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Perouansky M, Johnson-Schlitz D, Sedensky MM, Morgan PG. A primordial target: Mitochondria mediate both primary and collateral anesthetic effects of volatile anesthetics. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:545-552. [PMID: 37208922 PMCID: PMC10350799 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231165025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the unsolved mysteries of medicine is how do volatile anesthetics (VAs) cause a patient to reversibly lose consciousness. In addition, identifying mechanisms for the collateral effects of VAs, including anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity (AiN) and anesthetic preconditioning (AP), has proven challenging. Multiple classes of molecules (lipids, proteins, and water) have been considered as potential VA targets, but recently proteins have received the most attention. Studies targeting neuronal receptors or ion channels had limited success in identifying the critical targets of VAs mediating either the phenotype of "anesthesia" or their collateral effects. Recent studies in both nematodes and fruit flies may provide a paradigm shift by suggesting that mitochondria may harbor the upstream molecular switch activating both primary and collateral effects. The disruption of a specific step of electron transfer within the mitochondrion causes hypersensitivity to VAs, from nematodes to Drosophila and to humans, while also modulating the sensitivity to collateral effects. The downstream effects from mitochondrial inhibition are potentially legion, but inhibition of presynaptic neurotransmitter cycling appears to be specifically sensitive to the mitochondrial effects. These findings are perhaps of even broader interest since two recent reports indicate that mitochondrial damage may well underlie neurotoxic and neuroprotective effects of VAs in the central nervous system (CNS). It is, therefore, important to understand how anesthetics interact with mitochondria to affect CNS function, not just for the desired facets of general anesthesia but also for significant collateral effects, both harmful and beneficial. A tantalizing possibility exists that both the primary (anesthesia) and secondary (AiN, AP) mechanisms may at least partially overlap in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Misha Perouansky
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
- Laboratory of Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health and College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Dena Johnson-Schlitz
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Margaret M Sedensky
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Philip G Morgan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
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Streng LWJM, de Wijs CJ, Raat NJH, Specht PAC, Sneiders D, van der Kaaij M, Endeman H, Mik EG, Harms FA. In Vivo and Ex Vivo Mitochondrial Function in COVID-19 Patients on the Intensive Care Unit. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071746. [PMID: 35885051 PMCID: PMC9313105 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been linked to disease progression in COVID-19 patients. This observational pilot study aimed to assess mitochondrial function in COVID-19 patients at intensive care unit (ICU) admission (T1), seven days thereafter (T2), and in healthy controls and a general anesthesia group. Measurements consisted of in vivo mitochondrial oxygenation and oxygen consumption, in vitro assessment of mitochondrial respiration in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and the ex vivo quantity of circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The median mitoVO2 of COVID-19 patients on T1 and T2 was similar and tended to be lower than the mitoVO2 in the healthy controls, whilst the mitoVO2 in the general anesthesia group was significantly lower than that of all other groups. Basal platelet (PLT) respiration did not differ substantially between the measurements. PBMC basal respiration was increased by approximately 80% in the T1 group when contrasted to T2 and the healthy controls. Cell-free mtDNA was eight times higher in the COVID-T1 samples when compared to the healthy controls samples. In the COVID-T2 samples, mtDNA was twofold lower when compared to the COVID-T1 samples. mtDNA levels were increased in COVID-19 patients but were not associated with decreased mitochondrial O2 consumption in vivo in the skin, and ex vivo in PLT or PBMC. This suggests the presence of increased metabolism and mitochondrial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia W. J. M. Streng
- Laboratory of Experimental Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (C.J.d.W.); (N.J.H.R.); (P.A.C.S.); (D.S.); (M.v.d.K.); (E.G.M.); (F.A.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Calvin J. de Wijs
- Laboratory of Experimental Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (C.J.d.W.); (N.J.H.R.); (P.A.C.S.); (D.S.); (M.v.d.K.); (E.G.M.); (F.A.H.)
| | - Nicolaas J. H. Raat
- Laboratory of Experimental Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (C.J.d.W.); (N.J.H.R.); (P.A.C.S.); (D.S.); (M.v.d.K.); (E.G.M.); (F.A.H.)
| | - Patricia A. C. Specht
- Laboratory of Experimental Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (C.J.d.W.); (N.J.H.R.); (P.A.C.S.); (D.S.); (M.v.d.K.); (E.G.M.); (F.A.H.)
| | - Dimitri Sneiders
- Laboratory of Experimental Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (C.J.d.W.); (N.J.H.R.); (P.A.C.S.); (D.S.); (M.v.d.K.); (E.G.M.); (F.A.H.)
| | - Mariëlle van der Kaaij
- Laboratory of Experimental Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (C.J.d.W.); (N.J.H.R.); (P.A.C.S.); (D.S.); (M.v.d.K.); (E.G.M.); (F.A.H.)
| | - Henrik Endeman
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Egbert G. Mik
- Laboratory of Experimental Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (C.J.d.W.); (N.J.H.R.); (P.A.C.S.); (D.S.); (M.v.d.K.); (E.G.M.); (F.A.H.)
| | - Floor A. Harms
- Laboratory of Experimental Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (C.J.d.W.); (N.J.H.R.); (P.A.C.S.); (D.S.); (M.v.d.K.); (E.G.M.); (F.A.H.)
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Jung S, Zimin PI, Woods CB, Kayser EB, Haddad D, Reczek CR, Nakamura K, Ramirez JM, Sedensky MM, Morgan PG. Isoflurane inhibition of endocytosis is an anesthetic mechanism of action. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3016-3032.e3. [PMID: 35688155 PMCID: PMC9329204 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of volatile anesthetic action remain among the most perplexing mysteries of medicine. Across phylogeny, volatile anesthetics selectively inhibit mitochondrial complex I, and they also depress presynaptic excitatory signaling. To explore how these effects are linked, we studied isoflurane effects on presynaptic vesicle cycling and ATP levels in hippocampal cultured neurons from wild-type and complex I mutant (Ndufs4(KO)) mice. To bypass complex I, we measured isoflurane effects on anesthetic sensitivity in mice expressing NADH dehydrogenase (NDi1). Endocytosis in physiologic concentrations of glucose was delayed by effective behavioral concentrations of isoflurane in both wild-type (τ [unexposed] 44.8 ± 24.2 s; τ [exposed] 116.1 ± 28.1 s; p < 0.01) and Ndufs4(KO) cultures (τ [unexposed] 67.6 ± 16.0 s; τ [exposed] 128.4 ± 42.9 s; p = 0.028). Increasing glucose, to enhance glycolysis and increase ATP production, led to maintenance of both ATP levels and endocytosis (τ [unexposed] 28.0 ± 14.4; τ [exposed] 38.2 ± 5.7; reducing glucose worsened ATP levels and depressed endocytosis (τ [unexposed] 85.4 ± 69.3; τ [exposed] > 1,000; p < 0.001). The block in recycling occurred at the level of reuptake of synaptic vesicles into the presynaptic cell. Expression of NDi1 in wild-type mice caused behavioral resistance to isoflurane for tail clamp response (EC50 Ndi1(-) 1.27% ± 0.14%; Ndi1(+) 1.55% ± 0.13%) and halothane (EC50 Ndi1(-) 1.20% ± 0.11%; Ndi1(+) 1.46% ± 0.10%); expression of NDi1 in neurons improved hippocampal function, alleviated inhibition of presynaptic recycling, and increased ATP levels during isoflurane exposure. The clear alignment of cell culture data to in vivo phenotypes of both isoflurane-sensitive and -resistant mice indicates that inhibition of mitochondrial complex I is a primary mechanism of action of volatile anesthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwook Jung
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Pavel I Zimin
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Christian B Woods
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Ernst-Bernhard Kayser
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Dominik Haddad
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Colleen R Reczek
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ken Nakamura
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jan-Marino Ramirez
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Margaret M Sedensky
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Philip G Morgan
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Mitochondrial Function and Anesthetic Sensitivity in the Mouse Spinal Cord. Anesthesiology 2021; 134:901-914. [PMID: 33909880 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000003794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ndufs4 knockout (KO) mice are defective in mitochondrial complex I function and hypersensitive to inhibition of spinal cord-mediated response to noxious stimuli by volatile anesthetics. It was hypothesized that, compared to wild-type, synaptic or intrinsic neuronal function is hypersensitive to isoflurane in spinal cord slices from knockout mice. METHODS Neurons from slices of the vestibular nucleus, central medial thalamus, and spinal cord from wild-type and the global Ndufs4 knockout were patch clamped. Unstimulated synaptic and intrinsic neuronal characteristics were measured in response to isoflurane. Norfluoxetine was used to block TREK channel conductance. Cholinergic cells were labeled with tdTomato. RESULTS All values are reported as means and 95% CIs. Spontaneous synaptic activities were not different between the mutant and control. Isoflurane (0.6%; 0.25 mM; Ndufs4[KO] EC95) increased the holding current in knockout (ΔHolding current, 126 pA [95% CI, 99 to 152 pA]; ΔHolding current P < 0.001; n = 21) but not wild-type (ΔHolding current, 2 7 pA [95% CI, 9 to 47 pA]; ΔHolding current, P = 0.030; n = 25) spinal cord slices. Knockout and wild-type ΔHolding currents were significantly different (P < 0.001). Changes comparable to those in the knockout were seen in the wild type only in 1.8% (0.74 mM) isoflurane (ΔHolding current, 72 pA [95% CI, 43 to 97 pA]; ΔHolding current, P < 0.001; n = 13), the control EC95. Blockade of action potentials indicated that the increased holding current in the knockout was not dependent on synaptic input (ΔHolding current, 154 pA [95% CI, 99 to 232 pA]; ΔHolding current, P = 0.506 compared to knockout without blockade; n = 6). Noncholinergic neurons mediated the increase in holding current sensitivity in Ndufs4 knockout. The increased currents were blocked by norfluoxetine. CONCLUSIONS Isoflurane increased an outwardly rectifying potassium current in ventral horn neurons of the Ndufs4(KO) mouse at a concentration much lower than in controls. Noncholinergic neurons in the spinal cord ventral horn mediated the effect. Presynaptic functions in Ndufs4(KO) slices were not hypersensitive to isoflurane. These data link anesthetic sensitivity, mitochondrial function, and postsynaptic channel activity. EDITOR’S PERSPECTIVE
