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Lanigan RS, Yamarik TA. Final report on the safety assessment of EDTA, calcium disodium EDTA, diammonium EDTA, dipotassium EDTA, disodium EDTA, TEA-EDTA, tetrasodium EDTA, tripotassium EDTA, trisodium EDTA, HEDTA, and trisodium HEDTA. Int J Toxicol 2003; 21 Suppl 2:95-142. [PMID: 12396676 DOI: 10.1080/10915810290096522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) and its salts are substituted diamines. HEDTA (hydroxyethyl ethylenediamine triacetic acid) and its trisodium salt are substituted amines. These ingredients function as chelating agents in cosmetic formulations. The typical concentration of use of EDTA is less than 2%, with the other salts in current use at even lower concentrations. The lowest dose reported to cause a toxic effect in animals was 750 mg/kg/day. These chelating agents are cytotoxic and weakly genotoxic, but not carcinogenic. Oral exposures to EDTA produced adverse reproductive and developmental effects in animals. Clinical tests reported no absorption of an EDTA salt through the skin. These ingredients are likely, however, to affect the passage of other chemicals into the skin because they will chelate calcium. Exposure to EDTA in most cosmetic formulations, therefore, would produce systemic exposure levels well below those seen to be toxic in oral dosing studies. Exposure to EDTA in cosmetic formulations that may be inhaled, however, was a concern. An exposure assessment done using conservative assumptions predicted that the maximum EDTA dose via inhalation of an aerosolized cosmetic formulation is below that shown to produce reproductive or developmental toxicity. Because of the potential to increase the penetration of other chemicals, formulators should continue to be aware of this when combining these ingredients with ingredients that previously have been determined to be safe, primarily because they were not significantly absorbed. Based on the available data, the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel found that these ingredients are safe as used in cosmetic formulations.
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Bagewadikar RS, Patil MS, Zaidi AK, Subramanian M, Kaklij GS. Effect of mild whole body hyperthermia on cytotoxic action of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in Swiss mice. Toxicol Lett 2001; 121:63-8. [PMID: 11312038 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(01)00316-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Studies were carried out to ascertain the efficacy of mild whole body hyperthermia (WBH) as a modifier of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) cytotoxicity in mice. Adult Swiss male mice, 6-8 weeks old, weighing about 25 g were exposed to mild WBH (39 degrees C, 1 h) in a precision temperature controlled environmental chamber maintained at 50-60% relative humidity. Twenty-four hours after treatment, animals were administered with different doses of MNNG either by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections or by feeding through drinking water and were monitored for survival. The studies revealed that the exposure of animals to mild WBH, 24 h prior to MNNG administration results in an increase in survival and recovery in mean body weight compared with those administered with MNNG only. This suggests that prior WBH treatment can effectively reduce the MNNG cytotoxicity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Bagewadikar
- Radiation Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, 400085, Mumbai, India.
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MICHAELIS A, SCHOENEICH J, RIEGER R. [CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES IN VICIA FABA AND ASCITES TUMORS OF MICE FOLLOWING THE ACTION OF N-NITROSO-N-METHYLUREA]. Chromosoma 1996; 16:101-23. [PMID: 14282192 DOI: 10.1007/bf00320565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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MUELLER AJ, GICHNER T. MUTAGENIC ACTIVITY OF 1-METHYL-3-NITRO-1-NITROSOGUANIDINE ON ARABIDOPSIS. Nature 1996; 201:1149-50. [PMID: 14152812 DOI: 10.1038/2011149b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
N-Nitroso compounds are environmental mutagens that are present in the air, water, soil etc. or can be formed by nitrosation of various nitrosatable compounds. The present paper gives a survey of inhibitors of N-nitroso compounds-induced mutagenicity. Inhibitors covered include: thiols, metals, vitamins, phenolic acids, complex mixtures of plant, animal and human origin, organic solvents, inhibitors of mixed-function oxidases etc. Data on inhibitors that prevent the formation of N-nitroso compounds are not covered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gichner
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Praha 5
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Heindorff K, Aurich O, Michaelis A, Rieger R. Genetic toxicology of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Mutat Res 1983; 115:149-73. [PMID: 6406880 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1110(83)90001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
