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Geelen MJH, Harris RA, Van den Bergh SG. Enigmatic effect of cellular ATP on fatty acid biosynthesis. Stimulation by moderate decrease and inhibition by increase of cellular ATP. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:2242-6. [PMID: 18503772 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Revised: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cellular ATP concentration was tested for its effect on fatty acid biosynthesis from glucose in hepatocytes. ATP was manipulated by adding increasing concentrations of cycloheximide, amytal, atractyloside, 2,4-dinitrophenol or adenosine. A slight decrease in cellular ATP coincided with a stimulation of fatty acid biosynthesis whereas a further lowering of cellular ATP resulted in a gradual inhibition. Increasing the cellular ATP level by titration with adenosine had the opposite effect. These results are in line with the suggestion that fatty acid biosynthesis from glucose is an energy-yielding process which is stimulated by a moderate drop in cellular ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Math J H Geelen
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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2
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Back SH, Lee K, Vink E, Kaufman RJ. Cytoplasmic IRE1alpha-mediated XBP1 mRNA splicing in the absence of nuclear processing and endoplasmic reticulum stress. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:18691-706. [PMID: 16644724 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m602030200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) activates an intracellular signal transduction program termed the unfolded protein response (UPR). In mammalian cells, the UPR is signaled in part through dimerization of ER membrane-localized IRE1alpha to activate its protein kinase and endoribonuclease activities. Activated IRE1alpha cleaves XBP1 mRNA at two sites to initiate an unconventional splicing reaction. The 5' and 3' fragments are subsequently joined by an RNA ligase activity, thereby removing a 26-base intron. This splicing reaction creates a translational frameshift to produce a functional XBP1 transcription factor. However, the cellular location and physiological processes required for splicing of XBP1 mRNA are not well characterized. To study these processes, XBP1 mRNAs were engineered in which translation of enhanced green fluorescence protein or luciferase required splicing of the XBP1 intron. Using cell lines that continuously or transiently express these reporter constructs, we show that cytoplasmic unspliced XBP1 mRNA is efficiently spliced by activated IRE1alpha and requires ongoing cellular transcription but not active translation. The XBP1 intron was effectively removed from RNA substrates transcribed from T7 RNA polymerase or delivered directly to the cytoplasm by RNA transfection, thus indicating that the splicing reaction does not require nuclear processing of the RNA substrate. Analysis of nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA fractions demonstrated that XBP1 mRNA splicing occurs in the cytoplasm. Moreover, an artificial F(v)-IRE1alphaDeltaN was engineered that was able to splice XBP1 mRNA upon chemical-induced dimerization. These findings demonstrate that IRE1alpha dimerization is sufficient to activate XBP1 mRNA splicing in the absence of the UPR. We propose that XBP1 mRNA cytoplasmic splicing provides a novel mechanism to rapidly induce translation of a transcription factor in response to a specific stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hoon Back
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0650, USA
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Dube DH, Prescher JA, Quang CN, Bertozzi CR. Probing mucin-type O-linked glycosylation in living animals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:4819-24. [PMID: 16549800 PMCID: PMC1405625 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0506855103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in O-linked protein glycosylation are known to correlate with disease states but are difficult to monitor in a physiological setting because of a lack of experimental tools. Here, we report a technique for rapid profiling of O-linked glycoproteins in living animals by metabolic labeling with N-azidoacetylgalactosamine (GalNAz) followed by Staudinger ligation with phosphine probes. After injection of mice with a peracetylated form of GalNAz, azide-labeled glycoproteins were observed in a variety of tissues, including liver, kidney, and heart, in serum, and on isolated splenocytes. B cell glycoproteins were robustly labeled with GalNAz but T cell glycoproteins were not, suggesting fundamental differences in glycosylation machinery or metabolism. Furthermore, GalNAz-labeled B cells could be selectively targeted with a phosphine probe by Staudinger ligation within the living animal. Metabolic labeling with GalNAz followed by Staudinger ligation provides a means for proteomic analysis of this posttranslational modification and for identifying O-linked glycoprotein fingerprints associated with disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carolyn R. Bertozzi
- Departments of *Chemistry and
- Molecular and Cell Biology and
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720; and
- Molecular Foundry, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
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4
