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Augusto MG, da Silva LFO, Lotto G, Santos TMDA, Aoki IV, Torres CRG, Scaramucci T, Borges AB. Effect of combining aminomethacrylate and fluoride against erosive and abrasive challenges on enamel and dentin. Eur J Oral Sci 2024; 132:e13015. [PMID: 39210526 DOI: 10.1111/eos.13015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of solutions containing aminomethacrylate copolymer (AA) and sodium fluoride (F; 225 ppm F-) or fluoride plus stannous chloride (FSn; 225 ppm F-, 800 ppm Sn2+) against enamel and dentin erosion/abrasion. Solutions F, FSn, AA, F+AA, FSn+AA, and deionized water as negative control were tested. Bovine enamel and dentin specimens (n = 13/solution/substrate) underwent a set of erosion-abrasion cycles (0.3% citric acid [5 min, 4×/day], human saliva [1 h, 4×/day], brushing [15 s, 2×/day], and treatments [2 min, 2×/day]) for each of five days. Initial enamel erosion was evaluated using Knoop microhardness after the first and second acid challenge on day 1, and surface loss with profilometry after day 5. KOH-soluble fluoride was assessed. Data were analyzed with ANOVA/Tukey tests. The combination of fluoride and AA resulted in higher protection against enamel erosion, whereas this was not the case for the combination of AA and FSn. All treatments protected against enamel and dentin loss. The lowest surface loss values were observed with F+AA and FSn+AA. The polymer did not significantly influence the KOH-soluble fluoride formation on enamel/dentin specimens. The aminomethacrylate copolymer effectively enhanced the efficacy of sodium fluoride against initial erosion and improved the control of enamel and dentin wear of F and FSn solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gullo Augusto
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University - UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Dentistry, Centro Universitário de Cascavel - UNIVEL, Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Luis Felipe Oliveira da Silva
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University - UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Lotto
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University - UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tamires Maria de Andrade Santos
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University - UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Idalina Vieira Aoki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic School, University of São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Rocha Gomes Torres
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University - UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tais Scaramucci
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Bühler Borges
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University - UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
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Li Y, Liu M, Xue M, Kang Y, Liu D, Wen Y, Zhao D, Guan B. Engineered Biomaterials Trigger Remineralization and Antimicrobial Effects for Dental Caries Restoration. Molecules 2023; 28:6373. [PMID: 37687202 PMCID: PMC10489995 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is the most prevalent chronic disease globally, significantly impacting individuals' quality of life. A key reason behind the failure of implanted restorations is their biological inactivity, meaning they are unable to form crosslinks with the surrounding tooth structures, thus making patients susceptible to implant loss and recurrent tooth decay. For the treatment of caries, antibacterial medicine and remineralization are effective means of treating the recurrence of caries. Owing to the rapid progression in the biomaterials field, several biomaterials have been reported to display antimicrobial properties and aid in dentin remineralization. Bioactive materials hold considerable potential in diminishing biofilm accumulation, inhibiting the process of demineralization, enabling dentin remineralization, and combating bacteria related to caries. Bioactive materials, such as fluoride, amorphous calcium phosphate, bioactive glass, collagen, and resin-based materials, have demonstrated their effectiveness in promoting dentin remineralization and exerting antibacterial effects on dental caries. However, the concentration of fluoride needs to be strictly controlled. Although amorphous calcium phosphate can provide the necessary calcium and phosphorus ions for remineralization, it falls short in delivering the mechanical strength required for oral mastication. Resin-based materials also offer different advantages due to the complexity of their design. In this review, we delve into the application of advanced bioactive materials for enhancing dentin remineralization and antibacterial properties. We eagerly anticipate future developments in bioactive materials for the treatment of dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexiao Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, China
| | - Minda Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, China
| | - Mingyu Xue
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110002, China
| | - Yuanyuan Kang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110002, China
| | - Dongjuan Liu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110002, China
| | - Yan Wen
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110002, China
| | - Duoyi Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China
| | - Boyu Guan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, China
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110002, China
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de Abreu NMR, Bernardes P, de Sousa FB, Raposo LHA, da Silva Neto JP. Influence of carbonated acid beverage on fracture resistance and marginal gap formation in different restorative approaches to non-carious cervical lesions. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:2245-2253. [PMID: 37010638 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05000-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study is to evaluate fracture resistance, failure mode, and gap formation at the restorative interface of unrestored or restored non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) submitted to a short-term erosive environment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Artificial NCCLs were produced in vitro in bovine incisors, and were randomly divided into four restorative resins groups (n = 22): nanohybrid-NR; bulk-fill-BR; flow with a nanohybrid layer-FNR; bulk-fill with a nanohybrid layer-BNR; and a group unrestored-UR (n = 16). Half of the specimens were submitted to an erosive challenge (per 5 min, 3 × a day for 7 days, before and after restoration), and the other half, was immersed in artificial saliva. After, all teeth undergone thermal (5 ºC, 37 ºC, and 55 ºC, 3600 cycles) and mechanical (50 N, 2 Hz, 300,000 cycles) aging. Eighty teeth were subjected to compressive loading, and resistance and failures were analyzed, while 24 teeth were evaluated for gaps by microcomputed tomography. Statistical tests were performed (p < 0.05). RESULTS The restorative approaches affected fracture resistance (η2p = 0.14, p = 0.023), and gap formation (η2 = 0.18, p = 0.012) and so did the immersion medium (fracture η2p = 0.09, p = 0.008; gap η2 = 0.09, p = 0.017). BNR showed the highest resistance, while UR the lowest. FNR showed the highest gaps in both immersion media. Neither the resin groups nor the immersion media were associated with failure mode. CONCLUSIONS The erosive immersion medium based in acid beverages has been shown to affect NCCLs with or without restoration, but when Bulk-Fill resin is covered by nanohybrid resin, the performance is good. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Erosion negatively affects restorations, but unrestored NCCL shows worse biomechanical performance in stress-bearing situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Murielly Rolim de Abreu
- Biological and Health Science Center, School of Dentistry, Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, State University of Paraiba, Campina Grande, PB, Brazil
| | - Paola Bernardes
- School of Dentistry, Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Luís Henrique Araújo Raposo
- Occlusion, Fixed Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Department, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - João Paulo da Silva Neto
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Biological and Health Sciences Center, State University of Paraíba, R. Baraúnas, 351-Universitário, PB 58429-500, Campina Grande, Brazil.
