1
|
Mahdizade AH, Hoseinnejad A, Ghazanfari M, Boozhmehrani MJ, Bahreiny SS, Abastabar M, Galbo R, Giuffrè L, Haghani I, Romeo O. The TAC1 Gene in Candida albicans: Structure, Function, and Role in Azole Resistance: A Mini-Review. Microb Drug Resist 2024; 30:288-296. [PMID: 38770776 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2023.0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Candidiasis is a common fungal infection caused by Candida species, with Candida albicans being the most prevalent. Resistance to azole drugs, commonly used to treat Candida infections, poses a significant challenge. Transcriptional activator candidate 1 (TAC1) gene has emerged as a key player in regulating drug resistance in C. albicans. This review explores the structure and function of the TAC1 gene and its role in azole resistance. This gene encodes a transcription factor that controls the expression of genes involved in drug resistance, such as efflux pump genes (CDR1, CDR2, and MDR1) and ERG11. Mutations in TAC1 can increase these genes' expression and confer resistance to azoles. Various TAC1 gene mutations, mostly gain-of-function mutations, have been identified, which upregulate CDR1 and CDR2 expression, resulting in azole resistance. Understanding the mechanisms of azole resistance mediated by the TAC1 gene is crucial for the strategies in the effective antifungal development pipeline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossein Mahdizade
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Akbar Hoseinnejad
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mona Ghazanfari
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Medical Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Boozhmehrani
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Seyed Sobhan Bahreiny
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Abastabar
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Medical Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Roberta Galbo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Letterio Giuffrè
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Iman Haghani
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Medical Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Orazio Romeo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Holič R, Šťastný D, Griač P. Sec14 family of lipid transfer proteins in yeasts. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158990. [PMID: 34118432 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The hydrophobicity of lipids prevents their free movement across the cytoplasm. To achieve highly heterogeneous and precisely regulated lipid distribution in different cellular membranes, lipids are transported by lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) in addition to their transport by vesicles. Sec14 family is one of the most extensively studied groups of LTPs. Here we provide an overview of Sec14 family of LTPs in the most studied yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as well as in other selected non-Saccharomyces yeasts-Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Kluyveromyces lactis, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Yarrowia lipolytica. Discussed are specificities of Sec14-domain LTPs in various yeasts, their mode of action, subcellular localization, and physiological function. In addition, quite few Sec14 family LTPs are target of antifungal drugs, serve as modifiers of drug resistance or influence virulence of pathologic yeasts. Thus, they represent an important object of study from the perspective of human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Holič
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dominik Šťastný
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Griač
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Moreno A, Banerjee A, Prasad R, Falson P. PDR-like ABC systems in pathogenic fungi. Res Microbiol 2019; 170:417-425. [PMID: 31562919 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
ABC transporters of the Pleiotropic Drug Resistance (PDR) family are the main actors of antifungal resistance in pathogenic fungi. While their involvement in clinical resistant strains has been proven, their transport mechanism remains unclear. Notably, one hallmark of PDR transporters is their asymmetry, with one canonical nucleotide-binding site capable of ATP hydrolysis while the other site is not. Recent publications reviewed here show that the so-called "deviant" site is of crucial importance for drug transport and is a step towards alleviating the mystery around the existence of non-catalytic binding sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Moreno
- Drug Resistance & Membrane Proteins Group, Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, CNRS-Lyon 1 University Research Lab n° 5086, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Lyon, France.
| | - Atanu Banerjee
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology and Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon, India.
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology and Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon, India.
| | - Pierre Falson
- Drug Resistance & Membrane Proteins Group, Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, CNRS-Lyon 1 University Research Lab n° 5086, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Lyon, France.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Physiological Genomics of Multistress Resistance in the Yeast Cell Model and Factory: Focus on MDR/MXR Transporters. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 58:1-35. [PMID: 30911887 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-13035-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The contemporary approach of physiological genomics is vital in providing the indispensable holistic understanding of the complexity of the molecular targets, signalling pathways and molecular mechanisms underlying the responses and tolerance to stress, a topic of paramount importance in biology and biotechnology. This chapter focuses on the toxicity and tolerance to relevant stresses in the cell factory and eukaryotic model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Emphasis is given to the function and regulation of multidrug/multixenobiotic resistance (MDR/MXR) transporters. Although these transporters have been considered drug/xenobiotic efflux pumps, the exact mechanism of their involvement in multistress resistance is still open to debate, as highlighted in this chapter. Given the conservation of transport mechanisms from S. cerevisiae to less accessible eukaryotes such as plants, this chapter also provides a proof of concept that validates the relevance of the exploitation of the experimental yeast model to uncover the function of novel MDR/MXR transporters in the plant model Arabidopsis thaliana. This knowledge can be explored for guiding the rational design of more robust yeast strains with improved performance for industrial biotechnology, for overcoming and controlling the deleterious activities of spoiling yeasts in the food industry, for developing efficient strategies to improve crop productivity in agricultural biotechnology.
Collapse
|
5
|
Miyakawa T, Mizunuma M. Physiological Roles of Calcineurin inSaccharomyces cerevisiaewith Special Emphasis on Its Roles in G2/M Cell-Cycle Regulation. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 71:633-45. [PMID: 17341827 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.60495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Calcineurin, a highly conserved Ca(2+)/CaM-dependent protein phosphatase, plays key regulatory roles in diverse biological processes from yeast to humans. Genetic and molecular analyses of the yeast model system have proved successful in dissecting complex regulatory pathways mediated by calcineurin. Saccharomyces cerevisiae calcineurin is not essential for growth under laboratory conditions, but becomes essential for survival under certain stress conditions, and is required for stress-induced expression of the genes for ion transporters and cell-wall synthesis. Yeast calcineurin, in collaboration with a Mpk1 MAP kinase cascade, is also important in G(2) cell-cycle regulation due to its action in a checkpoint-like mechanism. Genetic and molecular analysis of the Ca(2+)-dependent cell-cycle regulation has revealed an elaborate mechanism for the calcineurin-dependent regulation of the G(2)/M transition, in which calcineurin multilaterally activates Swe1, a negative regulator of the Cdc28/Clb complex, at the transcriptional, posttranslational, and degradation levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tokichi Miyakawa
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gášková D, Plášek J, Zahumenský J, Benešová I, Buriánková L, Sigler K. Alcohols are inhibitors of Saccharomyces cerevisiae multidrug-resistance pumps Pdr5p and Snq2p. FEMS Yeast Res 2013; 13:782-95. [PMID: 24028576 DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of alcohols on cell membrane proteins has originally been assumed to be mediated by their primary action on membrane lipid matrix. Many studies carried out later on both animal and yeast cells have revealed that ethanol and other alcohols inhibit the functions of various membrane channels, receptors and solute transport proteins, and a direct interaction of alcohols with these membrane proteins has been proposed. Using our fluorescence diS-C3 (3) diagnostic assay for multidrug-resistance pump inhibitors in a set of isogenic yeast Pdr5p and Snq2p mutants, we found that n-alcohols (from ethanol to hexanol) variously affect the activity of both pumps. Beginning with propanol, these alcohols have an inhibitory effect that increases with increasing length of the alcohol acyl chain. While ethanol does not exert any inhibitory effect at any of the concentration used (up to 3%), hexanol exerts a strong inhibition at 0.1%. The alcohol-induced inhibition of MDR pumps was detected even in cells whose membrane functional and structural integrity were not compromised. This supports a notion that the inhibitory action does not necessarily involve only changes in the lipid matrix of the membrane but may entail a direct interaction of the alcohols with the pump proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana Gášková