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Arava Y, Wang Y, Storey JD, Liu CL, Brown PO, Herschlag D. Genome-wide analysis of mRNA translation profiles in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:3889-94. [PMID: 12660367 PMCID: PMC153018 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0635171100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 515] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have analyzed the translational status of each mRNA in rapidly growing Saccharomyces cerevisiae. mRNAs were separated by velocity sedimentation on a sucrose gradient, and 14 fractions across the gradient were analyzed by quantitative microarray analysis, providing a profile of ribosome association with mRNAs for thousands of genes. For most genes, the majority of mRNA molecules were associated with ribosomes and presumably engaged in translation. This systematic approach enabled us to recognize genes with unusual behavior. For 43 genes, most mRNA molecules were not associated with ribosomes, suggesting that they may be translationally controlled. For 53 genes, including GCN4, CPA1, and ICY2, three genes for which translational control is known to play a key role in regulation, most mRNA molecules were associated with a single ribosome. The number of ribosomes associated with mRNAs increased with increasing length of the putative protein-coding sequence, consistent with longer transit times for ribosomes translating longer coding sequences. The density at which ribosomes were distributed on each mRNA (i.e., the number of ribosomes per unit ORF length) was well below the maximum packing density for nearly all mRNAs, consistent with initiation as the rate-limiting step in translation. Global analysis revealed an unexpected correlation: Ribosome density decreases with increasing ORF length. Models to account for this surprising observation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Arava
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5307, USA
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Frank C, Edwards P, McDonald D, Bodie D, Sabiston P. Viability of ligaments after freezing: an experimental study in a rabbit model. J Orthop Res 1988; 6:95-102. [PMID: 3334742 DOI: 10.1002/jor.1100060112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Our purpose in this study was to assess ligament fibroblast viability after freezing by quantifying the subsequent ability of fibroblasts to synthesize collagen in vitro. Both medial collateral ligament (MCL) complexes from 40 adolescent rabbits were studied. Collagen production was determined by in vitro incubation of ligaments in 3H-proline (a collagen precursor) and subsequent analysis of 3H-hydroxyproline (a marker of newly synthesized collagen). Autoradiographs determined the distributions of ligament cell activity. All right MCL complexes served as fresh controls, providing a baseline of collagen production. Each left MCL was assigned to an experimental group and was either incubated fresh (10 animals); "killed" by drying, multiple freeze thawing, or cycloheximide (six animals); or slowly frozen at -70 degrees C without cryoprotection (24 animals). Collagen production of rapidly thawed ligaments was studied by proline incubation at 1 day, 9 days, or 6 weeks after freezing and was compared with that of contralateral fresh controls. Results demonstrate that some cells in the substance of these rabbit ligaments retained the ability to synthesize collagen in vitro after being frozen for up to 6 weeks. Mean collagen production of frozen ligaments was decreased, but tests of mean and median values as well as ratios were statistically similar to fresh contralateral ligaments in all animals. This postfreezing ligament cell survival and collagen production after -70 degrees C storage may have implications for ligament transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Frank
- Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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6
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Shull GE. Differential inhibition of protein synthesis: a possible biochemical mechanism of thalidomide teratogenesis. J Theor Biol 1984; 110:461-86. [PMID: 6503311 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5193(84)80187-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A theory concerning the chemical and biochemical mechanisms of thalidomide teratogenesis is presented. A considerable body of evidence suggests that the glutarimide ring of thalidomide may exert its biological activity because of its resemblance to the imide pyrimidines thymine and uracil. In addition to the glutarimide ring, thalidomide contains a moderately reactive phthalimide moiety, which allows the spontaneous formation of various glutarimide derivatives in fetal tissues. A model is proposed in which the phthalimide group reacts with small nucleophiles, most likely the polyamines, to produce a derivative(s) having a similar biochemical potential to that of cycloheximide, a glutarimide which is a powerful inhibitor of the elongation phase of protein synthesis. Interference in the elongation phase results in the selective inhibition of the translation of messages which have a high translational efficiency. Evidence is reviewed concerning the differential inhibition or protein synthesis by cycloheximide and the effects of this inhibition on various biochemical and biological processes which are critical during development and differentiation. A similar biochemical activity by the putative thalidomide derivative(s) could explain its extreme teratogenic potential. A number of parallels between the biological effects of thalidomide and cycloheximide are discussed which support the idea that a similar biochemical activity is involved. The theory readily explains many of the observed biological effects of thalidomide including the large difference between fetal and adult toxicity. In addition, evidence is reviewed which suggests that the teratogenic properties of a number of drugs which are structurally related to thalidomide may have a common chemical basis due to the similarity of their imide core structures to thymine and uracil.
