. Siderophores as molecular tools in medical and environmental applications. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:8212-27. [PMID: 27492756 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01400c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Almost all life forms depend on iron as an essential micronutrient that is needed for electron transport and metabolic processes. Siderophores are low-molecular-weight iron chelators that safeguard the supply of this important metal to bacteria, fungi and graminaceous plants. Although animals and the majority of plants do not utilise siderophores and have alternative means of iron acquisition, siderophores have found important clinical and agricultural applications. In this review, we will highlight the different uses of these iron-chelating molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette Kurth
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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11
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Emara AM, El Kelany RS, Moustafa KA. Comparative study of the protective effect between deferoxamine and deferiprone on chronic iron overload induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 25:375-85. [PMID: 16898166 DOI: 10.1191/0960327106ht637oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Patients with iron overload frequently suffer from hemochromatosis of major organs, such as the heart and liver. Heart affection is the most common cause of death in patients with iron overload. Although the beneficial effects of deferoxamine (DFO) on iron-associated mortality are well documented, the role of deferiprone in the management of transfusional iron overload is controversial. The aim of this study was to compare the protective effect of iron chelators (DFO and deferiprone) individually and in combination with the anti-oxidant (vitamin C) in the prevention of myocardial damage. Sixty albino rats were divided into six groups: two control groups (noniron-loaded and iron-loaded) and four iron-loaded groups classified as follows: DFO group, DFO combined with vitamin C group, deferiprone group and deferiprone combined with vitamin C group. Heart tissue and blood samples were taken for histopathological examination of the heart, determination of total iron-binding capacity, 8-OH-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG), myocardial lipid peroxidation and glutathione (GSH) content. Less histopathological cardiac changes and a significant decrease in all biochemical parameters, except myocardial GSH, were observed in the deferiprone group. The addition of vitamin C improves the biochemical and histopathological changes in comparison to those rats administered DFO or deferiprone individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Emara
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt.
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12
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Lin HJ, Kou HS, Chiou SS, Wu SM. Therapeutic deferoxamine and deferiprone monitoring in β-thalassemia patients’ plasma by field-amplified sample injection and sweeping in capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:2091-6. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Ju Lin
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Hwang-Shang Kou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Shyh-Shin Chiou
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Shou-Mei Wu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
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13
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Obakan P, Arisan ED, Coker-Gurkan A, Palavan-Unsal N. Epibrassinolide-induced apoptosis regardless of p53 expression via activating polyamine catabolic machinery, a common target for androgen sensitive and insensitive prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2014; 74:1622-33. [PMID: 25214240 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epibrassinolide (EBR), is a member of the brassinosteroids (BR), has been shown as an apoptotic inducer in different cancer cell lines. We previously showed that EBR induced apoptosis by activating polyamine catabolic pathway, which lead to the accumulation of cytotoxic compounds such as hydrogen peroxide and aldehydes in LNCaP and DU 145 prostate cancer cells. However, we found that LNCaP prostate cancer cells expressing functional androgen receptor (AR) was found more sensitive to EBR than those with non-functional AR (DU 145 cells). RESULTS To better understand the apoptotic effect of EBR, we aimed to investigate the cellular responses in p53 null, PC3 prostate cancer cells. We showed that EBR induced mitochondria-mediated and caspase-dependent apoptosis in wt and p53 stable transfected PC3 cells, which suggesting that EBR-induced apoptosis regardless of p53 expression. In addition, inhibition of p53 by pifithrin-α orthe activation of Mdm2 by Nutlin-3 co-treatment did not alter EBR induced PARP cleavage. Furthermore, EBR treatment was also induced apoptosis in both LNCaP(wt p53) and DU 145 (mt p53)cells, respectively. These all findings verified that EBR-induced apoptosis regardless of p53 expression. The PA catabolic pathway was also altered in PC3 cells causing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and intracellular PA pool decrease. However, the silencing of spermidine-spermineacetyltransferase (SSAT), a key enzyme at polyamine catabolic machinery prevented the EBR-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, we concluded that EBR-induced apoptosis was mainly related with PA catabolic pathway and independent from p53 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Obakan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Kultur University, Atakoy Campus, Bakirkoy, Istanbul, Turkey