EDTA and its salts have a number of applications in medicine and pharmacy. EDTA is used to remove calcium from the human body, and serves as an anticoagulant and as a detoxicant after poisoning by heavy metals. It is often used in analytical chemistry for complexometric titrations and many other purposes. Because the compound is of rather low toxicity, it is used as a food additive to bind metal ions. EDTA affects the inhibition of DNA synthesis in primary cultures of mammalian cells. This may be due to impairment of enzymes involved in DNA replication. Some early studies have shown that EDTA leads to morphological changes of chromatin and chromosome structure in plant and animal cells. These alterations consist of dispersion or swelling of chromosomes or a loss of interphase chromatin structure. For several test systems, a low chromosome-breaking activity of EDTA has been reported. A weak activity in the induction of gene mutations has also been observed. It is well established that EDTA influences chromosome breakage by mutagenic agents. In particular, when applied in combination with chemical mutagens, EDTA enhances mutagen-induced aberration frequencies. Furthermore, the chelating agent is able to increase the incidence of meiotic crossing-over. This has been demonstrated for many gene loci in Drosophila melanogaster, Chlamydomonas reinhardi, Neurospora crassa and Zea mays. EDTA interferes with DNA repair processes that take place after exposure to mutagens. In E. coli or Micrococcus radiodurans as well as in Chinese hamster cells, the fast repair component detectable after treatment with ionizing radiation or bleomycin is inhibited by EDTA. In plant cells exposed to gamma-rays, EDTA inhibits unscheduled DNA synthesis. The mechanism by which EDTA causes these effects remains poorly understood. The sequestering of metal ions by the chelating agent is obviously responsible for functional and structural alterations of the genetic material. Although EDTA produces a whole set of genetic effects it seems to be a harmless compound to man as far as genotoxicity is concerned. The data presently at hand, however, are not sufficient for a reliable risk assessment.
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Abstract
Since the discovery of the mutagenic activity of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) in 1960, this compound has become one of the most widely used chemical mutagens. The present paper gives a survey on the chemistry, metabolism, and mode of interaction of MNNG with DNA and proteins, and of the genotoxic effects of this agent on microorganisms, plants, and animals, including human cells cultured in vitro. Data on the carcinogenicity and teratogenicity of MNNG as well as on the genotoxic effects of homologs of MNNG are also presented.
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Poirier V, Papadopoulo D. Chromosomal aberrations induced by ethylene oxide in a human amniotic cell line in vitro. Mutat Res 1982; 104:255-60. [PMID: 7110163 DOI: 10.1016/0165-7992(82)90153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene oxide was found to be a potent inducer of chromatid-type aberrations in a human amniotic cell line. This induction was dose-dependent. At doses corresponding to about 9% survival, the number of chromatid exchanges was increased about 20 times, and the number of induced breaks increased 50 times, above that observed in the controls.
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Dipaolo JA, Popescu NC. Banding pattern analysis of initial structural chromosome alterations induced by n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine in Syrian hamster cells. Mutat Res 1977; 44:359-68. [PMID: 561887 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(77)90095-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cultured secondary Syrian hamster embryo cells exposed to 0.5 N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) microgram/ml medium exhibited chromatid type of aberrations consisting of gaps, breaks and exchanges. Although no specific chromosome or chromosome segment was preferentially affected, chromosomes belonging to the larger groups tended to more often involved. G-band analysis demonstrated that 80% of the lesions occurred in negative bands, 9% involved the centromere, 3% were on non-banded heterochromatin, and approximately 8% of the lesions could not be definitely categorized by G-band analysis. Whether the lesions occur at positive bands or at the interface between negative and positive bands is difficult to discern by the G-band resolution. The Y chromosome compared to autosomes of similar size rarely had lesions. X chromosome damage was found in both the euchromatic and heterochromatic arms. However, both sex chromosomes, as well as an autosome (E20) which is heterochromatic on its long arm, were not found joined to the chromatids of other chromosomes, further emphasizing that chromosomes with large heterochromatic areas are isolated in terms of chromatid exchange events. The analysis of MNNG induced chromosome damage indicates that the negative bands are the primary site of damage and points of exchange.
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Sharma VK. Action of alkylating agents on nitrogen fixation by clones of Anabaena doliolum Bharadwaja. EXPERIENTIA 1977; 33:203-4. [PMID: 403090 DOI: 10.1007/bf02124067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that the alkylating agent, 2-methoxy-6-chloro-9-(3-[ethyl-2-chloroethyl]aminopropylamino)acridine dihydrochloride (ICR-170), induces much more killing and mutation in conidia of Neurospora crassa treated in an atmosphere of N2 than in an atmosphere of O2. It was desirable to determine if a similar effect--more killing and mutation in N2 than in O2--could be observed with two other known alkylating agents, beta-propiolactone (BPL) and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), in the same test system. Conidia of a heterokaryotic strain of N. crassa were bubbled with N2 or O2 during treatment with BPL or EMS. Forward-mutation was measured in the ad-3 region by a direct method. The results indicate that N2 or O2 do not influence the lethal and mutagenic activities of BPL or EMS during treatment of conidia. Hence the influence of N2 or O2 on the lethal and mutagenic activites of ICR-170 is different from the influence of these gases on BPL or EMS using the ad-3 test system in N. crassa.
