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Deleray AC, Saini SS, Wallberg AC, Kramer JR. Synthetic Antifreeze Glycoproteins with Potent Ice-Binding Activity. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2024; 36:3424-3434. [PMID: 38699199 PMCID: PMC11064932 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.4c00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs) are produced by extremophiles to defend against tissue damage in freezing climates. Cumbersome isolation from polar fish has limited probing AFGP molecular mechanisms of action and limited development of bioinspired cryoprotectants for application in agriculture, foods, coatings, and biomedicine. Here, we present a rapid, scalable, and tunable route to synthetic AFGPs (sAFGPs) using N-carboxyanhydride polymerization. Our materials are the first mimics to harness the molecular size, chemical motifs, and long-range conformation of native AFGPs. We found that ice-binding activity increases with chain length, Ala is a key residue, and the native protein sequence is not required. The glycan structure had only minor effects, and all glycans examined displayed antifreeze activity. The sAFGPs are biodegradable, nontoxic, internalized into endocytosing cells, and bystanders in cryopreservation of human red blood cells. Overall, our sAFGPs functioned as surrogates for bona fide AFGPs, solving a long-standing challenge in accessing natural antifreeze materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Deleray
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Simranpreet S Saini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Alexander C Wallberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Jessica R Kramer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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2
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Sun Y, Maltseva D, Liu J, Hooker T, Mailänder V, Ramløv H, DeVries AL, Bonn M, Meister K. Ice Recrystallization Inhibition Is Insufficient to Explain Cryopreservation Abilities of Antifreeze Proteins. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:1214-1220. [PMID: 35080878 PMCID: PMC8924859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) and glycoproteins (AFGPs) are exemplary at modifying ice crystal growth and at inhibiting ice recrystallization (IRI) in frozen solutions. These properties make them highly attractive for cold storage and cryopreservation applications of biological tissue, food, and other water-based materials. The specific requirements for optimal cryostorage remain unknown, but high IRI activity has been proposed to be crucial. Here, we show that high IRI activity alone is insufficient to explain the beneficial effects of AF(G)Ps on human red blood cell (hRBC) survival. We show that AF(G)Ps with different IRI activities cause similar cell recoveries of hRBCs and that a modified AFGP variant with decreased IRI activity shows increased cell recovery. The AFGP variant was found to have enhanced interactions with a hRBC model membrane, indicating that the capability to stabilize cell membranes is another important factor for increasing the survival of cells after cryostorage. This information should be considered when designing novel synthetic cryoprotectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Sun
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Daria Maltseva
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jie Liu
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Theordore Hooker
- University of Alaska Southeast, Juneau, Alaska 99801, United States
| | - Volker Mailänder
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany.,Dermatology Department, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Arthur L DeVries
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Konrad Meister
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany.,University of Alaska Southeast, Juneau, Alaska 99801, United States
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3
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Sun Y, Giubertoni G, Bakker HJ, Liu J, Wagner M, Ng DYW, Devries AL, Meister K. Disaccharide Residues are Required for Native Antifreeze Glycoprotein Activity. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:2595-2603. [PMID: 33957041 PMCID: PMC8207503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Antifreeze glycoproteins
(AFGPs) are able to bind to ice, halt
its growth, and are the most potent inhibitors of ice recrystallization
known. The structural basis for AFGP’s unique properties remains
largely elusive. Here we determined the antifreeze activities of AFGP
variants that we constructed by chemically modifying the hydroxyl
groups of the disaccharide of natural AFGPs. Using nuclear magnetic
resonance, two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy, and circular dichroism,
the expected modifications were confirmed as well as their effect
on AFGPs solution structure. We find that the presence of all the
hydroxyls on the disaccharides is a requirement for the native AFGP
hysteresis as well as the maximal inhibition of ice recrystallization.
The saccharide hydroxyls are apparently as important as the acetyl
group on the galactosamine, the α-linkage between the disaccharide
and threonine, and the methyl groups on the threonine and alanine.
