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Comporti M, Signorini C, Leoncini S, Gardi C, Ciccoli L, Giardini A, Vecchio D, Arezzini B. Ethanol-induced oxidative stress: basic knowledge. GENES & NUTRITION 2010; 5:101-9. [PMID: 20606811 PMCID: PMC2885167 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-009-0159-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
After a general introduction, the main pathways of ethanol metabolism (alcohol dehydrogenase, catalase, coupling of catalase with NADPH oxidase and microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system) are shortly reviewed. The cytochrome P(450) isoform (CYP2E1) specifically involved in ethanol oxidation is discussed. The acetaldehyde metabolism and the shift of the NAD/NADH ratio in the cellular environment (reductive stress) are stressed. The toxic effects of acetaldehyde are mentioned. The ethanol-induced oxidative stress: the increased MDA formation by incubated liver preparations, the absorption of conjugated dienes in mitochondrial and microsomal lipids and the decrease in the most unsaturated fatty acids in liver cell membranes are discussed. The formation of carbon-centered (1-hydroxyethyl) and oxygen-centered (hydroxyl) radicals during the metabolism of ethanol is considered: the generation of hydroxyethyl radicals, which occurs likely during the process of univalent reduction of dioxygen, is highlighted and is carried out by ferric cytochrome P(450) oxy-complex (P(450)-Fe(3+)O(2) (.-)) formed during the reduction of heme-oxygen. The ethanol-induced lipid peroxidation has been evaluated, and it has been shown that plasma F(2)-isoprostanes are increased in ethanol toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Comporti
- Department of Pathophysiology, Experimental Medicine and Public Health, University of Siena, via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Cinzia Signorini
- Department of Pathophysiology, Experimental Medicine and Public Health, University of Siena, via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Silvia Leoncini
- Department of Pathophysiology, Experimental Medicine and Public Health, University of Siena, via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Concetta Gardi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Experimental Medicine and Public Health, University of Siena, via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Lucia Ciccoli
- Department of Pathophysiology, Experimental Medicine and Public Health, University of Siena, via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Anna Giardini
- Department of Pathophysiology, Experimental Medicine and Public Health, University of Siena, via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Daniela Vecchio
- Department of Pathophysiology, Experimental Medicine and Public Health, University of Siena, via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Beatrice Arezzini
- Department of Pathophysiology, Experimental Medicine and Public Health, University of Siena, via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Nixon PF. Glutamate Export at the Choroid Plexus in Health, Thiamin Deficiency, and Ethanol Intoxication: Review and Hypothesis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2008; 32:1339-49. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00727.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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3
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Abstract
Chronic alcohol misuse is the most common cause of hepatic steatosis. The accumulation of lipid is reversible with abstinence, but some workers have suggested that the severity of hepatic steatosis predicts the progression with time to alcoholic cirrhosis. Triacylglycerol is the major accumulating lipid and subcellular fractionation and electron microscopy studies have shown accumulation of lipid droplets within the golgi fraction. This is consistent with the reports in both experimental animals and man of reduced hepatic secretion of very low density lipoprotein triacylglycerol which may be secondary to acetaldehyde-induced disruption of the cytoskeletal elements. In addition, hepatic production of triacylglycerol increases, but most studies in animal models suggest that increased triacylglycerol synthesis becomes less important as hepatic lipid accumulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Simpson
- Centre for Liver and Digestive Disorders, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, UK
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Lands
- Division of Basic Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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5
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Addolorato G, Capristo E, Greco AV, Stefanini GF, Gasbarrini G. Energy Expenditure, Substrate Oxidation, and Body Composition in Subjects with Chronic Alcoholism: New Findings from Metabolic Assessment. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1997. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1997.tb04238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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6
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Ullrich O, Henke W, Grune T, Siems WG. The effect of the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal and of its metabolite 4-hydroxynonenoic acid on respiration of rat kidney cortex mitochondria. Free Radic Res 1996; 24:421-7. [PMID: 8804985 DOI: 10.3109/10715769609088041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In rat kidney cortex mitochondria, 4-hydroxynonenal inhibits state 3 respiration as well as uncoupled respiration at micromolar concentrations. The inhibition is more distinct for NAD-linked than for FAD-linked respiration. 4-Hydroxynonenal increases the state 4 respiration. It is assumed that 4-hydroxynonenal behaves like a decoupling agent. 4-Hydroxynonenal augments the inhibitory effect of 2,4-dinitrophenol observed at superoptimal concentrations. 4-Hydroxynonenal is metabolised by renal mitochondria, and 4-hydroxynonenoic acid is one of the metabolites generated. This metabolite is without effect on respiration at concentrations up to 50 microM. Therefore, the effect of 4-hydroxynonenal on respiration is not mediated by this fatty acid derivative formed during respiratory measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Ullrich