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Physics, Charles University, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Niimi K, Harding DRK, Holmes AR, Lamping E, Niimi M, Tyndall JDA, Cannon RD, Monk BC. Specific interactions between the Candida albicans ABC transporter Cdr1p ectodomain and a D-octapeptide derivative inhibitor. Mol Microbiol 2012; 85:747-67. [PMID: 22788839 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2012.08140.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of the Candida albicans ATP-binding cassette transporter CaCdr1p causes clinically significant resistance to azole drugs including fluconazole (FLC). Screening of a ~1.89 × 10(6) member D-octapeptide combinatorial library that concentrates library members at the yeast cell surface identified RC21v3, a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylbenzenesulphonyl derivative of the D-octapeptide D-NH(2) -FFKWQRRR-CONH(2) , as a potent and stereospecific inhibitor of CaCdr1p. RC21v3 chemosensitized Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains overexpressing CaCdr1p but not other fungal ABC transporters, the C. albicans MFS transporter CaMdr1p or the azole target enzyme CaErg11p, to FLC. RC21v3 also chemosensitized clinical C. albicans isolates overexpressing CaCDR1 to FLC, even when CaCDR2 was overexpressed. Specific targeting of CaCdr1p by RC21v3 was confirmed by spontaneous RC21v3 chemosensitization-resistant suppressor mutants of S. cerevisiae expressing CaCdr1p. The suppressor mutations introduced a positive charge beside, or within, extracellular loops 1, 3, 4 and 6 of CaCdr1p or an aromatic residue near the extracytoplasmic end of transmembrane segment 5. The mutations did not affect CaCdr1p localization or CaCdr1p ATPase activity but some increased susceptibility to the CaCdr1p substrates FLC, rhodamine 6G, rhodamine 123 and cycloheximide. The suppressor mutations showed that the drug-like CaCdr1p inhibitors FK506, enniatin, milbemycin α11 and milbemycin β9 have modes of action similar to RC21v3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Niimi
- The Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
MIAO M, CAO HP, ZHONG Y, LIU J, WANG YH, LIU X, ZHANG NH, LIU K. Transcriptional Repressor Rdr1 Negatively Regulates Stress Response in Budding Yeast <I>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</I>*. PROG BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2010. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1206.2009.00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
9
|
Abstract
Root-secreted chemicals mediate multi-partite interactions in the rhizosphere, where plant roots continually respond to and alter their immediate environment. Increasing evidence suggests that root exudates initiate and modulate dialogue between roots and soil microbes. For example, root exudates serve as signals that initiate symbiosis with rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi. In addition, root exudates maintain and support a highly specific diversity of microbes in the rhizosphere of a given particular plant species, thus suggesting a close evolutionary link. In this review, we focus mainly on compiling the information available on the regulation and mechanisms of root exudation processes, and provide some ideas related to the evolutionary role of root exudates in shaping soil microbial communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dayakar V Badri
- Centre for Rhizosphere Biology and Department of Horticulture and LA, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kolaczkowski M, Kolaczkowska A, Sroda K, Ramalhete C, Michalak K, Mulhovo S, Ferreira MJU. Substrates and modulators of the multidrug transporter Cdr1p of Candida albicans in antifungal extracts of medicinal plants. Mycoses 2009; 53:305-10. [PMID: 19460101 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2009.01711.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effective treatment of infections caused by the most frequent human fungal pathogens Candida albicans and Candida glabrata is hindered by a limited number of available antifungals and development of resistance. In this study, we identified new extracts of medicinal plants inhibiting the growth of C. glabrata, a species generally showing low sensitivity to azoles. The methanolic extract of Anacardium occidentalis with an MIC of 80 microg ml(-1) proved to be the most active. In contrast to higher azole sensitivity, C. albicans showed increased resistance to several extracts. Investigation of the possible contribution of the multidrug transporter of the ATP-binding cassette superfamily Cdr1p of C. albicans to extract tolerance revealed a differential response upon overproduction of this protein in Saccharaomyces cerevisiae. Whereas the growth inhibitory activity of many extracts was not affected by CDR1 overexpression, increased sensitivity to some of them was observed. In contrast, extracts showing no detectable anticandidal activity including the ethyl acetate extract of Trichilia emetica were detoxified by Cdr1p. The presence of a non-toxic Cdr1p-mediated ketoconazole resistance modulator accompanying growth-inhibitory Cdr1p substrates in this extract was revealed by further fractionation experiments.
Collapse
|
11
|
Transcriptional regulators of seven yeast species: Comparative genome analysis — Review. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2008; 53:275-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-008-0044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Revised: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
12
|
Sangamwar AT, Deshpande UD, Pekamwar SS. Antifungals: need to search for a new molecular target. Indian J Pharm Sci 2008; 70:423-30. [PMID: 20046765 PMCID: PMC2792545 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.44588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2006] [Revised: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 1990s, drug resistance has become an important problem in a variety of infectious diseases including human immunodeficiency virus infection, tuberculosis, and other bacterial infections which have profound effects on human health. At the same time, there have been dramatic increase in the incidence of fungal infections, which are probably the result of alterations in immune status associated with the acquired immuno deficiency syndrome epidemic, cancer chemotherapy, and organ and bone marrow transplantation. The rise in the incidence of fungal infections has exacerbated the need for the next generation of antifungal agents, since many of the currently available drugs have undesirable side effects, are ineffective against new or reemerging fungi, or lead to the rapid development of the resistance. This review will focus on the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans, since a large body of work on the factors and mechanism associated with antifungal drug resistance in this organism is reported sufficiently. It will certainly elaborate the probable molecular targets for drug design, discovered to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. T. Sangamwar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Nanded Pharmacy College, Nanded-431 605, India
| | - U. D. Deshpande
- School of Life Sciences, S. R. T. M. University, Nanded-430 606, India
| | - S. S. Pekamwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Nanded Pharmacy College, Nanded-431 605, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Badri DV, Loyola-Vargas VM, Broeckling CD, De-la-Peña C, Jasinski M, Santelia D, Martinoia E, Sumner LW, Banta LM, Stermitz F, Vivanco JM. Altered profile of secondary metabolites in the root exudates of Arabidopsis ATP-binding cassette transporter mutants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 146:762-71. [PMID: 18065561 PMCID: PMC2245854 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.109587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Following recent indirect evidence suggesting a role for ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in root exudation of phytochemicals, we identified 25 ABC transporter genes highly expressed in the root cells most likely to be involved in secretion processes. Of these 25 genes, we also selected six full-length ABC transporters and a half-size transporter for in-depth molecular and biochemical analyses. We compared the exuded root phytochemical profiles of these seven ABC transporter mutants to those of the wild type. There were three nonpolar phytochemicals missing in various ABC transporter mutants compared to the wild type when the samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. These data suggest that more than one ABC transporter can be involved in the secretion of a given phytochemical and that a transporter can be involved in the secretion of more than one secondary metabolite. The primary and secondary metabolites present in the root exudates of the mutants were also analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, which allowed for the identification of groups of compounds differentially found in some of the mutants compared to the wild type. For instance, the mutant Atpdr6 secreted a lower level of organic acids and Atmrp2 secreted a higher level of amino acids as compared to the wild type. We conclude that the release of phytochemicals by roots is partially controlled by ABC transporters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dayakar V Badri
