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Liu X, Wang Y, Tang M, Liu Y, Hu L, Gu Y. Three-dimensional visualization of coronary microvasculature in rats with myocardial infarction. Microvasc Res 2020; 130:103990. [PMID: 32088162 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2020.103990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessment of the coronary microcirculation remains challenging. OBJECTIVE we explored the feasibility of evaluating the coronary microvasculature in rats with myocardial infarction (MI) using a three-dimensional visualization technique. METHODS Animals were divided into the sham operation group (S), MI 45 min group (M45), and MI 180 min group (M180). Opened microvessels were labelled with the fluorescent dye DiI (1, 1'-dioctadecyl-3, 3, 3'3'-tetramethylindo carbocyanine perchlorate) using a heart perfusion method. The microvascular distribution and opening status were observed under laser scanning confocal microscopy, which was adjusted to facilitate evaluation of subjects around 6 to 20 μm. RESULTS Microvascular vessels (6-20 μm) were successfully labelled by DiI. Intact and clear three-dimensional microvascular structures were observed in myocardium of sham rats and remote non-infarct myocardial tissue of MI rats, while there was almost no microvascular structure in the infarct area of the M45 group, and only a small amount of microvascular visualization was visualized in the infarct area of the M180 group. The microvascular area and microvascular density in M45 group and M180 group in the infarct border zone were significantly lower than corresponding area in S group. CONCLUSION Three-dimensional visualization of opened coronary microvascular vessels is feasible in DiI-labelled myocardium in this rat MI model. This novel technique might be useful for defining the underlying mechanisms of coronary microvascular diseases and observe the efficacy of various therapy strategies on coronary microvessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430033, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430033, China
| | - Mingliang Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yufeng Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430033, China
| | - Liqun Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430033, China
| | - Ye Gu
- Department of Cardiology, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430033, China.
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Meinhardt S, Schmid F. Structure of lateral heterogeneities in a coarse-grained model for multicomponent membranes. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:1942-1952. [PMID: 30662989 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm02261e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We study the lateral domain structure in a coarse-grained molecular model for multicomponent lipid bilayers by semi-grandcanonical Monte Carlo simulations. The membranes are filled with liquid ordered (lo) domains surrounded by a liquid disordered (ld) matrix. Depending on the membrane composition and temperature, we identify different morphological regimes: one regime (I) where the lo domains are small and relatively compact, and two regimes (II, II') where they are larger and often interconnected. In the latter two regimes, the ld matrix forms a network of disordered trenches separating the lo domains, with a relatively high content of interdigitated line defects. Since such defects are also a structural element of the modulated ripple phase in one component membranes, we argue that the regimes II, II' may be amorphous equivalents of the ripple phase in multicomponent membranes. We also analyze the local structure and provide evidence that the domains in regime I are stabilized by a monolayer curvature mechanism postulated in earlier work [S. Meinhardt et al., PNAS, 2013, 110, 4476].
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Meinhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
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3
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Li Y, Song Y, Zhao L, Gaidosh G, Laties AM, Wen R. Direct labeling and visualization of blood vessels with lipophilic carbocyanine dye DiI. Nat Protoc 2008; 3:1703-8. [PMID: 18846097 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2008.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We describe a protocol to rapidly and reliably visualize blood vessels in experimental animals. Blood vessels are directly labeled by cardiac perfusion using a specially formulated aqueous solution containing 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI), a lipophilic carbocyanine dye, which incorporates into endothelial cell membranes upon contact. By lateral diffusion, DiI also stains membrane structures, including angiogenic sprouts and pseudopodial processes that are not in direct contact. Tissues can be immediately examined by conventional and confocal fluorescence microscopy. High-quality serial optical sections using confocal microscopy are obtainable from thick tissue sections, especially at low magnification, for three-dimensional reconstruction. It takes less than 1 h to stain the vasculature in a whole animal. Compared with alternative techniques to visualize blood vessels, including space-occupying materials such as India ink or fluorescent dye-conjugated dextran, the corrosion casting technique, endothelial cell-specific markers and lectins, the present method simplifies the visualization of blood vessels and data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Li