- Clinics of Physical Therapy, University Hospital Charité, Medical Faculty, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
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7
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Baroni GS, Marucci L, Benedetti A, Mancini R, Jezequel AM, Orlandi F. Chronic ethanol feeding increases apoptosis and cell proliferation in rat liver. J Hepatol 1994; 20:508-13. [PMID: 8051390 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(05)80498-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate if the increased rate of apoptosis previously reported in the liver of ethanol-treated rats was accompanied by increased cell renewal. A quantitative analysis of apoptosis was performed in rats fed an ethanol-containing liquid diet for 5 weeks. S-phase cells were demonstrated by immunohistochemistry, using the Bromodeoxyuridine/anti-Bromodeoxyuridine method. In ethanol-fed rats apoptosis was five times greater than in pair-fed controls. Bromodeoxyuridine-labelled hepatocytes increased from 0.07 +/- 0.009% in controls to 0.17 +/- 0.013% (p < 0.001) and Bromodeoxyuridine-labelled lipocytes (desmin-positive sinusoidal cells) increased from 3.43 +/- 0.28% to 6.60 +/- 1.04% (p < 0.001). The lobular distribution of labelled cells was modified with a shift towards the perivenular areas. The results of this study suggest that the replacement of liver cells lost by ethanol-induced apoptosis is not impaired in intact (non-operated) animals. The impaired regeneration following partial hepatectomy reported in ethanol-fed rats is possibly due to differences in the extent of parenchymal loss, to altered relationships between hepatocytes and blood supply and to the modalities of regeneration involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Baroni
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Ancona, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Lieber
- Section of Liver Disease and Nutrition, Bronx VA Medical Center, NY 10468
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Dlugosz JW, Korsten MA, Lieber CS. The effect of the prostaglandin analogue-misoprostol on rat liver mitochondria after chronic alcohol feeding. Life Sci 1991; 49:969-78. [PMID: 1909412 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(91)90080-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Rats fed ethanol (36% of total calories in a nutritionally adequate liquid diet) for 5 weeks develop functional alterations of hepatic mitochondria and steatosis of the liver. At the fatty liver stage, ADP-stimulated respiration of mitochondria was depressed in ethanol fed rats by 30% (p less than 0.001) with glutamate + malate and by 23% (p less than 0.001) with succinate as substrates. A similar decrease was noted in the respiratory control ratio (RCR) (34% and 29%, respectively). The total lipid content of the liver increased 2.6 fold (p less than 0.001). Mitochondrial dysfunction could be prevented, in part, by the treatment with a synthetic derivative of prostaglandin E1, misoprostol, at a mean daily dose of 80 micrograms/kg of body weight. The RCR with glutamate + malate as substrates was improved by 36% (p less than 0.05). We conclude that misoprostol attenuates several functional alterations in liver mitochondria during alcohol feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Dlugosz
- Alcohol Research and Treatment Center, Bronx VA Medical Center, NY 10468
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10
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Tabakoff B, Eriksson CJ, von Wartburg JP. Methionine lowers circulating levels of acetaldehyde after ethanol ingestion. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1989; 13:164-71. [PMID: 2658650 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1989.tb00304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Methionine, administered to ethanol treated mice and rats, significantly reduced circulating acetaldehyde levels without altering circulating levels of ethanol. Hepatic levels of acetaldehyde were also lowered by methionine. Methionine was effective when given prior to or after the administration of ethanol, but the time course of the action of methionine suggested the necessity for metabolic transformation of this amino acid in order for the acetaldehyde-lowering effect to be evidenced. Studies with humans, given methionine doses of approximately one-tenth of those used with mice, indicated that methionine can also lower acetaldehyde in humans ingesting ethanol. Given the toxic characteristics of acetaldehyde, methionine may prove effective in reducing the damaging effects of ethanol ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Tabakoff
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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11
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Abstract
Chronic ethanol ingestion leads to hepatocellular injury and alcoholic liver disease (ALD) only if multiple factors combine to favor centrilobular hepatocellular hypoxia. It is hypothesized that these factors include a shift in the redox state, the induction of the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS), a high blood alcohol level (BAL), a high polyunsaturated fat diet and episodic decreased O2 supply to the liver. The shift in the redox state favors a low cellular pH, decreased fatty acid oxidation and increased triglyceride formation. The increased MEOS activity increases O2 consumption and portal-central O2 gradient as well as favors acetaldehyde toxic effects including retention of hepatic lipids and export proteins causing cell swelling. The resultant increase in the concentration of acetaldehyde and lactate may stimulate fibrosis as they stimulate collagen synthesis in vitro. The resultant fatty liver narrows the sinusoids slowing sinusoid blood flow. The combination of events reduces available O2 leading to decreased levels of ATP and cellular pH making the liver vulnerable to episodes of systemic hypoxia. The role of membrane changes are reviewed, i.e., 1) membrane fluidity as related to changes in the species of phospholipids, 2) mitochondrial function as related to the changes in the lipid environment of the electron transport chain, and 3) linoleic acid-prostaglandin metabolism. Acute ethanol in vitro has been shown to affect liver cell metabolism regulation by triggering and increasing protein phosphorylation through the Ca2+-phospholipase C pathway. A high fat diet enhances the liver injury caused by chronic ethanol ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W French