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Sidransky H, Murty CN, Verney E. Effect of tryptophan on the inhibitory action of selected hepatotoxic agents on hepatic protein synthesis. Exp Mol Pathol 1982; 37:305-22. [PMID: 6185360 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(82)90044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Helinek TG, Devlin TM, Ch'ih JJ. Initial inhibition and recovery of protein synthesis in cycloheximide-treated hepatocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 1982; 31:1219-25. [PMID: 7092917 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(82)90007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies conducted with intact rats had demonstrated that protein synthesis was reversibly inhibited by cycloheximide. Polysome aggregation occurred during inhibition with a return to normal during recovery. Suggesting that the block of translational activity involved termination and release of polypeptides. This study involving freshly isolated hepatocytes was undertaken to clarify the mechanism of the biphasic response to cycloheximide. Cycloheximide at 1 microM inhibited [3H]leucine incorporation into both cellular and secreted proteins by at least 86%, without having deleterious effects on membrane integrity as indicated by trypan blue uptake and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (EC 1.1.1.27) release. After removal of cycloheximide, incorporation of labeled amino acids into cellular protein and protein secreted into the medium returned to control levels. Kinetically, incorporation into secreted protein exhibited a lag of 30-45 min, indicating that a longer recovery period for restoration of proteosynthetic ability is required for membrane-bound polysomes. During the first 100 min of the recovery period, 30% of the cellular protein, which had been prelabeled during cycloheximide inhibition, was secreted into the medium; treated cells, however, secreted prelabeled protein at a lower initial rate. To elucidate the mechanism of action of cycloheximide, the content of the cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein complexes (RPC), polysome size classes, and the distribution of radioactivity among the various ribosome classes were determined during inhibition and recovery. Larger size class polysomes (7+) were increased by cycloheximide treatment and remained increased during recovery. During inhibition, there was enhanced [3H]leucine labeling with increasing polysome size, implicating termination as the rate-limiting step, whereas during the recovery phase the labeled nascent polypeptides were removed from the ribonucleoprotein complex at a 3- to 4-fold greater rate than control, indicating an accelerated release of completed proteins.
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9
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Tso WW, Lee WM. Seminal plasma and progressive motility of boar spermatozoa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY 1980; 3:243-50. [PMID: 7409910 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.1980.tb00114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Boar seminal plasma can enhance the progressive motility for washed boar spermatozoa. The effect is dose dependent and the full effect is obtained at 10% of the original seminal plasma concentration. This motility restoration (enhancement) stems not from a change of viscosity in the suspending medium. The component(s) in the seminal plasma responsible for such a restoration is non-nutrient in nature and was found to be heat labile but resistant to storage for two months at-20 degrees C.
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10
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Flaks B, Basley WA. Acute and persistent ultrastructural changes in rat liver after a single dose of 2-acetylaminofluorene: effect of co-administration of cycloheximide. J Pathol 1980; 131:1-20. [PMID: 7463203 DOI: 10.1002/path.1711310102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Electron microscope studies have been made of rat hepatic cell morphology, 24 hr, 48 hr and 24 weeks after a single intragastric dose of 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AFF), alone or together with a single s.c. dose of cycloheximide (CHM). CHM prevents the acute perinuclear glycogen pooling, peripheral displacement of cytoplasmic organelles and nuclear shrinkage induced by 2-AAF. However, the induction by 2-AAF of changes in the granular endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and bile canaliculi is enhanced by co-administration of CHM. These changes persist for at least 24 weeks and are similar to those induced during 2-AAF hepatocarcinogenesis and observed in hepatocellular tumours. In view of the similar results obtained in previous studies with the azocarcinogen, 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene, the possibility is discussed that these persistent changes might be associated with the initiation phase of neoplastic induction.
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11
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Pöche H, Zakrzewski S, Nierhaus KH. Resistance against cycloheximide in cell lines from Chinese hamster and human cells is conferred by the large subunit of cytoplasmic ribosomes. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1979; 175:181-5. [PMID: 292826 DOI: 10.1007/bf00425534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell lines from Chinese hamster ovary [CHO-K1-D3] and human fibroblast cells [46, XX, 18p-] were mutagenized with N-nitrosomethylurea followed by a selection for cycloheximide resistance. Two mutants resistant against the drug were selected from either wildtype. 80S ribosomes and their ribosomal subunits were isolated from all mutant and wildtype cells. 80S ribosomes reassociated from the isolated subunits were as active as isolated 80S couples in the poly (U) dependent poly (Phe) synthesis. Hybrid 80S ribosomes constructed from subunits of the various cell lines of the same species were fully active, whereas the interspecies 80S hybrids were not active at all in poly (Phe) synthesis. Hybrid 80S ribosomes from subunits of mutant and the corresponding wildtype cells were tested in the poly (U) assay in the presence and absence of cycloheximide. The results strikingly indicate that in all four mutant cell lines the resistance against cycloheximide is conferred by the large subunit of cytoplasmic ribosomes.