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 506 McKnight Building, 1638 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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Zs -Nagy I, Tanaka S, Kitani K. Comparison of the lateral diffusion coefficient of hepatocyte plasma membrane proteins in three strains of sensescence accelerated mouse (SAM). Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2001; 32:119-137. [PMID: 11313103 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4943(01)00085-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The lateral diffusion coefficients of proteins (D(p)) were measured in hepatocyte plasma membrane in freshly prepared liver smears by means of the fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) method. D(p) was measured after development of peroxide-induced autofluorescence (PIAF) in a total of 115 senescence accelerated mice (SAM), distributed in three strains, at least five age-groups in each, as follows: (i) SAMR1TA (25 males and 22 females), medium life span (MLS) in months, under specific pathogen free (SPF) conditions, MLS(spf) 20.1 and 20.0, respectively, while under conventional conditions, MLS(Deltapf)=18.9 in average for both sexes; (ii) SAMP6/Ta (18 males and 17 females), MLS(spf)=17.1 and 15.3, respectively, and MLS(cc)=8.1 for both sexes; (iii) SAMP6/Ta (17 males and 16 females), MLS(spf)=15.6 and 14.7, respectively, and MLS(cc)=10.0 for both sexes. A highly significant negative linear age-correlation of D(p) (R=0.975 or higher) was found in each strain, being roughly proportional with the MLS(cc) values. Since the studied mice kept under SPF conditions survived longer, than under conventional conditions, the actual age-dependent decay rates of D(p) values did not differ significantly in two pairs of comparisons (female R1/P6 and female R1/P8), whereas they did in all other possible pairs, including also the normal C57BL/6 mice. The main conclusion can be drawn that the D(p) of hepatocyte membranes is a good biomarker of aging and survival also in SAM, as in all other inbred and outbred rodents, studied so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Zs -Nagy
- National Institute for Longevity Sciences (NILS), 36-3, Gengo, Morioka-cho Obu-shi, 474-8522, Aichi, Japan
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Kitani K, Tanaka S, Zs.-Nagy I. Age-dependence of the lateral diffusion coefficient of lipids and proteins in the hepatocyte plasma membrane of BN/BiRijHsd rats as revealed by the smear-FRAP technique. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 1998; 26:257-73. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4943(98)00008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/1997] [Revised: 01/27/1998] [Accepted: 02/13/1998] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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Fentie IH, Roisen FJ. The effects of cytoskeletal altering agents on the surface topography of GM1 in neuro-2A neuroblastoma cell membranes. JOURNAL OF NEUROCYTOLOGY 1993; 22:498-506. [PMID: 8102177 DOI: 10.1007/bf01181569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Neuro-2a murine neuroblastomal cells exposed to exogenous ganglioside undergo increased neuritogenesis in vitro. To determine if the distribution of exogenous ganglioside (GM1) in neuronal membranes is related to neuritogenesis, the surface topography of exogenous ganglioside in these cells was examined by localization with cholera toxin B-FITC. Following exposure to exogenous ganglioside, levels of fluorescent label appeared similar on perikaryal and neuritic surfaces. Scanning electron microscopic studies using protein G-gold to label antibody against exogenous ganglioside confirmed these observations at higher magnification. Within the general labelling pattern, occasionally labelled material was observed which seemed to form short linear arrays. This suggested that elements of the cytoskeleton might be influencing the surface distribution of exogenous ganglioside. To examine this possibility, Neuro-2a cells were exposed to agents known to alter the stability of specific cytoskeletal components, after which the general distribution of exogenous ganglioside was determined. Treatment with Colcemid, which disrupted microtubules, resulted in restriction of most exogenous ganglioside-positive label to the perikaryal surfaces. In contrast, exposure to taxol which enhanced microtubule stability diminished perikaryal fluorescence and increased neuritic labelling. The disruption of cytochalasin D-sensitive microfilaments did not influence the topographic distribution of exogenous ganglioside. Under the experimental conditions employed, mean neuritic lengths for Colcemid- and taxol-treated cells were nearly equal, indicating that altered neuritic length resulting from treatment with cytoskeletal agents was not a major factor in the redistribution of exogenous ganglioside. These studies suggest that microtubules play a role in determining the distribution of recently incorporated ganglioside in neuronal plasma membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I H Fentie
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY 40292