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Zentella de Piña M, Villalobos-Molina R, Saavedra-Molina A, Riveros-Rosas H, Piña E. Effects of moderate chronic ethanol consumption on rat liver mitochondrial functions. Alcohol 1989; 6:3-7. [PMID: 2541737 DOI: 10.1016/0741-8329(89)90066-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The biochemical consequences of moderate chronic ethanol ingestion has been scarcely investigated in spite of the fact that most of the human population drinks ethanol on a moderate basis. This paper describes some metabolic effects produced by moderate ethanol consumption. The substitution of drinking water in rats for a 10% ethanol solution during 4 weeks resulted in: a) a decrease of blood urea and citrulline synthesis in liver mitochondria; b) a slight inhibition in state 3 and state 4 respiration either with glutamate-malate as substrates or succinate as substrate; c) no change in ADP/O ratio with succinate but slight increase with glutamate-malate; d) a reduction of the cytochrome oxidase activity and cytochromes a+a3 content; e) a 42% increase in the succinate dehydrogenase activity and a small but constant increase in the Vmax (no change in the Km) of the adenine nucleotide translocase activity in liver mitochondria. These results show that even moderate, but continuous ethanol ingestion, produces metabolic responses that must be carefully evaluated to define health risk in larger human groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zentella de Piña
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
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13
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Kenney WC. Formation of Schiff base adduct between acetaldehyde and rat liver microsomal phosphatidylethanolamine. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1984; 8:551-5. [PMID: 6393806 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1984.tb05728.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have established the formation of acetaldehyde adducts of proteins even at low concentrations of acetaldehyde expected to occur in vivo under conditions of ethanol metabolism. Although formation of acetaldehyde adducts with phospholipids has been obtained at high pH values and at high concentrations of acetaldehyde, the occurrence of such adducts under more physiological conditions had yet to be demonstrated. Rat liver microsomes were incubated with 0.2 mM [14C]acetaldehyde at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C. After treatment with sodium borohydride to reduce any Schiff bases formed, the phospholipids were isolated. The major radioactive component within the phospholipid fraction had chromatographic properties identical to N-ethylphosphatidylethanolamine. In addition, the nitrogenous base derived therefrom by acid hydrolysis was identical to N-ethylethanolamine. These results indicate that a Schiff base adduct between acetaldehyde and microsomal phosphatidylethanolamine had been formed during incubation of low concentrations of acetaldehyde with rat liver microsomes.
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14
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Lindros KO, Stowell A. Effects of ethanol-derived acetaldehyde on the phosphorylation potential and on the intramitochondrial redox state in intact rat liver. Arch Biochem Biophys 1982; 218:429-37. [PMID: 6760816 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(82)90364-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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15
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Cederbaum AI. The effect of cyanamide on acetaldehyde oxidation by isolated rat liver mitochondria and on the inhibition of pyruvate oxidation by acetaldehyde. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1981; 5:38-44. [PMID: 7013545 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1981.tb04862.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Compared to other substrates, the oxidation of pyruvate by isolated mitochondria is especially sensitive to inhibition by acetaldehyde. It is not known whether this inhibition represents a direct effect of acetaldehyde or requires the metabolism of acetaldehyde. Experiments were therefore carried out in the presence of cyanamide, an inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase. After a brief incubation period, cyanamide inhibited the state 4 and state 3 rate of acetaldehyde (0.1-1.0 mM) oxidation by isolated rat liver mitochondria. Little inhibition was found in the absence of the incubation period. Maximum inhibition was found at cyanamide concentrations of 0.01 to 0.033 mM. Cyanamide also inhibited the activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase assayed in disrupted mitochondrial fractions. The inhibition by cyanamide was specific since cyanamide did not affect mitochondrial oxidation of succinate, glutamate, or pyruvate. Acetaldehyde inhibited the state 3 rate of pyruvate oxidation by liver mitochondria. Despite preventing acetaldehyde oxidation, cyanamide did not prevent the inhibition of pyruvate oxidation by acetaldehyde. These results indicate that (a) cyanamide can be used as an effective in vitro inhibitor of acetaldehyde oxidation and (b) the unique sensitivity of pyruvate oxidation to acetaldehyde represents a direct effect of acetaldehyde on pyruvate dehydrogenase.