- Center for Rhizosphere Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Caracuel-Rios Z, Talbot NJ. Cellular differentiation and host invasion by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. Curr Opin Microbiol 2007; 10:339-45. [PMID: 17707684 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2007.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2007] [Accepted: 05/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review describes current advances in understanding the biology of plant infection by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. Development of the specialized infection structure, the appressorium, in M. grisea has recently been shown to be controlled by cell cycle progression and initiation of autophagic, programmed cell death in the fungal spore. Re-cycling of the contents of the fungal spore and peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation are therefore important processes for appressorium function. Following entry to the host plant, new evidence suggests that M. grisea grows biotrophically within rice cells, bounded by the plant plasmalemma, and the fungus moves from cell-to-cell by means of plasmodesmata. Biotrophic proliferation of the fungus is likely to require secretion of effector proteins and suppression of host defences. Consistent with this, a component of the polarized exocytosis machinery of M. grisea is necessary for pathogenicity and also for induction of host defences in an incompatible interaction. Large-scale insertional mutagenesis is now allowing the rapid analysis of gene function in M. grisea, heralding a new approach to the study of this important fungal pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zaira Caracuel-Rios
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sanglard D, Ischer F, Calabrese D, Micheli M, Bille J. Multiple resistance mechanisms to azole antifungals in yeast clinical isolates. Drug Resist Updat 2007; 1:255-65. [PMID: 16904408 DOI: 10.1016/s1368-7646(98)80006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/1998] [Revised: 06/25/1998] [Accepted: 06/25/1998] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of antifungal agents, especially the azole class, has increased in parallel with a higher incidence of fungal infections, particularly in immunocompromised patients. This situation has favored the appearance of Candida species, prominent among them C. albicans and C. globrata, with acquired resistance to these agents. This review focuses on the latest developments in investigations of molecular mechanisms contributing to azole resistance. Multiple resistance mechanisms have been described that can coexist in resistant clinical isolates. Understanding resistance mechanisms is of value not only for the design of new antifungal agents but also the development of strategies of overcome or delay the emergence of resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Sanglard
- Institut de Microbiologie, Centre Hospitulier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Griac P. Sec14 related proteins in yeast. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2007; 1771:737-45. [PMID: 17395532 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2007.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2006] [Revised: 02/20/2007] [Accepted: 02/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lipid transport between membranes of eukaryotic organisms represents an essential aspect of organelle biogenesis. This transport must be strictly selective and directional to assure specific lipid composition of individual membranes. Despite the intensive research effort in the last few years, our understanding of how lipids are sorted and moved within cells is still rather limited. Evidence indicates that at least some of the mechanisms generating and maintaining non-random distribution of lipids in cells are linked to the action of phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins (PITPs). The major PITP in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Sec14p, is essential in promoting Golgi secretory function by modulating of its membrane lipid composition. This review focuses on a group of five yeast proteins that share significant sequence homology with Sec14p. Based on this sequence identity, they were termed Sfh (Sec fourteen homologue) proteins. It is a diverse group of proteins with distinct subcellular localizations and varied physiological functions related to lipid metabolism, phosphoinositide mediated signaling and membrane trafficking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Griac
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Moyzesova 61, 900 28 Ivanka pri Dunaji, Slovakia.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
MacPherson S, Larochelle M, Turcotte B. A fungal family of transcriptional regulators: the zinc cluster proteins. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2006; 70:583-604. [PMID: 16959962 PMCID: PMC1594591 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00015-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The trace element zinc is required for proper functioning of a large number of proteins, including various enzymes. However, most zinc-containing proteins are transcription factors capable of binding DNA and are named zinc finger proteins. They form one of the largest families of transcriptional regulators and are categorized into various classes according to zinc-binding motifs. This review focuses on one class of zinc finger proteins called zinc cluster (or binuclear) proteins. Members of this family are exclusively fungal and possess the well-conserved motif CysX(2)CysX(6)CysX(5-12)CysX(2)CysX(6-8)Cys. The cysteine residues bind to two zinc atoms, which coordinate folding of the domain involved in DNA recognition. The first- and best-studied zinc cluster protein is Gal4p, a transcriptional activator of genes involved in the catabolism of galactose in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Since the discovery of Gal4p, many other zinc cluster proteins have been characterized; they function in a wide range of processes, including primary and secondary metabolism and meiosis. Other roles include regulation of genes involved in the stress response as well as pleiotropic drug resistance, as demonstrated in budding yeast and in human fungal pathogens. With the number of characterized zinc cluster proteins growing rapidly, it is becoming more and more apparent that they are important regulators of fungal physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah MacPherson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 1A
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ambrona J, Vinagre A, Maqueda M, Alvarez ML, Ramírez M. Rhodamine-pink as a genetic marker for yeast populations in wine fermentation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:2977-84. [PMID: 16608218 DOI: 10.1021/jf052844d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Winemaking with selected yeasts requires simple techniques to monitor the inoculated yeast. New high-concentration rhodamine-resistant mutants and low-concentration rhodamine-pink mutants, easy to detect by replica-plate assay, were obtained from selected wine yeasts. The rhodamine-pink mutations were dominant and were located at the pdr5 locus that encodes for the Pdr5 ATP-binding cassette multidrug resistance transporter. The mutants were genetically stable but had lost the killer phenotype of the parent yeast strain. They were genetically improved by elimination of recessive growth-retarding alleles followed by crossing with selected killer wine yeasts. Several spore-clones were selected according to their must fermentation kinetics and the organoleptic quality of the wine. Some spore-clones were tested in industrial winemaking, and they were easily monitored during must fermentation using a simple color-plate assay. They accounted for >96% of the total yeasts in the must, and the resulting wine had as good a quality as those made with standard commercial wine yeasts. The rhodamine-pink yeasts may also be detected by direct seeding onto rhodamine agar or by observation under fluorescence microscopy. These possibilities greatly reduce the time of analysis and make the monitoring procedure for rhodamine-pink yeasts faster, easier, and cheaper than for the genetically marked wine yeasts obtained previously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Ambrona
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yokoyama H, Mizunuma M, Okamoto M, Yamamoto J, Hirata D, Miyakawa T. Involvement of calcineurin-dependent degradation of Yap1p in Ca2+-induced G2 cell-cycle regulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EMBO Rep 2006; 7:519-24. [PMID: 16485023 PMCID: PMC1479561 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.7400647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Revised: 11/11/2005] [Accepted: 01/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ca2+-activated pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae induce a delay in the onset of mitosis through the activation of Swe1p, a negative regulatory kinase that inhibits the Cdc28p/Clb complex. We isolated the YAP1 gene as a multicopy suppressor of calcium sensitivity owing to the loss of ZDS1, a negative regulator of SWE1 and CLN2 gene expression. YAP1 deletion on a zds1delta background exacerbated the Ca2+-related phenotype. Yap1p was degraded in a calcineurin-dependent manner when cells were exposed to calcium. In yap1delta cells, the expression level of the RPN4 gene encoding a transcription factor for the subunits of the ubiquitin-proteasome system was diminished. The deletion of YAP1 gene or RPN4 gene led to the accumulation of Swe1p and Cln2p. Yap1p was a substrate of calcineurin in vivo and in vitro. The calcineurin-mediated Yap1p degradation seems to be a long adaptive response that assures a G2 delay in response to a stress that causes the activation of the calcium signalling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yokoyama
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Masaki Mizunuma
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Michiyo Okamoto
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Josuke Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Dai Hirata
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Tokichi Miyakawa
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