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12
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Ch'ih JJ, Faulkner LS, Devlin TM. Initial inhibition by cycloheximide of translational activity of rat liver polysomes in vivo. Biochem Pharmacol 1979; 28:2404-7. [PMID: 497020 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(79)90709-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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13
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De la Llosa-Hermier MP, Leboulleux P, Evrard M, Hermier C. In vitro effect of prolactin, prostaglandin F2 alpha and cycloheximide on 20 alpha-dihydro-progesterone synthesis in pseudo-pregnant rat ovaries. JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY 1979; 10:689-93. [PMID: 381785 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(79)90522-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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14
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Stoyanova BB, Hadjiolov AA. Alterations in the processing of rat-liver ribosomal RNA caused by cycloheximide inhibition of protein synthesis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1979; 96:349-56. [PMID: 456380 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1979.tb13046.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cycloheximide given in vivo at low doses (2--5 mg/kg body weight) causes within 30 min a complete inhibition of protein synthesis in rat liver. The labelling of nuclear proteint is also strongly inhibited. Under these conditions, the amount of nucleolar 45-S pre-rRNA and its [14C]-orotate labelling remain unaffected for at least 4 h. These results show that initially the rates of synthesis and processing of 45-S pre-rRNA are not appreciably altered. On the other hand, drastic alterations in the 45-S pre-rRNA processing pathways occur at the early stages of cycloheximide action. Formation of 18-S rRNA is abolished and that of 28S rRNA is reduced to about half the level in control rats. This dichotomy in the production of the two ribosomal particles may be correlated with a block in the formation of 41-S and 21-S pre-rRNA. Generation of 36-S and 32-S pre-rRNA is still taking place, but the rate of their processing to nucleolar 28-S rRNA is decreased, thus causing the accumulation of these two pre-rRNA species. In parallel, processing of 45-S pre-rRNA to an aberrant 39-S rRNA species is markedly enhanced. The results obtained show that the channelling of nucleolar pre-rRNA along alternative processing pathways is under stringent control by the continuous supply of critical protein(s).
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15
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Oleinick NL. The initiation and elongation steps in protein synthesis: relative rates in Chinese hamster ovary cells during and after hyperthermic and hypothermic shocks. J Cell Physiol 1979; 98:185-92. [PMID: 762195 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1040980120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The relative rates of the initiation and elongation phases of protein synthesis have been determined in heat- and cold-shocked CHO cells from measurements of the incorporation of 35S-methionine into N-terminal and internal positions of growing peptides by a modified Edman degradation. When the cells are shifted from 37 degrees C to temperatures between 10 degrees C and 34 degrees C, the rate of initiation is at first reduced more extensively than that of elongation. After 20 to 30 minutes at the lower temperature, however, the cells undergo a metabolic adjustment which includes increasing the rate of initiation until it corresponds to the rate of elongation at that temperature. Calculated apparent energies of activation for initiation and elongation are in reasonable agreement with those determined in other mammalian cells. When the cooled cells are returned to 37 degrees C, the rates of initiation and elongation recover immediately but do not exceed the control values. Exposure to elevated temperatures (43 degrees C) causes an immediate cessation of initiation and thus a delayed inhibition of elongation; upon return to 37 degrees C, the rate of initiation is transiently elevated above the control rate, and the rate of elongation returns to the control rate after a 2- to 3-minute delay. Hence, a factor which leads to supranormal rates of initiation may accumulate at high but not at low temperatures.
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Crouzet M, Perrot M, Nogueira M, Bégueret J. Genetic and biochemical analysis of cycloheximide resistance in the fungus Podospora anserina. Biochem Genet 1978; 16:271-86. [PMID: 678295 DOI: 10.1007/bf00484084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Genetic analysis of cycloheximide-resistant mutants has shown that at least three genes control the resistance to cycloheximide in Podospora anserina and that the antibiotic resistance is recessive to sensitivity. In vitro and in vivo studies of protein synthesis indicated that for two mutants cycloheximide resistance is associated with the ribosomes. For one of these mutants, the elongation step in protein biosynthesis is insensitive to cycloheximide over a wide range of concentration. In this mutant the resistance to cycloheximide is a property of the 60S subunit.