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Amaral-Silva LD, Gargaglioni LH, Steiner AA, Oliveira MT, Bícego KC. Regulated hypothermia in response to endotoxin in birds. J Physiol 2021; 599:2969-2986. [PMID: 33823064 DOI: 10.1113/jp281385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The costs associated with immune and thermal responses may exceed the benefits to the host during severe inflammation. In this case, regulated hypothermia instead of fever can occur in rodents as a beneficial strategy to conserve energy for vital functions with consequent tissue protection and hypoxia prevention. We tested the hypothesis that this phenomenon is not exclusive to mammals, but extends to the other endothermic group, birds. A decrease in metabolic rate without any failure in mitochondrial respiration, nor oxygen delivery, is the main evidence supporting the regulated nature of endotoxin-induced hypothermia in chicks. Thermolytic mechanisms such as tachypnea and cutaneous vasodilatation can also be recruited to facilitate body temperature decrease under lipopolysaccharide treatment, especially in the cold. Our findings bring a new perspective for evolutionary medicine studies on energy trade-off in host defence because regulated hypothermia may be a phenomenon spread among vertebrates facing a severe immune challenge. ABSTRACT A switch from fever to regulated hypothermia can occur in mammals under circumstances of reduced physiological fitness (e.g. sepsis) to direct energy to defend vital systems. Birds in which the cost to resist a pathogen is additive to the highest metabolic rate and body temperature (Tb ) among vertebrates may also benefit from regulated hypothermia during systemic inflammation. Here, we show that the decrease in Tb observed during an immune challenge in birds is a regulated hypothermia, and not a result of metabolic failure. We investigated O2 consumption (thermogenesis index), ventilation (respiratory heat loss), skin temperature (sensible heat loss) and muscle mitochondrial respiration (thermogenic tissue) during Tb fall in chicken chicks challenged with endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)]. Chicks injected with LPS were also tested regarding the capacity to raise O2 consumption to meet an increased demand driven by 2,4-dinitrophenol. LPS decreased Tb and the metabolic rate of chicks without affecting muscle uncoupled, coupled and non-coupled mitochondrial respiration. LPS-challenged chicks were indeed capable of increasing metabolic rate in response to 2,4-dinitrophenol, indicating no O2 delivery limitation. Additionally, chicks did not attempt to prevent Tb from falling during hypothermia but, instead, activated cutaneous and respiratory thermolytic mechanisms, providing an additional cooling force. These data provide the first evidence of the regulated nature of the hypothermic response to endotoxin in birds. Therefore, it changes the current understanding of bird's thermoregulation during severe inflammation, indicating that regulated hypothermia is either a convergent trait for endotherms or a conserved response among vertebrates, which adds a new perspective for evolutionary medicine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara do Amaral-Silva
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciane H Gargaglioni
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A Steiner
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos T Oliveira
- Department of Technology, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Kênia Cardoso Bícego
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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Hsieh VC, Niezgoda J, Sedensky MM, Hoppel CL, Morgan PG. Anesthetic Hypersensitivity in a Case-Controlled Series of Patients With Mitochondrial Disease. Anesth Analg 2021; 133:924-932. [PMID: 33591116 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000005430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with mitochondrial disease undergo anesthesia for a wide array of surgical procedures. However, multiple medications used for their perioperative care can affect mitochondrial function. Defects in function of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) can lead to a profound hypersensitivity to sevoflurane in children. We studied the sensitivities to sevoflurane, during mask induction and maintenance of general anesthesia, in children presenting for muscle biopsies for diagnosis of mitochondrial disease. METHODS In this multicenter study, 91 children, aged 6 months to 16 years, presented to the operating room for diagnostic muscle biopsy for presumptive mitochondrial disease. General anesthesia was induced by a slow increase of inhaled sevoflurane concentration. The primary end point, end-tidal (ET) sevoflurane necessary to achieve a bispectral index (BIS) of 60, was recorded. Secondary end points were maximal sevoflurane used to maintain a BIS between 40 and 60 during the case, and maximum and minimum heart rate and blood pressures. After induction, general anesthesia was maintained according to the preferences of the providers directing the cases. Primary data were analyzed comparing data from patients with complex I deficiencies to other groups using nonparametric statistics in SPSS v.27. RESULTS The median sevoflurane concentration to reach BIS of 60 during inductions (ET sevoflurane % [BIS = 60]) was significantly lower for patients with complex I defects (0.98%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.5-1.4) compared to complex II (1.95%; 95% CI, 1.2-2.7; P < .001), complex III (2.0%; 95% CI, 0.7-3.5; P < .001), complex IV (2.0%; 95% CI, 1.7-3.2; P < .001), and normal groups (2.2%; 95% CI, 1.8-3.0; P < .001). The sevoflurane sensitivities of complex I patients did not reach significance when compared to patients diagnosed with mitochondrial disease but without an identifiable ETC abnormality (P = .172). Correlation of complex I activity with ET sevoflurane % (BIS = 60) gave a Spearman's coefficient of 0.505 (P < .001). The differences in sensitivities between groups were less during the maintenance of the anesthetic than during induction. CONCLUSIONS The data indicate that patients with complex I dysfunction are hypersensitive to sevoflurane compared to normal patients. Hypersensitivity was less common in patients presenting with other mitochondrial defects or without a mitochondrial diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent C Hsieh
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | - Julie Niezgoda
- Department of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Margaret M Sedensky
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | - Charles L Hoppel
- Department of Pharmacology and Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Philip G Morgan
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
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Anesthetics Have Different Effects on the Electrocorticographic Spectra of Wild-type and Mitochondrial Mutant Mice. Anesthesiology 2019; 129:744-755. [PMID: 30074932 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000002368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
WHAT WE ALREADY KNOW ABOUT THIS TOPIC WHAT THIS ARTICLE TELLS US THAT IS NEW: BACKGROUND:: Knockout of the mitochondrial protein Ndufs4 (Ndufs4[KO]) in mice causes hypersensitivity to volatile anesthetics but resistance to ketamine. The authors hypothesized that electrocorticographic changes underlying the responses of Ndufs4(KO) to volatile anesthetics and to ketamine would be similar in mutant and control mice. METHODS Electrocorticographic recordings at equipotent volatile anesthetic concentrations were compared between genotypes. In separate studies, control and cell type-specific Ndufs4(KO) mice were anesthetized with intraperitoneal ketamine to determine their ED50s. RESULTS Ndufs4 (KO) did not differ from controls in baseline electrocorticography (N = 5). Compared to baseline, controls exposed to isoflurane (EC50) lost power (expressed as mean baseline [µV/Hz]; mean isoflurane [µV/Hz]) in delta (2.45; 0.50), theta (1.41; 0.16), alpha (0.23; 0.05), beta (0.066; 0.016), and gamma (0.020; 0.005) frequency bands (N = 5). Compared to baseline, at their isoflurane EC50, Ndufs4(KO) maintained power in delta (1.08; 1.38), theta (0.36; 0.26), and alpha (0.09; 0.069) frequency bands but decreased in beta (0.041; 0.023) and gamma (0.020; 0.0068) frequency bands (N = 5). Similar results were seen for both genotypes in halothane. Vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2)-specific Ndufs4(KO) mice were markedly resistant to ketamine (ED50; 125 mg/kg) compared to control mice (ED50; 75 mg/kg; N = 6). At their respective ED95s for ketamine, mutant (N = 5) electrocorticography spectra showed a decrease in power in the beta (0.040; 0.020) and gamma (0.035; 0.015) frequency bands not seen in controls (N = 7). CONCLUSIONS Significant differences exist between the electrocorticographies of mutant and control mice at equipotent doses for volatile anesthetics and ketamine. The energetic state specifically of excitatory neurons determines the behavioral response to ketamine.