- Tel: +81 82 424 7763; Fax: +81 82 424 7763; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Romero C, Desai P, DeLillo N, Vancura A. Expression of FLR1 transporter requires phospholipase C and is repressed by Mediator. J Biol Chem 2005; 281:5677-85. [PMID: 16352614 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m506728200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In budding yeast, phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (Plc1p encoded by PLC1 gene) is important for function of kinetochores. Deletion of PLC1 results in benomyl sensitivity, alterations in chromatin structure of centromeres, mitotic delay, and a higher frequency of chromosome loss. Here we intended to utilize benomyl sensitivity as a phenotype that would allow us to identify genes that are important for kinetochore function and are downstream of Plc1p. However, our screen identified SIN4, encoding a component of the Mediator complex of RNA polymerase II. Deletion of SIN4 gene (sin4Delta) does not suppress benomyl sensitivity of plc1Delta cells by improving the function of kinetochores. Instead, benomyl sensitivity of plc1Delta cells is caused by a defect in expression of FLR1, and the suppression of benomyl sensitivity in plc1Delta sin4Delta cells occurs by derepression of FLR1 transcription. FLR1 encodes a plasma membrane transporter that mediates resistance to benomyl. Several other mutations in the Mediator complex also result in significant derepression of FLR1 and greatly increased resistance to benomyl. Thus, benomyl sensitivity is not a phenotype exclusively associated with mitotic spindle defect. These results demonstrate that in addition to promoter-specific transcription factors that are components of the pleiotropic drug resistance network, expression of the membrane transporters can be regulated by Plc1p, a component of a signal transduction pathway, and by Mediator, a general transcription factor. The results thus suggest another layer of complexity in regulation of pleiotropic drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Romero
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Watanabe M, Mizoguchi H, Nishimura A. Disruption of the ABC transporter genes PDR5, YOR1, and SNQ2, and their participation in improved fermentative activity of a sake yeast mutant showing pleiotropic drug resistance. J Biosci Bioeng 2005; 89:569-76. [PMID: 16232800 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(00)80059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2000] [Accepted: 03/15/2000] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Clotrimazole-resistant mutants from sake yeasts show improved fermentative activity in sake mash and pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR). The PDR mechanism is interpreted by overexpression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, which extrude various kinds of drugs out of a cell. In a clotrimazole-resistant mutant, CTZ21, isolated from the haploid sake yeast HL69, the levels of mRNA for three major ABC transporter genes, PDR5, SNQ2, and YOR1, markedly increased. These three genes of CTZ21 were disrupted to investigate which participated in the improved fermentative activity of CTZ21. The fermentative activities of deltapdr5 and deltasnq2 strains of CTZ21 were reduced to that of HL69 in the initial and middle stages of fermentation. In the last stage, however, the sake meter [(1/gravity - 1) x 1443] of the deltapdr5 and deltasnq2 strains rose faster than that of HL69. On the other hand, a deltayor1 strain of CTZ21 fermented sake mash in a manner nearly identical to that of CTZ21 until the last stage of fermentation. But in the last stage, fermentation of the deltayor1 slowed down compared with that of CTZ21. A deltayor1 strain of HL69 also exhibited much reduced fermentative activity in the middle and last fermentation stages. The YOR1 gene seems necessary for sake fermentation to be completed efficiently. The ATP content in sake mash brewed with CTZ21 was drastically decreased throughout the whole fermentation period. This low ATP level was restored to a medium level in the cases of both the deltapdr5 and deltasnq2 strains of CTZ21. In contrast, the deltayor1 of CTZ21 exhibited a low ATP level in sake mash in the same manner as CTZ21. These results suggest that the low ATP level of CTZ21 contributes to a certain extent its improved fermentative activity in the initial and middle stages of sake fermentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Watanabe
- Research & Development Dept., Hakutsuru Sake Brewing Co. Ltd., 4-5-5 Sumiyoshiminami-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-0041, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Coste AT, Karababa M, Ischer F, Bille J, Sanglard D. TAC1, transcriptional activator of CDR genes, is a new transcription factor involved in the regulation of Candida albicans ABC transporters CDR1 and CDR2. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2005; 3:1639-52. [PMID: 15590837 PMCID: PMC539021 DOI: 10.1128/ec.3.6.1639-1652.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The ABC transporter genes CDR1 and CDR2 can be upregulated in Candida albicans developing resistance to azoles or can be upregulated by exposing cells transiently to drugs such as fluphenazine. The cis-acting drug-responsive element (DRE) present in the promoters of both genes and necessary for their upregulation contains 5'-CGG-3' triplets that are often recognized by transcriptional activators with Zn(2)-Cys(6) fingers. In order to isolate regulators of CDR1 and CDR2, the C. albicans genome was searched for genes encoding proteins with Zn(2)-Cys(6) fingers. Interestingly, three of these genes were tandemly arranged near the mating locus. Their involvement in CDR1 and CDR2 upregulation was addressed because a previous study demonstrated a link between mating locus homozygosity and azole resistance. The deletion of only one of these genes (orf19.3188) was sufficient to result in a loss of transient CDR1 and CDR2 upregulation by fluphenazine and was therefore named TAC1 (transcriptional activator of CDR genes). Tac1p has a nuclear localization, and a fusion of Tac1p with glutathione S-transferase could bind the cis-acting regulatory DRE in both the CDR1 and the CDR2 promoters. TAC1 is also relevant for azole resistance, since a TAC1 allele (TAC1-2) recovered from an azole-resistant strain could trigger constitutive upregulation of CDR1 and CDR2 in an azole-susceptible laboratory strain. Transcript profiling experiments performed with a TAC1 mutant and a revertant containing TAC1-2 revealed not only CDR1 and CDR2 as targets of TAC1 regulation but also other genes (RTA3, IFU5, and HSP12) that interestingly contained a DRE-like element in their promoters. In conclusion, TAC1 appears to be the first C. albicans transcription factor involved in the control of genes mediating antifungal resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alix T Coste
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 48, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Alic N, Felder T, Temple MD, Gloeckner C, Higgins VJ, Briza P, Dawes IW. Genome-wide transcriptional responses to a lipid hydroperoxide: adaptation occurs without induction of oxidant defenses. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 37:23-35. [PMID: 15183192 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2003] [Revised: 03/15/2004] [Accepted: 04/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Free radicals can initiate the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in cells through the process of lipid peroxidation. The genome-wide transcriptional changes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae after treatment with the toxic lipid peroxidation product linoleic acid hydroperoxide (LoaOOH) were identified. High-dose treatment led to a switch in transcription from biosynthetic to protective functions. This response encompassed a set of genes stimulated predominantly by LoaOOH, and not by other oxidants or heat shock, which contained components of the pleiotropic drug resistance system. The dose dependence of the transcriptional response revealed that large and widespread changes occur only in response to higher doses. Pretreatment of cells with sublethal doses of LoaOOH induces resistance to an otherwise lethal dose through the process of adaptation. Adaptive doses elicited a more subtle transcriptional response affecting metabolic functions, including an increase in the capacity for detoxification and downregulation of the rate of protein synthesis. Surprisingly, the cellular response to adaptive doses did not include induction of oxidative-stress defense enzymes nor of transcripts involved in general cellular defense systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nazif Alic
- Ramaciotti Centre for Gene Function Analysis and School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052 NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wehrschütz-Sigl E, Jungwirth H, Bergler H, Högenauer G. The transporters Pdr5p and Snq2p mediate diazaborine resistance and are under the control of the gain-of-function allele PDR1-12. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:1145-52. [PMID: 15009193 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04018.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The spontaneous acquisition of resistance to a variety of unrelated cytotoxic compounds has important implications in medical treatment of infectious diseases and anticancer therapy. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae this phenomenon is caused by overexpression of membrane efflux pumps and is called pleiotropic drug resistance. We have found that allelic forms of the genes for the transcription activators Pdr1p and Pdr3p, designated PDR1-12 and PDR3-33, respectively, mediate resistance to diazaborine. Here we demonstrate that the transporters Pdr5p and Snq2p are involved in diazaborine detoxification. We report that in the PDR3-33 mutant diazaborine resistance is exerted mainly via overexpression of the PDR5 and SNQ2 genes, while in the PDR1-12 mutant, additional genes, i.e. the Yap1p target genes FLR1 and YCF1, are also involved in diazaborine detoxification. In addition, we show that in the presence of cycloheximide or diazaborine PDR5 can be activated by additional transcription factors beside Pdr1p and Pdr3p.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Wehrschütz-Sigl
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Biochemie und Mikrobiologie, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Austria