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Tsuchiya K, Hamai R, Sakai S, Suzuki O. Comparative analysis of bovine serum albumin adsorption onto octacalcium phosphate crystals prepared using different methods. Dent Mater J 2020; 39:883-891. [PMID: 32448850 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2019-250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study compared bovine serum albumin (BSA) adsorption onto octacalcium phosphate (OCP) materials prepared from two wet preparations in the absence (w-OCP) and presence (c-OCP) of gelatin. Raman spectroscopy was used to analyze the BSA adsorption onto OCPs in a 150 mM Tris-HCl buffer containing 0.5 mM calcium and inorganic phosphate (Pi) ions at pH 7.4 and at 37°C. The degree of supersaturation of the supernatants after the adsorption was determined by measuring the ion composition. The results showed that BSA adsorption onto w-OCP was higher than that for c-OCP. The calcium ion concentration of the supernatant decreased for both w-OCP and c-OCP, whereas the Pi ion concentration increased, approaching OCP equilibria at different saturation levels. BSA adsorbed even onto c-OCP, which included a small amount of gelatin during c-OCP preparation. These results indicate that the biodegradability of w-OCP and c-OCP may be modulated through interactions with serum proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Tsuchiya
- Division of Craniofacial Function Engineering, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Ryo Hamai
- Division of Craniofacial Function Engineering, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Susumu Sakai
- Division of Craniofacial Function Engineering, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Osamu Suzuki
- Division of Craniofacial Function Engineering, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry
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Hamai R, Tsuchiya K, Suzuki O. Adsorption of Serum Albumin onto Octacalcium Phosphate in Supersaturated Solutions Regarding Calcium Phosphate Phases. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12142333. [PMID: 31340468 PMCID: PMC6678651 DOI: 10.3390/ma12142333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Octacalcium phosphate (OCP) has been shown to enhance new bone formation, coupled with its own biodegradation, through osteoblasts and osteoclast-like cell activities concomitant with de novo hydroxyapatite (HA) formation and serum protein accumulation on its surface. However, the nature of the chemical environment surrounding OCP and how it affects its metabolism and regulates protein accumulation is unknown. The present study examined how the degree of supersaturation (DS) affects the bovine serum albumin (BSA) adsorption onto OCP in 150 mM Tris-HCl buffer at 37 °C and pH 7.4, by changing the Ca2+ ion concentration. The amount of BSA adsorbed onto OCP increased as the DS increased. In addition, the amount of newly formed calcium phosphate, which could be OCP, was increased, not only by increases in DS, but also at lower equilibrium concentrations of BSA. The increased adsorption capacity of BSA was likely related to the formation of calcium phosphate on the adsorbed OCP. Together the results suggested that the formation of new calcium phosphate crystals is dependent on both the DS value and the adsorbate protein concentration, which may control serum protein accumulation on the OCP surface in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Hamai
- Division of Craniofacial Function Engineering, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kaori Tsuchiya
- Division of Craniofacial Function Engineering, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Osamu Suzuki
- Division of Craniofacial Function Engineering, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
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Zheng W, Ding L, Wang Y, Han S, Zheng S, Guo Q, Li W, Zhou X, Zhang L. The effects of 8DSS peptide on remineralization in a rat model of enamel caries evaluated by two nondestructive techniques. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2019; 17:2280800019827798. [PMID: 30808229 DOI: 10.1177/2280800019827798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, dental caries is one of the most common oral health problems, affecting most individuals. It has been found that, by remineralizing enamel at an early stage in the formation of enamel caries, teeth can be effectively protected from dental caries. In this work, a peptide with eight repetitive sequences of aspartate-serine-serine (8DSS) is applied as the bio-mineralizer in an in-vivo rat enamel caries model. Nondestructive quantitative light-induced fluorescence-digital (QLF-D) imaging and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) are used to evaluate the remineralization of enamel carious lesions by measuring the total fluorescence radiance loss of the molar area (Δ QTotal), acquired using QLF-D imaging, and the mineral density and residual molar enamel volume, acquired using micro-CT. Correlations are explored between Δ QTotal and mineral density (strong correlation, r = 0.8000, p < 0.001) and Δ QTotal and residual molar enamel volume (moderate correlation, r = 0.6375, p < 0.001). Our results demonstrate that 8DSS is a promising in-vivo remineralization agent that exhibits comparable effects to NaF ( p < 0.05), which has been verified using the classical Keyes method. Moreover, the nondestructive QLF-D and micro-CT methods can be combined to quantify the remineralization of enamel carious lesions three-dimensionally in vivo, making them broadly applicable in quantifying hard tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Longjiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sili Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sainan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linglin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Liang K, Xiao S, Liu H, Shi W, Li J, Gao Y, He L, Zhou X, Li J. 8DSS peptide induced effective dentinal tubule occlusion in vitro. Dent Mater 2018; 34:629-640. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Zhao W, Lemaître J, Bowen P. A comparative study of simulated body fluids in the presence of proteins. Acta Biomater 2017; 53:506-514. [PMID: 28179158 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Simulated body fluid (SBF) is widely used as part of an in vitro method to evaluate implant materials such as their apatite forming ability (AFA), a typical indication of potential bone-bonding ability in vivo. We report the use of carbonate-buffered SBFs as potential solutions for implant evaluation and the effect of proteins, represented by bovine serum albumin (BSA) in SBFs on the formation of hydroxyapatite (HA). These solutions are buffered by the thermodynamic equilibrium with 5% CO2 in an incubator, and result in a deposition of carbonated HA. Using several titanium-based surfaces, these solutions were studied in comparison with the widely-used SBF (ISO 23317). The presence of BSA strongly inhibited the formation of HA in traditional SBF, while HA can still be observed in carbonate-buffered SBFs. A kinetic study reveals that the inhibitory effect is concentration dependent with 0.1g/L and 1g/L of BSA having little effect on HA growth but a complete inhibition of HA formation at 5g/L of BSA, as tested using NaOH treated titanium with a known positive AFA. The decrease in solution pH and free calcium concentrations in SBFs due to the addition of BSA is not significant, suggesting other causes for the strong inhibitory effect. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The successful use of simulated body fluids (SBFs) to evaluate potential bioactive implants relies on the better understanding of the heterogeneous nucleation and growth of hydroxyapatite in solution. Although a standardized recipe for SBF was developed over a decade ago, a few key issues remain to be understood, i.e. the behavior of carbonate-buffered SBFs having similar buffering mechanism as human blood, and the effect of proteins on hydroxyapatite formation on bioactive materials. This paper addresses these two issues and would help the reader better understand the subtleties in this domain and better interpret the results generated using SBFs.
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Ding C, Chen Z, Li J. From molecules to macrostructures: recent development of bioinspired hard tissue repair. Biomater Sci 2017; 5:1435-1449. [DOI: 10.1039/c7bm00247e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the bioinspired strategies for hard tissue repair, ranging from molecule-induced mineralization, to microscale assembly to macroscaffold fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Ding
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- P. R. China
| | - Zhuoxin Chen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- P. R. China
| | - Jianshu Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
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Bouropoulos N, Moradian-Oldak J. Induction of Apatite by the Cooperative Effect of Amelogenin and the 32-kDa Enamelin. J Dent Res 2016; 83:278-82. [PMID: 15044499 DOI: 10.1177/154405910408300402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix proteins are considered to play essential roles in controlling the nucleation, growth, and organization of hydroxyapatite crystals during enamel formation. The effects of amelogenin and the 32-kDa enamelin proteins on apatite nucleation were investigated by a steady-state gel diffusion device containing 10% gelatin gels loaded with 0, 0.75%, and 1.5% (w/w) native porcine amelogenins. It was found that the induction time for hydroxyapatite precipitation was strongly increased by the presence of amelogenins, suggesting an inhibitory effect of apatite nucleation. Addition of 18 μg/mL of 32-kDa enamelin to 10% gelatin also caused inhibition of nucleation. Remarkably, addition of 18 and 80 μg/mL of 32-kDa enamelin in gels containing 1.5% amelogenin accelerated the nucleation process in a dose-dependent manner. Our observations strongly suggest that the 32-kDa enamelin and amelogenins cooperate to promote nucleation of apatite crystals and propose a possible novel mechanism of mineral nucleation during enamel biomineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bouropoulos
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Hall R, Embery G, Shellis R. Fluoride Modulates the Inhibition of in Vitro Hydroxyapatite Crystal Growth by Small Dentin Proteoglycan: Relevance to Dental Calculus. Adv Dent Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/08959374950090041401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycan constituents of the periodontium have been detected in supragingival and subgingival dental calculus. They are polyanionic heteropolysaccharides containing -COOH and SO3H residues. The non-sulfated hyaluronan is present in supragingival calculus, whereas chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and heparan sulfate are detected in subgingival calculus. They are implicated in both ectopic and endogenous mineralization, and have been used in the present study to investigate seeded hydroxyapatite crystal growth, and the influence of fluoride on the process. All glycosaminoglycans examined inhibited crystal growth, with chondroitin-4-sulfate and dermatan sulfate being more effective than the hyaluronan. Fluoride alone enhanced growth and reduced the inhibitory influence of the glycosaminoglycans and the parent proteoglycan, which is a potent inhibitor. The results yield important information on the role of fluoride and proteoglycan in ectopic mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.C. Hall
- Department of Basic Dental Science Dental School University of Wales College of Medicine Heath Park, Cardiff, CF4 4XY, UK