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Zimin PI, Woods CB, Kayser EB, Ramirez JM, Morgan PG, Sedensky MM. Isoflurane disrupts excitatory neurotransmitter dynamics via inhibition of mitochondrial complex I. Br J Anaesth 2018; 120:1019-1032. [PMID: 29661379 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2018.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms of action of volatile anaesthetics are unclear. Volatile anaesthetics selectively inhibit complex I in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Mice in which the mitochondrial complex I subunit NDUFS4 is knocked out [Ndufs4(KO)] either globally or in glutamatergic neurons are hypersensitive to volatile anaesthetics. The volatile anaesthetic isoflurane selectively decreases the frequency of spontaneous excitatory events in hippocampal slices from Ndufs4(KO) mice. METHODS Complex I inhibition by isoflurane was assessed with a Clark electrode. Synaptic function was measured by stimulating Schaffer collateral fibres and recording field potentials in the hippocampus CA1 region. RESULTS Isoflurane specifically inhibits complex I dependent respiration at lower concentrations in mitochondria from Ndufs4(KO) than from wild-type mice. In hippocampal slices, after high frequency stimulation to increase energetic demand, short-term synaptic potentiation is less in KO compared with wild-type mice. After high frequency stimulation, both Ndufs4(KO) and wild-type hippocampal slices exhibit striking synaptic depression in isoflurane at twice the 50% effective concentrations (EC50). The pattern of synaptic depression by isoflurane indicates a failure in synaptic vesicle recycling. Application of a selective A1 adenosine receptor antagonist partially eliminates isoflurane-induced short-term depression in both wild-type and Ndufs4(KO) slices, implicating an additional mitochondria-dependent effect on exocytosis. When mitochondria are the sole energy source, isoflurane completely eliminates synaptic output in both mutant and wild-type mice at twice the (EC50) for anaesthesia. CONCLUSIONS Volatile anaesthetics directly inhibit mitochondrial complex I as a primary target, limiting synaptic ATP production, and excitatory vesicle endocytosis and exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P I Zimin
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - C B Woods
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - E B Kayser
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J M Ramirez
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - P G Morgan
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M M Sedensky
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Regional knockdown of NDUFS4 implicates a thalamocortical circuit mediating anesthetic sensitivity. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188087. [PMID: 29136012 PMCID: PMC5685608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Knockout of the mitochondrial complex I protein, NDUFS4, profoundly increases sensitivity of mice to volatile anesthetics. In mice carrying an Ndufs4lox/lox gene, adeno-associated virus expressing Cre recombinase was injected into regions of the brain postulated to affect sensitivity to volatile anesthetics. These injections generated otherwise phenotypically wild type mice with region-specific, postnatal inactivation of Ndufs4, minimizing developmental effects of gene loss. Sensitivities to the volatile anesthetics isoflurane and halothane were measured using loss of righting reflex (LORR) and movement in response to tail clamp (TC) as endpoints. Knockdown (KD) of Ndufs4 in the vestibular nucleus produced resistance to both anesthetics for movement in response to TC. Ndufs4 loss in the central and dorsal medial thalami and in the parietal association cortex increased anesthetic sensitivity to both TC and LORR. Knockdown of Ndufs4 only in the parietal association cortex produced striking hypersensitivity for both endpoints, and accounted for half the total change seen in the global KO (Ndufs4(KO)). Excitatory synaptic transmission in the parietal association cortex in slices from Ndufs4(KO) animals was hypersensitive to isoflurane compared to control slices. We identified a direct neural circuit between the parietal association cortex and the central thalamus, consistent with a model in which isoflurane sensitivity is mediated by a thalamic signal relayed through excitatory synapses to the parietal association cortex. We postulate that the thalamocortical circuit is crucial for maintenance of consciousness and is disrupted by the inhibitory effects of isoflurane/halothane on mitochondria.
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Hsieh VC, Krane EJ, Morgan PG. Mitochondrial Disease and Anesthesia. JOURNAL OF INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM AND SCREENING 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/2326409817707770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent C. Hsieh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elliot J. Krane
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Philip G. Morgan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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The genetics of isoflurane-induced developmental neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2016; 60:40-49. [PMID: 27989695 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neurotoxicity induced by early developmental exposure to volatile anesthetics is a characteristic of organisms across a wide range of species, extending from the nematode C. elegans to mammals. Prevention of anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity (AIN) will rely upon an understanding of its underlying mechanisms. However, no forward genetic screens have been undertaken to identify the critical pathways affected in AIN. By characterizing such pathways, we may identify mechanisms to eliminate isoflurane induced AIN in mammals. METHODS Chemotaxis in adult C. elegans after larval exposure to isoflurane was used to measure AIN. We initially compared changes in chemotaxis indices between classical mutants known to affect nervous system development adding mutants in response to data. Activation of specific genes was visualized using fluorescent markers. Animals were then treated with rapamycin or preconditioned with isoflurane to test effects on AIN. RESULTS Forty-four mutations, as well as pharmacologic manipulations, identified two pathways, highly conserved from invertebrates to humans, that regulate AIN in C. elegans. Activation of one stress-protective pathway (DAF-2 dependent) eliminates AIN, while activation of a second stress-responsive pathway (endoplasmic reticulum (ER) associated stress) causes AIN. Pharmacologic inhibition of the mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) blocks ER-stress and AIN. Preconditioning with isoflurane prior to larval exposure also inhibited AIN. DISCUSSION Our data are best explained by a model in which isoflurane acutely inhibits mitochondrial function causing activation of responses that ultimately lead to ER-stress. The neurotoxic effect of isoflurane can be completely prevented by manipulations at multiple points in the pathways that control this response. Endogenous signaling pathways can be recruited to protect organisms from the neurotoxic effects of isoflurane.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Worsfold
- Regional Neurological Centre, General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 6BE
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13
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Zimin PI, Woods CB, Quintana A, Ramirez JM, Morgan PG, Sedensky MM. Glutamatergic Neurotransmission Links Sensitivity to Volatile Anesthetics with Mitochondrial Function. Curr Biol 2016; 26:2194-201. [PMID: 27498564 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An enigma of modern medicine has persisted for over 150 years. The mechanisms by which volatile anesthetics (VAs) produce their effects (loss of consciousness, analgesia, amnesia, and immobility) remain an unsolved mystery. Many attractive putative molecular targets have failed to produce a significant effect when genetically tested in whole-animal models [1-3]. However, mitochondrial defects increase VA sensitivity in diverse organisms from nematodes to humans [4-6]. Ndufs4 knockout (KO) mice lack a subunit of mitochondrial complex I and are strikingly hypersensitive to VAs yet resistant to the intravenous anesthetic ketamine [7]. The change in VA sensitivity is the largest reported for a mammal. Limiting NDUFS4 loss to a subset of glutamatergic neurons recapitulates the VA hypersensitivity of Ndufs4(KO) mice, while loss in GABAergic or cholinergic neurons does not. Baseline electrophysiologic function of CA1 pyramidal neurons does not differ between Ndufs4(KO) and control mice. Isoflurane concentrations that anesthetize only Ndufs4(KO) mice (0.6%) decreased the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) only in Ndufs4(KO) CA1 neurons, while concentrations effective in control mice (1.2%) decreased sEPSC frequencies in both control and Ndufs4(KO) CA1 pyramidal cells. Spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) were not differentially affected between genotypes. The effects of isoflurane were similar on evoked field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) and paired pulse facilitation (PPF) in KO and control hippocampal slices. We propose that CA1 presynaptic excitatory neurotransmission is hypersensitive to isoflurane in Ndufs4(KO) mice due to the inhibition of pre-existing reduced complex I function, reaching a critical reduction that can no longer meet metabolic demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel I Zimin
- Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
| | - Christian B Woods
- Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Albert Quintana
- Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Jan-Marino Ramirez
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Philip G Morgan
- Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Margaret M Sedensky
- Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