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Norris V. Phospholipid domains determine the spatial organization of the Escherichia coli cell cycle: the membrane tectonics model. J Theor Biol 1992; 154:91-107. [PMID: 1573903 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5193(05)80190-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli normally divides at its equator between segregated nucleoids. Such division is inhibited during perturbations of chromosome replication (even in the absence of inducible division inhibitors); eventually, division resumes at sites which are not at this equator. Escherichia coli will also divide at its poles to generate minicells following overproduction of the FtsZ or MinE proteins. The mechanisms underlying the division inhibition and the positioning of the division sites are unknown. In the membrane tectonics model, I propose that the formation of phospholipid domains within the cytoplasmic membrane positions division sites. The particular phospholipid composition of a domain attracts particular proteins and determines their activity; conversely, particular proteins change the composition of domains. Principally via such proteins, the interaction of the chromosome with the membrane creates a chromosomal domain. The development of chromosomal domains during replication and nucleoid formation contributes to the formation and positioning of a septal domain between them. During septation (cell division), this septal domain matures into a polar domain. Each domain attracts and activates different enzymes. The septal domain attracts and activates enzymes necessary for septation. Preventing the formation of the septal domain by preventing chromosome replication prevents normal division. Altering the composition of the polar domain may allow septation enzymes to function there and generate minicells. A corollary of the model explains how the formation of an origin domain by the attachment of hemi-methylated origin DNA to the membrane may underlie the creation and migration of structures within the envelope, the periseptal annuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Norris
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, U.K
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8
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Berk DA, Clark A, Hochmuth RM. Analysis of lateral diffusion from a spherical cell surface to a tubular projection. Biophys J 1992; 61:1-8. [PMID: 1540683 PMCID: PMC1260217 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(92)81810-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surfaces are often heterogeneous with respect to the lateral distribution and mobility of membrane components. Because lateral mobility is related to membrane structure, measurement of a particular component's local diffusion coefficient within a distinct surface region provides useful information about the formation and maintenance of that region. Many structurally interesting cell surface features can be described as narrow tubular projections from the body of the cell. In a companion paper, we consider the thin "tethers" that can be mechanically drawn from the red blood cell membrane, and we measure the transport of fluorescent integral proteins from the surface of the cell body onto the tether. In this paper we present an analysis to describe the surface diffusion of membrane particles from a spherical shell onto a thin cylindrical process. Provision is made for different rates of diffusion within the two morphologically distinct regions. The relative role of each region in controlling the diffusive flux between regions is determined primarily by a single dimensionless parameter. This parameter incorporates the ratio of the two diffusion coefficients as well as the dimensions of each region. The analysis can be applied to a fluorescence photobleaching experiment in which the extended process is bleached. If the dimensions of the spherical cell body and the cylindrical extension are known, then the diffusion coefficients of both regions can be determined from the experimental fluorescence recovery curve.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Berk
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27706
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9
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Yin JJ, Feix JB, Hyde JS. Mapping of collision frequencies for stearic acid spin labels by saturation-recovery electron paramagnetic resonance. Biophys J 1990; 58:713-20. [PMID: 2169919 PMCID: PMC1281012 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(90)82414-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Short pulse saturation-recovery electron paramagnetic resonance methods have been used to measure interactions of 14N:15N stearic acid spin label pairs in multilamellar liposomal dispersions composed of dimyristoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and dielaidoylphosphatidylcholine (DEPC). Pairs consisting of various combinations of [14N]-16-, [14N]-12- or [14N]-5-doxylstearate, and [15N]-16-, [15N]-12-, or [15N]-5-doxylstearate were studied. SR experiments were performed at 27 degrees and 37 degrees C, and recovery signals were analyzed for initial conditions and multiexponential time constants by computer fitting using a damped least-squares approach. The time constants contain combinations of the electron spin lattice relaxation time, Tle, for each member of the spin-label pair, and the Heisenberg exchange rate constant, Kx. Spin-lattice relaxation times for each of the 14N and 15N stearic acid spin labels were determined, and it is noted that Tle for a given 15N-SASL was always slightly greater than that of the corresponding 14N-SASL. From Kx the bimolecular collision frequency was calculated, providing a detailed picture of molecular interactions. For both lipid systems the bimolecular collision rates were ordered as 12:5 less than 16:5 less than 5:5 less than 16:12 less than 12:12 less than 16:16. For all spin-label pairs studied, interaction frequencies were greater in DMPC than in DEPC. For the 16:16, 12:12, and 16:12 pairs, Kx was approximately 30% greater in DMPC than in DEPC, a significantly greater difference than is observed by conventional EPR methods. Further confirmation of the existence of vertical fluctuation of nitroxide moieties that are at the 16- (or 12) position toward the polar surfaces was obtained, with the frequency of 16:5 (or 12:5) interactions ~40% of the 16:16 (or 12:12) interaction frequency. In both DMPC and DEPC, Kx for homogeneous pairs increases as the doxyl moiety is moved further down the alkyl chain (i.e.,5:5 < 12:12 < 16:16), suggesting that steric effects or the local rotational mobility of the nitroxide group influence the frequency at which spin exchange occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Yin
- Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226
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10
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Plasma Membrane Lipid Order and Composition during Adipocyte Differentiation of 3T3F442A Cells. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)81653-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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11
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Horie H, Ikuta S, Takenaka T, Ito S. Adaptation of cultured mammalian neurons to a hypotonic environment with age-related response. Brain Res 1989; 477:233-40. [PMID: 2702485 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(89)91411-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The response of neurons to osmolal concentration changes has not been well-documented compared to erythrocytes, urinary bladder and epithelial cells. The effects of a hypotonic solution on morphology and electrophysiological functions in cultured dissociated neurons can be precisely studied. From the analysis of video pictures from Nomarski optics, diameters of the cells were seen to increase and then recover to the initial values after the application of a hypotonic solution. The rate of increase of cell size in fetal neurons was 4-5 times faster than in mature neurons. This age-related transient response was accompanied by a change of resting potential and membrane resistance. This transient depolarization and decrease of the resistance corresponded to morphological changes. However, the amplitude of an action potential scarcely changed during the cell membrane expansion. It is plausible that increased membrane tension caused by the membrane expansion might facilitate the opening of the channel. The cell membrane expansion might also increase ionic permeability through the membrane. This may reduce a swollen cell volume to the initial one by diluting their intracellular solute concentration. After this adaptation the cultured neurons were able to survive for a long time and extend processes in the hypotonic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Horie
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Japan
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12
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Vorhees CV, Rauch S, Hitzemann R. Effects of short-term prenatal alcohol exposure on neuronal membrane order in rats. Brain Res 1988; 466:161-6. [PMID: 3359307 DOI: 10.1016/0165-3806(88)90040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Long-Evans rat dams were treated with ethanol (4 g/kg, twice daily) by gavage on gestational days 10-14. This dosage schedule has been shown to produce significant behavioral and ponderal teratogenicity. Pair-fed dams were gavaged with isocaloric amounts of sucrose. All offspring were reared by untreated, surrogate dams. Pups were sacrificed on days 3 and 28, and whole brain neuronal plasma membranes were prepared for analysis by a fluorescence polarization technique using 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene as the membrane probe. On day 3, steady-state anisotropy was significantly decreased in the ethanol-treated pups. Arrhenius plots revealed that this difference was associated with a change on both membrane entropy and enthalpy. By day 28, the differences between groups disappeared. These data would be consistent with the view that the brief gestational ethanol exposure delays neuronal maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Vorhees
- Institute for Developmental Research, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH
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13
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Edidin M. Rotational and Lateral Diffusion of Membrane Proteins and Lipids: Phenomena and Function. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES AND TRANSPORT 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2161(08)60044-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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15
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Lai CS, Wirt MD, Yin JJ, Froncisz W, Feix JB, Kunicki TJ, Hyde JS. Lateral diffusion of lipid probes in the surface membrane of human platelets. An electron-electron double resonance (ELDOR) study. Biophys J 1986; 50:503-6. [PMID: 3019445 PMCID: PMC1329726 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(86)83487-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Electron-electron double resonance (ELDOR) techniques employing [14N], [15N] 16-Doxylstearate spin-label pairs have been used to measure the lateral diffusion constant, D, of lipids in the surface membrane of intact human blood platelets. For freshly prepared platelets, D is 1.0 X 10(-8) cm2/s at 37 degrees C and for platelets stored for 3 d at room temperature under accepted routine blood bank conditions, D is 2.6 X 10(-8) cm2/s at 37 degrees C. This is the first time that D in the surface membrane of platelets is reported. The marked increase in D for stored platelets may be attributed at least partly to loss of cholesterol during storage, suggesting a correlation between lipid lateral diffusion and cholesterol levels in cell membranes.