| | | | - R.P. Shellis
- Medical Research Council Dental Unit Bristol Dental School University of Bristol Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol, UK
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Liang K, Gao Y, Li J, Liao Y, Xiao S, Zhou X, Li J. Biomimetic mineralization of collagen fibrils induced by amine-terminated PAMAM dendrimers--PAMAM dendrimers for remineralization. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2015; 26:963-74. [PMID: 26140519 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2015.1068606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Achieving biomimetic mineralization of collagen fibrils by mimicking the role of non-collagenous proteins (NCPs) with biomimetic analogs is of great interest in the fields of material science and stomatology. Amine-terminated PAMAM dendrimer (PAMAM-NH2), which possesses a highly ordered architecture and many calcium coordination sites, may be a desirable template for simulating NCPs to induce mineralization of collagen fibrils. In this study, we focused on the ability of PAMAM-NH2 to mineralize collagen fibrils. DESIGN Type-I collagen fibrils were reconstituted over 400-mesh formvar-and-carbon-coated gold grids and treated with a third-generation PAMAM-NH2 (G3-PAMAM-NH2) solution. The treated collagen fibrils were immersed in artificial saliva for different lengths of time. The morphologies of the mineralized reconstituted type-I collagen fibrils were characterized by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS No obvious mineralized collagen fibrils were detected in the control group. On the contrary, collagen fibrils were heavily mineralized in the experimental group. Most importantly, intrafibrillar mineralization was achieved within the reconstituted type-I collagen fibrils. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we successfully induced biomimetic mineralization within type-I collagen fibrils using G3-PAMAM-NH2. This strategy may serve as a potential therapeutic technique for restoring completely demineralized collagenous mineralized tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunneng Liang
- a State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610041 , China
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Lausch AJ, Sone ED. A Top-down Approach to Elucidate the Role of Matrix-Bound Phosphoproteins in Control of Collagen Biomineralization. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:1938-47. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Lausch
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, ‡Department of Materials Science & Engineering, and §Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Eli D. Sone
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, ‡Department of Materials Science & Engineering, and §Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
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Khunkar SJ, Utaka S, Hariri I, Sadr A, Ikeda M, Nakashima S, Nikaido T, Tagami J. Formation and characterization of hypermineralized zone beneath dentine lesion body induced by topical fluoride in-vitro. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:574-81. [PMID: 25616245 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This in-vitro study aimed to evaluate and characterize the hypermineralized zone (Hyper-zone) formed beneath the remineralized dentine lesion body by transverse microradiography (TMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS). DESIGN Demineralized bovine dentine specimens were treated with fluoride solutions (APF, NaF) and remineralized for 2-4 weeks. Then thin sections were prepared to characterize the Hyper-zone by TMR, EDS. Fractured specimen surfaces were observed by SEM. RESULTS TMR analysis revealed a higher mineral density at Hyper-zone than that of sound dentine (48vol%) ranging from 50 up to 61vol% and the thickness ranging from 197 to 344μm for 4-week specimens, while specimens without fluoride treatment did not show Hyper-zone. SEM pictures at Hyper-zone showed no evident crystal-like deposits in dentinal tubules and no notable difference when compared to that in sound dentine. EDS analysis demonstrated higher concentrations of Ca and P at Hyper-zone than those in sound dentine, which corresponded to the TMR profile, while the magnesium (Mg) concentration was low at this zone. CONCLUSIONS Demineralized dentine lesions exposed to fluoride and remineralization treatments exhibited Hyper-zone beneath the lesion body, in which the mineral density was higher than that of sound dentine. Possible mechanism for the formation of Hyper-zone was discussed by assuming removal of mineral regulators such as Mg and other organic substances from sound dentine during de-/remineralization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar J Khunkar
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan.
| | - Sachiko Utaka
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan.
| | - Ilnaz Hariri
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan.
| | - Alireza Sadr
- International Exchange Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan.
| | - Masaomi Ikeda
- Department of Oral Health Care Sciences, Clinical Oral Science of Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 5-45 Yushima 1-chome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan.
| | - Syozi Nakashima
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan.
| | - Toru Nikaido
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan.
| | - Junji Tagami
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan.
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15
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Liang K, Xiao S, Shi W, Li J, Yang X, Gao Y, Gou Y, Hao L, He L, Cheng L, Xu X, Zhou X, Li J. 8DSS-promoted remineralization of demineralized dentin in vitro. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:6763-6772. [PMID: 32262469 DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00764j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The 8DSS peptide successfully induced nano-crystals precipitation on the collagen matrix. The completely demineralized dentin was effectively remineralized and its mechanical properties were significantly improved.
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16
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Biomimetic self-assembly of apatite hybrid materials: From a single molecular template to bi-/multi-molecular templates. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:744-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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17
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Yang Y, Lv XP, Shi W, Li JY, Li DX, Zhou XD, Zhang LL. 8DSS-promoted remineralization of initial enamel caries in vitro. J Dent Res 2014; 93:520-4. [PMID: 24496294 DOI: 10.1177/0022034514522815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptides containing 8 repeats of aspartate-serine-serine (8DSS) have been shown to promote the nucleation of calcium phosphate from solution into human enamel. Here we tested the ability of 8DSS to promote the remineralization of demineralized enamel in an in vitro model of artificial early enamel caries. Initial caries lesions were created in bovine enamel blocks, which were then subjected to 12 d of pH cycling in the presence of 25 µM 8DSS, 1 g/L NaF (positive control) or buffer alone (negative control). Absorption of 8DSS was verified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Mineral loss, lesion depth, and mineral content at the surface layer and at different depths of the lesion body were analyzed before and after pH cycling by polarized light microscopy and transverse microradiography. Mineral loss after pH cycling was significantly lower in the 8DSS samples than in the buffer-only samples, and lesions in the 8DSS samples were significantly less deep. Samples treated with 8DSS showed significantly higher mineral content than buffer-only samples in the region extending from the surface layer (30 µm) to the average lesion depth (110 µm). No significant differences were found between the samples treated with 8DSS and those treated with NaF. These findings suggest that 8DSS has the potential to promote remineralization of demineralized enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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18
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Zhong B, Peng C, Wang G, Tian L, Cai Q, Cui F. Contemporary research findings on dentine remineralization. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013; 9:1004-16. [PMID: 23955967 DOI: 10.1002/term.1814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhong
- Centre of Stomatology; China-Japan Friendship Hospital; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Ce Peng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Tsinghua University; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Guanhong Wang
- Centre of Stomatology; China-Japan Friendship Hospital; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Tian
- Centre of Stomatology; China-Japan Friendship Hospital; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Cai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Tsinghua University; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Fuzhai Cui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Tsinghua University; Beijing People's Republic of China
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19
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Besinis A, van Noort R, Martin N. Infiltration of demineralized dentin with silica and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. Dent Mater 2012; 28:1012-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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Bazin D, Daudon M, Combes C, Rey C. Characterization and some physicochemical aspects of pathological microcalcifications. Chem Rev 2012; 112:5092-120. [PMID: 22809072 DOI: 10.1021/cr200068d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Bazin
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France.
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21
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Tjäderhane L, Haapasalo M. The dentin-pulp border: a dynamic interface between hard and soft tissues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-1546.2012.00266.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Abstract
AbstractThe polymeric matrix of mineralized tissues controls the form and structure of the mineral that is deposited. This matrix has an insoluble fraction which provides a structural framework for the mineralized tissue, and a soluble fraction which is rich in polyanionic
macromolecules. One hypothesis envisages mineral being nucleated by an atomic dimensional matching between crystal lattice and anionic spacing in the polyanionic macromolecules. An alternate hypothesis considers that fixed polyanions provide a surface for an adsorbed layer, enriched in lattice ions by ionotropy, to induce mineral formation from the metastable body fluids.We found that soluble matrix polyanions, immobilized by attachment to insoluble substrates, would induce mineral from metastable solutions. The insoluble substrates included natural and synthetic hydrogels not derived from mineralized tissues. Whether the polyanions were prepared from apatitic or CaCO3 tissues, the mineral induced was independent of the source and was determined by the composition of the solution. Other immobilized, calcium-binding, polyanionic macromolecules, obtained from non-mineralizing tissues, also induced mineral.These and other data indicate that mineral induction by biological matrices is less specific than implied in the atomic dimensional matching extension of the epitaxial hypothesis.