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Manjeri GR, Rodenburg RJ, Blanchet L, Roelofs S, Nijtmans LG, Smeitink JA, Driessen JJ, Koopman WJH, Willems PH. Increased mitochondrial ATP production capacity in brain of healthy mice and a mouse model of isolated complex I deficiency after isoflurane anesthesia. J Inherit Metab Dis 2016; 39:59-65. [PMID: 26310962 PMCID: PMC4710641 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-015-9885-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We reported before that the minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane is decreased in complex I-deficient mice lacking the NDUFS4 subunit of the respiratory chain (RC) (1.55 and 0.81% at postnatal (PN) 22-25 days and 1.68 and 0.65% at PN 31-34 days for wildtype (WT) and CI-deficient KO, respectively). A more severe respiratory depression was caused by 1.0 MAC isoflurane in KO mice (respiratory rate values of 86 and 45 at PN 22-25 days and 69 and 29 at PN 31-34 days for anesthetized WT and KO, respectively). Here, we address the idea that isoflurane anesthesia causes a much larger decrease in brain mitochondrial ATP production in KO mice thus explaining their increased sensitivity to this anesthetic. Brains from WT and KO mice of the above study were removed immediately after MAC determination at PN 31-34 days and a mitochondria-enriched fraction was prepared. Aliquots were used for measurement of maximal ATP production in the presence of pyruvate, malate, ADP and creatine and, after freeze-thawing, the maximal activity of the individual RC complexes in the presence of complex-specific substrates. CI activity was dramatically decreased in KO, whereas ATP production was decreased by only 26% (p < 0.05). The activities of CII, CIII, and CIV were the same for WT and KO. Isoflurane anesthesia decreased the activity of CI by 30% (p < 0.001) in WT. In sharp contrast, it increased the activity of CII by 37% (p < 0.001) and 50% (p < 0.001) and that of CIII by 37% (p < 0.001) and 40% (p < 0.001) in WT and KO, respectively, whereas it tended to increase that of CIV in both WT and KO. Isoflurane anesthesia increased ATP production by 52 and 69% in WT (p < 0.05) and KO (p < 0.01), respectively. Together these findings indicate that isoflurane anesthesia interferes positively rather than negatively with the ability of CI-deficient mice brain mitochondria to convert their main substrate pyruvate into ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh R Manjeri
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, 286 Biochemistry, P.O. Box 9101, NL-6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Nijmegen Centre for Mitochondrial Disorders, Radboud University Medical Centre, 804 Pediatrics, P.O. Box 9101, NL-6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard J Rodenburg
- Department of Pediatrics, Nijmegen Centre for Mitochondrial Disorders, Radboud University Medical Centre, 804 Pediatrics, P.O. Box 9101, NL-6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lionel Blanchet
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, 286 Biochemistry, P.O. Box 9101, NL-6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Roelofs
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nijmegen Centre for Mitochondrial Disorders, Radboud University Medical Centre, 549 Anesthesiology, P.O Box 9101, NL-6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Leo G Nijtmans
- Department of Pediatrics, Nijmegen Centre for Mitochondrial Disorders, Radboud University Medical Centre, 804 Pediatrics, P.O. Box 9101, NL-6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A Smeitink
- Department of Pediatrics, Nijmegen Centre for Mitochondrial Disorders, Radboud University Medical Centre, 804 Pediatrics, P.O. Box 9101, NL-6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques J Driessen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nijmegen Centre for Mitochondrial Disorders, Radboud University Medical Centre, 549 Anesthesiology, P.O Box 9101, NL-6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Werner J H Koopman
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, 286 Biochemistry, P.O. Box 9101, NL-6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter H Willems
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, 286 Biochemistry, P.O. Box 9101, NL-6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Parikh S, Goldstein A, Koenig MK, Scaglia F, Enns GM, Saneto R, Anselm I, Cohen BH, Falk MJ, Greene C, Gropman AL, Haas R, Hirano M, Morgan P, Sims K, Tarnopolsky M, Van Hove JLK, Wolfe L, DiMauro S. Diagnosis and management of mitochondrial disease: a consensus statement from the Mitochondrial Medicine Society. Genet Med 2014; 17:689-701. [PMID: 25503498 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2014.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this statement is to review the literature regarding mitochondrial disease and to provide recommendations for optimal diagnosis and treatment. This statement is intended for physicians who are engaged in diagnosing and treating these patients. METHODS The Writing Group members were appointed by the Mitochondrial Medicine Society. The panel included members with expertise in several different areas. The panel members utilized a comprehensive review of the literature, surveys, and the Delphi method to reach consensus. We anticipate that this statement will need to be updated as the field continues to evolve. RESULTS Consensus-based recommendations are provided for the diagnosis and treatment of mitochondrial disease. CONCLUSION The Delphi process enabled the formation of consensus-based recommendations. We hope that these recommendations will help standardize the evaluation, diagnosis, and care of patients with suspected or demonstrated mitochondrial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Parikh
- Department of Neurology, Center for Child Neurology, Cleveland Clinic Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Amy Goldstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mary Kay Koenig
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Fernando Scaglia
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gregory M Enns
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Stanford University Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Russell Saneto
- Department of Neurology, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Irina Anselm
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bruce H Cohen
- Department of Pediatrics, NeuroDevelopmental Science Center, Children's Hospital Medical Center of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Marni J Falk
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carol Greene
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrea L Gropman
- Department of Neurology, Children's National Medical Center and the George Washington University of the Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Richard Haas
- Department of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, UCSD Medical Center and Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Michio Hirano
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Phil Morgan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Katherine Sims
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark Tarnopolsky
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Johan L K Van Hove
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, Children's Hospital Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Lynne Wolfe
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Salvatore DiMauro
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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Yamada M, Yamamoto N, Ohgami S, Kanazawa M, Harada J, Ohno N, Natsume N. The effect of sevoflurane on developing A/J strain mouse embryos using a whole-embryo culture system--the incidence of cleft lip in culture embryos. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2013; 50:237-42. [PMID: 24258000 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-013-9697-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A/J strain mice have a high spontaneous incidence of cleft lip (ICL) and/or palate. The primary palate-related effects of sevoflurane on developing A/J strain mouse embryos (embryos) were studied using a whole-embryo culture (WEC) system. This system could separate the direct effects of sevoflurane from those that are maternally mediated. A total of 205 10.5-d embryos were cultured for 24 h in either a control group (control gas: 95% O2 and 5% CO2) or sevoflurane-administered groups (1/4, 1/2, and 1 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) with control gas) for 8 h. After 16 h, 11.5-d culture embryos were examined in terms of crown-rump length, number of somites, and protein content. Crown-rump length in the 1 MAC was significantly shorter than in the control group (p < 0.05). Protein content in the 1/2 MAC (p < 0.05) and 1 MAC (p < 0.001) was significantly lower than in the control group. The ICL showed no significant differences between each group. (The ICL rose with an increase in the sevoflurane concentration, but this was not significant). The positive findings in this study indicate that a WEC system is useful for studying the mechanisms of ICL (teratogenicity) associated with sevoflurane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morimasa Yamada
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan,
