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Kottekad S, Roy S, Dandamudi U. A computational study to probe the binding aspects of potent polyphenolic inhibitors of pancreatic lipase. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:3472-3491. [PMID: 37199285 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2212795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic lipase (PL) is a keen target for anti-obesity therapy that reduces dietary fat absorption. Here, we investigated the binding patterns of 220 PL inhibitors having experimental IC50 values, using molecular docking and binding energy calculations. Screening of these compounds illustrated most of them bound at the catalytic site (S1-S2 channel) and a few compounds are at the non-catalytic site (S2-S3 channel/S1-S3 channel) of PL. This binding pattern could be due to structural uniqueness or bias in conformational search. A strong correlation of pIC50 values with SP/XP docking scores, binding energies (ΔGMMGBSA) assured the binding poses are more true positives. Further, understanding of each class and subclasses of polyphenols indicated tannins preferred non-catalytic site wherein binding energies are underestimated due to huge desolvation energy. In contrast, most of the flavonoids and furan-flavonoids have good binding energies due to strong interactions with catalytic residues. While scoring functions limited the understanding of sub-classes of flavonoids. Hence, focused on 55 potent PL inhibitors of IC50 < 5 µM for better in vivo efficacy. The prediction of bioactivity, drug-likeness properties, led to 14 bioactive compounds. The low root mean square deviation (0.1-0.2 nm) of these potent flavonoids and non-flavonoid/non-polyphenols PL-inhibitor complexes during 100 ns molecular dynamics runs (MD) as well as binding energies obtained from both MD and well-tempered metadynamics, support strong binding to catalytic site. Based on the bioactivity, ADMET properties, and binding affinity data of MD and wt-metaD of potent PL-inhibitors suggests Epiafzelechin 3-O-gallate, Sanggenon C, and Sanggenofuran A shall be promising inhibitors at in vivo conditions.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kottekad
- Department of Food Safety and Analytical Quality Control Laboratory, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Mysuru, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Sudip Roy
- Prescience Insilico Private Limited, Bangalore, India
| | - Usharani Dandamudi
- Department of Food Safety and Analytical Quality Control Laboratory, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Mysuru, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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2
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Coutinho W, Halpern B. Pharmacotherapy for obesity: moving towards efficacy improvement. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2024; 16:6. [PMID: 38172940 PMCID: PMC10763391 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-023-01233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic, recurring, progressive disease and a major public health problem associated with several other diseases that lead to disability, morbidity, and mortality. The prevalence of obesity has increased at pandemic levels, along with increasing weight-related comorbidities and deaths worldwide. Lifestyle interventions alone provide clinically significant long-term weight loss in only a small proportion of individuals, and bariatric surgery is not suitable or desirable for all patients. Historically, anti-obesity medications achieved a mean efficacy with weight loss between 5 and 10%, which significantly impacted several comorbidities and risk factors, but the average efficacy of these medications remained lower than that expected by both patients and health care professionals and eventually curbed long-term use. Moreover, there is no direct evidence on the impact of anti-obesity medications on cardiovascular outcomes. Semaglutide is a newer anti-obesity medication that changes the overall landscape, as phase 3 studies show a mean weight loss near the 15% threshold and significant proportions of patients with a weight loss of greater than 20%. In this review, we focus on the currently available anti-obesity medications, discuss the results of semaglutide, and present perspectives on the future of obesity treatment after semaglutide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walmir Coutinho
- State Institute of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Rua Moncorvo Filho, 90, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20211-340, Brazil.
- Department of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225, Gávea, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22541-041, Brazil.
| | - Bruno Halpern
- Department of Endocrinology, Obesity Unit, Hospital das Clínicas Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 255, 7Th Floor, Room 7037, São Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil
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3
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Yadav N, Paul AT. Pancreatic lipase and its related proteins: where are we now? Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:103855. [PMID: 38081381 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a disease of epidemic proportions, with a worrisome upward trend. The high consumption of lipids, a major energy source, leads to obesity because of their high calorific value. Pancreatic lipase (PTL), produced by pancreatic acinar cells, hydrolyzes 50-70% of triacylglycerol (TAG) from food. PTL-related protein 1 (PLRP1) and 2 (PLRP2) are also produced by these cells. In vertebrates, PLRP1 has relatively less lipolytic activity, whereas PLRP2 has an essential role in lipid digestion, especially in infants. In this review, we summarize the structure and function of PTL, PLRP1, and PLRP2, and the metabolic fate of PTL inhibitors. We also discuss the current status of clinical trials on orlistat and its combinations for obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Yadav
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Atish T Paul
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India.
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Wu SQ, Zhu X, Yuan T, Yuan FY, Zhou S, Huang D, Wang Y, Tang GH, Huang ZS, Chen X, Yin S. Discovery of Ingenane Diterpenoids from Euphorbia hylonoma as Antiadipogenic Agents. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:2691-2702. [PMID: 37974450 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Thirteen new Euphorbia diterpenoids, euphylonanes A-M (1-13), and eight known ones were isolated from the whole plants of Euphorbia hylonoma. Compounds 1 and 2 are two rearranged ingenanes bearing a rare 6/6/7/3-fused ring system. Compound 3 represents the first example of a 9,10-epoxy tigliane, while 4-21 are typical ingenanes varying with substituents. Structures were elucidated using a combination of spectroscopic, computational, and chemical methods. Most ingenanes exerted a significant antiadipogenic effect in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, among which 4 was the most active with an EC50 value of 0.60 ± 0.27 μM. Mechanistic study revealed that 4 inhibited the adipogenesis and lipogenesis in adipocytes via activation of the AMPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Qi Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinying Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Yuan
- School of Health, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang-Yu Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyou Zhou
- Guangdong Vision and Eye Institute, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Gui-Hua Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Shu Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
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Xiao J, Wang G, Liu H, Dai X. Application of composted lipstatin fermentation residue as organic fertilizer: Temporal changes in soil characteristics and bacterial community. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 306:135637. [PMID: 35810867 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lipstatin fermentation residue (LFR) is a byproduct of the pharmaceutical industry that may be disposed through land application after composting due to its high organic matter content. The effect of composted LFR application on the soil properties and microbial community still needs to be investigated before field application to verify its suitability and safety. Over a three months laboratory soil incubation experiment, the impacts of composted and raw LFR on soil properties, enzyme activities and bacterial community were investigated. The results indicated that the pH value of the soil fertilized with composted LFR decreased slightly, but the EC value increased significantly. It was worth noting that there was no measurable accumulation of lipstatin with LFR fertilization. The soil nutrients including available phosphorus, available potassium, organic matter and soluble organic matter were significantly increased in composted LFR-fertilized soil. In addition, the culturable microorganisms and enzymes were not inhibited throughout the incubation of composted LFR in soil. The composted LFR improved the soil fertility, environment and microbial biomass, which demonstrated its potential as a fertilizer. This study will provide a theoretical basis for the resource utilization of LFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Xiao
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Huiling Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Xiaohu Dai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
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Signaling pathways in obesity: mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:298. [PMID: 36031641 PMCID: PMC9420733 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01149-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a complex, chronic disease and global public health challenge. Characterized by excessive fat accumulation in the body, obesity sharply increases the risk of several diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and is linked to lower life expectancy. Although lifestyle intervention (diet and exercise) has remarkable effects on weight management, achieving long-term success at weight loss is extremely challenging, and the prevalence of obesity continues to rise worldwide. Over the past decades, the pathophysiology of obesity has been extensively investigated, and an increasing number of signal transduction pathways have been implicated in obesity, making it possible to fight obesity in a more effective and precise way. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the pathogenesis of obesity from both experimental and clinical studies, focusing on signaling pathways and their roles in the regulation of food intake, glucose homeostasis, adipogenesis, thermogenesis, and chronic inflammation. We also discuss the current anti-obesity drugs, as well as weight loss compounds in clinical trials, that target these signals. The evolving knowledge of signaling transduction may shed light on the future direction of obesity research, as we move into a new era of precision medicine.