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Fernandes AR, Durão PJ, Santos PM, Sá-Correia I. Activation and significance of vacuolar H+-ATPase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae adaptation and resistance to the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 312:1317-24. [PMID: 14652018 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The stimulation of the activity of the H(+)-ATPase present in the vacuolar membrane (V-ATPase) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is here described in response to a moderate stress induced by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). This in vivo activation (up to 5-fold) took place essentially during the adaptation period, preceding cell division under herbicide stress, in coordination with a marked activation of plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase (PM-ATPase) (up to 30-fold) and the decrease of intracellular and vacuolar pH values, suggesting that activation may be triggered by acidification. Single deletion of VMA1 and genes encoding other V-ATPase subunits led to a more extended period of adaptation and to slower growth under 2,4-D stress. Results suggest that a functional V-ATPase is required to counteract, more rapidly and efficiently, the dissipation of the physiological H(+)-gradient across vacuolar membrane registered during 2,4-D adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A R Fernandes
- Biological Sciences Research Group, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Einicker-Lamas M, Morales MM, Miranda K, Garcia-Abreu J, Oliveira AJF, Silva FLS, Oliveira MM. P-glycoprotein-like protein contributes to cadmium resistance in Euglena gracilis. J Comp Physiol B 2003; 173:559-64. [PMID: 12879347 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-003-0365-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2003] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Selective pressures from polluted environments have led to the development of resistance systems in aquatic organisms. Using different techniques, this study examined a cadmium defense mechanism of the freshwater unicellular protozoa Euglena gracilis, and found it to be an efflux pump similar to the multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein. Cd(2+)-treated E. gracilis were able to extrude Rhodamine 123 at 21 degrees C, but not at 4 degrees C. Furthermore, verapamil, a P-glycoprotein modulator, partially blocked the efflux process (at 21 degrees C), and enhanced the Cd(2+) toxic effects on these cells. Western immunoblots of cell lysates, using the anti-P-glycoprotein antibody JSB-1, revealed a 120-KDa protein, which was expressed, in high amounts on Cd(2+)-exposed cells (74% above the control values). Moreover, cells treated with JSB-1 became more sensitive to the harmful effects of cadmium, showing a decreased survival rate. Taken together, these results suggest that a MDR phenotype has evolved in Euglena as one of the mechanisms for cadmium detoxification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Einicker-Lamas
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Nascimento AM, Goldman GH, Park S, Marras SAE, Delmas G, Oza U, Lolans K, Dudley MN, Mann PA, Perlin DS. Multiple resistance mechanisms among Aspergillus fumigatus mutants with high-level resistance to itraconazole. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:1719-26. [PMID: 12709346 PMCID: PMC153329 DOI: 10.1128/aac.47.5.1719-1726.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A collection of Aspergillus fumigatus mutants highly resistant to itraconazole (RIT) at 100 micro g ml(-1) were selected in vitro (following UV irradiation as a preliminary step) to investigate mechanisms of drug resistance in this clinically important pathogen. Eight of the RIT mutants were found to have a mutation at Gly54 (G54E, -K, or -R) in the azole target gene CYP51A. Primers designed for highly conserved regions of multidrug resistance (MDR) pumps were used in reverse transcriptase PCR amplification reactions to identify novel genes encoding potential MDR efflux pumps in A. fumigatus. Two genes, AfuMDR3 and AfuMDR4, showed prominent changes in expression levels in many RIT mutants and were characterized in more detail. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence encoded by AfuMDR3 revealed high similarity to major facilitator superfamily transporters, while AfuMDR4 was a typical member of the ATP-binding cassette superfamily. Real-time quantitative PCR with molecular beacon probes was used to assess expression levels of AfuMDR3 and AfuMDR4. Most RIT mutants showed either constitutive high-level expression of both genes or induction of expression upon exposure to itraconazole. Our results suggest that overexpression of one or both of these newly identified drug efflux pump genes of A. fumigatus and/or selection of drug target site mutations are linked to high-level itraconazole resistance and are mechanistic considerations for the emergence of clinical resistance to itraconazole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana M Nascimento
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
In view of the increasing threat posed by fungal infections in immunocompromised patients and due to the non-availability of effective treatments, it has become imperative to find novel antifungals and vigorously search for new drug targets. Fungal pathogens acquire resistance to drugs (antifungals), a well-established phenomenon termed multidrug resistance (MDR), which hampers effective treatment strategies. The MDR phenomenon is spread throughout the evolutionary scale. Accordingly, a host of responsible genes have been identified in the genetically tractable budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as well as in a pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. Studies so far suggest that, while antifungal resistance is the culmination of multiple factors, there may be a unifying mechanism of drug resistance in these pathogens. ABC (ATP binding cassette) and MFS (major facilitator superfamily) drug transporters belonging to two different superfamilies, are the most prominent contributors to MDR in yeasts. Considering the abundance of the drug transporters and their wider specificity, it is believed that these drug transporters may not exclusively export drugs in fungi. It has become apparent that the drug transporters of the ABC superfamily of S. cerevisiae and C. albicans are multifunctional proteins, which mediate important physiological functions. This review summarizes current research on the molecular mechanisms underlying drug resistance, the emerging regulatory circuits of MDR genes, and the physiological relevance of drug transporters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Prasad
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kato U, Emoto K, Fredriksson C, Nakamura H, Ohta A, Kobayashi T, Murakami-Murofushi K, Kobayashi T, Umeda M. A novel membrane protein, Ros3p, is required for phospholipid translocation across the plasma membrane in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:37855-62. [PMID: 12133835 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m205564200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ro09-0198 (Ro) is a tetracyclic peptide antibiotic that binds specifically to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and causes cytolysis. To investigate the molecular basis of transbilayer movement of PE in biological membranes, we have isolated a series of budding yeast mutants that are hypersensitive to the Ro peptide. One of the most sensitive mutants, designated ros3 (Ro-sensitive 3), showed no significant change in the cellular phospholipid composition or in the sensitivity to amphotericin B, a sterol-binding polyene macrolide antibiotic. These results suggest that the mutation of ros3 affects the PE organization on the plasma membrane, rather than PE synthesis or overall organization of the membrane structures. By functional complementation screening, we identified the gene ROS3 affected in the mutant, and we showed that the hypersensitive phenotype was caused by the defective expression of the ROS3 gene product, Ros3p, an evolutionarily conserved protein with two putative transmembrane domains. Disruption of the ROS3 gene resulted in a marked decrease in the internalization of fluorescence-labeled analogs of PE and phosphatidylcholine, whereas the uptake of fluorescence-labeled phosphatidylserine and endocytic markers was not affected. Neither expression levels nor activities of ATP-binding cassette transporters of the ros3Delta cells differed from those of wild type cells, suggesting that Ros3p is not related to the multidrug resistance activities. Immunochemical analyses of the structure and subcellular localization showed that Ros3p was a glycosylated membrane protein localized in both the plasma membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum, and that a part of Ros3p was associated with the detergent-insoluble glycolipid-enriched complexes. These results indicate that Ros3p is a membrane glycoprotein that plays an important role in the phospholipid translocation across the plasma membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Utako Kato
- Department of Molecular Biodynamics, the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sá-Correia I, Tenreiro S. The multidrug resistance transporters of the major facilitator superfamily, 6 years after disclosure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome sequence. J Biotechnol 2002; 98:215-26. [PMID: 12141988 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(02)00133-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR) plays a crucial role in the failure of treatments of tumors and infectious diseases and in the control of plant pathogens, weeds and food-poisoning and food-spoilage microorganisms. Among the mechanisms underlying the MDR phenomenon in various organisms is the action of transmembrane transport proteins that presumably catalyse the active expulsion of structurally and functionally unrelated cytotoxic compounds out of the cell or their intracellular partitioning. On the basis of the complete genome sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, numerous established and putative multidrug transporters were identified in this non-pathogenic, easy to manipulate eukaryotic model system. In yeast, the putative drug:H(+)-antiporters belong to the major facilitator superfamily; they comprise at least 23 proteins that have largely escaped characterisation by classical approaches. Other MDR determinants are membrane transporters belonging to the ATP binding cassette (ABC) superfamily, that utilize the energy of ATP hydrolysis for activity, and factors for transcriptional regulation of all the MDR transporters. This work reviews the current status of knowledge on the poorly characterized H(+)-antiporters, with 12 and 14 predicted spans, DHA12 and DHA14, drug efflux families. Consideration is given to the inventory and phylogenetic characterization, role as MDR determinants, regulation of gene expression, subcellular localisation and activity as solute transporters. Most of the present knowledge on these putative drug:H(+)-antiporters was driven by disclosure of S. cerevisiae genome sequence, in April 1996, being a paradigm of post-genomic research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Sá-Correia