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Niezgoda J, Morgan PG. Anesthetic considerations in patients with mitochondrial defects. Paediatr Anaesth 2013; 23:785-93. [PMID: 23534340 PMCID: PMC3711963 DOI: 10.1111/pan.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial disease, once thought to be a rare clinical entity, is now recognized as an important cause of a wide range of neurologic, cardiac, muscle, and endocrine disorders . The incidence of disorders of the respiratory chain alone is estimated to be about 1 per 4-5000 live births, similar to that of more well-known neurologic diseases . High-energy requiring tissues are uniquely dependent on the energy delivered by mitochondria and therefore have the lowest threshold for displaying symptoms of mitochondrial disease. Thus, mitochondrial dysfunction most commonly affects function of the central nervous system, the heart and the muscular system . Mutations in mitochondrial proteins cause striking clinical features in those tissues types, including encephalopathies, seizures, cerebellar ataxias, cardiomyopathies, myopathies, as well as gastrointestinal and hepatic disease. Our knowledge of the contribution of mitochondria in causing disease or influencing aging is expanding rapidly . As diagnosis and treatment improve for children with mitochondrial diseases, it has become increasingly common for them to undergo surgeries for their long-term care. In addition, often a muscle biopsy or other tests needing anesthesia are required for diagnosis. Mitochondrial disease represents probably hundreds of different defects, both genetic and environmental in origin, and is thus difficult to characterize. The specter of possible delayed complications in patients caused by inhibition of metabolism by anesthetics, by remaining in a biochemically stressed state such as fasting/catabolism, or by prolonged exposure to pain is a constant worry to physicians caring for these patients. Here, we review the considerations when caring for a patient with mitochondrial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Niezgoda
- Department of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, USA
| | - Phil G Morgan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington and Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, USA
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Quintana A, Morgan PG, Kruse SE, Palmiter RD, Sedensky MM. Altered anesthetic sensitivity of mice lacking Ndufs4, a subunit of mitochondrial complex I. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42904. [PMID: 22912761 PMCID: PMC3422219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anesthetics are in routine use, yet the mechanisms underlying their function are incompletely understood. Studies in vitro demonstrate that both GABA(A) and NMDA receptors are modulated by anesthetics, but whole animal models have not supported the role of these receptors as sole effectors of general anesthesia. Findings in C. elegans and in children reveal that defects in mitochondrial complex I can cause hypersensitivity to volatile anesthetics. Here, we tested a knockout (KO) mouse with reduced complex I function due to inactivation of the Ndufs4 gene, which encodes one of the subunits of complex I. We tested these KO mice with two volatile and two non-volatile anesthetics. KO and wild-type (WT) mice were anesthetized with isoflurane, halothane, propofol or ketamine at post-natal (PN) days 23 to 27, and tested for loss of response to tail clamp (isoflurane and halothane) or loss of righting reflex (propofol and ketamine). KO mice were 2.5 - to 3-fold more sensitive to isoflurane and halothane than WT mice. KO mice were 2-fold more sensitive to propofol but resistant to ketamine. These changes in anesthetic sensitivity are the largest recorded in a mammal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Quintana
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Philip G. Morgan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Shane E. Kruse
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Richard D. Palmiter
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Margaret M. Sedensky
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Kayser EB, Suthammarak W, Morgan PG, Sedensky MM. Isoflurane selectively inhibits distal mitochondrial complex I in Caenorhabditis elegans. Anesth Analg 2011; 112:1321-9. [PMID: 21467554 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e3182121d37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complex I of the electron transport chain (ETC) is a possible target of volatile anesthetics (VAs). Complex I enzymatic activities are inhibited by VAs, and dysfunction of complex I can lead to hypersensitivity to VAs in worms and in people. Mutant analysis in Caenorhabditis (C.) elegans suggests that VAs may specifically interfere with complex I function at the binding site for its substrate ubiquinone. We hypothesized that isoflurane inhibits electron transport by competing with ubiquinone for binding to complex I. METHODS Wildtype and mutant C. elegans were used to study the effects of isoflurane on isolated mitochondria. Enzymatic activities of the ETC were assayed and dose-response curves determined using established techniques. Two-dimensional native gels of mitochondrial proteins were performed after exposure of mitochondria to isoflurane. RESULTS Complex I is the most sensitive component of the ETC to isoflurane inhibition; however, the proximal portion of complex I (the flavoprotein) is relatively insensitive to isoflurane. Isoflurane and quinone do not compete for a common binding site on complex I. The absolute rate of complex I enzymatic activity in vitro does not predict immobilization of the animal by isoflurane. Isoflurane had no measurable effect on stability of mitochondrial supercomplexes. Reduction of ubiquinone by complex I displayed positive cooperative kinetics not disrupted by isoflurane. CONCLUSIONS Isoflurane directly inhibits complex I at a site distal to the flavoprotein subcomplex. However, we have excluded our original hypothesis that isoflurane and ubiquinone compete for a common hydrophobic binding site on complex I. In addition, immobilization of the nematode by isoflurane is not due to limiting absolute amounts of complex I electron transport as measured in isolated mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst-Bernhard Kayser
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Washington and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101-1304, USA.
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Ohlson KBE, Shabalina IG, Lennström K, Backlund EC, Mohell N, Bronnikov GE, Lindahl SGE, Cannon B, Nedergaard J. Inhibitory effects of halothane on the thermogenic pathway in brown adipocytes: localization to adenylyl cyclase and mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 68:463-77. [PMID: 15242813 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2003] [Accepted: 03/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Volatile anesthetics such as halothane efficiently inhibit nonshivering thermogenesis as well as the cellular manifestation of that phenomenon: norepinephrine-induced respiration in brown adipocytes. To identify the molecular site(s) of action of such anesthetics, we have examined the effect of halothane on the sequential intracellular steps from the interaction of norepinephrine with isolated brown adipocytes to the stimulation of mitochondrial respiration (=thermogenesis). We did not identify an inhibition at the level of the adrenergic receptors, but a first site of inhibition was identified as the generation of cAMP by adenylyl cyclase; this led to inhibition of norepinephrine-induced expression of the uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) gene and reduced norepinephrine-induced lipolysis as secondary effects. Although an inhibition of lipolysis in itself would inhibit thermogenesis, circumvention of this inhibition revealed that a second, postlipolytic, site of inhibition existed: halothane also inhibited the stimulatory effect of exogenous fatty acids on cellular respiration. This inhibition was independent of the presence of UCP1 in the mitochondria of the cells and was thus not directly on the thermogenic uncoupling mechanism. Since not only fatty acid oxidation but also pyruvate oxidation were inhibited by halothane in isolated mitochondria, whereas glycerol-3-phosphate oxidation was not, the second site of action of halothane, evident when cyclase/lipolytic inhibition was circumvented, was located to the respiratory chain, complex I. The results thus explain the inhibition of nonshivering thermogenesis by identifying two sites of action of halothane in brown adipocytes. In addition, the results may open for new formulations of the molecular background to anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin B E Ohlson
- The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Kayser EB, Hoppel CL, Morgan PG, Sedensky MM. A Mutation in Mitochondrial Complex I Increases Ethanol Sensitivity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2003. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2003.tb04394.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kayser EB, Hoppel CL, Morgan PG, Sedensky MM. A mutation in mitochondrial complex I increases ethanol sensitivity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2003; 27:584-92. [PMID: 12711920 DOI: 10.1097/01.alc.0000060524.62805.d2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gene gas-1 encodes the 49-kDa subunit of complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain in Caenorhabditis elegans. A mutation in gas-1 profoundly increases sensitivity to ethanol and decreases complex I-dependent metabolism in mitochondria. METHODS Mitochondria were isolated from wild-type and gas-1 strains of C. elegans. The effects of ethanol on complex I-, II-, and III-dependent oxidative phosphorylation were measured for mitochondria from each strain. Reversibility of the effects of ethanol was determined by measuring oxidative phosphorylation after removal of mitochondria from 1.5 M ethanol. The effects of ethanol on mitochondrial structure were visualized with electron microscopy. RESULTS We found that ethanol inhibited complex I-, II-, and III-dependent oxidative phosphorylation in isolated wild-type mitochondria at concentrations that immobilize intact worms. It is important to note that the inhibitory effects of ethanol on mitochondria from either C. elegans or rat skeletal muscle were reversible even at molar concentrations. Complex I activity was lower in mitochondria from gas-1 animals than in mitochondria from wild-type animals at equal ethanol concentrations. Complex II activity was higher in gas-1 than in wild-type mitochondria at all concentrations of ethanol. No difference was seen between the strains in the sensitivity of complex III to ethanol. CONCLUSIONS The difference in ethanol sensitivities between gas-1 and wild-type nematodes results solely from altered complex I function. At the respective concentrations of ethanol that immobilize whole animals, mitochondria from each strain of worms displayed identical rates of complex I-dependent state 3 respiration. We conclude that a threshold value of complex I activity controls the transition from mobility to immobility of C. elegans.