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Identification of covalent inhibitors that disrupt M. tuberculosis growth by targeting multiple serine hydrolases involved in lipid metabolism. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:897-909.e7. [PMID: 34599874 PMCID: PMC9252067 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The increasing incidence of antibiotic-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections is a global health threat necessitating the development of new antibiotics. Serine hydrolases (SHs) are a promising class of targets because of their importance for the synthesis of the mycobacterial cell envelope. We screen a library of small molecules containing serine-reactive electrophiles and identify narrow-spectrum inhibitors of M. tuberculosis growth. Using these lead molecules, we perform competitive activity-based protein profiling and identify multiple SH targets, including enzymes with uncharacterized functions. Lipidomic analyses of compound-treated cultures reveal an accumulation of free lipids and a substantial decrease in lipooligosaccharides, linking SH inhibition to defects in cell envelope biogenesis. Mutant analysis reveals a path to resistance via the synthesis of mycocerates, but not through mutations to SH targets. Our results suggest that simultaneous inhibition of multiple SH enzymes is likely to be an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of M. tuberculosis infections.
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Amentoflavone-Enriched Selaginella rossii Warb. Suppresses Body Weight and Hyperglycemia by Inhibiting Intestinal Lipid Absorption in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12040472. [PMID: 35454963 PMCID: PMC9024644 DOI: 10.3390/life12040472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many Selaginellaceae species are used as traditional medicines in Asia. This study is the first to investigate the anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects of Selaginella rossii (SR) in high-fat diet (HFD)–fed C57BL/6J mice. Seven-day oral administration of ethanol extract (100 mg/kg/day) or ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract (50 mg/kg/day) from SR improved oral fat tolerance by inhibiting intestinal lipid absorption; 10-week long-term administration of the EtOAc extract markedly reduced HFD-induced body weight gain and hyperglycemia by reducing adipocyte hypertrophy, glucose levels, HbA1c, and plasma insulin levels. Treatment with SR extracts reduced the expression of intestinal lipid absorption-related genes, including Cd36, fatty acid-binding protein 6, ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 8, NPC1 like intracellular cholesterol transporter 1, and ATP-binding cassette subfamily A member 1. In addition, the EtOAc extract increased the expression of protein absorption–related solute carrier family genes, including Slc15a1, Slc8a2, and Slc6a9. SR extracts reduced HFD-induced hepatic steatosis by suppressing fatty acid transport to hepatocytes and hepatic lipid accumulation. Furthermore, amentoflavone (AMF), the primary compound in SR extracts, reduced intestinal lipid absorption by inhibiting fatty acid transport in HFD-fed mice. AMF-enriched SR extracts effectively protected against HFD-induced body weight gain and hyperglycemia by inhibiting intestinal lipid absorption.
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9
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Braeckmans M, Brouwers J, Riethorst D, Servais C, Tack J, Augustijns P. The Influence of Fed State Lipolysis Inhibition on the Intraluminal Behaviour and Absorption of Fenofibrate from a Lipid-Based Formulation. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14010119. [PMID: 35057014 PMCID: PMC8781256 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The bioavailability of lipophilic drugs may or may not be increased when administered with food due to increased solubilisation in fed state gastrointestinal (GI) fluids. The in vivo interplay between drug solubilisation, lipid phase digestion and drug absorption is complex and remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the role of fed state GI lipolysis on the intraluminal behaviour and absorption of fenofibrate, formulated as the lipid-based formulation Fenogal. Therefore, a crossover study was performed in healthy volunteers using orlistat as lipase inhibitor. Fenofibrate concentrations were determined in the proximal jejunum and linked to simultaneously assessed systemic fenofibric acid concentrations. Inhibition of lipolysis by orlistat resulted in a faster onset of absorption in 4 out of 6 volunteers, reflected by a decrease in systemic Tmax between 20 and 140 min. In addition, the increase of undigested lipids present in the small intestine upon orlistat co-administration sustained drug solubilisation for a longer period, resulting in higher fenofibrate concentrations in the jejunum and improved absorption in 5 out of 6 volunteers (median AUC0–8h 8377 vs. 5832 μM.min). Sustaining drug solubilisation in the lipid phase may thus contribute to the absorption of lipophilic drugs. More research into the different mechanisms underlying lipophilic drug absorption from fed state media at different levels of digestion is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Braeckmans
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg O&N II, Herestraat 49-Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.B.); (J.B.); (D.R.)
| | - Joachim Brouwers
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg O&N II, Herestraat 49-Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.B.); (J.B.); (D.R.)
| | - Danny Riethorst
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg O&N II, Herestraat 49-Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.B.); (J.B.); (D.R.)
| | - Cécile Servais
- Galephar M/F Research Center, 6900 Marche-en-Famenne, Belgium;
| | - Jan Tack
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, TARGID, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg O&N II, Herestraat 49-Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.B.); (J.B.); (D.R.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Discovery and characterization of pentacyclic triterpenoid acids in Styrax as potent and reversible pancreatic lipase inhibitors. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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11
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Insights in the biocatalyzed hydrolysis, esterification and transesterification of waste cooking oil with a vegetable lipase. Catal Today 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2020.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Inhibition of glutathione and s-allyl glutathione on pancreatic lipase: Analysis through in vitro kinetics, fluorescence spectroscopy and in silico docking. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 160:623-631. [PMID: 32473219 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of pancreatic lipase (PL) is considered one of the important therapeutic interventions against obesity. In the present study, the inhibition of porcine (mammalian) PL (PPL) by two tripeptides glutathione (GSH) and s-allyl glutathione (SAG) was studied. In vitro kinetic analysis was done to determine the inhibition of GSH and SAG against PPL. The binding of GSH and SAG with PPL was elucidated by fluorescence spectroscopy analysis. Docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation analysis was carried out to understand the intermolecular interaction between both GSH and SAG with PPL as well as human PL (HPL). Both GSH and SAG inhibited PPL in mixed non-competitive manner. The IC50 value for GSH and SAG against PPL was found to be 2.97 and 6.4 mM, respectively. Both GSH and SAG quenched the intrinsic fluorescence of PPL through static quenching that is through forming complex with the PPL. SAG and GSH interacted with amino acids involved in catalysis of both PPL and HPL. MD simulation showed interactions of SAG and GSH with both PPL and HPL were stable. These results would lead to the further studies and application of GSH and SAG against obesity through inhibition of PL.