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Horie H, Kawasaki Y, Takenaka T. Lateral diffusion of membrane lipids changes with aging in C57BL mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons from a fetal stage to an aged stage. Brain Res 1986; 377:246-50. [PMID: 3730861 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(86)90865-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The membranes of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons dissected from different age groups of C57BL mice, from 18-day fetal to 30-month-old mice, were labeled with the fluorescent analog of fatty acids, F18, after a day in culture. The fluorescent probe specifically labeled the cell surface. The lateral diffusion of F18 (5-(octadecylthiocarbamoylamino) fluorescein) was measured with fluorescence photobleaching recovery (FPR) method. During development, the lateral diffusion coefficients of F18 rapidly decreased from (0.34 +/- 0.07) X 10(-8) cm2/s (18-day-old fetus) to (0.22 +/- 0.07) X 10(-8) cm2/s (3-day-old newborn). Then the values slowly decreased and reached (0.13 +/- 0.05) X 10(-8) cm2/s in a 6-month-old stage. In stages older than 6-months the lateral diffusion coefficients scarcely changed with aging. As this decrease in the membrane fluidity with increasing age is parallelled to that in capacities of extending neurites, it is thought that the membrane fluidity might change with aging in concert with changes in important cell functions.
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Honig MG, Hume RI. Fluorescent carbocyanine dyes allow living neurons of identified origin to be studied in long-term cultures. J Cell Biol 1986; 103:171-87. [PMID: 2424918 PMCID: PMC2113786 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.103.1.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 610] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A prerequisite for many studies of neurons in culture is a means of determining their original identity. We needed such a technique to study the interactions in vitro between a class of spinal cord neurons, sympathetic preganglionic neurons, and their normal target, neurons from the sympathetic chain. Here, we describe how we use two highly fluorescent carbocyanine dyes, which differ in color but are otherwise similar, to identify neurons in culture. The long carbon chain carbocyanine dyes we use are lipid-soluble and so become incorporated into the plasma membrane. Neurons can be labeled either retrogradely or during dissociation. Some of the labeled membrane gradually becomes internalized and retains its fluorescence, allowing identification of cells for several weeks in culture. These dyes do not affect the survival, development, or basic physiological properties of neurons and do not spread detectably from labeled to unlabeled neurons. It seems likely that cells become retrogradely labeled mainly by lateral diffusion of dye in the plane of the membrane. If so, carbocyanine dyes may be most useful for retrograde labeling over relatively short distances. An additional feature of carbocyanine labeling is that neuronal processes are brightly fluorescent for the first few days in culture, presumably because dye rapidly diffuses into newly inserted membrane. We have used carbocyanine dyes to identify sympathetic preganglionic neurons in culture. Our results indicate that preganglionic neurons can survive in the absence of their target cells and that several aspects of their differentiation in the absence of target appear normal.
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Zs-Nagy I, Kitani K, Ohta M, Zs-Nagy V, Imahori K. Age-dependent decrease of the lateral diffusion constant of proteins in the plasma membrane of hepatocytes as revealed by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching in tissue smears. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 1986; 5:131-46. [PMID: 3753091 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4943(86)90016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/1985] [Revised: 04/07/1986] [Accepted: 04/16/1986] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
When fresh liver is smeared on slides and incubated in Krebs-Henseleit Ringer solution containing 1 mM H2O2 at 37 degrees C, a yellowish-green autofluorescence develops in the hepatocyte plasma membrane. Indirect evidence shows that this peroxide-induced autofluorescence (PIAF) is due most probably to chemical reactions between proteins and the malondialdehyde produced by the membrane lipid peroxidation. Although the chemical nature of the PIAF has not been clarified yet, it is suitable under certain conditions for the measurement of the average lateral diffusion constant of the membrane proteins by means of the fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) technique without the addition of any external fluorescent label. Analysis of four age groups for both sexes of Fischer 344 rats (3-5 rats per group, total 32) from 2 to 31 months of age revealed a significant negative linear correlation of the lateral diffusion constant of proteins with age in both sexes, with the slope of the females being somewhat smaller. Young males showed a diffusion constant about 2.8 X 10(-10) decreasing to 1.7 X 10(-10) cm2 X s-1 by 31 months of age at 37 degrees C, whereas the respective values in females were 2.7 X 10(-10) and 1.9 X 10(-10). The results are consistent with the predictions of the membrane hypothesis of aging, according to which an age-dependent loss of the passive permeability of the cell membrane for potassium (and probably for water) is the crucial point of the cellular aging.