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14
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Parvar M, Mehrzad J, Chaichi MJ, Hosseinkhani S, Golchoubian H. Quenching effect of deferoxamine on free radical-mediated photon production in luminol and ortho-phenanthroline-dependent chemiluminescence. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2014.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Simionato AVC, Simó C, Cifuentes A, Lacava PT, Araújo WL, Azevedo JL, Carrilho E. Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry of citrus endophytic bacteria siderophores. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:2567-74. [PMID: 16817160 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
CE-ESI-MS with a liquid sheath interface and IT mass analyzer was used for analysis of siderophores from different strains of Methylobacterium spp. citrus endophyte extracts. Three Methylobacterium strains were investigated according to positive bioassay tests. Bacteria cultures were grown under Fe(III) absence (siderophore producing cultures) and under Fe(III) presence (control cultures). Siderophores were extracted from culture supernatant with polystyrene resins. BGE and sheath-liquid composition were optimized, respectively, in order to assure both, best peak resolution and ESI-MS sensitivity. The best analysis conditions were obtained with 100 mmol/L ammonium bicarbonate at pH 8 as BGE and methanol:H(2)O 25:75 + 0.05% formic acid as sheath liquid. CZE-ESI-MS analysis revealed two possible siderophores, according to bacterium species, presenting M(r) of 1004.3 and 798.3 Da.
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16
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Characterization of metal-deferoxamine complexes by continuous variation method: A new approach using capillary zone electrophoresis. Microchem J 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2006.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Rossi V, Leoncini S, Signorini C, Buonocore G, Paffetti P, Tanganelli D, Ciccoli L, Comporti M. Oxidative stress and autologous immunoglobulin G binding to band 3 dimers in newborn erythrocytes. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 40:907-15. [PMID: 16520242 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2005] [Revised: 11/22/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Since birth-induced oxidative stress (OS) results in the removal of erythrocytes from the blood stream, we studied the binding of autologous IgG to erythrocyte band 3 dimers (the 170-kDa band, which marks the erythrocytes for removal) in preterm and term newborns and in adults. The 170-kDa band was present in as much as 74% of preterm, in 21% of term newborns, and in 10% of adults. During erythrocyte ageing "in vitro" (0, 24, and 48 h aerobic incubation), the appearance of the band occurred much faster with erythrocytes from newborns (particularly preterm) than with those from adults. When the blots for the 170-kDa band were quantified by scanning densitometry, it was seen that the 0 time values were significantly higher in preterm compared to term and adult values. After aerobic incubation a progressive increase in the optical density was observed in each group and the densities were higher in preterm than in the other groups. The course of iron release during the various incubations was analogous to that of the 170-kDa band blots, and significant correlations were found at 0 and 48 h. Methemoglobin formation roughly paralleled iron release. Esterified F(2)-isoprostanes (markers of OS) and O(2)(-) production in the nonincubated (0 time) erythrocytes were much higher in newborn (preterm and term) than in adult erythrocytes. Plasma free F(2)-isoprostanes were significantly higher in preterms than in terms and in terms than in adults. Plasma non-protein-bound iron (NPBI) was higher in preterm than in term newborns and not detectable in adults. In conclusion dimers of band 3 with autologous IgG are found under conditions in which OS can be detected in erythrocytes or in plasma: namely in newborns or in aged erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Rossi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Experimental Medicine and Public Health, University of Siena, Italy
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18