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Dully M, Brasnett C, Djeghader A, Seddon A, Neilan J, Murray D, Butler J, Soulimane T, Hudson SP. Modulating the release of pharmaceuticals from lipid cubic phases using a lipase inhibitor. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 573:176-192. [PMID: 32278949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Lipid cubic phase formulations have gained recognition as potential controlled delivery systems for a range of active pharmaceutical and biological agents on account of their desirable physiochemical properties and ability to encapsulate both hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules. The most widely studied lipid cubic systems are those of the monoacylglycerol lipid family. These formulations are susceptible to lipolysis by a variety of enzymes, including lipases and esterases, which attack the ester bond present on the lipid chain bridging the oleic acid component to the glycerol backbone. The release of poorly soluble molecules residing in the lipid membrane portions of the phase is limited by the breakdown of the matrix; thus, presenting a potential means for further controlling and sustaining the release of therapeutic agents by targeting the matrix stability and its rate of degradation. The aims of the present study were twofold: to evaluate an approach to regulate the rate of degradation of lipid cubic phase drug delivery systems by targeting the enzyme interactions responsible for their demise; and to study the subsequent drug release profiles from bulk lipid cubic gels using model drugs of contrasting hydrophobicity. Here, hybrid materials consisting of cubic phases with monoacylglycerol lipids of different chain lengths formulated with a potent lipase inhibitor tetrahydrolipstatin were designed. Modulation of the release of a hydrophobic model pharmaceutical, a clofazimine salt, was obtained by exploiting the matrices' enzyme-driven digestion. A stable cubic phase is described, displaying controlled degradation with at least a 4-fold improvement compared to the blank systems shown in inhibitor-containing cubic systems. Sustained release of the model hydrophobic pharmaceutical was studied over 30 days to highlight the advantage of incorporating an inhibitor into the cubic network to achieve tunable lipid release systems. This is done without negatively affecting the structure of the matrix itself, as shown by comprehensive small-angle x-ray scattering experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Dully
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, Ireland
| | - Christopher Brasnett
- School of Physics, University of Bristol, Tyndall Ave, Bristol BS8 1FD, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed Djeghader
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, Ireland
| | - Annela Seddon
- School of Physics, University of Bristol, Tyndall Ave, Bristol BS8 1FD, United Kingdom; Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1FD, United Kingdom
| | - John Neilan
- COOK Ireland Limited, O'Halloran Rd, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, Ireland
| | - David Murray
- COOK Ireland Limited, O'Halloran Rd, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, Ireland
| | - James Butler
- COOK Ireland Limited, O'Halloran Rd, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, Ireland
| | - Tewfik Soulimane
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Sarah P Hudson
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, Ireland.
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Pharmaceutical Characterization and In Vivo Evaluation of Orlistat Formulations Prepared by the Supercritical Melt-Adsorption Method Using Carbon Dioxide: Effects of Mesoporous Silica Type. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12040333. [PMID: 32276311 PMCID: PMC7238058 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12040333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Orlistat, an anti-obesity drug, has two critical issues—the first is its low efficacy due to low water solubility and the second is side effects such as oily spotting due to its lipase inhibition. The present study was designed to propose a solution using a formulation with mesoporous silica to simultaneously overcome two issues. Orlistat was loaded onto mesoporous silica by the supercritical melt-adsorption (SCMA) method, using carbon dioxide (CO2). Various types of mesoporous silica were used as adsorbents, and the effects of the pore volume, diameter and particle size of mesoporous silica on the pharmaceutical characteristics were evaluated by various solid-state characterization methods and in vitro and in vivo studies in relation to pharmacological efficacy and the improvement of side effects. The results showed that the pore volume and diameter determine loadable drug amount inside pores and crystallinity. The dissolution was significantly influenced by crystallinity, pore diameter and particle size, and the inhibition of lipase activity was in proportion to the dissolution rate. In vivo studies revealed that the serum triglyceride (TG) concentration was significantly decreased in the group administered amorphous orlistat-loaded Neuisilin®UFL2 with the highest in vitro dissolution rate and lipase activity inhibition in comparison to the commercial product. Furthermore, oily spotting tests in rats revealed that undigested oil was adsorbed onto mesoporous silica after orlistat was released in the gastro-intestinal tract, and it correlated with in vitro result that oil adsorption capacity was dependent on the surface area of empty mesoporous silica. Therefore, it was concluded that mesoporous silica type plays a major role in determining the pharmaceutical characteristics of orlistat formulation prepared using SCMA with CO2 for improving the low solubility and overcoming the side effects.
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15
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Deng H, Li W. Monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitors: modulators for lipid metabolism in cancer malignancy, neurological and metabolic disorders. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:582-602. [PMID: 32322464 PMCID: PMC7161712 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is a serine hydrolase that plays a crucial role catalysing the hydrolysis of monoglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids. It links the endocannabinoid and eicosanoid systems together by degradation of the abundant endocannabinoid 2-arachidaoylglycerol into arachidonic acid, the precursor of prostaglandins and other inflammatory mediators. MAGL inhibitors have been considered as important agents in many therapeutic fields, including anti-nociceptive, anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory, and even anti-cancer. Currently, ABX-1431, a first-in-class inhibitor of MAGL, is entering clinical phase 2 studies for neurological disorders and other diseases. This review summarizes the diverse (patho)physiological roles of MAGL and will provide an overview on the development of MAGL inhibitors. Although a large number of MAGL inhibitors have been reported, novel inhibitors are still required, particularly reversible ones.
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Key Words
- 2-AG, 2-arachidonoyl glycerol
- 2-Arachidaoylglycerol
- 2-OG, 2-oleoylglycerol
- 4-NPA, 4-nitrophenylacetate
- 7-HCA, 7-hydroxycoumarinyl arachidonate
- AA, arachidonic acid
- ABHD6 and ABHD12, α/β-hydrolase 6 and 12
- ABP, activity-based probes
- ABPP, activity-based protein profiling
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- AEA, anandamide
- Arachidonic acid
- BCRP, breast cancer resistant protein
- CB1R and CB2R, cannabinoid receptors
- CC-ABPP, click chemistry activity-based protein profiling
- CFA, complete Freund's adjuvant
- CNS, central nervous system
- COX, cyclooxygenases
- CYP, cytochrome P450 proteins
- Cancer
- DAG, diacylglycerol
- DAGLs, diacylglycerol lipases
- DTT, dithiothreitol
- Drug discovery
- EAE, encephalomyelitis
- EI, enzyme–inhibitor complex
- FAAH, amide hydrolase
- FFAs, free fatty acids
- FP, fluorophosphonate
- FP-Rh, fluorophosphonate-rhodamine
- FQ, fit quality
- HFD, high-fat diet
- HFIP, hexafluoroisopropyl
- LC–MS, liquid chromatographic mass spectrometry
- LFD, low-fat diet
- MAGL, monoacylglycerol lipase
- MAGs, monoglycerides
- MS, multiple sclerosis
- Metabolic syndrome
- Monoacylglycerol lipases
- NAM, N-arachidonoyl maleimide
- NHS, N-hydroxysuccinimidyl
- Neuroinflammation
- OCT2, organic cation transporter 2
- P-gp, P-glycoprotein
- PA, phosphatidic acid
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- PET, positron emission tomography
- PGE2, prostaglandin
- PGs, prostaglandins
- PK, pharmacokinetic
- PLA2G7, phospholipase A2 group VII
- SAR, structure–activity relationship
- SBDD, structure-based drug design
- SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- THL, tetrahydrolipstatin
- cPLA2, cytosolic phospholipase A2
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Deng
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 28 85422197.
| | - Weimin Li
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 28 85422197.