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Kevin LG, Novalija E, Riess ML, Camara AKS, Rhodes SS, Stowe DF. Sevoflurane exposure generates superoxide but leads to decreased superoxide during ischemia and reperfusion in isolated hearts. Anesth Analg 2003; 96:949-955. [PMID: 12651639 DOI: 10.1213/01.ane.0000052515.25465.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are largely responsible for cardiac injury consequent to ischemia and reperfusion, but, paradoxically, there is evidence suggesting that anesthetics induce preconditioning (APC) by generating ROS. We hypothesized that sevoflurane generates the ROS superoxide (O(2)(.-)), that APC attenuates O(2)(.-) formation during ischemia, and that this attenuation is reversed by bracketing APC with the O(2)(.-) scavenger manganese (III) tetrakis (4-benzoic acid) porphyrin chloride (MnTBAP) or the putative mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium (mK(ATP)) channel blocker 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD). O(2)(.-) was measured continuously in guinea pig hearts by using dihydroethidium. Sevoflurane was administered alone (APC), with MnTBAP, or with 5-HD before 30 min of ischemia and 120 min of reperfusion. Control hearts underwent no pretreatment. Sevoflurane directly increased O(2)(.-); this was blocked by MnTBAP but not by 5-HD. O(2)(.-) increased during ischemia and during reperfusion. These increases in O(2)(.-) were attenuated in the APC group, but this was prevented by MnTBAP or 5-HD. We conclude that sevoflurane directly induces O(2)(.-) formation but that O(2)(.-) formation is decreased during subsequent ischemia and reperfusion. The former effect appears independent of mK(ATP) channels, but not the latter. Our study indicates that APC is initiated by ROS that in turn cause mK(ATP) channel opening. Although there appears to be a paradoxical role for ROS in triggering and mediating APC, a possible mechanism is offered. IMPLICATIONS Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are implicated in triggering anesthetic preconditioning (APC). The ROS superoxide (O(2)(.-)) was measured continuously in guinea pig isolated hearts. Sevoflurane directly increased O(2)(.-) but led to attenuated O(2)(.-) formation during ischemia. This demonstrates triggering of APC by ROS and clarifies the mechanism of cardioprotection during ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo G Kevin
- Anesthesiology Research Laboratories, Departments of *Anesthesiology and †Physiology, and §Cardiovascular Research Center, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and ∥Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Kayser EB, Morgan PG, Hoppel CL, Sedensky MM. Mitochondrial expression and function of GAS-1 in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:20551-8. [PMID: 11278828 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m011066200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A mutation in the gene gas-1 alters sensitivity to volatile anesthetics, fecundity, and life span in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. gas-1 encodes a close homologue of the 49-kDa iron protein subunit of Complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain from bovine heart. gas-1 is widely expressed in the nematode neuromuscular system and in a subcellular pattern consistent with that of a mitochondrial protein. Pharmacological studies indicate that gas-1 functions partially via presynaptic effects. In addition, a mutation in the gas-1 gene profoundly decreases Complex I-dependent metabolism in mitochondria as measured by rates of both oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport. An increase in Complex II-dependent metabolism also is seen in mitochondria from gas-1 animals. There is no apparent alteration in physical structure in mitochondria from gas-1 nematodes compared with those from wild type. These data indicate that gas-1 is the major 49-kDa protein of complex I and that the GAS-1 protein is critical to mitochondrial function in C. elegans. They also reveal the importance of mitochondrial function in determining not only aging and life span, but also anesthetic sensitivity, in this model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Kayser
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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25
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Mets B, Janicki PK, James MF, Hickman R. Hepatic energy charge and adenine nucleotide status in rats anesthetized with halothane, isoflurane or enflurane. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1997; 41:252-5. [PMID: 9062609 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1997.tb04675.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Volatile anesthetics are known to have varying effects on hepatic oxygen supply in vivo and have been shown to depress hepatic mitochondrial respiration and so energy charge in vitro. However, the effect of halothane, isoflurane and enflurane on hepatic adenine nucleotide status in vivo has not been evaluated. METHODS Ninety male rats were exposed to 40% oxygen (n = 22) or 40% oxygen in equipotent (1 MAC) concentrations of halothane (1%) (n = 23), isoflurane (1.4%) (n = 22) or enflurane (2%) (n = 23) for 2 hours. All animals were then administered intraperitoneal pentobarbital and anesthesia continued and laparotomy was performed. A liver biopsy was taken for determination of hepatocellular adenosine-5-triphosphate (ATP), adenosine-5-diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine-5-monophosphate (AMP) and computation of energy charge (EC) from ¿(ATP + 1/2ADP)+(ATP + ADP + AMP)¿ and total adenine nucleotides (TAN) from (ATP + ADP + AMP). After the biopsy the aorta was cannulated for blood sampling. RESULTS Rats in each group were similar in weight, as well as acid base and blood gas status just after liver biopsy. Hepatic energy charge, ATP, ADP, AMP, and TAN levels were not different in animals receiving either halothane, isoflurane or enflurane when compared with those receiving only oxygen. CONCLUSION One MAC of anesthesia for a period of 2 hours with the described volatile anesthetic agents did not affect adenine nucleotide status in vivo in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mets
- Anglo American Corporation Research Laboratory, Department of Anaesthesia, University of Cape Town Medical School, South Africa
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26
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Abstract
The disparate observations on the effect of halothane anesthesia on the serum electrolyte levels in humans prompted us to carry out this work. In this study the levels of sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, chloride and inorganic phosphorus were determined in serum of 25 male and 15 female patients, with an age range of 15 to 40 years, who had various pathologies requiring surgery and who were given halothane anesthesia. Significant difference were detected in the concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium and inorganic phosphorus between presurgical and post-anesthesia induction samples. The truly striking finding in the present study was the significant increase in serum inorganic phosphorus in the intra-operative period. It is suspected that this increase is due to a defect in phosphorylating mechanisms which leads to a rapid hydrolysis of stored and preformed ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- O M Alarcón
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
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27
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Limper J, Reiner G, Hecht W, Dzapo V. Mitochondrialer (mt) Energiestoffwechsel im Diaphragma von Hal+ und Hal−Schweinen und die vermutete Beteiligung der mt-DNA an der Halothansensitivität. J Anim Breed Genet 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.1991.tb00199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Ayoub S, Monin G, Rock E, Younes A. Impairment of ATP-linked reactions in mitochondria isolated from skeletal muscle of halothane-sensitive pigs. Cell Biochem Funct 1990; 8:205-10. [PMID: 2272118 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.290080404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen consumption was depressed in mitochondria isolated from halothane sensitive pig (HP) muscle. The calculation of the respiratory control ratio (RCR) indicated that mitochondria were more affected at the site-I level of the respiratory chain. Calcium accumulation in these mitochondria was not altered when driven by the oxidation of succinate. This process was abolished when linked to ATP as a source of energy. ATP transport was completely inhibited in (HP) mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ayoub
- Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Ceyrat, France
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29
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Rottenberg H. Decoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1990; 1018:1-17. [PMID: 1695856 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(90)90103-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Rottenberg
- Pathology Department, Hahnemann University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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30
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Tsuchiya M, Takahashi M, Tomoda M, Ueda W, Hirakawa M. Halothane impairs the bioenergetic functions of isolated rat liver mitochondria. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1990; 104:466-75. [PMID: 2166974 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(90)90168-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The effect of halothane, a potent and popular volatile anesthetic, on isolated rat liver mitochondria was examined. Halothane inhibited state 3 and dinitrophenol-induced uncoupled respiration with NAD(+)-linked substrates, but not with FAD-linked substrates, and did not affect the oxidation-reduction state of mitochondrial cytochromes. Moreover, halothane increased state 4 respiration and ATPase activity and decreased the extra-mitochrondrial pH change coupled to ATP synthesis. These results indicate that halothane impairs mitochondrial ATP production by interfering with both the electron transport from NAD+ to FAD and the coupling of oxidative phosphorylation. Halothane only slightly affected the membrane potential, which is commonly dissipated by typical classical uncouplers. Moreover, halothane inhibited both ATP-driven and respiration-driven Ca2+ accumulation in mitochondria and stimulated Ca2+ release from mitochondrial stores at concentrations higher than those at which it inhibited ATP production. These findings indicate that the uncoupling action of halothane is not classical. During halothane anesthesia, these mitochondrial abnormalities may contribute to hepatocyte dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tsuchiya