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Porter JB, Rafique R, Srichairatanakool S, Davis BA, Shah FT, Hair T, Evans P. Recent Insights into Interactions of Deferoxamine with Cellular and Plasma Iron Pools: Implications for Clinical Use. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005; 1054:155-68. [PMID: 16339661 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1345.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite the availability of deferoxamine (DFO) for more than three decades, its rates of interaction with cellular iron pools in different tissues, and the effects of its pharmacokinetics on the interaction with plasma iron pools, remain incompletely understood. The positive charge of DFO, together with the negative resting potential in vertebrate cells, favors cellular uptake, whereas the low lipophilicity and high molecular weight counter this effect. The findings presented suggest a facilitated uptake of DFO into hepatocytes, being several hundred-fold faster than into red cells. Antibodies that selectively recognize ferrioxamine (FO) show that initial hepatocellular iron chelation is cytosolic, but later transposes to lysosomal and ultimately canalicular compartments. Strong FO staining is visible in myocytes within 4-8 h after commencing a subcutaneous DFO infusion, indicating effective chelation of myocyte iron. A methodology was developed to study the interaction of DFO and its metabolites with plasma iron pools by stabilizing DFO with aluminum ions, thereby preventing iron shuttling from non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI) onto DFO after plasma collection. DFO removes only about a third of NTBI rapidly, and NTBI is rarely cleared completely. Increasing DFO dosing does not increase NTBI removal, but instead leads to a greater rebound in NTBI on cessation of intravenous infusion. Thus, intermittent infusions of high-dose DFO are less desirable than continuous infusions at low doses, particularly in high-risk patients. Here the benefits of continuous DFO on heart function occur before changes in T2*-visible storage iron, consistent with early removal of a toxic labile iron pool within myocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Porter
- Department of Haematology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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19
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Fernández V, Winkelmann G. The determination of ferric iron in plants by HPLC using the microbial iron chelator desferrioxamine E. Biometals 2005; 18:53-62. [PMID: 15865410 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-004-5773-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Common methods for plant iron determination are based on atomic absorption spectroscopy, radioactive measurements or extraction with subsequent spectrophotometry. However, accuracy is often a problem due to background, contamination and interfering compounds. We here describe a novel method for the easy determination of ferric iron in plants by chelation with a highly effective microbial siderophore and separation by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). After addition of colourless desferrioxamine E (DFE) to plant fluids, the soluble iron is trapped as a brown-red ferrioxamine E (FoxE) complex which is subsequently separated by HPLC on a reversed phase column. The formed FoxE complex can be identified due to its ligand-to-metal charge transfer band at 435 nm. Alternatively, elution of both, DFE and FoxE can be followed as separate peaks at 220 nm wavelength with characteristic retention times. The extraordinarily high stability constant of DFE with ferric iron of K = 10(32) enables extraction of iron from a variety of ferrous and ferric iron compounds and allows quantitation after separation by HPLC without interference by coloured by-products. Thus, iron bound to protein, amino acids, citrate and other organic acid ligands and even insoluble ferric hydroxides and phosphates can be solubilized in the presence desferrioxamine E. The "Ferrioxamine E method" can be applied to all kinds of plant fluids (apoplasmic, xylem, phloem, intracellular) either at physiological pH or even at acid pH values. The FoxE complex is stable down to pH 1 allowing protein removal by perchloric acid treatment and HPLC separation in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid containing eluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Fernández
- Fruit Science Department, Humboldt University of Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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20
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Davis BA, Porter JB. Results of long term iron chelation treatment with deferoxamine. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 509:91-125. [PMID: 12572991 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0593-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard A Davis
- Department of Haematology, Royal Free and University College London Medical School, 98 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
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21
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Rouan MC, Marfil F, Mangoni P, Séchaud R, Humbert H, Maurer G. Determination of a new oral iron chelator, ICL670, and its iron complex in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 755:203-13. [PMID: 11393706 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00079-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