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16
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Paccosi S, Cresci B, Pala L, Rotella CM, Parenti A. Obesity Therapy: How and Why? Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:174-186. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190124121725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Obesity represents the second preventable mortality cause worldwide,
and is very often associated with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). The first line treatment
is lifestyle modification to weight-loss, but for those who fail to achieve the goal or have
difficulty in maintaining achieved results, pharmacological treatment is needed. Few drugs are
available today, because of their side effects.
Objective:
We aim to review actual pharmacological management of obese patients, highlighting
differences between Food and Drug Administration - and European Medicine
Agency-approved molecules, and pointing out self-medications readily obtainable and widely
distributed.
Methods:
Papers on obesity, weight loss, pharmacotherapy, self- medication and diet-aid
products were selected using Medline. Research articles, systematic reviews, clinical trials
and meta-analyses were screened.
Results:
Anti-obesity drugs with central mechanisms, such as phentermine and lorcaserin, are
available in USA, but not in Europe. Phentermine/topiramate and naltrexone/bupropion combinations
are now available, even though the former is still under investigation from EMA.
Orlistat, with peripheral mechanisms, represents the only drug approved for weight reduction
in adolescents. Liraglutide has been approved at higher dose for obesity. Anti-obesity drugs,
readily obtainable from the internet, include crude-drug products and supplements for which
there is often a lack of compliance to national regulatory standards.
Conclusion:
Mechanisms of weight loss drugs include the reduction of energy intake or the
increase in energy expenditure and sense of satiety as well as the decrease of hunger or the
reduction in calories absorption. Few drugs are approved, and differences exist between USA
and Europe. Moreover, herbal medicines and supplements often sold on the internet and
widely used by obese patients, present a risk of adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Paccosi
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Barbara Cresci
- Diabetology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Pala
- Diabetology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Astrid Parenti
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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17
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Hou XD, Guan XQ, Cao YF, Weng ZM, Hu Q, Liu HB, Jia SN, Zang SZ, Zhou Q, Yang L, Ge GB, Hou J. Inhibition of pancreatic lipase by the constituents in St. John's Wort: In vitro and in silico investigations. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 145:620-633. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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18
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Michaelsen MH, Siqueira Jørgensen SD, Abdi IM, Wasan KM, Rades T, Müllertz A. Fenofibrate oral absorption from SNEDDS and super-SNEDDS is not significantly affected by lipase inhibition in rats. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 142:258-264. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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19
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Lipase inhibitory activity of skim milk fermented with different strains of lactic acid bacteria. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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20
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Vasanth Rao VRB, Candasamy M, Bhattamisra SK. Obesity an overview: Genetic conditions and recent developments in therapeutic interventions. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:2112-2120. [PMID: 31235145 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a complex disorder that is linked to many coexisting disorders. Recent epidemiological data have suggested that the prevalence of obesity is at an all-time high, growing to be one of the world's biggest problems. There are several mechanisms on how individuals develop obesity which includes genetic and environmental factors. Not only does obesity contribute to other health issues but it also greatly affects the quality of life, physical ability, mental strength and imposes a huge burden in terms of healthcare costs. Along with that, obesity is associated with the risk of mortality and has been shown to reduce the median survival rate. Obesity is basically when the body is not able to balance energy intake and output. When energy intake exceeds energy expenditure, excess calories will be stored as fat leading to weight gain and eventually obesity. The therapeutic market for treating obesity is composed of many different interventions from lifestyle intervention, surgical procedures to pharmacotherapeutic approaches. All of these interventions have their respective benefits and disadvantages and are specifically prescribed to a patient based on the severity of their obesity as well as the existence of other health conditions. This review discusses the genetic and environmental causes of obesity along with the recent developments in anti-obesity therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Rao B Vasanth Rao
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, No 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Mayuren Candasamy
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Subrat Kumar Bhattamisra
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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21
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Dedaki C, Kokotou MG, Mouchlis VD, Limnios D, Lei X, Mu CT, Ramanadham S, Magrioti V, Dennis EA, Kokotos G. β-Lactones: A Novel Class of Ca 2+-Independent Phospholipase A 2 (Group VIA iPLA 2) Inhibitors with the Ability To Inhibit β-Cell Apoptosis. J Med Chem 2019; 62:2916-2927. [PMID: 30798607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2 (GVIA iPLA2) has gained increasing interest recently as it has been recognized as a participant in biological processes underlying diabetes development and autoimmune-based neurological disorders. The development of potent GVIA iPLA2 inhibitors is of great importance because only a few have been reported so far. We present a novel class of GVIA iPLA2 inhibitors based on the β-lactone ring. This functionality in combination with a four-carbon chain carrying a phenyl group at position-3 and a linear propyl group at position-4 of the lactone ring confers excellent potency. trans-3-(4-Phenylbutyl)-4-propyloxetan-2-one (GK563) was identified as being the most potent GVIA iPLA2 inhibitor ever reported ( XI(50) 0.0000021, IC50 1 nM) and also one that is 22 000 times more active against GVIA iPLA2 than GIVA cPLA2. It was found to reduce β-cell apoptosis induced by proinflammatory cytokines, raising the possibility that it can be beneficial in countering autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Dedaki
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771 , Greece
| | - Maroula G Kokotou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771 , Greece.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, San Diego , California 92093-0601 , United States
| | - Varnavas D Mouchlis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, San Diego , California 92093-0601 , United States
| | - Dimitris Limnios
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771 , Greece.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, San Diego , California 92093-0601 , United States
| | | | - Carol T Mu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, San Diego , California 92093-0601 , United States
| | | | - Victoria Magrioti
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771 , Greece
| | - Edward A Dennis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, San Diego , California 92093-0601 , United States
| | - George Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771 , Greece
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22
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Biological and chemical diversity go hand in hand: Basidiomycota as source of new pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107344. [PMID: 30738916 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Basidiomycota constitutes the second largest higher taxonomic group of the Fungi after the Ascomycota and comprises over 30.000 species. Mycelial cultures of Basidiomycota have already been studied since the 1950s for production of antibiotics and other beneficial secondary metabolites. Despite the fact that unique and selective compounds like pleuromutilin were obtained early on, it took several decades more until they were subjected to a systematic screening for antimicrobial and anticancer activities. These efforts led to the discovery of the strobilurins and several hundreds of further compounds that mainly constitute terpenoids. In parallel the traditional medicinal mushrooms of Asia were also studied intensively for metabolite production, aimed at finding new therapeutic agents for treatment of various diseases including metabolic disorders and the central nervous system. While the evaluation of this organism group has in general been more tedious as compared to the Ascomycota, the chances to discover new metabolites and to develop them further to candidates for drugs, agrochemicals and other products for the Life Science industry have substantially increased over the past decade. This is owing to the revolutionary developments in -OMICS techniques, bioinformatics, analytical chemistry and biotechnological process technology, which are steadily being developed further. On the other hand, the new developments in polythetic fungal taxonomy now also allow a more concise selection of previously untapped organisms. The current review is dedicated to summarize the state of the art and to give an outlook to further developments.