We conclude that the use of hydrogen-bonding through the hydroxyl
groups of the disaccharide and hydrophobic interactions through the
polypeptide backbone are equally important in promoting the antifreeze
activities observed in the native AFGPs. These important criteria
should be considered when designing synthetic mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Sun
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Giulia Giubertoni
- NWO Institute AMOLF, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Huib J Bakker
- NWO Institute AMOLF, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jie Liu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Manfred Wagner
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - David Y W Ng
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Arthur L Devries
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Konrad Meister
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany.,University of Alaska Southeast, Juneau, Alaska 99801, United States
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4
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Schwidetzky R, Kunert AT, Bonn M, Pöschl U, Ramløv H, DeVries AL, Fröhlich-Nowoisky J, Meister K. Inhibition of Bacterial Ice Nucleators Is Not an Intrinsic Property of Antifreeze Proteins. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:4889-4895. [PMID: 32437152 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c03001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cold-adapted organisms use antifreeze proteins (AFPs) or ice-nucleating proteins (INPs) for the survival in freezing habitats. AFPs have been reported to be able to inhibit the activity of INPs, a property that would be of great physiological relevance. The generality of this effect is not understood, and for the few known examples of INP inhibition by AFPs, the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we report a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of five different AFPs on the activity of bacterial ice nucleators using a high-throughput ice nucleation assay. We find that bacterial INPs are inhibited by certain AFPs, while others show no effect. Thus, the ability to inhibit the activity of INPs is not an intrinsic property of AFPs, and the interactions of INPs and different AFPs proceed through protein-specific rather than universal molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna T Kunert
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Arthur L DeVries
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | | | - Konrad Meister
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany.,University of Alaska Southeast, Juneau, Alaska 99801, United States
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5
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Peltier R, Siah WR, Williams GVM, Brimble MA, Tilley RD, Williams DE. Novel Phosphopeptides as Surface-Active Agents in Iron Nanoparticle Synthesis. Aust J Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1071/ch12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We report the dramatic effect of rationally-designed phosphopeptides on the size and shape of iron-iron oxide core-shell nanoparticles prepared in a one-pot synthesis by sodium borohydride reduction of an iron salt. These phosphopeptides are effective at small ratios of peptide to metal, in contrast to the behaviour of conventional capping agents, which must be added at high concentration to control the particle growth.
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6
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Peltier R, Brimble MA, Wojnar JM, Williams DE, Evans CW, DeVries AL. Synthesis and antifreeze activity of fish antifreeze glycoproteins and their analogues. Chem Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00194e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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8
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Andorfer CA, Duman JG. Isolation and characterization of cDNA clones encoding antifreeze proteins of the pyrochroid beetle Dendroides canadensis. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2000; 46:365-372. [PMID: 12770241 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1910(99)00189-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Temporal differences in the expression of Dendroides canadensis antifreeze protein (DAFP) are indicated from seasonal comparison of dafp-1 transcript level, thermal hysteresis activity and temperature changes. DAFP-1 transcript abundance correlates with the thermal hysteresis activity level in late fall/early winter and appears to follow overall seasonal temperature changes with peak transcript levels occurring in December. A cDNA library created from December larvae yielded clones encoding a set of novel putative DAFPs. Some of the cDNA clones isolated display significant divergence at the primary amino acid level, yet, maintain conservation of key residues that are presumably important for structure and function of antifreeze proteins in this cold-hardy organism. Seasonal analysis of two dafps (dafp-1 and dafp-7) revealed differences on the transcriptional level, suggesting that DAFPs may serve somewhat different functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A. Andorfer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Box 369, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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9
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Haymet ADJ, Ward LG, Harding MM. Winter Flounder “Antifreeze” Proteins: Synthesis and Ice Growth Inhibition of Analogues that Probe the Relative Importance of Hydrophobic and Hydrogen-Bonding Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9801341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. D. J. Haymet
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, and School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Leanne G. Ward
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, and School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Margaret M. Harding
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, and School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
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10