ICL670 is a representative of a new class of orally active tridentate selective iron chelators. Two molecules of ICL670 are required to form a complete hexacoordinate chelate Fe-[ICL670]2 with one ferric iron. A simple and rapid HPLC-UV method for the separate determination of ICL670 and Fe-[ICL670]2 in the plasma of iron-overloaded patients is described. Plasma samples were prepared as rapidly as possible, the tubes being kept at 4 degrees C. Plasma proteins were precipitated with methanol. The supernatant was diluted with water and placed on the refrigerated sample rack of an autosampler before injection. The chromatographic separations were achieved on an Alltima C18 column using 0.05 M Na2HPO4 and 0.01 M tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate-acetonitrile-methanol (41:9:50, v/v/v) as mobile phase. The analytes were detected at 295 nm. Calibration and quality control samples were prepared in normal human plasma. The mean accuracy (n=6) over the entire investigated concentration range 0.25-20 microg/ml ranged from 91 to 109% with a coefficient of variation (C.V.) from 4 to 8% for ICL670, and from 95 to 105% with a C.V. from 2 to 20% for the iron complex. The dissociation of the complex during analysis was shown to be marginal. The iron removal from plasma of iron-overloaded patients by free ICL670 during analysis was low. The in vitro iron transfer from the iron pools of iron-overloaded plasma onto ICL670 was shown to be a slow process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Rouan
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Pharma SA, Rueil-Malmaison, France
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22
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Abstract
Despite the clinical use of deferoxamine for more than a quarter of a century, pharmacokinetic studies are few and have not been performed explicitly in patients with sickle cell disorders. Early studies with Intravenous administration to healthy volunteers and patients with transfusional overload showed that although peak concentrations of deferoxamine were similar in both groups, concentrations of ferrioxamine were higher in the latter. In iron-overloaded patients with hereditary hemochromatosis, an intramuscular 10 mg/kg bolus of deferoxamine gave maximal plasma ferrioxamine concentrations exceeding those of deferoxamine, whereas in normal controls the reverse was the case. In more recent studies with homozygous beta-thalassemia, using continuous Intravenous deferoxamine infusion at 50 mg/kg/d, and initial elimination half-life of 0.28/h and steady-state concentration of 7 micromol/L were observed. In these studies, steady-state plasma levels of the predominant deferoxamine metabolite B were usually lower than those of unmetabolized deferoxamine. In a further intravenous infusion study, the proportion of plasma metabolites was higher in those thalassaemia patients with low serum ferritin levels relative to their current mean daily deferoxamine dose, suggesting that high metabolite levels may predict excessive desferrioxamine dosing. This hypothesis is supported by subcutaneous studies in which low doses of slow-release depot deferoxamine resulted in significantly lower proportions of plasma metabolites than with conventional 8-hour infusions at 40 mg/kg. Because serum ferritin is particularly unreliable as a marker of iron overload in sickle cell disorders, measurement of metabolites or the relative proportions of deferoxamine and ferrloxamine may help identify patients at risk of excessive dosing. Because iron overload is likely to become an increasing issue in patients with sickle cell disorders, studies of the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of deferoxamine in this patient group are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Porter
- Department of Haematology, University College of London, England
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23
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Kushner JP, Porter JP, Olivieri NF. Secondary iron overload. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2001; 2001:47-61. [PMID: 11722978 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2001.1.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Transfusion therapy for inherited anemias and acquired refractory anemias both improves the quality of life and prolongs survival. A consequence of chronic transfusion therapy is secondary iron overload, which adversely affects the function of the heart, the liver and other organs. This session will review the use of iron chelating agents in the management of transfusion-induced secondary iron overload. In Section I Dr. John Porter describes techniques for the administration of deferoxamine that exploit the pharmacokinetic properties of the drug and minimize potential toxic side effects. The experience with chelation therapy in patients with thalassemia and sickle cell disease will be reviewed and guidelines will be suggested for chelation therapy of chronically transfused adults with refractory anemias. In Section II Dr. Nancy Olivieri examines the clinical consequences of transfusion-induced secondary iron overload and suggests criteria useful in determining the optimal timing of the initiation of chelation therapy. Finally, Dr. Olivieri discusses the clinical trials evaluating orally administered iron chelators.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Kushner