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23
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Santucci P, Dedaki C, Athanasoulis A, Gallorini L, Munoz A, Canaan S, Cavalier J, Magrioti V. Synthesis of Long‐Chain β‐Lactones and Their Antibacterial Activities against Pathogenic Mycobacteria. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:349-358. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Santucci
- Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479 Marseille France
| | - Christina Dedaki
- Department of ChemistryNational and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Athens 15771 Greece
| | - Alexandros Athanasoulis
- Department of ChemistryNational and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Athens 15771 Greece
| | - Laura Gallorini
- Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479 Marseille France
| | - Anaïs Munoz
- Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479 Marseille France
| | - Stéphane Canaan
- Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479 Marseille France
| | | | - Victoria Magrioti
- Department of ChemistryNational and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Athens 15771 Greece
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24
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Oxadiazolone derivatives, new promising multi-target inhibitors against M. tuberculosis. Bioorg Chem 2018; 81:414-424. [PMID: 30212765 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A set of 19 oxadiazolone (OX) derivatives have been investigated for their antimycobacterial activity against two pathogenic slow-growing mycobacteria, Mycobacterium marinum and Mycobacterium bovis BCG, and the avirulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) mc26230. The encouraging minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values obtained prompted us to test them against virulent M. tb H37Rv growth either in broth medium or inside macrophages. The OX compounds displayed a diversity of action and were found to act either on extracellular M. tb growth only with moderated MIC50, or both intracellularly on infected macrophages as well as extracellularly on bacterial growth. Of interest, all OX derivatives exhibited very low toxicity towards host macrophages. Among the six potential OXs identified, HPOX, a selective inhibitor of extracellular M. tb growth, was selected and further used in a competitive labelling/enrichment assay against the activity-based probe Desthiobiotin-FP, in order to identify its putative target(s). This approach, combined with mass spectrometry, identified 18 potential candidates, all being serine or cysteine enzymes involved in M. tb lipid metabolism and/or in cell wall biosynthesis. Among them, Ag85A, CaeA, TesA, KasA and MetA have been reported as essential for in vitro growth of M. tb and/or its survival and persistence inside macrophages. Overall, our findings support the assumption that OX derivatives may represent a novel class of multi-target inhibitors leading to the arrest of M. tb growth through a cumulative inhibition of a large number of Ser- and Cys-containing enzymes involved in various important physiological processes.
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25
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Goins CM, Sudasinghe TD, Liu X, Wang Y, O'Doherty GA, Ronning DR. Characterization of Tetrahydrolipstatin and Stereoderivatives on the Inhibition of Essential Mycobacterium tuberculosis Lipid Esterases. Biochemistry 2018; 57:2383-2393. [PMID: 29601187 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Tetrahydrolipstatin (THL) is a covalent inhibitor of many serine esterases. In mycobacteria, THL has been found to covalently react with 261 lipid esterases upon treatment of Mycobacterium bovis cell lysate. However, the covalent adduct is considered unstable in some cases because of the hydrolysis of the enzyme-linked THL adduct resulting in catalytic turnover. In this study, a library of THL stereoderivatives was tested against three essential Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipid esterases of interest for drug development to assess how the stereochemistry of THL affects respective enzyme inhibition and allows for cross enzyme inhibition. The mycolyltransferase Antigen 85C (Ag85C) was found to be stereospecific with regard to THL; covalent inhibition occurs within minutes and was previously shown to be irreversible. Conversely, the Rv3802 phospholipase A/thioesterase was more accepting of a variety of THL configurations and uses these compounds as alternative substrates. The reaction of the THL stereoderivatives with the thioesterase domain of polyketide synthase 13 (Pks13-TE) also leads to hydrolytic turnover and is nonstereospecific but occurs on a slower, multihour time scale. Our findings suggest the stereochemistry of the β-lactone ring of THL is important for cross enzyme reactivity, while the two stereocenters of the peptidyl arm can affect enzyme specificity and the catalytic hydrolysis of the β-lactone ring. The observed kinetic data for all three target enzymes are supported by recently published X-ray crystal structures of Ag85C, Rv3802, and Pks13-TE. Insights from this study provide a molecular basis for the kinetic modulation of three essential M. tuberculosis lipid esterases by THL and can be applied to increase potency and enzyme residence times and enhance the specificity of the THL scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Goins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Toledo , Toledo , Ohio 43606 , United States
| | - Thanuja D Sudasinghe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Toledo , Toledo , Ohio 43606 , United States
| | - Xiaofan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Yanping Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - George A O'Doherty
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Donald R Ronning
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Toledo , Toledo , Ohio 43606 , United States
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26
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27
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Ravindran MS, Wenk MR. Activity-Based Lipid Esterase Profiling of M. bovis BCG at Different Metabolic States Using Tetrahydrolipstatin (THL) as Bait. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1491:75-85. [PMID: 27778282 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6439-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
This chapter provides a step-by-step protocol using activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) as a chemical-proteomic tool to survey the antibiotic properties of a small molecule. Here, we investigate the molecular mechanism behind the bactericidal activity of tetrahydrolipstatin (THL). ABPP relies on small molecule probes that target the active site of specific enzymes in complex proteomes. These probes in turn are equipped with a reporter tag that allows capturing, visualization, enrichment, identification, and quantification of its targets either in vitro or in situ. THL possesses bactericidal activities, but its precise spectrum of molecular targets is poorly characterized. Here, we used THL analogs functionalized to enable Huisgen-base cycloaddition, commonly known as "click chemistry," to identify target proteins after enrichment from mycobacterial cell lysates obtained from different physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Sudhan Ravindran
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Markus R Wenk
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, 117456, Singapore. .,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, 117456, Singapore. .,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, 117456, Singapore. .,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.