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17
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Oleinick NL. Initiation and elongation of protein synthesis in growing cells: differential inhibition by cycloheximide and emetine. Arch Biochem Biophys 1977; 182:171-80. [PMID: 883830 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(77)90296-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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18
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Sidransky H, Verney E, Murty CN. Effect of tryptophan on hepatic polyribosomes and protein synthesis in rats treated with carbon tetrachloride. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1977; 39:295-305. [PMID: 847757 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(77)90162-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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19
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Green PD, Savage CR, Hall CA. Mouse transcobalamin II: biosynthesis and uptake by L-929 cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 176:683-9. [PMID: 988791 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90212-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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20
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Flaks B, O'Connor JA, Wilks PN. Modification of toxic liver injury in the rat. III. Fine structure of hepatocytes during cycloheximide protection and autoprotection in acute ethionine intoxication. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1976; 35:423-36. [PMID: 1265757 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(76)90065-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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21
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Sarasin A, Moulé Y. Translational step inhibited in vivo by aflatoxin B1 in rat-liver polysomes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1975; 54:329-40. [PMID: 1175589 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1975.tb04143.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 strongly inhibits protein synthesis in rat liver cells. We previously demonstrated that this inhibition could be divided into two steps: up to 5 h aflatoxin blocks protein synthesis directly and specifically at the polysome level; beyond 7 h protein synthesis inhibition appears chiefly as a consequence of transcription impairment due to drug action. This paper confirms the foregoing results and represents an attempt to localize the translational step inhibited in vivo by aflatoxin B1. We used the simulation study developed by Li, Kisilevsky, Wasan and Hammond, 1972 (Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 272, 451-462) to determine precisely the site inhibited in vivo after drug intoxication. This analysis is based on two parameters: the kinetics of polysome labeling to follow the nascent peptide synthesis, and the kinetics of supernatant labeling to follow the completed protein synthesis. Up to 5 h after dosing, aflatoxin specifically inhibits the elongation and/or termination steps during protein synthesis; after longer periods of time inhibition occurs essentially at the initiation step. When the intracellular concentration of aflatoxin is too high, particularly 2 h after dosing, each step of protein synthesis is blocked. Polypeptide synthesis by the postmitochondrial supernatants isolated from aflatoxin-treated animals is impaired in the same proportion as protein synthesis in vivo. The damage caused by aflatoxin is mostly observed on microsomes. However, purified polysomes isolated from aflatoxin-treated rats synthesize proteins in vitro to the same extent as those from controls. These results suggest that aflatoxin metabolite(s) are bound to polysomes with noncovalent bonds. These active metabolites are probably lost during polysome isolation procedures. Finally, relationships between protein metabolism and aflatoxin carcinogenesis are discussed.
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Flaks B, Nicoll JW. Modification of toxic liver injury in the rat II. Protective effect of cycloheximide on ethionine-induced damage and autoprotective effects of high doses of ethionine, 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene, and 2-acetylaminofluorene. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1975; 32:603-20. [PMID: 807991 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(75)90124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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23
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Jomain-Baum M, Hanson RW. The inhibition by cycloheximide of lipid metabolism by rat adipose tissue in vitro. Life Sci 1975; 16:345-52. [PMID: 1128153 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(75)90255-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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24
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Monaco F, Salvatore G, Robbins J. The site of sialic acid incorporation into thyroglobulin in the thyroid gland. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)41850-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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25
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Uitto J, Prockop DJ. Intracellular hydroxylation of non-helical protocollagen to form triple-helical procollagen and subsequent secretion of the molecule. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1974; 43:221-30. [PMID: 4365178 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03403.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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26
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27
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MacInnes JW, Luttges MW. Interactive effects of cycloheximide and puromycin in altering brain polyribosomes and neutral and behavioural responses to electroshock in mice. J Neurochem 1973; 21:775-81. [PMID: 4754857 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1973.tb07521.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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28