- Centro de Engenharia Biológica e Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Phospholipid reporter molecules, containing a fluorescent group attached to a short, acyl chain, spontaneously insert into the plasma membrane of yeast cells allowing retrograde trafficking to intracellular organelles as well as their metabolic fates to be monitored. This approach provides the framework for determining the dependence of particular phospholipid trafficking and metabolic steps on a wide range of genes known to be required for related membrane transport functions as well as for developing genetic screens to identify novel genes required for these processes. This review presents an overview of insights gained into phospholipid trafficking and metabolism using this approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Wylie Nichols
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Semighini CP, Marins M, Goldman MHS, Goldman GH. Quantitative analysis of the relative transcript levels of ABC transporter Atr genes in Aspergillus nidulans by real-time reverse transcription-PCR assay. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:1351-7. [PMID: 11872487 PMCID: PMC123782 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.3.1351-1357.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of assays for quantitative analysis of the relative transcript levels of ABC transporter genes by real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) might provide important information about multidrug resistance in filamentous fungi. Here, we evaluate the potential of real-time RT-PCR to quantify the relative transcript levels of ABC transporter Atr genes from Aspergillus nidulans. The AtrA to AtrD genes showed different and higher levels in the presence of structurally unrelated drugs, such as camptothecin, imazalil, itraconazole, hygromycin, and 4-nitroquinoline oxide. We also verified the relative transcript levels of the Atr genes in the A. nidulans imazalil-resistant mutants. These genes displayed a very complex pattern in different ima genetic backgrounds. The imaB mutant has higher basal transcript levels of AtrB and -D than those of the wild-type strain. The levels of these two genes are comparable when the imaB mutant is grown in the presence and absence of imazalil. The imaC, -D, and -H mutants have higher basal levels of AtrA than that of the wild type. The same behavior is observed for the relative transcript levels of AtrB in the imaG mutant background.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camile Pizeta Semighini
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café S/N, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Mizoguchi H, Yamauchi T, Watanabe M, Yamanaka H, Nishimura A, Hanamoto H. Different missense mutations in PDR1 and PDR3 genes from clotrimazole-resistant sake yeast are responsible for pleiotropic drug resistance and improved fermentative activity. J Biosci Bioeng 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(02)80018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
34
|
Akada R, Shimizu Y, Matsushita Y, Kawahata M, Hoshida H, Nishizawa Y. Use of a YAP1 overexpression cassette conferring specific resistance to cerulenin and cycloheximide as an efficient selectable marker in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 2002; 19:17-28. [PMID: 11754479 DOI: 10.1002/yea.797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistance markers for yeast transformation are useful because they can be applied to strains without auxotrophic mutations. However, they are susceptible to technical difficulties, namely lower transformation efficiency and the appearance of drug-resistant mutants without the marker. To avoid these problems, we have constructed a phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) promoter-driven YAP1 expression cassette, called PGKp-YAP1. Yeast cells containing PGKp-YAP1 were resistant to cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor, and also to cerulenin, a fatty acid synthesis inhibitor, but not to other drugs tested. The transformation efficiency of PGKp-YAP1 using cerulenin selection was comparable to that using a URA3 auxotrophic marker when low concentrations of cerulenin were used. Non-transformed drug-resistant colonies did appear on the low-concentration cerulenin plates. However, these non-transformed colonies could easily be identified, based on their cycloheximide sensitivity and/or their resistance to aureobasidin A to which the transformants were sensitive. Therefore, the dual drug resistance of PGKp-YAP1 could be used as an effective selection for PGKp-YAP1 recipient cells. The PGKp-YAP1 marker was used to disrupt the LYS2 gene and to transform an industrial yeast strain, indicating that this marker can be used for efficient and reliable gene manipulations in any Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rinji Akada
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Tokiwadai, Ube 755-8611, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kim DY, Song WY, Yang YY, Lee Y. The role of PDR13 in tolerance to high copper stress in budding yeast. FEBS Lett 2001; 508:99-102. [PMID: 11707276 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(01)03038-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PDR13 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae contributes to drug resistance via sequential activation of PDR1 and PDR5. In this study, we found that a PDR13 deletion mutant was hypersensitive to Cu(2+) compared to the wild-type counterpart. The Cu(2+) tolerance mechanism mediated by Pdr13 does not seem to involve Pdr1 or Pdr5, since mutants harboring a deletion of either the PDR1 or PDR5 gene did not show elevated Cu(2+) sensitivity. Instead, we found that the PDR13 null mutant could not express CUP1 or CRS5 metallothionein at wild-type levels when subjected to high Cu(2+) stress. These results suggest that Pdr13 contributes to high Cu(2+) tolerance of S. cerevisiae, at least in part, via a mechanism involving metallothionein expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Y Kim
- Division of Molecular Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Perea S, López-Ribot JL, Kirkpatrick WR, McAtee RK, Santillán RA, Martínez M, Calabrese D, Sanglard D, Patterson TF. Prevalence of molecular mechanisms of resistance to azole antifungal agents in Candida albicans strains displaying high-level fluconazole resistance isolated from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45:2676-84. [PMID: 11557454 PMCID: PMC90716 DOI: 10.1128/aac.45.10.2676-2684.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms of azole resistance in Candida albicans, including alterations in the target enzyme and increased efflux of drug, have been described, but the epidemiology of the resistance mechanisms has not been established. We have investigated the molecular mechanisms of resistance to azoles in C. albicans strains displaying high-level fluconazole resistance (MICs, > or =64 microg/ml) isolated from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis. The levels of expression of genes encoding lanosterol 14alpha-demethylase (ERG11) and efflux transporters (MDR1 and CDR) implicated in azole resistance were monitored in matched sets of susceptible and resistant isolates. In addition, ERG11 genes were amplified by PCR, and their nucleotide sequences were determined in order to detect point mutations with a possible effect in the affinity for azoles. The analysis confirmed the multifactorial nature of azole resistance and the prevalence of these mechanisms of resistance in C. albicans clinical isolates exhibiting frank fluconazole resistance, with a predominance of overexpression of genes encoding efflux pumps, detected in 85% of all resistant isolates, being found. Alterations in the target enzyme, including functional amino acid substitutions and overexpression of the gene that encodes the enzyme, were detected in 65 and 35% of the isolates, respectively. Overall, multiple mechanisms of resistance were combined in 75% of the isolates displaying high-level fluconazole resistance. These results may help in the development of new strategies to overcome the problem of resistance as well as new treatments for this condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Perea
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
do Valle Matta MA, Jonniaux JL, Balzi E, Goffeau A, van den Hazel B. Novel target genes of the yeast regulator Pdr1p: a contribution of the TPO1 gene in resistance to quinidine and other drugs. Gene 2001; 272:111-9. [PMID: 11470516 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(01)00558-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The yeast transcription factor Pdr1p regulates the expression of a number of genes, several of which encode ATP-driven transport proteins involved in multiple drug resistance. Among 20 genes containing binding consensus sequences for the transcription factor Pdr1p in their promoter, we studied more particularly the regulation and function of PDR16 (involved in phospholipid synthesis), TPO1 (involved in vacuolar transport of polyamines), YAL061W (homologous to polyol dehydrogenases) and YLR346C (unknown function). We found that the regulation of these four genes depends on Pdr1p, since promoter activities studied by lacZ fusion analysis and mRNA levels studied by Northern blotting analysis changed upon deletion or hyperactivation by the pdr1-3 mutant of this transcription factor. The drug sensitivity of the strains deleted for these genes revealed that TPO1, a gene previously found to be involved in spermidine resistance and vacuolar polyamine transport, is a determinant of multidrug transporter since it also mediates growth resistance to cycloheximide and quinidine. This resistance pattern overlapped with that of YOR273C, a homolog of TPO1. These two homologous transporters are thus bona fide members of the phylogenetic subfamily DHA1 (drug/proton antiport TC 2.A.1. 2) of the major facilitator superfamily. Both YOR273C and TPO1 as well as at least one other determinant involved in the yeast pleiotropic drug resistance network contribute to resistance to a quinoline-containing antimalarial drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A do Valle Matta