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28
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Buckley D, Duke G, Heuer TS, O'Farrell M, Wagman AS, McCulloch W, Kemble G. Fatty acid synthase – Modern tumor cell biology insights into a classical oncology target. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 177:23-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Abstract
Each month, subscribers to The Formulary® Monograph Service receive five to six researched monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late Phase III trials. The monographs are targeted to your Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee. Subscribers also receive monthly one-page summary monographs on the agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation (DUE) is also provided each month. The monographs are published in printed form and on diskettes that allow customization. Subscribers to the The Formulary Monograph Service also receive access to a pharmacy bulletin board called The Formulary Information Exchange (The F.I.X). All topics pertinent to clinical pharmacy are discussed on The F.I.X. Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. If you would like information about The Formulary Monograph Service or The F.I.X., call The Formulary at 800-322-4349. The October 1999 Formulary monographs are on zanamivir, pioglitazone, levobupivacaine, temozolomide, and insulin glargine. The DUE is on zanamivir.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Terri Levien
- Drug Information Pharmacist: College of Pharmacy, Washington State University at Spokane, 601 West First Avenue, Spokane, WA 99201-3899
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30
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Sweeting AN, Caterson ID. Approaches to obesity management. Intern Med J 2017; 47:734-739. [DOI: 10.1111/imj.13474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arianne N. Sweeting
- Department of Endocrinology; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Boden Institute, Charles Perkins Centre; University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Ian D. Caterson
- Department of Endocrinology; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Boden Institute, Charles Perkins Centre; University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
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31
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Tuohetahuntila M, Molenaar MR, Spee B, Brouwers JF, Wubbolts R, Houweling M, Yan C, Du H, VanderVen BC, Vaandrager AB, Helms JB. Lysosome-mediated degradation of a distinct pool of lipid droplets during hepatic stellate cell activation. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:12436-12448. [PMID: 28615446 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.778472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is a critical step in the development of liver fibrosis. During activation, HSCs lose their lipid droplets (LDs) containing triacylglycerols (TAGs), cholesteryl esters, and retinyl esters (REs). We previously provided evidence for the presence of two distinct LD pools, a preexisting and a dynamic LD pool. Here we investigate the mechanisms of neutral lipid metabolism in the preexisting LD pool. To investigate the involvement of lysosomal degradation of neutral lipids, we studied the effect of lalistat, a specific lysosomal acid lipase (LAL/Lipa) inhibitor on LD degradation in HSCs during activation in vitro The LAL inhibitor increased the levels of TAG, cholesteryl ester, and RE in both rat and mouse HSCs. Lalistat was less potent in inhibiting the degradation of newly synthesized TAG species as compared with a more general lipase inhibitor orlistat. Lalistat also induced the presence of RE-containing LDs in an acidic compartment. However, targeted deletion of the Lipa gene in mice decreased the liver levels of RE, most likely as the result of a gradual disappearance of HSCs in livers of Lipa-/- mice. Lalistat partially inhibited the induction of activation marker α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in rat and mouse HSCs. Our data suggest that LAL/Lipa is involved in the degradation of a specific preexisting pool of LDs and that inhibition of this pathway attenuates HSC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maidina Tuohetahuntila
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn R Molenaar
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Spee
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos F Brouwers
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Wubbolts
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Houweling
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cong Yan
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Hong Du
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Brian C VanderVen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, C5 181 Veterinary Medicine Center, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Arie B Vaandrager
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Bernd Helms
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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32
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Kang HS, Kim JP. Ostalactones A-C, β- and ε-Lactones with Lipase Inhibitory Activity from the Cultured Basidiomycete Stereum ostrea. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:3148-3151. [PMID: 28006918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ostalactones A-C (1-3), three new β- and ε-lactone natural products, were isolated from the culture broth of the basidiomycete Stereum ostrea. The structures were elucidated by interpretation of HRFABMS and 1D and 2D NMR data. The structures of 1 and 2 are characterized by the presence of a β-lactone containing a fused 4/5 bicyclic core structure. Compound 3 possesses a 2-oxepinone ring system, which is likely to be a biosynthetic precursor of compounds 1 and 2. Ostalactones A (1) and B (2) displayed potent inhibitory activity against human pancreatic lipase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hahk-Soo Kang
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, Konkuk University , Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jong-Pyung Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) , Cheongju, Chungbuk 28116, Korea
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The properties of the mucus barrier, a unique gel--how can nanoparticles cross it? Ther Deliv 2016; 7:229-44. [PMID: 27010985 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2015-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The key criterion for a nanoparticle drug-delivery system is the ability to produce substantial bioavailability without damaging the physiological protective mechanisms. The main area for drug delivery is the aerodigestive tract. All epithelial surfaces have a membrane-bound layer and in the lung this layer is surmounted by a gel layer. In the gastrointestinal tract the membrane-bound mucin layer is covered by a mucus bilayer. The pore sizes of mucus gels are around 100 to 200 nm. Consequently, only nanoparticles in this size range could potentially penetrate without modification of these layers. To study nanoparticle permeation with results that pertain to in vivo conditions, native mucus mucin preparations must be used. Strategies to increase pores in mucus gels are discussed herein.
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Al-Ghamdi MA, Choudhry H, Al-Doghather HA, Huwait EH, Kumosani TA, Moselhy SS. POTENTIAL ADMINISTRATION OF LIPOIC ACID AND COENZYME Q AGAINST ADIPOGENSIS: TARGET FOR WEIGHT REDUCTION. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES 2016; 14:272-277. [PMID: 28480405 PMCID: PMC5411879 DOI: 10.21010/ajtcam.v14i1.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background: Body overweight and obesity were considered as a risk factor for many systemic diseases as diabetic hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and some cancers. The lipoic acid and Co Q are considered as coenzymes needed for enhancement metabolic rate. The goal of this study is to evaluate the anti-obese effect of lipoic acid alone or combined with Co-Q in rats. Materials and Methods: Ninety male albino rats (100-150g) were used in this study, divided into six groups (15 each). Group I: Normal rats fed normal diet. Group II: Rats fed high fat diet (HFD). Group III: Rats fed HFD were given lipoic acid (10 μg/kg b w/day) intra-gastric by stomach tube. Group IV: Rats fed HFD were given Co-Q (10 μg/kg b.w/day) intra-gastric. Group V: Rats fed HFD were given lipoic acid (50 mg/kg b w/day) and Co-Q (10 μg/kg b. w/day). Group VI: Rats were given orlistat intra-gastric (10 mg/kg b w/day) as positive control for 6 weeks. Serum was subjected for determination of lipid profile, liver function tests atherogenic factor and lipoprotein lipase. Results: It was found that treatment with lipoic acid or Co-Q or combined showed increase in the activity of lipoprotein lipase (P < 0.001) and reduction of atherogenic effect and obesity index (P <0.001). The effect of combined gives good results than orlistat or individual treatment. Conclusion: lipoic acid combined with Co-Q increase fat oxidation and prevent fat accumulation. The consumption of lipoic acid daily promotes fat oxidation and prevents its accumulation in visceral tissues. Further studies should be carried out to examine the mechanistic signals of these nutrients that helps in weight management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam A Al-Ghamdi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (POBox.80203), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Experimental Biochemistry Unit, king Fahd Medical Research Center, KAU
| | - Hani Choudhry
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (POBox.80203), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine, King Fahd Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huda A Al-Doghather
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (POBox.80203), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Production of bioproducts for industerial purposes Research Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, KAU
| | - Etimad H Huwait
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (POBox.80203), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Production of bioproducts for industerial purposes Research Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, KAU.,Experimental Biochemistry Unit, king Fahd Medical Research Center, KAU
| | - Taha A Kumosani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (POBox.80203), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Production of bioproducts for industerial purposes Research Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, KAU.,Experimental Biochemistry Unit, king Fahd Medical Research Center, KAU
| | - Said S Moselhy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (POBox.80203), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Bioactive Natural Products Research Group.,Experimental Biochemistry Unit, king Fahd Medical Research Center, KAU.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University
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Bull JA, Croft RA, Davis OA, Doran R, Morgan KF. Oxetanes: Recent Advances in Synthesis, Reactivity, and Medicinal Chemistry. Chem Rev 2016; 116:12150-12233. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James A. Bull
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary A. Croft
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Owen A. Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Doran
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Kate F. Morgan
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Lehmann J, Vomacka J, Esser K, Nodwell M, Kolbe K, Rämer P, Protzer U, Reiling N, Sieber SA. Human lysosomal acid lipase inhibitor lalistat impairs Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth by targeting bacterial hydrolases. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6md00231e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Lalistat inhibits growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in bacterial culture as well as in infected macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Lehmann
- Department of Chemistry
- Technische Universität München
- 85748 Garching
- Germany
| | - J. Vomacka
- Department of Chemistry
- Technische Universität München
- 85748 Garching
- Germany
| | - K. Esser
- Institut für Virologie
- Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München
- 81675 München
- Germany
| | - M. Nodwell
- Department of Chemistry
- Technische Universität München
- 85748 Garching
- Germany
| | - K. Kolbe
- Forschungszentrum Borstel
- Leibniz-Zentrum für Medizin und Biowissenschaften
- FG Mikrobielle Grenzflächenbiologie
- 23845 Borstel
- Germany
| | - P. Rämer
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene
- Technische Universität München
- 81675 München
- Germany
| | - U. Protzer
- Institut für Virologie
- Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München
- 81675 München
- Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF)
| | - N. Reiling
- Forschungszentrum Borstel
- Leibniz-Zentrum für Medizin und Biowissenschaften
- FG Mikrobielle Grenzflächenbiologie
- 23845 Borstel
- Germany
| | - S. A. Sieber
- Department of Chemistry
- Technische Universität München
- 85748 Garching
- Germany
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Cashew apple extract inhibition of fat storage and insulin resistance in the diet-induced obesity mouse model. J Nutr Sci 2015; 4:e38. [PMID: 26688724 PMCID: PMC4678769 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2015.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cashew apple is an unvalued by-product from the cashew nut industry, of which millions of tonnes are simply discarded globally. Interestingly, however, cashew apple nutrients may have beneficial effects for health even if these are still poorly described. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of a hydro-alcoholic extract of cashew apple (cashew apple extract; CAE; Cashewin(™)) on obesity and diabetes, in two experimental designs using the diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model. First, in the preventive design, mice were treated orally with the CAE at the dose of 200 mg/kg body weight from the first day under a high-fat diet (HFD) and during 8 weeks thereafter. Second, in the curative design, the animals were first maintained under the HFD for 4 weeks and then treated with the CAE for a further 4 weeks under the same regimen. For both experimental designs, body weight, peri-epididymal adipose tissue, liver weight, food consumption, glycaemia, insulinaemia and insulin resistance were assessed. In both designs, the CAE significantly reduced body-weight gain and fat storage in both the peri-epididymal adipose tissue and the liver for mice under the HFD. This was achieved without modifying their energy consumption. Furthermore, glycaemia, insulinaemia and insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance) of the DIO mice were significantly lowered compared with the control group. Thus, a well-designed hydro-alcoholic extract of cashew apple could provide an attractive nutritional food ingredient to help support the management of body weight and associated metabolic parameters such as blood glucose and insulin levels.