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19
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Rauch SL, Hitzemann RJ. Developmental changes in synaptic membrane order: a comparison of regions in the rat brain. Brain Res 1986; 391:221-7. [PMID: 3697777 DOI: 10.1016/0165-3806(86)90286-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Developmental changes in synaptic membrane order were followed in 5 regions of the rat brain, the cortex (Cx), cerebellum (Cb), brainstem (BS), lateral subcortex (LSCx) and midline subcortex (MSCx). Membrane order was assessed by the fluorescence polarization technique, using 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) as the probe. The results illustrate that the developmental increase in membrane order proceeds from caudal to rostral brain regions. Thus, at the earliest time point examined (day 3) steady-state anisotropy (rs) in the BS was significantly higher than in the Cx and reached adult values by day 14 while the Cx values were still significantly less than the adult value even at day 30. The thermotropic behavior of the membranes was investigated over the range of 20-37 degrees C. The Arrhenius slopes among the Cx, BS, LSCx and MSCx were similar across all ages studied, suggesting that the developmental increase in order primarily results from a change in entropy. In contrast, the Arrhenius slopes for the Cb increase greater than 100% during development, suggesting that a change in enthalpy is important for the increase in membrane order. Multilamellar liposomes prepared from membrane lipid extracts generally showed the same developmental changes in order as the intact membranes. These data indicate that the increase in membrane order results from a marked change in bulk lipid composition rather than a secondary lipid matrix change (e.g. in membrane asymmetry) and/or from the developmental increase in the protein/lipid ratio.
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Devaux PF, Seigneuret M. Specificity of lipid-protein interactions as determined by spectroscopic techniques. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1985; 822:63-125. [PMID: 2988624 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(85)90004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Differences in the reduction kinetics of incorporated spin labels in undifferentiated and differentiated mouse neuroblastoma cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1985; 845:189-95. [PMID: 2986718 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(85)90176-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Significant differences in the rate of reduction of two spin labels, 5-doxylstearic acid and TEMPOL, in the undifferentiated and differentiated NB-15 mouse neuroblastoma cells were demonstrated by using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The half-time (T1/2) values for decay of the EPR signal of 5-doxylstearic acid in the undifferentiated and differentiated neuroblastoma cells were 70 min and 290 min, respectively. The T1/2 values of TEMPOL in the undifferentiated and differentiated cells were 18 min and 34 min, respectively. The cellular reductant was characterized as non-protein-bound sulfhydryl groups. A corresponding difference in the cellular non-protein-bound sulfhydryl content, 19.30 nmol/mg protein for the undifferentiated cells and 6.78 nmol/mg protein for the differentiated cells, was observed. Comparison of the reduction rates of TEMPOL, 5-doxylstearic acid and 16-doxylstearic acid in the undifferentiated NB-15 cells suggested that the permeation of non-protein-bound sulfhydryl compounds from the cytosol to membrane may be responsible for the reduction of the lipid-soluble stearic acid spin labels.
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de Bony J, Tocanne JF. Photo-induced dimerization of anthracene phospholipids for the study of the lateral distribution of lipids in membranes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1984; 143:373-9. [PMID: 6468400 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1984.tb08383.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
It is shown that photo-induced cross-linking reaction between anthracene-labelled phospholipids can be used for studying, at a molecular level, their lateral distribution in bilayer structures. A simple and versatile method is proposed. It is based on the property of anthracene to form covalently bound dimers upon irradiation in the near ultraviolet (360 nm) and on the possibility of separating the lipid photo-dimers from the lipid monomers by thin-layer chromatography. Identification of the photo-dimers is easily achieved since, upon illumination at a shorter wavelength (250-280 nm), they partially dissociate to the native monomer molecules. The feasibility of the method was tested by checking the effects of cations (sodium, calcium) on the homogeneity of 1/1 mixtures of anthracene-phosphatidylcholine, i.e. 1-acyl-2-[9-(2-anthryl)-nonanoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholin e (Anthr-PC) with anthracene-phosphatidic acid (Anthr-PA) and with anthracene-phosphatidylglycerol (Anthr-PG) in the form of liposomes. These lipids were anthracene-labelled by acylation of their glycerol backbone at the sn-2 position with the synthetic 9-(2-anthryl)-nonanoic acid. Data presented indicate a good miscibility of these lipids in the presence of sodium. For each lipid mixture, the lipid heterodimers were clearly identified and, quantitatively, they dominated the lipid homodimers, as expected for a regular distribution of the lipids in the 1/1 mixture. Addition of calcium ions to the lipid suspensions did not alter the miscibility properties of Anthr-PC and Anthr-PG. In contrast, calcium triggered a clear-cut phase separation in the Anthr-PC/Anthr-PA mixture as, in this case, only traces of the heterodimer form of the lipids remained observable on the chromatogram. The three anthracene-phospholipids, pure or mixed together, exhibit a clear-cut gel-to-liquid phase transition which was detectable by fluorescence intensity measurements. The analysis of the corresponding phase-transition temperatures confirms, at a 'macroscopic' level, the effects of sodium and calcium on the mixing properties of the anthracene phospholipids which were revealed at a 'microscopic' level by the dimerization procedure.