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Duman JG. Purification and characterization of a thermal hysteresis protein from a plant, the bittersweet nightshade Solanum dulcamara. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1206:129-35. [PMID: 8186242 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(94)90081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Thermal hysteresis proteins (THPs), which depress the freezing point of water below the melting point (producing a characteristic thermal hysteresis), are well known for their antifreeze activity in both fish and terrestrial arthropods, but have only recently been identified in plants. This study describes the purification of a THP from winter-collected bittersweet nightshade, Solanum dulcamara, using ion exchange and preparative 'free flow' isoelectric focusing. The THP has a molecular mass of 67 kDa (considerably larger than those of animal THPs), and an unusually high glycine component (23.7 mol%). Treatments of the THP with periodate or borate caused inactivation, suggesting the presence of carbohydrate. More specific treatments directed at galactose (beta-galactosidase or Abrus precatorius lectin) also resulted in inactivation, indicating that galactose is present. A thermal hysteresis activity versus THP concentration curve showed that the specific activity of the S. dulcamara THP is lower than that of any known animal THP. The functional significance of this low activity is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Duman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556
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11
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Hsiao KC, Cheng CH, Fernandes IE, Detrich HW, DeVries AL. An antifreeze glycopeptide gene from the antarctic cod Notothenia coriiceps neglecta encodes a polyprotein of high peptide copy number. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:9265-9. [PMID: 2251271 PMCID: PMC55145 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.87.23.9265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The antarctic fish Notothenia coriiceps neglecta synthesizes eight antifreeze glycopeptides (AFGP 1-8; Mr 2600-34,000) to avoid freezing in its ice-laden freezing habitat. We report here the sequence of one of its AFGP genes. The structural gene contains 46 tandemly repeated segments, each encoding one AFGP peptide plus a 3-amino acid spacer. Most of the repeats (44/46) code for peptides of AFGP 8; the remaining 2 code for peptides of AFGP 7. At least 2 of the 3 amino acids in the spacers could act as substrate for chymotrypsin-like proteases. The nucleotide sequence between the translation initiation codon (ATG) and the first AFGP-coding segment is G + T-rich and encodes a presumptive 37-residue signal peptide of unusual sequence. Primer extension establishes the transcription start site at nucleotide 43 upstream from ATG. CAAT and TATA boxes begin at nucleotides 53 and 49, respectively, upstream from the transcription start site. The polyadenylylation signal, AATAAA, is located approximately 240 nucleotides downstream from the termination codon. A mRNA (approximately 3 kilobases) was found that matches the size of this AFGP gene. Thus, this AFGP gene encodes a secreted, high-copy-number polyprotein that is processed posttranslationally to produce active AFGPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Hsiao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
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12
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DeVries AL. The role of antifreeze glycopeptides and peptides in the freezing avoidance of antarctic fishes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(88)90302-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Schrag JD, Cheng CH, Panico M, Morris HR, DeVries AL. Primary and secondary structure of antifreeze peptides from arctic and antarctic zoarcid fishes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1987; 915:357-70. [PMID: 3477289 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(87)90021-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Antifreeze peptides were isolated from Rhigophila dearborni, an antarctic eel pout, and Lycodes polaris, an arctic eel pout (both from the family Zoarcidae). The primary structures of two peptides, one from each species, were determined using a combination of Edman degradation and mass spectrometric techniques. The two sequences show a high degree of homology with nearly 80% of the residues being identical. These peptides are also homologous to antifreeze peptides from a third eel pout which inhabits the north Atlantic Ocean. The CD spectra of all of these peptides are also very similar. Unlike the antifreeze peptides of cottid fishes, the structures of antifreeze peptides from zoarcid fishes appear to be highly conserved, despite the large geographic distances which separate the different species. The zoarcid peptides also appear to have structures very different from other fish antifreezes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Schrag
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois, Urbana
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14
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15
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Schrag JD, Devries AL. The effect of freezing rate on the cooperativity of antifreeze glycopeptides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(83)90619-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Schrag JD, O'Grady SM, DeVries AL. Relationship of amino acid composition and molecular weight of antifreeze glycopeptides to non-colligative freezing point depression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1982; 717:322-6. [PMID: 7115772 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(82)90186-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Many polar fishes synthesize a group of eight glycopeptides that exhibit a non-colligative lowering of the freezing point of water. These glycopeptides range in molecular weight between 2600 and 33 700. The largest glycopeptides [1-5] lower the freezing point more than the small ones on a weight basis and contain only two amino acids, alanine and threonine, with the disaccharide galactose-N-acetyl-galactosamine attached to threonine. The small glycopeptides, 6, 7, and 8, also lower the freezing point and contain proline, which periodically substitutes for alanine. Glycopeptides with similar antifreeze properties isolated from the saffron cod and the Atlantic tomcod contain an additional amino acid, arginine, which substitutes for threonine in glycopeptide 6. In this study we address the question of whether differences in amino acid composition or molecular weight between large and small glycopeptides are responsible for the reduced freezing point depressing capability of the low molecular weight glycopeptides. The results indicate that the degree of amino acid substitutions that occur in glycopeptides 6-8 do not have a significant effect on the unusual freezing point lowering and that the observed decrease in freezing point depression with smaller glycopeptides can be accounted for on the basis of molecular weight.