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Sweeting AN, Hocking SL, Markovic TP. Pharmacotherapy for the treatment of obesity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 418 Pt 2:173-83. [PMID: 26360586 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The recognition of the complex counter-regulatory hormonal, metabolic and neurochemical mechanisms that promote weight regain following weight loss and the conceptualisation of obesity as a chronic disease requiring long-term management has led to increasing focus on the role of adjunctive therapies for obesity, particularly pharmacotherapy. Currently available pharmacotherapy achieves a weight loss intermediate between that commonly attained by lifestyle intervention and bariatric surgery, however its accessibility, compared to bariatric surgery increases its appeal. Despite the poor history of obesity pharmacotherapy, novel agents that are in development appear to have several advantages over predecessors. They are generally more selective in their mechanism of action, thereby potentially minimising adverse sequelae and improving the risk-benefit ratio of pharmacotherapy. Another approach has been to use combined pharmacotherapy to better counteract the multiple counter-regulatory neuroendocrine mechanisms which promote weight regain, as well as allowing lower constituent doses of the combined monotherapy agents, which improves the safety and tolerability of these agents that are usually required long-term for chronic weight maintenance. This review will provide an overview of past, present and future pharmacotherapy for obesity. The efficacy and safety profile of currently available pharmacotherapy will be discussed in the setting of stringent regulatory review processes now in place given the fraught history of pharmacological interventions for obesity. Potential novel therapies that seek to better target the multiple complex counter-regulatory mechanisms promoting weight regain while improving the efficacy/safety profile, will also be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianne N Sweeting
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Samantha L Hocking
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tania P Markovic
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Patel JZ, van Bruchem J, Laitinen T, Kaczor AA, Navia-Paldanius D, Parkkari T, Savinainen JR, Laitinen JT, Nevalainen TJ. Revisiting 1,3,4-Oxadiazol-2-ones: Utilization in the Development of ABHD6 Inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:6335-45. [PMID: 26344596 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This article describes our systematic approach to exploring the utility of the 1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-one scaffold in the development of ABHD6 inhibitors. Compound 3-(3-aminobenzyl)-5-methoxy-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one (JZP-169, 52) was identified as a potent inhibitor of hABHD6, with an IC₅₀ value of 216 nM. This compound at 10 μM concentration did not inhibit any other endocannabinoid hydrolases, such as FAAH, MAGL and ABHD12, or bind to the cannabinoid receptors (CB₁ and CB₂). Moreover, in competitive activity-based protein profiling (ABPP), compound 52 (JZP-169) at 10 μM selectively targeted ABHD6 of the serine hydrolases of mouse brain membrane proteome. Reversibility studies indicated that compound 52 inhibited hABHD6 in an irreversible manner. Finally, homology modelling and molecular docking studies were used to gain insights into the binding of compound 52 to the active site of hABHD6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayendra Z Patel
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - John van Bruchem
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuomo Laitinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Agnieszka A Kaczor
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Medical Analytics, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodzki St., PL-20093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Dina Navia-Paldanius
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teija Parkkari
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha R Savinainen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jarmo T Laitinen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tapio J Nevalainen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Mineeva IV. Asymmetric syntheses of the lactone core of tetrahydrolipstatin and tetrahydroesterastin and of the oriental hornet Vespa Orientalis pheromone. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428015060044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Martin KA, Mani MV, Mani A. New targets to treat obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 763:64-74. [PMID: 26001373 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster ofassociated metabolic traits that collectively confer unsurpassed risk for development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes compared to any single CVD risk factor. Truncal obesity plays an exceptionally critical role among all metabolic traits of the MetS. Consequently, the prevalence of the MetS has steadily increased with the growing epidemic of obesity. Pharmacotherapy has been available for obesity for more than one decade, but with little success in improving the metabolic profiles. The serotonergic drugs and inhibitors of pancreatic lipases were among the few drugs that were initially approved to treat obesity. At the present time, only the pancreatic lipase inhibitor orlistat is approved for long-term treatment of obesity. New classes of anti-diabetic drugs, including glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists and Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors, are currently being evaluated for their effects on obesity and metabolic traits. The genetic studies of obesity and metabolic syndrome have identified novel molecules acting on the hunger and satiety peptidergic signaling of the gut-hypothalamus axis or the melanocortin system of the brain and are promising targets for future drug development. The goal is to develop drugs that not only treat obesity, but also favorably impact its associated traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Martin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, USA
| | | | - Arya Mani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, USA; Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, USA.