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Tan CH, Blaisdell SJ, Hansen HJ. Mouse transcobalamin II metabolism: the effects of antibiotics on the clearance of vitamin B12 from the serum transcobalamin II-vitamin B12 complex and the reappearance of free serum transcobalamin II in the mouse. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 320:469-77. [PMID: 4750753 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(73)90327-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Biliński T, Jachymczyk W. The influence of mitochondria on ribosomes. Cycloheximide resistance of ribosomes from petite mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1973; 52:379-87. [PMID: 4575955 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(73)90722-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Lefler CF, Lilja HS, Holbrook DJ. Inhibition of aminoacylation and polypeptide synthesis by chloroquine and primaquine in rat liver in vitro. Biochem Pharmacol 1973; 22:715-28. [PMID: 4693493 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(73)90403-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Garber AJ, Jomain-Baum M, Salganicoff L, Farber E, Hanson RW. The Effects of Cycloheximide on Energy Transfer in Rat and Guinea Pig Liver Mitochondria. J Biol Chem 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)44222-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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MacInnes JW. Mammalian brain ribosomes are behaviourally and structurally heterogeneous. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1973; 241:244-6. [PMID: 4512482 DOI: 10.1038/newbio241244a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Réz G, Kovács J. Prevention by cycloheximide of neutral red-induced formation of autophagic vacuoles and krinom granules in mouse pancreatic acinar cells. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. B, CELL PATHOLOGY 1973; 12:123-32. [PMID: 4197524 DOI: 10.1007/bf02893992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Goswami MN, Rosenberg AJ, Meury F. A comparative analysis of the ontogenic development of rat liver sequential enzymes-tyrosine -ketoglutarate aminotransferase, p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate hydroxylase, and homogenitsate oxygenase. Dev Biol 1973; 30:129-36. [PMID: 4144568 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(73)90052-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Plapp FV, Burchill BR. Ciliary proteins and cytodifferentiation in Stentor coeruleus. THE JOURNAL OF PROTOZOOLOGY 1972; 19:633-6. [PMID: 4629837 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1972.tb03546.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Yu FL, Feigelson P. The rapid turnover of RNA polymerase of rat liver nucleolus, and of its messenger RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1972; 69:2833-7. [PMID: 4507607 PMCID: PMC389655 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.69.10.2833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Turnover rates of the components of systems for RNA synthesis of rat-liver nucleus, nucleolus, and nucleoplasm were investigated. Cycloheximide administered in vivo selectively diminished nucleolar RNA synthesis in vitro. In contrast to the relatively stable nucleoplasmic RNA polymerase, nucleolar RNA polymerase (polymerase I) from rat liver decays rapidly upon cycloheximide administration, following pseudo-first order kinetics with a half-life of about 1.3 hr. Cycloheximide elicits this effect not through direct interaction with nucleolar RNA polymerase itself, nor by alteration of template function, but rather by inhibition of de novo synthesis of one or more of the protein components of nucleolar RNA polymerase. Similarly, when actinomycin-D was administered in vivo to inhibit RNA synthesis, the rate of decay of nucleolar RNA polymerase, assayed in the presence of exogenous poly d(A-T) template, was similar to that observed after cycloheximide administration. Thus, the messenger RNA(s) that codes for one or more of the catalytically essential polypeptide components of this enzyme turn over very rapidly with a half-life considerably shorter than 1.3 hr. The rapidity of turnover of both the enzyme protein and its messenger RNA(s) renders nucleolar RNA polymerase highly responsive to altered transcriptional, translational, or post-translational modulation. The marked differences in turnover rates of nucleolar and nucleoplasmic RNA polymerases indicate that at least certain of the protomeric components of nucleolar RNA polymerase I are distinct from those of nucleoplasmic RNA polymerases II and III.
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Travis RL, Lin CY, Key JL. Enhancement by light of the in vitro protein synthetic activity of cytoplasmic ribosomes isolated from dark-grown maize seedlings. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 277:606-14. [PMID: 5070068 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(72)90105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Kisilevsky R. The regulatory parameter of protein synthesis most affected by ethionine, and cycloheximide. A comparison of computer and in vivo studies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 272:463-72. [PMID: 5049475 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(72)90398-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Li KL, Wasan MT, Kisilevsky R. A mathematical model of polyribosome behavior. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 272:435-50. [PMID: 5049473 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(72)90396-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Li K, Kisilevsky R, Wasan MT, Hammond G. A computer simulation of in vivo protein synthesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 272:451-62. [PMID: 5049474 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(72)90397-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Sörbye O, Pusch FJ, Assev S. Effects of protein synthesis inhibitors on the induction of a labile chicken plasma coagulation factor by preparations of phytoene and substituting factors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 273:292-8. [PMID: 5080319 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(72)90220-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Ikehara Y, Molnar J, Chao H. Inhibition of glycoprotein synthesis by cycloheximide in liver and Ehrlich tumor cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1971; 247:486-95. [PMID: 5125632 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(71)90035-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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