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18
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Morris H, Thompson M, Osuga D, Ahmed A, Chan S, Vandenheede J, Feeney R. Antifreeze glycoproteins from the blood of an antarctic fish. The structure of the proline-containing glycopeptides. J Biol Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)34670-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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20
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21
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Devries AL, Lin Y. Structure of a peptide antifreeze and mechanism of adsorption to ice. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 495:388-92. [PMID: 588591 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(77)90395-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sequence studies of an alpha-helical peptide antifreeze isolated from winter flounder have revealed the presence of clusters of polar amino acids separated by long sequences of alanine. Most of the polar residues are threonine and aspartate and are separated by 4.5 A, a repeat distance that also separates the oxygens in the ice lattice along the a-axis of an ice crystal. Such a lattice match suggests that the peptide binds to ice by means of hydrogen binding.
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22
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Raymond JA, Radding W, DeVries AL. Circular dichroism of protein and glycoprotein fish antifreezes. Biopolymers 1977; 16:2575-8. [PMID: 912014 DOI: 10.1002/bip.1977.360161119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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23
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Duman JG. Variations in macromolecular antifreeze levels in larvae of the darkling beetle, Meracantha contracta. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1977; 201:85-92. [PMID: 886298 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Overwintering larvae of the darkling beetle, Meracantha contracta, produce a macromolecular antifreeze that is similar in activity to the glycoproteinaceous and proteinaceous antifreezes found in some cold-water, marine teleost fishes. The antifreeze is not present in the hemolymph of the Meracantha larvae in summer, but its production begins by late September in the wild population. The antifreeze reaches a maximum concentration in February, decreases slowly through spring, and disappears by early June. The supercooling points of the larvae are lowest in February, when the antifreeze levels are highest, and increase as the antifreeze concentrations in the hemolymph decrease in the spring. Larvae collected in mid-February and warm-acclimated lost the antifreeze with-in 12 days. Larvae collected in early September and cold-acclimated required nearly two months to produce concentrations of antifreeze comparable to those of overwintering larvae. Temperature seems to be the major environmental factor responsible for the control of antifreeze levels in Meracantha; however, other environmental factors may also be involved.
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Heaney-Kieras J, Rodén L, Chapman DJ. The covalent linkage of protein to carbohydrate in the extracellular protein-polysaccharide from the red alga Porphyridium cruentum. Biochem J 1977; 165:1-9. [PMID: 889565 PMCID: PMC1164861 DOI: 10.1042/bj1650001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular anionic polysaccharide isolated from cultures of a unicellular red alga, Porphyridium cruentum, contains a small amount of protein after extensive purification. The polysaccharide and protein are recovered in the same fraction after isopycnic CsCl-density-gradient centrifugation in 4M-guanidinium chloride, under conditions designed to separate proteins from polysaccharide. The peptide portion of the protein-polysaccharide is released from the polysaccharide by alkali under conditions for beta-elimination. The released peptide is non-diffusible, but in can be separated from the polysaccharide by precipitation of the polysaccharide as the cetylpyridinium complex. Under conditions for beta-elimination of certain O-glycosidic carbohydrate-protein linkages, selective destruction of serine and threonine occurs. The addition of a reducing agent to the alkali mixture produces a selective increase in alanine and alpha-aminobutyric acid. Addition of a tritiated reducing agent to the alkali mixture produces radioactive alanine and alpha-aminobutyric acid, and xylitol as the only sugar alcohol. Similar results are obtained from glycopeptides isolated from partial acid hydrolysates. A macromolecular structure of the protein-polysaccharide is suggested by a comparison of the intrinsic viscosity of material before and after treatment with alkali and proteolytic enzymes.
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25
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Lin Y, Raymond JA, Duman JG, DeVries AL. Compartmentalization of NaCl in frozen solutions of antifreeze glycoproteins. Cryobiology 1976; 13:334-40. [PMID: 1277872 DOI: 10.1016/0011-2240(76)90115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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26
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Lhermitte M, Lambin G, Lafitte JJ, Rousseau J, Degand P, Roussel P. Properties of human neutral bronchial mucins after modification of the peptide or the carbohydrate moieties. Biochimie 1976; 58:367-72. [PMID: 58670 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(76)80444-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Trypsin and pronase treatment of purified human neutral bronchial mucins released small fragments from the C-terminal end of these molecules and resulted in slight increases in their sedimentation coefficient presumably reflecting conformational changes. The antigenic determinant of neutral bronchial mucins which appears to be located on this C-terminal fragment is destroyed by pronase or by treatments such as periodate oxidation or galactose oxidase-bromine oxidation which modify the carbohydrate moieties. Thus, both amino acid and carbohydrate residues are involved in the structure of the antigenic determinant.