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23
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Goldberg M, Kulkarni AB, Young M, Boskey A. Dentin: structure, composition and mineralization. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2011; 3:711-35. [PMID: 21196346 DOI: 10.2741/e281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We review firstly the specificities of the different types of dentin present in mammalian teeth. The outer layers include the mantle dentin, the Tomes' granular and the hyaline Hopewell-Smith's layers. Circumpulpal dentin forming the bulk of the tooth, comprises intertubular and peritubular dentin. In addition to physiological primary and secondary dentin formation, reactionary dentin is produced in response to pathological events. Secondly, we evaluate the role of odontoblasts in dentin formation, their implication in the synthesis and secretion of type I collagen fibrils and non-collagenous molecules. Thirdly, we study the composition and functions of dentin extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules implicated in dentinogenesis. As structural proteins they are mineralization promoters or inhibitors. They are also signaling molecules. Three different forms of dentinogenesis are identified: i) matrix vesicles are implicated in early dentin formation, ii) collagen and some proteoglycans are involved in the formation of predentin, further transformed into intertubular dentin, iii) the distal secretion of some non-collagenous ECM molecules and some serum proteins contribute to the formation of peritubular dentin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Goldberg
- UMR-S 747, INSERM, Universite Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
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24
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Ganss C, Hardt M, Lussi A, Cocks AK, Klimek J, Schlueter N. Mechanism of action of tin-containing fluoride solutions as anti-erosive agents in dentine - an in vitro tin-uptake, tissue loss, and scanning electron microscopy study. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118:376-84. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2010.00742.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yarbrough DK, Hagerman E, Eckert R, He J, Choi H, Cao N, Le K, Hedger J, Qi F, Anderson M, Rutherford B, Wu B, Tetradis S, Shi W. Specific binding and mineralization of calcified surfaces by small peptides. Calcif Tissue Int 2010; 86:58-66. [PMID: 19949943 PMCID: PMC2798077 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-009-9312-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several small (<25aa) peptides have been designed based on the sequence of the dentin phosphoprotein, one of the major noncollagenous proteins thought to be involved in the mineralization of the dentin extracellular matrix during tooth development. These peptides, consisting of multiple repeats of the tripeptide aspartate-serine-serine (DSS), bind with high affinity to calcium phosphate compounds and, when immobilized, can recruit calcium phosphate to peptide-derivatized polystyrene beads or to demineralized human dentin surfaces. The affinity of binding to hydroxyapatite surfaces increases with the number of (DSS)(n) repeats, and though similar repeated sequences-(NTT)(n), (DTT)(n), (ETT)(n), (NSS)(n), (ESS)(n), (DAA)(n), (ASS)(n), and (NAA)(n)-also showed HA binding activity, it was generally not at the same level as the natural sequence. Binding of the (DSS)(n) peptides to sectioned human teeth was shown to be tissue-specific, with high levels of binding to the mantle dentin, lower levels of binding to the circumpulpal dentin, and little or no binding to healthy enamel. Phosphorylation of the serines of these peptides was found to affect the avidity, but not the affinity, of binding. The potential utility of these peptides in the detection of carious lesions, the delivery of therapeutic compounds to mineralized tissues, and the modulation of remineralization is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K. Yarbrough
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668 USA
- Present Address: C3-Jian, Inc, Inglewood, CA 90301 USA
| | - Elizabeth Hagerman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Randal Eckert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Present Address: C3-Jian, Inc, Inglewood, CA 90301 USA
| | - Jian He
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668 USA
- Present Address: C3-Jian, Inc, Inglewood, CA 90301 USA
| | - Hyewon Choi
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668 USA
| | - Nga Cao
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668 USA
| | - Karen Le
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668 USA
| | | | - Fengxia Qi
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668 USA
- Present Address: College of Dentistry, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73034 USA
| | | | - Bruce Rutherford
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Ben Wu
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Materials Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Sotiris Tetradis
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668 USA
| | - Wenyuan Shi
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668 USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
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26
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Brook AH. Multilevel complex interactions between genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors in the aetiology of anomalies of dental development. Arch Oral Biol 2009; 54 Suppl 1:S3-17. [PMID: 19913215 PMCID: PMC2981858 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Dental anomalies are caused by complex interactions between genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors during the long process of dental development. This process is multifactorial, multilevel, multidimensional and progressive over time. In this paper the evidence from animal models and from human studies is integrated to outline the current position and to construct and evaluate models, as a basis for future work. Dental development is multilevel entailing molecular and cellular interactions which have macroscopic outcomes. It is multidimensional, requiring developments in the three spatial dimensions and the fourth dimension of time. It is progressive, occurring over a long period, yet with critical stages. The series of interactions involving multiple genetic signalling pathways are also influenced by extracellular factors. Interactions, gradients and spatial field effects of multiple genes, epigenetic and environmental factors all influence the development of individual teeth, groups of teeth and the dentition as a whole. The macroscopic, clinically visible result in humans is a complex unit of four different tooth types formed in morphogenetic fields, in which teeth within each field form directionally and erupt at different times, reflecting the spatio-temporal control of development. Even when a specific mutation of a single gene or one major environmental insult has been identified in a patient with a dental anomaly, detailed investigation of the phenotype often reveals variation between affected individuals in the same family, between dentitions in the same individual and even between different teeth in the same dentition. The same, or closely similar phenotypes, whether anomalies of tooth number or structure, may arise from different aetiologies: not only mutations in different genes but also environmental factors may result in similar phenotypes. Related to the action of a number of the developmental regulatory genes active in odontogenesis, in different tissues, mutations can result in syndromes of which dental anomalies are part. Disruption of the antagonistic balance between developmental regulatory genes, acting as activators or inhibitors can result in dental anomalies. There are critical stages in the development of the individual tooth germs and, if progression fails, the germ will not develop further or undergoes apoptosis. The reiterative signalling patterns over time during the sequential process of initiation and morphogenesis are reflected in the clinical association of anomalies of number, size and form and the proposed models. An initial step in future studies is to combine the genetic investigations with accurate recording and measurement of the phenotype. They also need to collate findings at each level and exploit the accurate definition of both human and murine phenotypes now possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Brook
- International Collaborating Centre in Oro-facial Genetics and Development, University of Liverpool, School of Dental Sciences, Edwards Building, Daulby Street, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L69 3GN, UK.