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Kleberg K, Jacobsen AK, Ferreira JG, Windeløv JA, Rehfeld JF, Holst JJ, de Araujo IE, Hansen HS. Sensing of triacylglycerol in the gut: different mechanisms for fatty acids and 2-monoacylglycerol. J Physiol 2015; 593:2097-109. [PMID: 25639597 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.285635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensing of dietary triacylglycerol in the proximal small intestine results in physiological, hormonal and behavioural responses. However, the exact physiological pathways linking intestinal fat sensing to food intake and the activation of brain circuits remain to be identified. In this study we examined the role of triacylglycerol digestion for intestinal fat sensing, and compared the effects of the triacylglycerol digestion products, fatty acids and 2-monoacylglycerol, on behavioural, hormonal and dopaminergic responses in behaving mice. Using an operant task in which mice are trained to self-administer lipid emulsions directly into the stomach, we show that inhibiting triacylglycerol digestion disrupts normal behaviour of self-administration in mice, indicating that fat sensing is conditional to digestion. When administered separately, both digestion products, 2-monoacylglycerol and fatty acids, were sensed by the mice, and self-administration patterns of fatty acids were affected by the fatty acid chain length. Peripheral plasma concentrations of the gut hormones GLP-1, GIP, PYY, CCK and insulin did not offer an explanation of the differing behavioural effects produced by 2-monoacylglycerol and fatty acids. However, combined with behavioural responses, striatal dopamine effluxes induced by gut infusions of oleic acid were significantly greater than those produced by equivalent infusions of 2-oleoylglycerol. Our data demonstrate recruitment of different signalling pathways by fatty acids and 2-monoacylglycerol, and suggest that the structural properties of fat rather than total caloric value determine intestinal sensing and the assignment of reward value to lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Kleberg
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark; The John B. Pierce Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, 290 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
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Immunomodulatory lysophosphatidylserines are regulated by ABHD16A and ABHD12 interplay. Nat Chem Biol 2015; 11:164-71. [PMID: 25580854 PMCID: PMC4301979 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Halpern B, Halpern A. Safety assessment of FDA-approved (orlistat and lorcaserin) anti-obesity medications. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2015; 14:305-15. [DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2015.994502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Kumar P, Dubey KK. Current trends and future prospects of lipstatin: a lipase inhibitor and pro-drug for obesity. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra14892h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A review of the implications and causes of obesity, the status of antiobesity drugs, the mechanism of inhibition of pancreatic lipases, the biosynthesis of lipstatin and the present status of lipstatin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punit Kumar
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory
- University Institute of Engineering and Technology
- Maharshi Dayanand University
- Rohtak
- India
| | - Kashyap Kumar Dubey
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory
- University Institute of Engineering and Technology
- Maharshi Dayanand University
- Rohtak
- India
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Lim SM, Goh YM, Kuan WB, Loh SP. Effect of germinated brown rice extracts on pancreatic lipase, adipogenesis and lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13:169. [PMID: 25367070 PMCID: PMC4232653 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-13-169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated anti-obesity effects of seven different solvent (n-hexane, toluene, dicholoromethane, ethyl acetate, absolute methanol, 80% methanol and deionized water) extracts of germinated brown rice (GBR) on pancreatic lipase activity, adipogenesis and lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. METHODS GBR were extracted separately by employing different solvents with ultrasound-assisted. Pancreatic lipase activity was determined spectrophotometrically by measuring the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl butyrate (p-NPB) to p-nitrophenol at 405 nm. Adipogenesis and lipolysis were assayed in fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes by using Oil Red O staining and glycerol release measurement. RESULTS GBR extract using hexane showed the highest inhibitory effect (13.58 ± 0.860%) at concentration of 200 μg/ml followed by hexane extract at 100 μg/ml (9.98 ± 1.048%) while ethyl acetate extract showed the lowest (2.62 ± 0.677%) at concentration of 200 μg/ml on pancreatic lipase activity. Water extract at 300 μg/ml showed 61.55 ± 3.824% of Oil Red O staining material (OROSM), a marker of adipogenesis. It significantly decrease (p < 0.05) lipid accumulation than control (OROSM = 100%), follow by ethyl acetate extract at 300 μg/ml (OROSM = 65.17 ± 3.131%). All the GBR extracts induced lipolysis with 1.22-1.83 fold of greater glycerol release than control. CONCLUSIONS GBR extracts especially the least polar and intermediate polar solvent extracts exhibited inhibitory effect on pancreatic lipase, decrease fat accumulation by adipocyte differentiation inhibition, and stimulate lipolysis on adipocytes. Therefore, GBR could be furthered study and developed as a functional food in helping the treatment and/or prevention of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- See Meng Lim
- />Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Yong Meng Goh
- />Department of Veterinary Pre-Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Wen Bin Kuan
- />Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Su Peng Loh
- />Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
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Operon for biosynthesis of lipstatin, the Beta-lactone inhibitor of human pancreatic lipase. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:7473-83. [PMID: 25239907 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01765-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipstatin, isolated from Streptomyces toxytricini as a potent and selective inhibitor of human pancreatic lipase, is a precursor for tetrahydrolipstatin (also known as orlistat, Xenical, and Alli), the only FDA-approved antiobesity medication for long-term use. Lipstatin features a 2-hexyl-3,5-dihydroxy-7,10-hexadecadienoic-β-lactone structure with an N-formyl-l-leucine group attached as an ester to the 5-hydroxy group. It has been suggested that the α-branched 3,5-dihydroxy fatty acid β-lactone moiety of lipstatin in S. toxytricini is derived from Claisen condensation between two fatty acid substrates, which are derived from incomplete oxidative degradation of linoleic acid based on feeding experiments. In this study, we identified a six-gene operon (lst) that was essential for the biosynthesis of lipstatin by large-deletion, complementation, and single-gene knockout experiments. lstA, lstB, and lstC, which encode two β-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase III homologues and an acyl coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) synthetase homologue, were indicated to be responsible for the generation of the α-branched 3,5-dihydroxy fatty acid backbone. Subsequently, the nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) gene lstE and the putative formyltransferase gene lstF were involved in decoration of the α-branched 3,5-dihydroxy fatty acid chain with an N-formylated leucine residue. Finally, the 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-homologous gene lstD might be responsible for the reduction of the β-keto group of the biosynthetic intermediate, thereby facilitating the formation of the unique β-lactone ring.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity is a global epidemic with important healthcare and financial implications. Most current antiobesity pharmacological therapies are unsatisfactory due to undesirable side effects. Many drugs have been withdrawn due to safety concerns. Maintaining weight loss remains the Achilles' heel of antiobesity therapy. AREAS COVERED This is an overview of the use of liraglutide for obesity treatment. Clinical efficacy on weight, cardiovascular parameters, as well as safety and tolerability issues are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Liraglutide is a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, which has a protracted pharmacokinetic profile compared to native GLP-1 while maintaining its biological activity. It induces weight loss by reducing appetite and energy intake. It stimulates insulin release and decreases glucagon secretion in response to hyperglycaemia. Treatment with liraglutide, in addition with diet and exercise, induces sustained mean weight loss of 7.6 kg at 2 years (weight loss induced by orlistat = 5.7 kg, phentermine/topiramate controlled release 15/92 = 10.9 kg). It reduces blood pressure and improves glycaemic control, which has clinically relevant significance on reducing obesity-related morbidity and mortality. Liraglutide is reasonably well tolerated with gastrointestinal side effects being most commonly encountered. Novo Nordisk filed for regulatory approval of liraglutide 3.0 mg for obesity treatment in December 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Yoon Ai Ng
- University of Liverpool, Aintree University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Clinical Sciences Centre, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology , Longmoor Lane, Liverpool L9 7AL , UK
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49
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Using the reversible inhibition of gastric lipase by Orlistat for investigating simultaneously lipase adsorption and substrate hydrolysis at the lipid–water interface. Biochimie 2014; 101:221-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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50
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Inhibition by ε-Polylysine of Fat Digestion in the Stomach and Intestine of Rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 73:536-42. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.80587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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