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kochi Medical School, Japan
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31
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Kashimoto S, Hinohara S, Kumazawa T. Effects of volatile anesthetics on cardiac metabolism in the low-pressure perfused rat heart. J Anesth 1988; 2:12-6. [PMID: 15235827 DOI: 10.1007/s0054080020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/1987] [Accepted: 12/07/1987] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Effects of halothane, enflurane and isoflurane on the myocardial metabolism were studied in the rat heart-lung preparation. Hearts were perfused at a low perfusion pressure (SBP 50 mmHg, DBP 30 mmHg) with succinate or glutamate as substrates. Thirty minutes after the perfusion, intramyocardial ATP, pyruvate, lactate and glycogen were measured enzymatically. Although there was no significant difference in ATP levels of hearts with either substrate, and whether or not volatile anesthetics were present, 1% halothane and 1.5% isoflurane reduced the L/P ratio when succinate was substrate (24.46 +/- 4.81, 17.68 +/- 9.10 vs 39.82 +/- 10.83), and 2% enflurane decreased it when glutamate was substrate (22.25 +/- 10.99 vs 38.44 +/- 6.55). The glycogen levels in volatile anesthetics groups were lower than control when succinate was substrate. The improvement of energy demand-supply balance by inhalation anesthetics may be stronger than their inhibition of electron transport in mitochondria under certain ischemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kashimoto
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yamanashi Medicine College, Yamanashi, Japan
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32
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Fiorucci L, Monti A, Testai E, Ade P, Vittozzi L. In vitro effects of polyhalogenated hydrocarbons on liver mitochondria respiration and microsomal cytochrome P-450. Drug Chem Toxicol 1988; 11:387-403. [PMID: 3243187 DOI: 10.3109/01480548809018110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study evidenced the critical levels of six major polyhalogenated hydrocarbons (PHH's), namely chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 1,2-dibromoethane,perchloroethylene, hexachlorobutadiene, over which significant inhibitory effects of the mitochondrial respiratory chain take place in vitro. At these critical levels, even in PB-induced animals only a very little fraction of cytochrome P-450 is saturated by the compounds and therefore the microsomal metabolism plays no effective role either in decreasing the levels of the test chemicals under the threshold of clear direct adverse effects in mitochondria, nor to the formation of toxic metabolites. Our data show also that phenobarbital not only enhances both the direct and metabolism-mediated interaction of most tested PHH with microsomal cytochrome P-450, but also increases the affinity of hexachlorobutadiene, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride for the mitochondrial sites resulting in respiration inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fiorucci
- Department of Comparative Toxicology and Ecotoxicology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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33
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Berger ML, Sozeri T. Rapid halogenated hydrocarbon toxicity in isolated hepatocytes is mediated by direct solvent effects. Toxicology 1987; 45:319-30. [PMID: 3629614 DOI: 10.1016/0300-483x(87)90021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of several halogenated and non-halogenated hydrocarbons (CH2Cl2, CHCl3, CCl4, C6H14, C8H10) in isolated rat hepatocytes were compared. Release of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity was rapid and concentration-dependent. Fractional AST release plateaued at 10-60 min following hydrocarbon exposure. Enzyme leakage at 60 min correlated with the oil/water partition coefficient (pi) of the compounds. All compounds, except n-hexane, also caused an immediate inhibition of the rate of cellular respiration. Inhibition of cell respiration also correlated with pi and was reversible. The recovery of cellular oxygen consumption was examined in detail for CCl4 and correlated with evaporation of the compound. These data suggest that acute hydrocarbon-induced injury in isolated hepatocytes is mediated by concentration-dependent direct solvent effects. Since halogenated hydrocarbons are widely used to induce general anesthesia, the clinical implications of possible direct effects by halocarbons on liver function in vivo and the potential relationship to liver injury are discussed.
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Kashimoto S, Tsuji Y, Kumazawa T. Effects of halothane and enflurane on myocardial metabolism during postischaemic reperfusion in the rat. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1987; 31:44-7. [PMID: 3103367 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1987.tb02518.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In experiments on isolated rat heart-lung preparation, the effects of halothane and enflurane on myocardial metabolism during postischaemic reperfusion were evaluated with intramyocardial high energy phosphates, lactate and glycogen. Hearts were perfused for 10 min initially and made globally ischaemic for 8 min. Afterwards, they were reperfused for 12 min. Halothane or enflurane was administered from 5 min after the start of perfusion to the end of reperfusion. There were no significant differences in contents of high energy phosphates between control (C), halothane (H) and enflurane (E) groups (ATP: 15.50 +/- 0.87, 16.05 +/- 1.99 and 15.16 +/- 2.03 mumol/g dry wt, respectively). However, lactate levels in the hearts in Groups H and E were significantly higher than those in Group C (44.04 +/- 10.54, 40.63 +/- 10.34 vs 28.63 +/- 5.98). Slight deterioration in the myocardial oxidation-reduction state may be caused by inhalational anaesthetics when they are administered during the postischaemic reperfusion period.
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35
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Branca D, Toninello A, Scutari G, Florian M, Siliprandi N, Vincenti E, Giron GP. Involvement of long-chain acyl CoA in the antagonistic effects of halothane and L-carnitine on mitochondrial energy-linked processes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1986; 139:303-7. [PMID: 3767958 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(86)80113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Incubation of rat liver mitochondria in the presence of halothane induced a consistent impairment of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation without significantly affecting the steady-state of transmembrane electrical potential. These alterations of mitochondrial energy-linked processes were associated with a consistent accumulation of long-chain acyl CoA. Addition of L-carnitine partially prevented the effects of halothane on oxidative phosphorylation and completely abolished the halothane-induced long-chain acyl CoA accumulation. The possibility is discussed that the damaging action of halothane on mitochondrial functions might be partially ascribed to the noxious action of the excess of long-chain acyl CoA induced the anesthetic.
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36
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Laverty DM, Fennema O. Effects of anesthetics and dichlorodifluoromethane on the activities of glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase and pectin methylesterase. Biochem Pharmacol 1985; 34:2839-46. [PMID: 4026874 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(85)90004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Solutions of glucose-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) and pectin methylesterase (PME) were exposed to various anesthetics and dichlorodifluoromethane (F-12) to determine the abilities of these chemicals to inhibit enzyme activity. An aqueous solution of PME was exposed to saturation levels of the test chemicals for 30 min at 21 degrees. All test chemicals were inhibitory (measured after release of the test chemical) with propane being most inhibitory followed in order by F-12, cyclopropane, Ethrane (F2HCOF2CCHClF) and halothane (CF3CHClBr). GPD was exposed to various concentrations of F-12 and halothane for various times at 0 degrees and 33 degrees. Halothane at 33 degrees and a saturation concentration reduced the initial reaction velocity of GPD to zero after a 10-min exposure period. F-12 was somewhat less inhibitory than halothane, but inhibition in all instances was irreversible. Halothane was found to affect the circular dichroism and optical rotary dispersion spectra of GPD, with the magnitude of the changes generally increasing with treatment time. The observed changes were believed to arise from side-chain transitions of GPD.
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37
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Johnson GV, Hartzell CR. Halothane-induced alterations of glucose and pyruvate metabolism in rat cerebra synaptosomes. J Neurochem 1985; 44:1838-44. [PMID: 3921666 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1985.tb07177.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Synaptosomes isolated from rat cerebra were used to study the effects of the inhalational anesthetic, halothane, on cholinergic processes. To identify possible mechanisms responsible for the depression of acetylcholine synthesis, we examined the effects of halothane on precursor metabolite metabolism involved with supplying the cytosol with acetyl-CoA for acetylcholine synthesis. Three percent halothane/air (vol/vol) depressed 14CO2 evolution from labeled pyruvate and glucose. Steady-state 14CO2 evolution from [1-14C]glucose was depressed 84% by halothane, while 14CO2 evolution from [6-14C]glucose and [3,4-14C]glucose was decreased 67 and 52%, respectively, when compared with control conditions. Halothane inhibited the activities of both pyruvate dehydrogenase (14% depression) and ATP-citrate lyase (32% depression). Total synaptosomal acetyl-CoA concentrations were unaffected by halothane. Three percent halothane/air (vol/vol) caused a 77% increase in medium glucose depletion rate from 1.38 nmol (mg protein)-1 min-1 to 2.44 nmol (mg protein)-1 min-1. Production of lactate by the synaptosomes in the presence of halothane increased by 231% from a control rate of 1.44 nmol (mg protein)-1 min-1 to 4.77 nmol (mg protein)-1 min-1. Lactate production rate from pyruvate was also enhanced by 56% in the presence of halothane. These data lend support to the concept that the NAD+/NADH potential may be involved in the halothane-induced depression of acetylcholine synthesis.