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27
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Wu CY, Martel J, Young D, Young JD. Fetuin-A/albumin-mineral complexes resembling serum calcium granules and putative nanobacteria: demonstration of a dual inhibition-seeding concept. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8058. [PMID: 19956594 PMCID: PMC2779105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum-derived granulations and purported nanobacteria (NB) are pleomorphic apatite structures shown to resemble calcium granules widely distributed in nature. They appear to be assembled through a dual inhibitory-seeding mechanism involving proteinaceous factors, as determined by protease (trypsin and chymotrypsin) and heat inactivation studies. When inoculated into cell culture medium, the purified proteins fetuin-A and albumin fail to induce mineralization, but they will readily combine with exogenously added calcium and phosphate, even in submillimolar amounts, to form complexes that will undergo morphological transitions from nanoparticles to spindles, films, and aggregates. As a mineralization inhibitor, fetuin-A is much more potent than albumin, and it will only seed particles at higher mineral-to-protein concentrations. Both proteins display a bell-shaped, dose-dependent relationship, indicative of the same dual inhibitory-seeding mechanism seen with whole serum. As ascertained by both seeding experiments and gel electrophoresis, fetuin-A is not only more dominant but it appears to compete avidly for nanoparticle binding at the expense of albumin. The nanoparticles formed in the presence of fetuin-A are smaller than their albumin counterparts, and they have a greater tendency to display a multi-layered ring morphology. In comparison, the particles seeded by albumin appear mostly incomplete, with single walls. Chemically, spectroscopically, and morphologically, the protein-mineral particles resemble closely serum granules and NB. These particles are thus seen to undergo an amorphous to crystalline transformation, the kinetics and completeness of which depend on the protein-to-mineral ratios, with low ratios favoring faster conversion to crystals. Our results point to a dual inhibitory-seeding, de-repression model for the assembly of particles in supersaturated solutions like serum. The presence of proteins and other inhibitory factors tend to block apatite nuclei formation or to stabilize the nascent nuclei as amorphous or semi-crystalline spherical nanoparticles, until the same inhibitory influences are overwhelmed or de-repressed, whereby the apatite nuclei grow in size to coalesce into crystalline spindles and films-a mechanism that may explain not only the formation of calcium granules in nature but also normal or ectopic calcification in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yeu Wu
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Research Center of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jan Martel
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - David Young
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John D. Young
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Mingchi University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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28
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George A, Veis A. Phosphorylated proteins and control over apatite nucleation, crystal growth, and inhibition. Chem Rev 2008; 108:4670-93. [PMID: 18831570 PMCID: PMC2748976 DOI: 10.1021/cr0782729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 495] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne George
- Department of Oral Biology, Brodie Tooth Development Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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29
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Gower LB. Biomimetic model systems for investigating the amorphous precursor pathway and its role in biomineralization. Chem Rev 2008; 108:4551-627. [PMID: 19006398 PMCID: PMC3652400 DOI: 10.1021/cr800443h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 612] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurie B Gower
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Florida, 210A Rhines Hall, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
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30
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Abstract
Tooth number is abnormal in about 20% of the human population. The most common defect is agenesis of the third molars, followed by loss of the lateral incisors and loss of the second premolars. Tooth loss appears as both a feature of multi-organ syndromes and as a non-syndromic isolated character. Apart from tooth number, abnormalities are also observed in tooth size, shape, and structure. Many of the genes that underlie dental defects have been identified, and several mouse models have been created to allow functional studies to understand, in greater detail, the role of particular genes in tooth development. The ability to manipulate the mouse embryo using explant culture and genome targeting provides a wealth of information that ultimately may pave the way for better diagnostics, treatment or even cures for human dental disorders. This review aims to summarize recent knowledge obtained in mouse models, which can be used to gain a better understanding of the molecular basis of human dental abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Fleischmannova
- Laboratory of Animal Embryology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.
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31
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Hara AT, Karlinsey RL, Zero DT. Dentine remineralization by simulated saliva formulations with different Ca and Pi contents. Caries Res 2007; 42:51-6. [PMID: 18042991 DOI: 10.1159/000111750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 10/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of the dentine remineralization process and the ability to reproduce it in vitro are essential to the development of preventive and therapeutic measures. This study investigated how simulated saliva formulations with different Ca and P(i) contents and degrees of saturation with respect to biologically relevant calcium phosphates may affect the remineralization of eroded dentine, as a function of time. Slabs of bovine root dentine (n = 8 per group) were flattened, polished, demineralised by 1% citric acid for 30 and 60 min and remineralized for 3, 7 and 14 days, by one of the following buffered (pH 7) solutions [Ca:Pi ratio, Ca/Pi concentrations (mM), ionic strength]: solution A: 1.6, 1.5/0.9, 0.115; solution B: 1.6, 2/1.25, 0.117; solution C: 1.6, 3.2/2, 0.121; solution D: 0.3, 1.11/3.7, 0.118; solution E: 0.3, 1.45/5, 0.122. Integrated mineral loss (30 and 60 min) was quantified by transverse microradiography after each remineralization period. ANOVA and regression analyses (alpha = 0.05) showed, irrespective of the demineralisation time, that the solutions C and E were able to remineralize dentine. This effect increased throughout the remineralization times and was significantly higher for E. Remineralization was successfully shown in vitro, under specific conditions of degree of saturation and Ca and Pi contents of the solutions. Optimum remineralization was observed for the solution E supersaturated with respect to relevant calcium phosphates, with low Ca:Pi ratio and highest Pi concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Hara
- Oral Health Research Institute, Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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32
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Calcification of synthetic polymers functionalized with negatively ionizable groups: A critical review. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2006.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Chirila TV, Hill DJT, Whittaker AK, Kemp A. Effect of phosphate functional groups on the calcification capacity of acrylic hydrogels. Acta Biomater 2007; 3:95-102. [PMID: 17071146 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2006.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Revised: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 07/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of negatively charged groups into the structure of synthetic polymers is frequently advocated as a method for enhancing their calcification capacity required in orthopedic and dental applications. However, the results reported by various research groups are rather contentious, since inhibitory effects have also been observed in some studies. In the present study, phosphate groups were introduced in poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) by copolymerization with 10% mol of either mono(2-acryloyloxyethyl) phosphate (MAEP) or mono(2-methacryloyloxyethyl) phosphate (MMEP). Incubation of these hydrogels for determined durations (1-9 weeks) in a simulated body fluid (SBF) solution induced deposition of calcium phosphate (CaP) deposits of whitlockite type. After 9 weeks, the amount of calcium deposited on the phosphate-containing polymers was four times lower than that found on PHEMA, as determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Samples of copolymer HEMA-MAEP were implanted subcutaneously in rats and evaluated after 9 weeks. No CaP deposits could be detected on the copolymer by XPS or energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, while PHEMA samples were massively calcified. It was concluded that the presence of phosphate groups decreased the calcification capacity of the hydrogels, and that in the conditions of this study, the phosphate groups had an inhibitory effect on the deposition of CaP phases on HEMA-based hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Traian V Chirila
- Queensland Eye Institute, University of Queensland, 41 Annerley Road, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia.