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27
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Raman spectra of a solid antifreeze glycoprotein and its liquid and frozen aqueous solutions. J Biol Chem 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)33585-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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28
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Aglycosylantibody. Effects of exoglycosidase treatments on autochthonous antibody survival time in the circulation. J Biol Chem 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)33803-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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29
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Rakusa-Suszczewski S, McWhinnie MA. Resistance to freezing by Antarctic fauna: supercooling and osmoregulation. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1976; 54:291-300. [PMID: 5218 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9629(76)80114-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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30
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Glöckner WM, Newman RA, Uhlenbruck G. Carbohydrate structure and serological behaviour of "antifreeze" glycoproteins from an Antarctic fish. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1975; 66:701-5. [PMID: 1180931 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(75)90566-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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31
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Duman JG, DeVries AL. The role of macromolecular antifreezes in cold water fishes. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1975; 52:193-9. [PMID: 240549 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9629(75)80152-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Li SC, Mazzotta MY, Chien SF, Li YT. Isolation and characterization of jack bean beta-galactosidase. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)41000-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Raymond JA, Lin Y, DeVries AL. Glycoprotein and protein antifreezes in two Alaskan fishes. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1975; 193:125-30. [PMID: 1141843 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1401930112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Two macromolecular freezing point depressants have been isolated from the serums of two species of Alaskan fishes. A common property of the four antifreezes thus far isolated is a high alanine content which suggests that the mechanism of these antifreezes may be related to a repeating tripeptide unit.
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Shier WT, Lin Y, DeVries AL. Structure of the carbohydrate of antifreeze glycoproteins from an antartic fish. FEBS Lett 1975; 54:135-8. [PMID: 165974 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(75)80060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ahmed AI, Feeney RE, Osuga DT, Yeh Y. Antifreeze glycoproteins from an Antarctic fish. Quasi-elastic light scattering studies of the hydrodynamic conformations of antifreeze glycoproteins. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)41520-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Duman JG, DeVries AL. The effects of temperature and photoperoid on antifreeze production in cold water fishes. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1974; 190:89-98. [PMID: 4436623 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1401900108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Deppert W, Werchau H, Walter G. Differentiation between intracellular and cell surface glycosyl transferases: galactosyl transferase activity in intact cells and in cell homogenate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1974; 71:3068-72. [PMID: 4528509 PMCID: PMC388622 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.71.8.3068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Intact BHK (baby hamster kidney) cells catalyze the hydrolysis of UDP-galactose to free galactose. The generation of galactose from UDP-galactose and its intracellular utilization impede the detection of possible galactosyl transferases on the cell surface of intact cells. Several independent procedures have been used to distinguish between intracellular and cell surface glycosyl transferases. With these procedures, no evidence was obtained for the presence of detectable amounts of galactosyl transferase activity on the surface of BHK cells. The data suggest that galactosyl transferases do not play a general role in the phenomena of cell adhesion and contact inhibition.
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Shier WT, Roloson G. Sialyltransferase acceptor activity of "antifreeze" glycoproteins from an antarctic fish. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1974; 59:51-6. [PMID: 4842292 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(74)80172-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Chuba JV, Kuhns WJ, Nigrelli RF, Vandenheede JR, Osuga DT, Feeney RE. Inhibition of lectins by antifreeze glycoproteins from an Antarctic fish. Nature 1973; 242:342-3. [PMID: 4699058 DOI: 10.1038/242342a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Vandenheede JR, Ahmed AI, Feeney RE. Structure and Role of Carbohydrate in Freezing Point-depressing Glycoproteins from an Antarctic Fish. J Biol Chem 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(20)81783-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Duman JG, DeVries AL. Freezing behavior of aqueous solutions of glycoproteins from the blood of an Antarctic fish. Cryobiology 1972; 9:469-72. [PMID: 4650377 DOI: 10.1016/0011-2240(72)90166-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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