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Harris RA, Cook GA, McDermott RD, Robinson KM. Mechanism responsible for the hypoglycemic action of 2-alkoxy-2-propenylidene methanaminiums. Arch Biochem Biophys 1985; 238:522-30. [PMID: 3994389 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(85)90196-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
2-Alkoxy-2-propenylidene methanaminiums inhibited gluconeogenesis and stimulated glycolysis by hepatocytes isolated from 48-h-fasted rats and fasted-refed rats, respectively. The order of effectiveness of these compounds was the same as the hypoglycemic response of intact rats found in other studies, i.e., butoxy greater than propoxy greater than ethoxy derivative. Lactate/pyruvate and beta-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratios were elevated whereas cellular ATP concentration was decreased by these compounds. The butoxy derivative inhibited the oxidation of [U-14C]glucose to 14CO2 but increased glucose utilization and lactate accumulation by isolated rat diaphragms. The butoxy derivative also inhibited site I reversed electron transfer and the oxidation of NAD+-linked substrates but not succinate by isolated rat liver mitochondria. Methanaminium-induced hypoglycemia in intact rats was accompanied by an increase in blood lactate concentration as well as blood beta-hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate ratio. The hypoglycemia caused by these compounds is proposed to be due to inhibition of glucose synthesis in the liver along with increased glucose utilization in peripheral tissues, both for want of ATP as a consequence of inhibition of site I electron transfer.
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Ruitenbeek W, Verburg MP, Janssen AJ, Stadhouders AM, Sengers RC. In vivo induced malignant hyperthermia in pigs. II. Metabolism of skeletal muscle mitochondria. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1984; 28:9-13. [PMID: 6711268 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1984.tb02002.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The biochemical characteristics of skeletal muscle mitochondria of malignant hyperthermia (MH) susceptible Dutch Landrace pigs have been investigated before and during an MH attack, induced in vivo by halothane plus succinylcholine. The muscle homogenates have a decreased capacity to synthesize ATP and creatine phosphate during the MH period. Muscle mitochondria prepared from susceptible pigs in an MH period consume less oxygen than do mitochondria isolated before the attack, or mitochondria from control pigs during the challenge. The oxidative phosphorylation is not uncoupled during the critical period. The production of CO2 indicates that the in vitro measured capacity of the MH muscle mitochondria correctly reflects the in vivo condition during the MH attack. The restricted synthesis may be caused by a factor, finding expression in the mitochondria themselves, and obtained or activated during the MH attack.
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40
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Rottenberg H. Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in rat liver mitochondria by general anesthetics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1983; 80:3313-7. [PMID: 6574486 PMCID: PMC394032 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.80.11.3313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The general anesthetics chloroform and halothane inhibit ATP synthesis in rat liver mitochondria, in the millimolar concentration range (1-12 mM), in parallel with a reduction of respiratory control and the ratio of ATP produced to oxygen consumed. In these effects, halothane and chloroform are similar to classical, protonophoric, uncouplers. The rate of ADP-stimulated respiration or the rate of uncoupler-stimulated respiration is not affected. Like classical uncouplers, halothane and chloroform also stimulate mitochondrial ATPase activity. However, the extent of stimulation by these agents is larger than by protonophoric uncouplers and, more significantly, ATPase activity stimulated by carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone is further stimulated by these agents. In the presence of the Ca2+ chelator EGTA, halothane and chloroform have no measurable effect on the magnitude of the proton electrochemical potential, delta mu H. In the absence of EGTA these anesthetics have a small effect on delta mu H, apparently due to stimulation of Ca2+ cycling. Under these conditions the membrane potential is decreased while delta pH is increased, but the total value of delta mu H is only slightly decreased. The uncoupling activity of the anesthetics is the same in the presence of absence of EGTA. Thus, in contrast to protonophoric uncouplers, the uncoupling effect of general anesthetics does not depend on the collapse of delta mu H. In the same concentration range in which anesthetics uncouple oxidative phosphorylation both halothane and chloroform increase membrane fluidity, as measured by the partitioning of the hydrophobic spin probe 5-doxyldecane. These findings suggest a role for intramembrane processes in energy conversion that is not dependent on the bulk delta mu H.
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Andreen M, Brandt R, Strandell T, Vinnars E, Zetterström BE. Hepatic gluconeogenesis during halothane anaesthesia in man. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1981; 25:453-60. [PMID: 7347072 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1981.tb01686.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
It is known that hepatic gluconeogenesis from lactate and aminoacids is inhibited by halothane in in vitro studies on isolated, perfused livers. In the present work, the effect of halothane anaesthesia on hepatic gluconeogenesis was studied in three volunteers during a constant amino-acid infusion and compared with three control subjects who did not receive any halothane during the amino-acid infusion. Prior to the investigation, all the subjects were on a carbohydrate-poor diet in order to deplete hepatic glucogen stores. During the investigation, hepatic gluconeogenesis was stimulated by a constant amino-acid infusion which caused a slight rise in total hepatic blood flow (THBF), a marked increase in splanchnic oxygen consumption and oxygen extraction, elevation in blood glucose and urea levels and in splanchnic glucose and urea releases. Halothane anaesthesia administered during continued amino-acid infusion caused a reduction in THBF to sub-control values, while the increased oxygen consumption was only slightly reduced, thereby further increasing splanchnic oxygen extraction. Blood glucose and urea levels of the anaesthetized subjects were consistent with those of the control subjects. Splanchnic release of glucose was reduced almost to control values during halothane. However, the release of urea was only slightly reduced. It is concluded that the stimulating effect on hepatic gluconeogenesis caused by the amino-acid infusion was inhibited during halothane anaesthesia, while metabolization of the amino-acids, other than through gluconeogenesis, proceeded without any major changes.
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Chazotte B, Vanderkooi G. Multiple sites of inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport by local anesthetics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1981; 636:153-61. [PMID: 6269599 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(81)90088-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Local anesthetics and alcohols were found to inhibit mitochondrial electron transport at several points along the chain. THe anesthetics employed were the tertiary amines procaine, tetracaine, dibucaine, and chlorpromazine, and the alcohols were n-butamol, n-pentanol, n-hexanol, and benzyl alcohol. Uncoupled sonic submitochondrial particles from beef heart and rat liver were studied. We report the following: (1) All of the anesthetics were found to inhibit each of the segments of the electron transport chain assayed; these included cytochrome c oxidase, durohydroquinone oxidase, succinate oxidase, NADH oxidase, succinate dehydrogenase, succinate-cytochrome c oxidoreductase, and NADH-cytochrome c oxidoreductase. (2) NADH oxidase and NADH-cytochrome c oxidoreductase required the lowest concentration of anesthetic for inhibition, and cytochrome c oxidase required the highest concentrations. (3) We conclude that there are several points along the chain at which inhibition occurs, the most sensitive being in the region of Complex I (NADH dehydrogenase). (4) Beef heart submitochondrial particles are less sensitive to inhibition than are rat liver particles. (5) Low concentrations of several of the anesthetics gave enhancement of electron transport activity, whereas higher concentrations of the same agents caused inhibition. (6) The concentrations of anesthetics (alcohol and tertiary amine) which gave 50% inhibition of NADH oxidase were lower than the reported concentrations required for blockage of frog sciatic nerve.
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Diamond EM, Berman MC. The effect of halothane on the stability of Ca2+ transport activity of isolated fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum. Biochem Pharmacol 1980; 29:375-81. [PMID: 6444817 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(80)90516-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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45
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Cheng SC. Metabolic compartmentation of the GABA system; relationship of GABA metabolism to anesthesia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1979; 123:161-75. [PMID: 517266 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-5199-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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46
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Vanderkooi G, Chazotte B, Biethman R. Temperature dependence of anesthetic effects on succinate oxidase activity in uncoupled submitochondrial particles. FEBS Lett 1978; 90:21-3. [PMID: 658437 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(78)80289-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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47
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Woźniak M. The cumulative effect of halothane and steroids on mitochondrial respiration. Biochem Pharmacol 1978; 27:2959-61. [PMID: 736987 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(78)90216-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Weiner MW. Effects of halothane on mitochondrial ion permeability. PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 1978; 10:31-42. [PMID: 643890 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-6989(78)80060-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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49
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Jones AR, Wiklund RA, Nunn JF. The effects of the inhalational anaesthetic halothane on the contraction cycle of contractile ciliates. Exp Cell Res 1975; 94:450-4. [PMID: 811482 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(75)90516-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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50
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Andreen M, Irestedt L, Thulin L. The effect of controlled halothane anaesthesia on splanchnic oxygen consumption in the dog. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1975; 19:238-44. [PMID: 241195 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1975.tb05245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The influence of halothane ansesthesia on splanchnic oxygen flow and oxygen uptake was studied in seven dogs. Mean oxygen supply to the liver and the portally-drained tissues decreased significantly to 44% and 53% of control values, respectively, while mena oxygen consumption diminished insignificantly to 68% and 82% of control values, respectively. There was a fall in the oxygen flow/oxygen consumption ratio in all animals following halothane. The relatively unimpaired oxygen uptake, in spite of a diminished oxygen supply, led to an increased extraction of oxygen by the tissues. Some factors affecting oxygen utilisation during halothane anaesthesia are discussed.
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