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34
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Milan AM, Sugars RV, Embery G, Waddington RJ. Adsorption and interactions of dentine phosphoprotein with hydroxyapatite and collagen. Eur J Oral Sci 2006; 114:223-31. [PMID: 16776772 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2006.00347.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dentine phosphoprotein (DPP) has been proposed to both promote and inhibit mineral deposition during dentinogenesis. The present study aimed to investigate the molecular interactions of DPP and dephosphorylated DPP (DPP-p) with hydroxyapatite (HAP). Bovine DPP was purified and dephosphorylated by alkaline phosphatase to obtain DPP-p. DPP and DPP-p adsorption to HAP was determined along with their ability, when free in solution or bound to collagen, to influence HAP-induced crystal growth. Absorption isotherms suggested that lower DPP concentrations (1.5-6.25 microg ml(-1)) demonstrated a reduced affinity for HAP compared with higher protein concentrations (12.5-50.0 microg ml(-1)). Dephosphorylated DPP had a much reduced affinity for HAP compared with DPP. Dentine phosphoprotein inhibited seeded HAP crystal growth, in a dose-dependent manner, whilst removal of the phosphate groups reduced this inhibition. When bound to collagen fibrils, DPP significantly promoted the rate of HAP crystal growth over 0-8 min. Conversely, DPP-p and collagen significantly decreased the rate of crystal growth over 0-18 min. These results indicate a major role for the phosphate groups present on DPP in HAP crystal growth. In addition, concentration-dependent conformational changes to DPP, and the interaction with other matrix components, such as collagen, are important in predicting its dual role in the mineralization of dentine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Milan
- Department of Clinical Dental Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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35
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Chang S, Chen H, Liu J, Wood D, Bentley P, Clarkson B. Synthesis of a potentially bioactive, hydroxyapatite-nucleating molecule. Calcif Tissue Int 2006; 78:55-61. [PMID: 16397739 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-005-0118-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2005] [Accepted: 08/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A human phosphophoryn (PP) cDNA was previously cloned from immature root apex total RNA in our laboratory. This cDNA comprises 2,364 bp, encoding 788 amino acids. More than 80% of the sequences are arranged as (DSS)(n) (n = 1-16), DS, and NSS motifs. We hypothesize that the capability of PP to bind Ca(2+) and nucleate hydroxyapatite may depend on these repeated sequences. Two polypeptides were synthesized based on the human PP cDNA sequence to test the hypothesis. One polypeptide has the amino acid sequence DDPNSSDESNGNDD (synthetic polypeptide 1, SP1), which is from the N-terminal end of PP; the other polypeptide, DSKSDSSKSESDSS (synthetic polypeptide 2, SP2), is the PP repeated sequence motif. Phosphorylation of the polypeptides was accomplished by reacting them with adenosine triphosphate and casein kinases I and II. The ability of these molecules to cause mineralization was tested in a steady-state agarose gel system. The results show that phosphorylated SP2 (P-SP2) precipitated approximately 60% of the total Ca + PO(4) precipitated by PP. P-SP1 precipitated about 23% of that precipitated by PP and was similar to the amount precipitated in the control gel, that is, without added peptides. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the precipitate formed in the P-SP2-containing gel was hydroxyapatite. The capability of P-SP2 to nucleate Ca + PO(4) and precipitate hydroxyapatite is a result of the repeated sequence motif, which contains a high percentage of phosphorylated serine. This molecule could be used in the repair and regeneration of dental tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chang
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
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36
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Silverman L, Boskey AL. Diffusion systems for evaluation of biomineralization. Calcif Tissue Int 2004; 75:494-501. [PMID: 15455184 PMCID: PMC1360199 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-004-0019-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2004] [Accepted: 06/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A variety of in vitro study methods have been used to elucidate the roles of matrix molecules in biomineralization processes. Among these, gel diffusion-precipitation studies have proved to be an effective tool. This methodology is uniquely capable of characterizing the effects of matrix molecules on mineralization while only using very small quantities of material. Furthermore, gel methods have been extended for use as a mineralization assay system to characterize modified matrix molecules and synthetic analogues. Here we discuss the advantages and limitations of gelatin, agar, agarose, and other systems for studying the mechanisms of biomineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Silverman
- Yeshiva University, 500 West 185 St., New York, NY 10033, USA
| | - A. L. Boskey
- Starr Chair in Mineralized Tissue Research, Hospital for Special Surgery, affiliated with Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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37
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Watanabe E, Takano Y. Ca-binding domains in the odontoblast layer of rat molars and incisors under normal and pathological conditions. ARCHIVES OF HISTOLOGY AND CYTOLOGY 2002; 65:337-46. [PMID: 12501891 DOI: 10.1679/aohc.65.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported the presence of high concentrations of a Ca-binding matrix in the circumpulpal dentin of rat incisors which had been prevented from mineralization by a systemic administration of 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-bisphosphonate (HEBP), a type of bisphosphonates, thus suggesting the role of the putative Ca-binding matrix in the appositional mineralization of circumpulpal dentin (TAKANO et al., 1998, 2000; OHMA et al., 2000). In this study, we examined the distribution of Ca-binding domains in the pulp tissue of normal rat teeth and its changes under the influence of HEBP, in order to identify and clarify the role of the Ca-binding matrix in the physiological process of dentin mineralization. Observation of the normal rat tooth pulp showed occasional, tiny extracellular deposits of Ca-enriched material in the odontoblast layer, associated primarily with pericapillary regions. Such deposits were immunopositive for dentin sialoprotein (DSP), displayed high levels of X-ray peaks for calcium and phosphorus, and showed a drastic increase in amount by daily injections of HEBP. A brief vascular perfusion of high Ca-containing solution in normal animals caused the extensive deposition of Ca-P complexes along the basolateral membranes of odontoblasts but not in the other regions of the pulp tissue. These data suggest the existence of DSP-enriched extracellular Ca-binding domains in the odontoblast layer and also indicate a novel Ca-binding property of the basolateral membranes of odontoblasts. Since DSP is primarily synthesized as dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) and later cleaved into dentin phosphophoryn (DPP) and DSP in odontoblasts, and since DSP has no notable affinity for Ca, the sites of DSP-immunopositive Ca-P deposits in the odontoblast layer may also contain DPP, a highly phosphorylated acidic protein having a strong binding property for calcium. Characteristic Ca-binding properties seen in the odontoblast layer appear to be related to the regulation of the appositional mineralization of circumpulpal dentin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiko Watanabe
- Biostructural Science, Department of Hard Tissue Engineering, Graduate School of Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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38
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Abstract
The behaviour of calcium phosphate (CaP) based biomaterials in biological environments determines how they can be used in vivo. The prime requirement for CaP materials to be bioactive and bond to living bone is the formation of a bone-like apatite layer on their surface. This phenomenon can be reproduced in vitro using simulated body fluid (SBF): a protein-free solution with ion concentrations similar to those of human blood plasma. Although proteins are unanimously considered as important actors in CaP material bioactivity and biomineralization processes, a certain confusion exists about their role as promotors or inhibitors of mineral crystal formation or both. The adsorption of proteins on the mineral surface can alter the nucleation rate and lead to antagonistic effects depending on the concentration of the adsorbed proteins. The ambiguity of this general effect is illustrated by the action of albumin on calcium phosphate crystallization on type I collagen and several other examples found in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Combes
- CIRIMAT, UMR CNRS UPS-INPT 5085, ENSIACET, Equipe Physico-Chimie des Phosphates, Toulouse, France.
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39
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Ritchie HH, Wang LH, Knudtson K. A novel rat 523 amino acid phosphophoryn: nucleotide sequence and genomic organization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1520:212-22. [PMID: 11566357 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(01)00274-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Phosphophoryns (PP), the major noncollagenous proteins (NCPs) in dentin, are believed to play a crucial role in mineral nucleation and hydroxyapatite growth during dentin mineralization. Previously we identified two mature rat PP transcripts, one coding for a 240 amino acid protein (designated as PP(240)) (H.H. Ritchie, L.-H. Wang, J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 21695-21698), and another coding for a 171 amino acid protein (PP(171)) (H. Ritchie, L. Wang, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1493 (2000) 27-32). We now have identified a third novel dentin sialoprotein (DSP)-PP cDNA transcript that encodes a 523 amino acid protein (PP(523)) with typical PP characteristics including DSS and DS motifs suitable as potential casein kinase I and II phosphorylation sites. Based on amino acid composition, the PP(523) protein product is identical to native rat HP2. We also show that the PP(523) sequence is identical to the corresponding genomic DNA sequence. Taken together, the existence of multiple DSP-PP transcripts, each significantly different from the other in net negative charge, suggests that dentin mineralization processes may be under fine-tune control by these PP protein isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Ritchie
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA.
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40
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MacDougall M, Nydegger J, Gu TT, Simmons D, Luan X, Cavender A, D'Souza RN. Developmental regulation of dentin sialophosphoprotein during ameloblast differentiation: a potential enamel matrix nucleator. Connect Tissue Res 2001; 39:25-37; discussion 63-7. [PMID: 11062986 DOI: 10.3109/03008209809023909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The two major dentin matrix proteins, dentin sialoprotein and dentin phosphoprotein have been shown to be expressed as a single large transcript termed dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP). These non-collagenous matrix proteins, identified biochemically by their unique physical-chemical properties, are specific cleavage products of a large parent acidic phosphorylated protein (pI 4.0). Previous studies have shown expression of dentin sialoprotein at the protein level by ameloblasts. The purpose of this study was to determine the temporal-spatial pattern of DSPP expression during amelogenesis. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry were performed on sections of developing mouse molars. These data were correlated with RT-PCR analysis of in vitro enamel organ epithelium monolayer cell cultures enriched for ameloblasts. Our data indicates initial expression of the DSPP transcripts and protein during early ameloblast differentiation prior to the secretory phase when the majority of the enamel matrix is formed. Ameloblasts appear to tightly down-regulate DSPP transcription as enamel matrix formation is up-regulated. These data demonstrate DSPP expression during amelogenesis is under highly controlled developmental regulation. Therefore, DSPP may have a primary role in the initial mineralization events of both enamel and dentin, acting as a potential nucleator of hydroxyapatite crystal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M MacDougall
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Dental School, USA.