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de Bony J, Martin G, Welby M, Tocanne JF. Evidence for a homogeneous lateral distribution of lipids in a bacterial membrane. A photo cross-linking approach using anthracene as a photoactivable group. FEBS Lett 1984; 174:1-6. [PMID: 6468649 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(84)81065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A new photo cross-linking method has been developed for the study of the lateral distribution of lipids in natural membranes, which uses anthracene as a photoactivable group. This method, which rests on the potentiality of anthracene to form covalently bound dimers upon irradiation around 340-380 nm has been applied to the membrane lipids (dimannosyl diacylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol) of the bacterium Micrococcus luteus. These glyco- and phospholipids were anthracene labelled by metabolically incorporating the synthetic 9-(2-anthryl)nonanoic acid. The following sequential procedure was used: dimerization of the anthracene-labelled lipids in the membrane by irradiation of the intact cells at 360 nm; extraction of the lipids and thin-layer chromatography in the first dimension to separate the various lipid dimers from the monomers; partial dedimerization of the lipid dimers by illumination of the chromatogram at around 250-280 nm; chromatography in the second dimension to separate the native lipid monomers from the corresponding residual lipid dimers. On account of the occurrence of the 3 hetero dimers phosphatidylglycerol-dimannosyl diacylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol-dimannosyl diacylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol-phosphatidylinositol after irradiating the cells, it is concluded that in this bacterial membrane, dimannosyl diacylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol are homogeneously distributed.
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Marcolis LB. Cell interaction with model membranes probing, modification and simulation of cell surface functions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(84)90007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Small RK, Blank M, Ghez R, Pfenninger KH. Components of the plasma membrane of growing axons. II. Diffusion of membrane protein complexes. J Cell Biol 1984; 98:1434-43. [PMID: 6609163 PMCID: PMC2113217 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.98.4.1434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Intramembrane particles (IMPs) of the plasmalemma of mature, synapsing neurons are evenly distributed along the axon shaft. In contrast, IMPs of growing olfactory axons form density gradients: IMP density decreases with increasing distance from the perikarya, with a slope that depends upon IMP size (Small, R., and K. H. Pfenninger, 1984, J. Cell Biol., 98: 1422-1433). These IMP density gradients resemble Gaussian tails, but they are much more accurately described by the equations formulated for diffusion in a system with a moving boundary (a Stefan Problem), using constants that are dependent upon IMP size. The resulting model predicts a shallow, nearly linear IMP density profile at early stages of growth. Later, this profile becomes gradually transformed into a steep nonlinear gradient as axon elongation proceeds. This prediction is borne out by the experimental evidence. The diffusion coefficients calculated from this model range from 0.5 to 1.8 X 10(-7) cm2/s for IMPs between 14.8 and 3.6 nm, respectively. These diffusion coefficients are linearly dependent upon the inverse IMP diameter in accordance with the Stokes-Einstein relationship. The measured viscosity is approximately 7 centipoise. Our findings indicate (a) that most IMPs in growing axons reach distal locations by lateral diffusion in the plasma membrane, (b) that IMPs--or complexes of integral membrane proteins--can diffuse at considerably higher rates than previously reported for iso-concentration systems, and (c) that the laws of diffusion determined for macroscopic systems are applicable to the submicroscopic membrane system.
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Mummery CL, van der Saag PT, de Laat SW. Loss of EGF binding and cation transport response during differentiation of mouse neuroblastoma cells. J Cell Biochem 1983; 21:63-75. [PMID: 6308014 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240210108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mouse neuroblastoma cells (clone N1E-115) differentiate in culture upon withdrawal of serum growth factors and acquire the characteristics of neurons. We have shown tht exponentially growing N1E-115 cells possess functional epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors but that the capacity for binding EGF and for stimulation of DNA synthesis is lost as the cells differentiate. Furthermore, in exponentially growing cells, EGF induces a rapid increase in amiloride-sensitive Na+ influx, followed by stimulation of the (Na+-K+)ATPase, indicating that activation of the Na+/H+ exchange mechanism in N1E-115 cells [1] may be induced by EGF. The ionic response is also lost during differentiation, but we have shown that the stimulation of both Na+ and K+ influx is directly proportional to the number of occupied receptors in all cells whether exponentially growing or differentiating, thus only indirectly dependent on the external EGF concentration. The linearity of the relationships indicates that there is no rate-limiting step between EGF binding and the ionic response. Our data would suggest that as neuroblastoma cells differentiate and acquire neuronal properties, their ability to respond to mitogens, both biologically and in the activation of cation transport processes, progressively decreases owing to the loss of the appropriate receptors.