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Chattoo BB, Sinha U. Mutagenic activity of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG) and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (NMU) in Aspergillus nidulans. Mutat Res 1974; 23:41-9. [PMID: 4599103 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(74)90158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Funes-Cravioto F, Yakovienko KN, Kuleshov NP, Zhurkov VS. Localization of chemically induced breaks in chromosomes of human leucocytes. Mutat Res 1974; 23:87-105. [PMID: 4209313 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(74)90164-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Travis DM, Wilson KG. Effects of hydroxylamine and N-Methyl-N'-Nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in Mimulus cardinalis (Scrophulariaceae): Survival curves and dominant mutants. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1972; 42:288-292. [PMID: 24431062 DOI: 10.1007/bf00277720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/1972] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The lethal and mutagenic effects of hydroxylamine (HA) and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) were investigated in the higher plant Mimulus cardinalis. MNNG was found to be more toxic than HA. The shapes of the survival curves obtained at different concentrations of HA and MNNG are interpreted on the basis of decreased biological activity of the solution to increased age of solution. Based on the appearance of chlorophyll-deficient mutants, MNNG is mutagenic in Mimulus. No albinos were detected in HA treated plants. A total of 67 putative mutants were isolated in the mutation spectra of HA and MNNG treated plants. The frequency of mutants induced by HA and MNNG are different. MNNG is mutagenic at 1/10 the concentration of HA in inducing putative mutations in M 1 plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Travis
- Botany Department, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
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Kelly F, Legator M. Effect of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine on the cell cycle and chromosomes of human embryonic lung cell. Mutat Res 1970; 10:237-46. [PMID: 5489972 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(70)90120-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Kolb H, Kaudewitz F. Action of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine on transforming DNA of Bacillus subtilis. Mutat Res 1970; 10:85-90. [PMID: 4990935 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(70)90152-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Velemínský J, Gichner T. The influence of pH on the mutagenic effectiveness of nitroso compounds in arabidopsis. Mutat Res 1970; 10:43-52. [PMID: 5433767 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(70)90144-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Kimball RF. Studies on the mutagenic action of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in Paramecium aurella with emphasis on repair processes. Mutat Res 1970; 9:261-71. [PMID: 5480471 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(70)90128-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Fishbein L, Falk HL. Chromatography of alkylating agents. II. Nitrosamines, epoxides, lactones, methanesulfonates and miscellaneous derivatives. CHROMATOGRAPHIC REVIEWS 1969; 11:365-455. [PMID: 4898974 DOI: 10.1016/0009-5907(69)80007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Comparaison de l'action mutagenique d'agents alkylants et des radiations gamma chez Arabidopsis thaliana. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/s0033-7560(69)80003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kaul BL. The effect of some treatment conditions on the radiomimetic activity of 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine in plants. Mutat Res 1969; 7:43-9. [PMID: 5801077 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(69)90048-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Ehling UH, Cumming RB, Malling HV. Induction of dominant lethal mutations by alkylating agents in male mice. Mutat Res 1968; 5:417-28. [PMID: 5727273 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(68)90011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Cerdá-Olmedo E, Hanawalt PC. Macromolecular action of nitrosoguanidine in Escherichia coli. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1967; 142:450-64. [PMID: 4861438 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(67)90626-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Takahashi I, Barnard RA. Effect of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine on the F factor of Escherichia coli. Mutat Res 1967; 4:111-7. [PMID: 5340974 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(67)90062-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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McCalla DR. Action of some analogs of nitrosoguanidine on the chloroplasts of Euglena gracilis. THE JOURNAL OF PROTOZOOLOGY 1966; 13:472-4. [PMID: 5969173 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1966.tb01942.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Sugimura T, Nagao M, Okada Y. Carcinogenic action of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Nature 1966; 210:962-3. [PMID: 5960331 DOI: 10.1038/210962b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Vergleichende Mutationsversuche mit sieben Nitrosamiden im R�ckmutationstest an Hefen. Mol Genet Genomics 1965. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00898573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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