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Karwacka H, Sitkiewicz D, Skonieczna M, Bicz W, Dymecki J. Ultrastructural and biochemical studies of the brain and other organs in rat after chronic ethanol administration. III. Influence of ethanol intoxication on oxidative phosphorylation of the rat brain mitochondria with ultrastructural and morphometric evaluation of mitochondrial fraction). EXPERIMENTELLE PATHOLOGIE 1980; 18:181-92. [PMID: 6248356 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4908(80)80019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The effect of chronic ethanol intoxication on oxidative phosphorylation in the rat brain mitochondrial fraction was examined. Moreover, electron microscopy was used to verify the quantitative composition of the fraction and for examination of ultrastructural changes in the mitochondria. The experiments were carried out with 60 rats receiving, beside the normal diet, ethyl alcohol according to a modified RATCLIFFE model. In isolated rat brain mitochondria the NAD-dependent oxidation of substrates (glutamate + malate) was decreased. The phosphorylation index ADP/0 and the respiratory control ratio (RCR) in rat brain mitochondria from ethanol-treated rats were unchanged in the presence of both succinate and glutamate + malate. Chronic ethanol feeding did not induce any changes of succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase activities in solubilised mitochondria fractions of rat brain. Electron microscopy studies revealed that mitochondria from control animals retained their outer and inner membranes, whereas those from rats given ethanol were almost always swollen and some were disrupted. In mitochondrial fractions isolated from ethanol-intoxicated rats an increase was observed of contaminating elements i.e. axons and synaptosomes of various sizes. It should be stressed that the mitochondria located inside synaptosomes and axons were unchanged. The composition of the fractions was quantitatively evaluated and confirmed the diminution of "free" mitochondria in the experimental fractions in favour of "bound" mitochondria which mainly occurred in the synaptosomes with preserved metabolic activity. On the basis of electron microscopy studies it could be suggested that ethanol intoxication causes the damage of some mitochondria, which become more sensitive to mechanical destruction during isolation procedure, and they do not sediment together with the fraction of normal ones. The absence of "free" mitochondria in pellets explains the spurious lack of disturbances in the energy metabolism of brain mitochondria after chronic ethanol intoxication.
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Cederbaum AI, Dicker E. The effect of acetaldehyde on gluconeogenesis from xylitol, sorbitol, and fructose by isolated rat liver cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 1979; 197:415-23. [PMID: 228600 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(79)90263-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Inoue K, Nishimukai H, Yamasawa K. Purification and partial characterization of aldehyde dehydrogenase from human erythrocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 569:117-23. [PMID: 224930 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(79)90046-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human erythrocyte aldehyde dehydrogenase (aldehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.1.3) was purified to apparent homogeneity. The native enzyme has a molecular weight of about 210,000 as determined by gel filtration, and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of this enzyme yields a single protein and with a molecular weight of 51,500, suggesting that the native enzyme may be a tetramer. The enzyme has a relatively low Km for NAD (15 microM) and a high sensitivity to disulfiram. Disulfiram inhibits the enzyme activity rapidly and this inhibition is apparently of a non-competitive nature. In kinetic characteristic and sensitivity to disulfiram, erythrocyte aldehyde dehydrogenase closely resembles the cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase found in the liver of various species of mammalians.
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Jauhonen VP, Hassinen IE. Metabolic and hormonal changes during intravenous infusion of ethanol, acetaldehyde and acetate in normal and adrenalectomized rats. Arch Biochem Biophys 1978; 191:358-66. [PMID: 736572 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(78)90099-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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20
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Cederbaum AI, Rubin E. Sensitivity to acetaldehyde of pyruvate oxidation by mitochondria from liver, kidney, brain and muscle. Biochem Pharmacol 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(77)90097-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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21
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Cederbaum AI, Rubin E. The oxidation of acetaldehyde by isolated mitochondria from various organs of the rat and hepatocellular carcinoma. Arch Biochem Biophys 1977; 179:46-66. [PMID: 843090 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(77)90085-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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