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41
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Abstract
Phosphoproteins or phosphophoryns (PPs) are the most abundant (>50%) non-collagenous proteins (NCPs) in dentin. PPs bind to calcium and hydroxyapatite and are believed to play a crucial role in dentin mineralization. Dentin sialoprotein (DSP), a highly glycosylated protein, comprised 5-8% of NCPs in dentin. The coding sequences for these two major NCPs are known to be contiguously located (i.e. DSP-PP) at the cDNA and genomic DNA levels in both rat and mouse. Previous studies have demonstrated the presence of multiple DSP-PP transcripts in the total RNA of adult rat incisors. To further understand the nature of these multiple transcripts, we performed reverse transcription-PCR and obtained a PP cDNA variant which encoded a 171 amino acid peptide (PP(171)) that shares many of the same characteristics as that of the published rat PP(240) sequence [Ritchie, H.H. and Wang, L.-H., J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 21695-21698]. Due to its reduced size, as compared to PP(240), this cDNA encodes a phosphorylated protein with a reduced negative charge that may differentially affect mineralization processes. We provide evidence that there are multiple DSP-PP transcripts with various sizes of PP sequences in rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Ritchie
- Department of Cardiology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 North University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA.
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42
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Abstract
Dentin phosphoproteins are thought to have a primary role in the deposition of mineral on the collagen of dentin. In this study we determined the type of binding between collagen and phosphoproteins necessary for mineral formation onto collagen fibrils and whether the phosphate esters are required. Bovine dentin phosphophoryn or phosvitin from egg yolk were immobilized on reconstituted skin type I collagen fibrils by adsorption or by covalent cross-linking. In some samples the ester phosphate was removed from the covalently cross-linked phosphoproteins by treatment with acid phosphatase. All samples were incubated at 37 degrees C in metastable solutions that do not spontaneously precipitate. Reconstituted collagen fibrils alone did not induce mineral formation. The phosphoproteins adsorbed to the collagen fibrils desorbed when the mineralization medium was added, and mineral was not induced. The mineral induced by the cross-linked phosphoproteins was apatite, and the crystals were confined to the surface of the collagen fibrils. With decreasing medium saturation the time required for mineral induction increased. The interfacial tensions calculated for apatite formation by either phosphoprotein cross-linked to collagen were about the same as that for phosphatidic acid liposomes and hydroxyapatite. This similarity in values indicates that the nucleation potential of these highly phosphorylated surfaces is about the same. It is concluded that phosphoproteins must be irreversibly bound to collagen fibrils for the mineralization of the collagen network in solutions that do not spontaneously precipitate. The phosphate esters of phosphoproteins are required for mineral induction, and the carboxylate groups are not sufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Saito
- Dental Research Center, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7455, USA
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43
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Reynolds EC. Remineralization of enamel subsurface lesions by casein phosphopeptide-stabilized calcium phosphate solutions. J Dent Res 1997; 76:1587-95. [PMID: 9294493 DOI: 10.1177/00220345970760091101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Casein phosphopeptides (CPP) stabilize amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), localize ACP in dental plaque, and are anticariogenic in animal and in situ human caries model. In this vitro study, CPP-stabilized calcium phosphate solutions were shown to remineralize subsurface lesions in human third-molar enamel. Solutions were used to examine the effect of CPP-calcium phosphate concentration on remineralization. Other solutions were used to examine the effect of increasing pH, which decreased the concentrations of free calcium and phosphate ions and increased the level of CPP-bound ACP. Although most of the remineralizing solutions were supersaturated with respect to the amorphous and crystalline calcium phosphate phases, the solutions were stabilized by the CPP such that spontaneous precipitation of calcium phosphate did not occur. After a ten-day remineralization period, enamel lesions were sectioned, subjected to microradiography, and the mineral content determined by microdensitometry. All solutions deposited mineral into the bodies of the lesions, with the 1.0% CPP-calcium phosphate (pH 7.0) solution replacing 63.9 +/- 20.1% of mineral lost at an averaged rate of 3.9 +/- 0.8 x 10(-8) mol hydroxyapatite/m2/s. The remineralizing capacity was greater for the solutions with the higher levels of CPP-stabilized free calcium and phosphate ions. Remineralization was not significantly correlated with either the CPP-bound ACP of the degrees of saturation for hydroxyapatite, octacalcium phosphate, or ACP. However, remineralization was significantly correlated with the degree of saturation for dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (CaHPO4.2H2O), but his was attributed to the significant correlation of remineralization with the activity gradients from the solution into the lesion of some calcium phosphate ions and ion pairs, in particular the neutral ion pair CaHPO4(0). The CPP, by stabilizing calcium phosphate in solution, maintain high-concentration gradients of calcium and phosphate ions and ion pairs into the subsurface lesion and thus effect high rates of enamel remineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Reynolds
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, School of Dental Science, University of Melbourne, Australia
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44
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Aoba T. The effect of fluoride on apatite structure and growth. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 1997; 8:136-53. [PMID: 9167089 DOI: 10.1177/10454411970080020301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride participates in many aspects of calcium phosphate formation in vivo and has enormous effects on the process and on the nature and properties of formed mineral. The most well-documented effect of fluoride is that this ion substitutes for a column hydroxyl in the apatite structure, giving rise to a reduction of crystal volume and a concomitant increase in structural stability. In the process of enamel mineralization during amelogenesis (a unique model for the cell-mediated formation of well-crystallized carbonatoapatite), free fluoride ions in the fluid phase are supposed to accelerate the hydrolysis of acidic precursor(s) and increase the driving force for the growth of apatitic mineral. Once fluoride is incorporated into the enamel mineral, the ion likely affects the subsequent mineralization process by reducing the solubility of the mineral and thereby modulating the ionic composition in the fluid surrounding the mineral, and enhancing the matrix protein-mineral interaction. But excess fluoride leads to anomalous enamel formation by retarding tissue maturation. It is worth noting that enameloid/enamel minerals found in vertebrate teeth have a wide range of CO3 and fluoride substitutions. In the evolutionary process from elasmobranch through enameloid to mammalian enamel, the biosystems appear to develop regulatory functions for limiting the fluoridation of the formed mineral, but this development is accompanied by an increase of carbonate substitution or defects in the mineral. In research on the cariostatic effect of fluoride, considerable emphasis is placed on the roles of free fluoride ions (i.e., preventing the dissolution and accelerating the kinetics of remineralization) in the oral fluid bathing tooth mineral. Fluoride also has been used for the treatment of osteoporosis, but much still remains to be learned about maximizing the benefit and minimizing the risk of fluoride when used as a public health measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Aoba
- Nippon Dental University, Department of Pathology, Tokyo, Japan
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45
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Ritchie HH, Wang LH. Sequence determination of an extremely acidic rat dentin phosphoprotein. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:21695-8. [PMID: 8702961 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.36.21695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The mineralization process associated with the conversion of predentin to dentin is believed to be initiated and controlled by a set of acidic regulatory noncollagenous proteins (NCPs) which include phosphophoryn, the major NCP in dentin. Phosphophoryn binds tightly to collagen and is believed to initiate the formation of apatite crystals which play a central role in the mineralization process. During the process of analyzing the 3' end of an odontoblast-specific cDNA which codes for dentin sialoprotein (Ritchie, H. H., Hou, H., Veis, A., and Butler, W. T. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 3698-3702), we discovered a 801-base pair open reading frame. This downstream open reading frame encodes a putative leader sequence and a very acidic mature protein sequence having a deduced amino acid composition containing high percentages of both Ser (43%) and Asp (31%) residues which closely coincides with the amino acid composition of phosphophoryns from human, bovine, rat, and rabbit (i. e. Asp (30-40%) and Ser (38-50%)). This newly identified cDNA therefore encodes a protein with characteristics similar to phosphophoryn. Here we present the cDNA sequence, the deduced amino acid sequence, and the prospective Ser residue-specific casein kinase I and II phosphorylation sites for this putative phosphophoryn.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Ritchie