- Unité de Biochimie Physiologique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 2/20, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Hu W, Feng Q, Palli SR, Krell PJ, Arif BM, Retnakaran A. The ABC transporter Pdr5p mediates the efflux of nonsteroidal ecdysone agonists in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:3416-22. [PMID: 11422371 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that the synthetic nonsteroidal ecdysone agonist tebufenozide (RH-5992) is actively excluded by resistant cells of insects. To identify the transporter that could be involved in the efflux of RH-5992, the role of three ATP binding cassette transporters, Pdr5p, Snq2p and Ycf1p, has been studied using transporter-deletion mutants of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PDR5 (pleiotropic drug resistance 5) deletion mutants (Deltapdr5 and Deltapdr5Deltasnq2) retained significantly higher levels of 14C-radiolabeled RH-5992 within the cells when compared to wild-type strain or single deletion mutants of SNQ2 (Deltasnq2) and YCF1 (Deltaycf1). Introduction of an expression vector containing the PDR5 gene into the PDR5 single deletion mutant reversed the effect, resulting in the active exclusion of [14C]RH-5992 from these cells as efficiently as the wild-type cells. These results demonstrated that the ABC transporter Pdr5p but not Snq2p or Ycf1p was responsible for the active exclusion of [14C]RH-5992 in yeast. This exclusion was temperature-dependent and was blocked by the ATPase inhibitors oligomycin and vanadate, indicating that the efflux was an active process. The mutants with the PDR5 deletion can also selectively accumulate [14C]RH-0345 and [14C]RH-2485, but not [14C]RH-5849, indicating that these three compounds share the same transporter Pdr5p for efflux.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Hu
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Nunes PA, Tenreiro S, Sá-Correia I. Resistance and adaptation to quinidine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: role of QDR1 (YIL120w), encoding a plasma membrane transporter of the major facilitator superfamily required for multidrug resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45:1528-34. [PMID: 11302822 PMCID: PMC90500 DOI: 10.1128/aac.45.5.1528-1534.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As predicted based on structural considerations, we show results indicating that the member of the major facilitator superfamily encoded by Saccharomyces cerevisiae open reading frame YIL120w is a multidrug resistance determinant. Yil120wp was implicated in yeast resistance to ketoconazole and quinidine, but not to the stereoisomer quinine; the gene was thus named QDR1. Qdr1p was proved to alleviate the deleterious effects of quinidine, revealed by the loss of cell viability following sudden exposure of the unadapted yeast population to the drug, and to allow the earlier eventual resumption of exponential growth under quinidine stress. However, QDR1 gene expression had no detectable effect on the susceptibility of yeast cells previously adapted to quinidine. Fluorescence microscopy observation of the distribution of the Qdr1-green fluorescent protein fusion protein in living yeast cells indicated that Qdr1p is a plasma membrane protein. We also show experimental evidence indicating that yeast adaptation to growth with quinidine involves the induction of active expulsion of the drug from preloaded cells, despite the fact that this antiarrhythmic and antimalarial quinoline ring-containing drug is not present in the yeast natural environment. However, we were not able to prove that Qdr1p is directly implicated in this export. Results clearly suggest that there are other unidentified quinidine resistance mechanisms that can be used in the absence of QDR1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P A Nunes
- Centro de Engenharia Biológia e Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Schiengold M, Schwantes L, Schwartsmann G, Chies JA, Nardi NB. Multidrug resistance gene expression during the murine ontogeny. Mech Ageing Dev 2001; 122:255-70. [PMID: 11311315 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(00)00223-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) was described initially for tumor cells which become resistant not only to the specific drug to which they are submitted, but also to a large range of unrelated drugs. The expression of mdr genes, responsible for the phenotype, and their product P glycoprotein (Pgp), is currently under intensive study due to their ample distribution in different organisms and their possible physiological roles which include protection against xenobiotics. In mice, three mdr isoforms expressed in some normal tissues are known. In this work, we analyzed by RT-PCR the expression of mdr1, mdr2 and mdr3 in several organs of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice during ontogeny. A considerable variation in mdr expression among individuals of the same strain, as well as among different organs in individuals of the same age group and among different age groups, was detected. We also observed a strong tendency for the expression of a greater number of active isoforms in old mice. The large expression range of the mdr isoforms point to an important role as a natural defense system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Schiengold
- Genetics Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Avenue Bento Gonçalves 9500-C.P. 15053, 91.501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Katiyar SK, Edlind TD. Identification and expression of multidrug resistance-related ABC transporter genes in Candida krusei. Med Mycol 2001; 39:109-16. [PMID: 11270397 DOI: 10.1080/mmy.39.1.109.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with Candida krusei have increased in recent years as a consequence of its intrinsic resistance to fluconazole, an antifungal azole widely used in immunocompromised individuals to suppress infections due to azole-susceptible C. albicans. One established mechanism for azole resistance is drug efflux by ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters. Since these transporters recognize structurally diverse drugs, their overexpression can lead to multidrug resistance (MDR). To identify C. krusei genes potentially involved in azole resistance, PCR was performed with primers corresponding to conserved sequences of MDR-related ABC transporters from other fungi. Two genes, ABC1 and ABC2, were identified; Southern blots suggested that both have one or two related gene copies in the C. krusei genome. ABC1 RNA was constitutively expressed at low levels in log phase cells while ABC2 RNA was undetectable. However, both genes were upregulated as cultures approached stationary phase, and this upregulation was correlated with decreased susceptibility to the lethal activity of the azole derivative miconazole. Furthermore, ABC1 was upregulated following brief treatment of C. krusei with miconazole and clotrimazole (but not other azoles), and the unrelated compounds albendazole and cycloheximide. The latter two compounds antagonized fluconazole activity versus C. krusei, supporting a role for the ABC1 transporter in azole efflux. Finally, miconazole-resistant mutants selected in vitro demonstrated increased constitutive expression of ABC1. Based on these expression data, genetic and functional characterization of the ABC1 transporter to directly test its role in C. krusei azole resistance would appear to be warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S K Katiyar
- MCP Hahnemann University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ruiz-Rubio M, PÉrez-Espinosa A, Lairini K, RoldÁn-Arjona T, Dipietro A, Anaya N. Metabolism of the tomato saponin α-tomatine by phytopathogenic fungi. BIOACTIVE NATURAL PRODUCTS (PART F) 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(01)80010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
43
|
Abstract
Ssu1p, a plasma membrane protein involved in sulphite metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was found to be required for efficient sulphite efflux. An SSU1 null mutant accumulated significantly more sulphite than wild-type, whereas cells expressing multicopy SSU1 accumulated significantly less. Cells expressing FZF1-4, a dominant allele of a transcriptional activator of SSU1 that confers sulphite resistance, also accumulated less sulphite. beta-galactosidase activity in the FZF1-4 strain carrying an SSU1::lacZ fusion was found to be 8.5-fold higher than in a strain carrying wild-type FZF1, confirming that the heightened resistance was correlated with hyperactivation of SSU1. Multicopy SSU1 was also found to increase the sulphite resistance of a number of unrelated sulphite-sensitive strains by a factor of 3- to 8-fold. Rates of efflux of free sulphite from cells expressing multicopy SSU1 or FZF1-4 were significantly greater than that from wild-type or from a SSU1 null mutant. Rates of efflux of bound sulphite from wild-type, a SSU1 null mutant, a FZF1-4 mutant, or cells expressing multicopy SSU1 were not significantly different, suggesting that Ssu1p specifically mediates efflux of the free form of sulphite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Park
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, OR 97331-6602, Corvallis, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