- Department of Hematology, University College London, 98 Chenies Mews, London WC1 6HX
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24
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Canteros-Picotto A, Fernández-Martín JL, Cannata-Andía JB. Use of ultrafiltration and chromatography to assess aluminum speciation in serum after deferoxamine administration. Am J Kidney Dis 2000; 36:969-75. [PMID: 11054353 DOI: 10.1053/ajkd.2000.19098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Deferoxamine effectively chelates aluminum by forming aluminoxamine, a low-molecular-weight compound removable by dialysis. However, aluminum-bound species other than aluminoxamine might be present in serum after the administration of deferoxamine. To study aluminum speciation after the administration of deferoxamine, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultrafiltration techniques were used. Samples of serum were obtained from six dialysis patients 44 hours after the administration of a single dose of deferoxamine. HPLC and ultrafiltration studies were performed. In the HPLC studies, samples underwent ultrafiltration, the filtrate was injected into the chromatographic system, and detection was performed by UV light and atomic absorption spectrometry. Unknown species of aluminum other than aluminoxamine were found in the early elution fractions. In the ultrafiltration studies, the same samples of serum from the six patients underwent ultrafiltration using membranes with different molecular-weight cutoff values from 1 to 30 kd. The percentages of aluminum found by ultrafiltration using membranes with cutoff values of 5, 10, and 30 kd were greater (64.4% +/- 2.5%, 63.5% +/- 3.7%, and 65.6% +/- 4.3%, respectively) than the percentages obtained with membranes with a 1-kd cutoff value (38.7%), suggesting that the unknown species of aluminum have a molecular weight between 1 and 5 kd. The unknown species of aluminum cannot be aluminoxamine because they behaved in a different way with HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Canteros-Picotto
- Bone and Mineral Research Unit, Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación, Hospital Central de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
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25
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Kraemer HJ, Breithaupt H. Quantification of desferrioxamine, ferrioxamine and aluminoxamine by post-column derivatization high-performance liquid chromatography. Non-linear calibration resulting from second-order reaction kinetics. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1998; 710:191-204. [PMID: 9686887 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00093-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Desferrioxamine B is widely used as therapeutic agent for removal of excess body iron and, more recently, for removal of aluminium. A HPLC-based method for direct sensitive and reliable determination of ferrioxamine, desferrioxamine, aluminoxamine and related metabolites has been developed for use in pharmacokinetic studies. The method consists of complete separation of the analytes by an optimized mobile phase avoiding conversion of desferrioxamine to ferrioxamine by the analytical system and overcoming problems due to peak tailing properties of desferrioxamine. A post-column derivatization reaction with colourless fluoro-complexed iron converts all iron free species to ferrioxamine and allows quantification at 430 nm avoiding interference of UV-absorbing coelutes. This reaction might be of interest for other analytical procedures concerning iron chelators. The influence of the post-column reaction system on the column plate number is characterized. As the reaction rate of desferrioxamine and aluminoxamine with iron(III) is of second-order kinetics, a quadratic calibration function is observed, resulting from a compromise between residence time and peak broadening. A solid-phase extraction procedure is presented for extraction of the analytes from plasma. Limits of detection (S/N ratio of 3) were determined as 1.95 ng for ferrioxamine, 3.9 ng for aluminoxamine and 15.7 ng for desferrioxamine, expressed as on-column load. A new iron-free metabolite was identified with fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry as N-hydroxylated desferrioxamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Kraemer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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26
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Menéndez-Fraga P, Fernández-Martín JL, Blanco-González E, Cannata-Andía JB. Low percentage of aluminoxamine and ferrioxamine in uremic serum after desferrioxamine administration. Clin Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/44.6.1262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