- Department of Pediatrics, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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46
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Hunter GK, Hauschka PV, Poole AR, Rosenberg LC, Goldberg HA. Nucleation and inhibition of hydroxyapatite formation by mineralized tissue proteins. Biochem J 1996; 317 ( Pt 1):59-64. [PMID: 8694787 PMCID: PMC1217486 DOI: 10.1042/bj3170059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Many proteins found in mineralized tissues have been proposed to function as regulators of the mineralization process, either as nucleators or inhibitors of hydroxyapatite (HA) formation. We have studied the HA-nucleating and HA-inhibiting properties of proteins from bone [osteocalcin (OC), osteopontin (OPN), osteonectin (ON) and bone sialoprotein (BSP)], dentine [phosphophoryn (DPP)] and calcified cartilage [chondrocalcin (CC)] over a wide range of concentrations. Nucleation of HA was studied with a steady-state agarose gel system at sub-threshold [Ca] x [PO4] product. BSP and DPP exhibited nucleation activity at minimum concentrations of 0.3 microgram/ml (9 nM) and 10 micrograms/ml (67 nM) respectively. OC, OPN, ON and CC all lacked nucleation activity at concentrations up to 100 micrograms/ml. Inhibition of HA formation de novo was studied with calcium phosphate solutions buffered by autotitration. OPN was found to be a potent inhibitor of HA formation [IC50 = 0.32 microgram/ml (0.01 microM)] whereas OC was of lower potency [IC50 = 6.1 micrograms/ml (1.1 microM)]; BSP, ON and CC all lacked inhibitory activity at concentrations up to 10 micrograms/ml. The effect of OPN on HA formation de novo is mainly to inhibit crystal growth, whereas OC delays nucleation. These findings are consistent with the view that BSP and DPP may play roles in the initiation of mineralization in bone and dentine respectively. OPN seems to be the mineralized tissue protein most likely to function in the inhibition of HA formation, possibly by preventing phase separation in tissue fluids of high supersaturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Hunter
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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47
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Goldberg M, Boskey AL. Lipids and biomineralizations. PROGRESS IN HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY 1996; 31:1-187. [PMID: 8893307 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6336(96)80011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Goldberg
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Biomatériaux du Milieu Buccal et Osseux, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université René Descartes Paris V 1, Montrouge, France
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48
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Wu CB, Shimizu Y, Ng A, Pan YM. Characterization and partial purification of microsomal casein kinase II from osteoblast-like cells: an enzyme that phosphorylates osteopontin and phosphophoryn. Connect Tissue Res 1996; 34:23-32. [PMID: 8835845 DOI: 10.3109/03008209609028890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Microsomal casein kinase II (mCKII) is a membrane-bound enzyme present in the microsomal fractions of ROS 17/2.8 osteoblast-like cells. It phosphorylates acidic matrix phosphoproteins such as phosphophoryn and osteopontin. Addition of 1.0% Nonidet P-40 facilitates extraction of the optimum amount of detergent-solubilized and -activated enzyme from microsomal fractions. mCKII was partially purified over 3000-fold by sequential chromatography over DEAE-cellulose and heparin-agarose. SDS-polyacrylamide gels, showed that mCKII contained 43 kDa and 31 kDa polypeptides, corresponding to the alpha- and beta-subunits of the enzyme, respectively. The alpha subunit was identified by anti-CKII antiserum and the beta subunit, by its ability to undergo autophosphorylation. The enzyme was inhibited by 50% with 0.4 micrograms/ml heparin and stimulated by 100% with 1.0 mM spermine when casein was used as a substrate. The phosphorylation of phosphophoryn was reduced to 50% by 0.8 micrograms/ml heparin, but was increased to 2-2.5 fold by 5 to 15 mM spermine, which may be due to substrate-directed effects. Kinetic analysis showed that the apparent Km values for phosphophoryn (0.39 microM) and for osteopontin (2.1 microM) were lower than that for casein (21.3 microM). Vmax values of phosphophoryn and osteopontin were 2.2-fold and 4.6-fold higher than that of casein. Using the ratio Vmax/Km as a measure of kinetic specificity, osteopontin and phosphophoryn appear to be the more specific substrates than casein for mCKII. Thus, both proteins can be considered as physiological substrates for mCKII.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Wu
- Department of Clinical Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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49
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Wu CB, Pan YM, Simizu Y. Microsomal casein kinase II in endoplasmic reticulum- and Golgi apparatus-rich fractions of ROS 17/2.8 osteoblast-like cells: an enzyme that modifies osteopontin. Calcif Tissue Int 1995; 57:285-92. [PMID: 8673866 DOI: 10.1007/bf00298884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Osteopontin is an acidic phosphoprotein containing casein kinase II (CKII) phosphorylatable sites and an acidic amino acid cluster. The metabolically 32P-labelings of both serines and threonines in vitro in osteopontin immunoprecipitated from rat osteoblast-like ROS 17/2.8 cells may suggest that casein kinase II catalyzes this modification. The enzyme occurs in microsomal fractions of rat osteoblast-like ROS 17/2.8 cells. Subcellular fractions containing endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus were isolated by differential centrifugation and were identified according to their ultrastructures and the presence of marker enzymes such as glucose-6-phosphatase and thiamine pyrophosphatase, respectively. both fractions phosphorylated the partially dephosphorylated osteopontin and the specific substrate peptide RRREEETEEE. Endoplasmic reticulum-catalyzed peptide phosphorylation was 2.7 times lower than that of Golgi although both endoplasmic reticulum- and Golgi-catalyzed peptide reactions were 50% inhibited by 20 and 100 ng/ml heparin, respectively. Western blot analysis revealed that both fractions contained osteopontin and microsomal CKII. Furthermore, microsomal CKII was immunogold-labeled in endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Heparin inhibition and utilization of [gamma-32P]GTP as a phosphate donor by both fractions confirmed their capacity to phosphorylate osteopontin. The results suggest that microsomal CKII modifies the acidic matrix proteins during transportation. These matrix phosphoproteins may participate in the mineralization process of hard tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Wu
- Department of Clinical Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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50
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Abstract
A calcium ion precipitable, trypsin-generated proteoglycan fragment has been isolated from the demineralized, EDTA-insoluble matrices of bone. The demineralized matrix was completely digested with trypsin, increasing concentrations of CaCl2 were added to the supernatant, and the resulting precipitates were analyzed. The amount of precipitate gradually increased with higher concentrations of calcium and was reversibly solubilized by EDTA. After molecular sieve and anion exchange chromatography, a proteoglycan-containing peak was obtained. Immunochemical analysis showed that this peak contained chondroitin 4-sulfate and possibly keratan sulfate. Amino acid analysis showed that this proteoglycan contained high amounts of aspartic acid/asparagine (Asx), serine (Ser), glutamic acid/glutamine (Glx), proline (Pro), and glycine (Gly); however, it contained little leucine (Leu) which suggests that it is not a member of the leucine-rich small proteoglycan family. In addition, significant amounts of phosphoserine (P-Ser) and hydroxyproline (Hyp) were identified in hydrolysates of this fraction. A single band (M(r) 59 kDa) was obtained on SDS-PAGE that stained with Stains-all but not with Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250. If bone powder was trypsinized prior to demineralization, this proteoglycan-containing fraction was not liberated. Collectively, these results indicate that a proteoglycan occurs in the demineralized matrix that is precipitated with CaCl2 and is closely associated with both mineral and collagen matrices. Such a molecule might facilitate the structural network for the induction of mineralization in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hashimoto
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Aichi-gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
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