The ATP binding cassette (ABC) superfamily is a large, ubiquitous and diverse group of proteins, most of which mediate transport across biological membranes. ABC transporters have been shown to function not only as ATP-dependent pumps, but also as ion channels and channel regulators. Whilst members of this gene family have been extensively characterised in mammalian and microbial systems, the study of plant ABC transporters is a relatively new field of investigation. Sequences of over 20 plant ABC proteins have been published and include homologues of P-glycoprotein, MRP, PDR5 and organellar transporters. At present, functions have been assigned to a small proportion of these genes and only the MRP subclass has been extensively characterised. This review aims to summarise literature relevant to the study of plant ABC transporters, to review methods of cloning, to discuss the utility of yeast and mammalian systems as models and to speculate on possible roles of uncharacterised ABC transporters in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F L Theodoulou
- Biochemistry and Physiology Department, IACR-Rothamsted, Harpenden, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Egner R, Bauer BE, Kuchler K. The transmembrane domain 10 of the yeast Pdr5p ABC antifungal efflux pump determines both substrate specificity and inhibitor susceptibility. Mol Microbiol 2000; 35:1255-63. [PMID: 10712705 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.01798.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that a S1360F mutation in transmembrane domain 10 (TMD10) of the Pdr5p ABC transporter modulates substrate specificity and simultaneously leads to a loss of FK506 inhibition. In this study, we have constructed and characterized the S1360F/A/T and T1364F/A/S mutations located in the hydrophilic face of the amphipatic Pdr5p TMD10. A T1364F mutation leads to a reduction in Pdr5p-mediated azole and rhodamine 6G resistance. Like S1360F, the T1364F and T1364A mutants were nearly non-responsive to FK506 inhibition. Most remarkably, however, the S1360A mutation increases FK506 inhibitor susceptibility, because Pdr5p-S1360A is hypersensitive to FK506 inhibition when compared with either wild-type Pdr5p or the non-responsive S1360F variant. Hence, the Pdr5p TMD10 determines both azole substrate specificity and susceptibility to reversal agents. This is the first demonstration of a eukaryotic ABC transporter where a single residue change causes either a loss or a gain in inhibitor susceptibility, depending on the nature of the mutational change. These results have important implications for the design of efficient reversal agents that could be used to overcome multidrug resistance mediated by ABC transporter overexpression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Egner
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University and Bio Center of Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lacková D, Subík J. Use of mutated PDR3 gene as a dominant selectable marker in transformation of prototrophic yeast strains. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1999; 44:171-6. [PMID: 10588052 DOI: 10.1007/bf02816237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
For successful transformation of prototrophic industrial yeast strains dominant selectable markers are necessary. In the present study we show the applicability of a selection system based on the phenotype of multidrug resistance. The mutant pdr3-9 allele on centromeric or episomal vector, encoding a more efficient transcriptional activator with Y276H amino acid substitution, was used as a dominant selectable marker for selection of transformants. The pdr3-9 allele conferred resistance of transformed cells to cycloheximide, chloramphenicol, mucidin and oligomycin both in the absence and in the presence of a chromosomal copy of the PDR3 gene. Both multicopy YEp352/pdr3-9 and centromeric pFL38/pdr3-9 vectors bearing the mutant pdr3-9 allele have proved to be a valuable tool for a direct selection of transformants of industrial strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Lacková
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Science, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
van Veen HW, Konings WN. Structure and function of multidrug transporters. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1999; 456:145-58. [PMID: 10549367 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4897-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H W van Veen
- Department of Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Brôco N, Tenreiro S, Viegas CA, Sá-Correia I. FLR1 gene (ORF YBR008c) is required for benomyl and methotrexate resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its benomyl-induced expression is dependent on pdr3 transcriptional regulator. Yeast 1999; 15:1595-608. [PMID: 10572257 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0061(199911)15:15<1595::aid-yea484>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we report the disruption of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae ORF YBR008c (FLR1 gene) within the context of EUROFAN (EUROpean Functional Analysis Network) six-pack programme, using a PCR-mediated gene replacement protocol as well as the results of the basic phenotypic analysis of a deletant strain and the construction of a disruption cassette for inactivation of this gene in any yeast strain. We also show results extending the knowledge of the range of compounds to which FLR1 gene confers resistance to the antimitotic systemic benzimidazole fungicide benomyl and the antitumor agent methotrexate, reinforcing the concept that the FLR1 gene is a multidrug resistance (MDR) determinant. Our conclusions were based on the higher susceptibility to these compounds of flr1Delta compared with wild-type and on the increased resistance of both flr1Delta and wild-type strains upon increased expression of FLR1 gene from a centromeric plasmid clone. The present study also provides, for the first time, evidence that the adaptation of yeast cells to growth in the presence of benomyl involves the dramatic activation of FLR1 gene expression during benomyl-induced latency (up to 400-fold). Results obtained using a FLR1-lacZ fusion in a plasmid indicate that the activation of FLR1 expression in benomyl-stressed cells is under the control of the transcriptional regulator Pdr3p. Indeed, PDR3 deletion severely reduces benomyl-induced activation of FLR1 gene expression (by 85%), while the homologous Pdr1p transcription factor is apparently not involved in this activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Brôco
- Centro de Engenharia Biológica e Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Falcón-Pérez JM, Mazón MJ, Molano J, Eraso P. Functional domain analysis of the yeast ABC transporter Ycf1p by site-directed mutagenesis. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:23584-90. [PMID: 10438540 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.33.23584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast cadmium factor (Ycf1p) is a vacuolar protein involved in resistance to Cd(2+) and to exogenous glutathione S-conjugate precursors in yeast. It belongs to the superfamily of ATP binding cassette transporters, which includes the human cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator and the multidrug resistance-associated protein. To examine the functional significance of conserved amino acid residues in Ycf1p, we performed an extensive mutational analysis. Twenty-two single amino acid substitutions or deletions were generated by site-directed mutagenesis in the nucleotide binding domains, the proposed regulatory domain, and the fourth cytoplasmic loop. Mutants were analyzed phenotypically by measuring their ability to grow in the presence of Cd(2+). Expression and subcellular localization of the mutant proteins were examined by immunodetection in vacuolar membranes. For functional characterization of the Ycf1p variants, the kinetic parameters of glutathione S-conjugated leukotriene C(4) transport were measured. Our analysis shows that residues Ile(711), Leu(712), Phe(713), Glu(927), and Gly(1413) are essential for Ycf1p expression. Five other amino acids, Gly(663), Gly(756), Asp(777), Gly(1306), and Gly(1311), are critical for Ycf1p function, and two residues, Glu(709) and Asp(821), are unnecessary for Ycf1p biogenesis and function. We also identify several regulatory domain mutants in which Cd(2+) tolerance of the mutant strain and transport activity of the protein are dissociated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Falcón-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols, " Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029-Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungus which causes both superficial infections and life-threatening systemic candidiasis in immunocompromised hosts such as AIDS patients, people with cancer, or other immunosuppressed individuals. Virulence factors for this fungus include the ability to adhere to host tissues, production of tissue damaging secreted enzymes, and changes in morphological form that may enhance tissue penetration and avoidance of immune surveillance. Treatment of candidiasis patients is hampered by a limited choice of antifungal agents and the appearance of clinical isolates resistant to azole drugs. Proteome analysis involves the separation and isolation of proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and their identification and characterization by mass spectrometry. The systematic application of this methodology to C. albicans is in its infancy, but is progressing rapidly. Comparing protein profiles between avirulent and virulent C. albicans strains, between drug-sensitive and -resistant strains, or between different morphological forms, could identify key control and effector proteins. There are difficulties, however, associated with the display of low abundance and cell envelope-associated proteins and the choice of conditions for obtaining suitable C. albicans cells. This article describes the potential of applying proteome analysis to C. albicans in order to better understand pathogenicity and identify new antifungal targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Niimi
- Department of Oral Sciences and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|