HPLC was used to study the effectiveness of two different desferrioxamine (DFO) administration strategies (15 mg/kg DFO, 1 h or 44 h before dialysis) on generation of aluminoxamine and ferrioxamine in five hemodialysis patients. The percentage of ultrafilterable aluminum and iron in these patients was also investigated by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The administration of DFO in both schemes increased the ultrafilterable serum aluminum concentrations from a mean of 17.1 ± 1.6% to a mean of 75.7 ± 14.1%. However, 1 h after DFO infusion, only 38.8 ± 7.7% of the total serum aluminum was bound to DFO; 44 h after DFO infusion, only 15.8 ± 8.0% was bound. Similar results were obtained for ferrioxamine. These results suggest that the ultrafilterable serum fraction contains aluminum and iron chelated by DFO and by DFO metabolites, which retain similar metal-chelating abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Menéndez-Fraga
- Bone and Mineral Research Unit, Hospital Central de Asturias, Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Nefrológica, Julián Clavería s/n, Oviedo 33006, Spain
| | - Jose L Fernández-Martín
- Bone and Mineral Research Unit, Hospital Central de Asturias, Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Nefrológica, Julián Clavería s/n, Oviedo 33006, Spain
| | - Elisa Blanco-González
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain
| | - Jorge B Cannata-Andía
- Bone and Mineral Research Unit, Hospital Central de Asturias, Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Nefrológica, Julián Clavería s/n, Oviedo 33006, Spain
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27
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Hoyes KP, Porter JB. Subcellular distribution of desferrioxamine and hydroxypyridin-4-one chelators in K562 cells affects chelation of intracellular iron pools. Br J Haematol 1993; 85:393-400. [PMID: 8280612 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1993.tb03184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The interactions of iron chelators with intracellular iron pools have been examined by measuring the subcellular distribution of radiolabelled desferrioxamine (DFO) and the orally active hydroxypyridinone (HPO) chelator 1,2-diethyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one (CP94), as well as the ability of these chelators to modify the subcellular distribution of 59Fe delivered by the receptor mediated endocytosis of transferrin. K562 cells were pulsed with 59Fe transferrin and challenged with DFO or CP94 (100 microM IBE) for 20 or 240 min and then subjected to subcellular fractionation. At 20 min there was a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in both lysosomal/particulate 59Fe (75% of control) and cytosolic 59Fe ferritin (50% of control) in cells incubated with CP94, unlike cells treated with DFO where no decrease was observed. By 240 min, in addition to the above, 59Fe accumulation was significantly decreased in the nuclear, mitochondrial, and low molecular weight cytosolic fractions with CP94 (P < 0.05). With DFO a significant decrease in 59Fe in only the lysosomal/particulate and cytosolic ferritin compartments was observed at 240 min (P < 0.05). At this time, however, there was a significant accumulation of both cytosolic low molecular weight 59Fe and cytosolic DFO. The relatively rapid decrease of 59Fe within intracellular compartments seen with CP94 compared to DFO was paralleled by a significantly higher accumulation of CP94 than DFO in nuclear, lysosomal/particulate and low molecular weight cytosolic compartments at 20 min (P < 0.05). These results suggest that transferrin derived endosomal iron may be chelated by HPOs, unlike DFO, due to their faster uptake into these organelles. The more rapid access of HPOs than DFO to certain intracellular iron pools may explain the greater possibility of HPOs to inhibit proliferation of cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Hoyes
- Department of Clinical Haematology, University College Medical School, London
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28
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Singh S, Mohammed N, Ackerman R, Porter JB, Hider RC. Quantification of desferrioxamine and its iron chelating metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography and simultaneous ultraviolet-visible/radioactive detection. Anal Biochem 1992; 203:116-20. [PMID: 1524206 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(92)90050-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An HPLC-based method for quantification of desferrioxamine (DFO) and its iron chelating metabolites in plasma has been developed. This assay overcomes stability problems associated with DFO by the addition of radioactive iron to convert unbound drug and metabolites to radio-iron-bound species. A dual detection system utilizing uv-vis absorption and radioactive (beta-particle) detector was used to quantify total and radio-iron-bound species. The use of octadecyl silanol solid phase extraction cartridges permits concentration of samples and allows accurate quantification of drug and metabolites down to 0.1 nmol/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Singh
- Chelsea Department of Pharmacy, King's College, University of London, United Kingdom
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