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Karnovsky MJ, Kleinfeld AM, Hoover RL, Dawidowicz EA, McIntyre DE, Salzman EA, Klausner RD. Lipid domains in membranes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1982; 401:61-75. [PMID: 6762837 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1982.tb25707.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Kawasaki Y, Amano T. The change in membrane fluidity of neuroblastoma X glioma hybrid cells upon cell differentiation. FEBS Lett 1982; 140:117-20. [PMID: 7084450 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(82)80533-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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30
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de Laat SW, van der Saag PT. The plasma membrane as a regulatory site in growth and differentiation of neuroblastoma cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1982; 74:1-54. [PMID: 6288609 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61168-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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31
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Van der Saag PT, Feyen A, Miltenburg-Vonk W, De Laat SW. Plasma membrane-mediated effects of extracellular pH on the growth of neuroblastoma cells. Exp Cell Res 1981; 136:351-8. [PMID: 6273197 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(81)90014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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33
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Deugnier MA, Albe X, Caron M, Bisconte JC. Lateral diffusion of membrane D-galactosyl glycoconjugates of differentiating neuroblastoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1981; 103:490-7. [PMID: 7332554 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(81)90479-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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34
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Deugnier MA, Albe X, Bisconte JC. Some of the dynamic aspects of the plasma membrane organization as studied by the fluorescence recovery after photobleaching method. Biochimie 1981; 63:873-6. [PMID: 7332753 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(82)80277-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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35
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Fishman MC, Dragsten PR, Spector I. Immobilization of concanavalin A receptors during differentiation of neuroblastoma cells. Nature 1981; 290:781-3. [PMID: 6261153 DOI: 10.1038/290781a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma cells serve as a useful model of neuronal development because compounds such as dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) and dibutyryl cyclic AMP cause them to undergo a process of controlled differentiation in tissue culture, during which they can extend long processes, develop characteristic excitability mechanisms, synthesize neurotransmitters and form synapses. We have used the technique of fluorescence photobleaching recovery to study the lateral mobility of cell-surface constituents during the differentiation of neuroblastoma clone N1E-115 cells. The concanavalin A (Con A) binding sites appear as discrete patches distributed over the entire cell surface and exhibit lateral mobility in undifferentiated cells comparable with that of surface glycoproteins of other cells. After induction of differentiation, however, the vast majority of Con A binding sites become immobilized, and we present data which suggest that the mechanism of this immobilization may involve linkage to the internal actin network.
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Chapter 2 Molecular motions and membrane organization and function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(09)60006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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37
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Quinn PJ. The fluidity of cell membranes and its regulation. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1981; 38:1-104. [PMID: 7025092 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6107(81)90011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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38
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de Laat SW, van der Saag PT, Elson EL, Schlessinger J. Lateral diffusion of membrane lipids and proteins during the cell cycle of neuroblastoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980; 77:1526-8. [PMID: 6929504 PMCID: PMC348528 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.77.3.1526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The fluorescence photobleaching recovery method has been used to determine the lateral mobilities of membrane lipids and proteins during the cell cycle of synchronized C1300 mouse neuroblastoma cells (clone Neuro-2A). As probes for lipid mobility, 3,3'-dioctadecylindocarbocyanine iodide and a fluorescein-labeled analog of ganglioside GM1 were used. Membrane proteins were labeled with rhodamine-labeled rabbit antibodies against mouse E14 cells. For both lipid probes the diffusion coefficients reach a minimum in mitosis, increase 2- to 3-fold during G1, remain constant at maximal values during S, and decrease again shortly before mitosis. Membrane proteins also exhibit minimum diffusion coefficients in mitosis, followed by a similar rise in G1. However, as cells proceed through S and G2, the lateral mobility of the membrane proteins gradually decreases. It is argued that lipid mobility is controlled by the fluidity of the membrane lipid matrix whereas protein mobility is governed also by other constraints.
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