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Zhang M, Xu B, Li N, Zhang Q, Chen D, Wu S, Yu B, Zhang X, Hu X, Zhang S, Jing Y, Yang Z, Jiang J, Fang Q. All-Hydrocarbon Stapled Peptide Multifunctional Agonists at Opioid and Neuropeptide FF Receptors: Highly Potent, Long-Lasting Brain Permeant Analgesics with Diminished Side Effects. J Med Chem 2023; 66:17138-17154. [PMID: 38095323 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study reported the multifunctional agonist for opioid and neuropeptide FF receptors DN-9, along with its cyclic peptide analogues c[D-Cys2, Cys5]-DN-9 and c[D-Lys2, Asp5]-DN-9. These analogues demonstrated potent antinociceptive effects with reduced opioid-related side effects. To develop more stable and effective analgesics, we designed, synthesized, and evaluated seven hydrocarbon-stapled cyclic peptides based on DN-9. In vitro calcium mobilization assays revealed that most of the stapled peptides, except 3, displayed multifunctional agonistic activities at opioid and neuropeptide FF receptors. Subcutaneous administration of all stapled peptides resulted in effective and long-lasting antinociceptive activities lasting up to 360 min. Among these stapled peptides, 1a and 1b emerged as the optimized compounds, producing potent central antinociception following subcutaneous, intracerebroventricular, and oral administrations. Additionally, subcutaneous administration of 1a and 1b caused nontolerance antinociception, with limited occurrence of constipation and addiction. Furthermore, 1a was selected as the final optimized compound due to its wider safety window compared to 1b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengna Zhang
- Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Biao Xu
- Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Ning Li
- Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Qinqin Zhang
- Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Dan Chen
- Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Shuyuan Wu
- Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Bowen Yu
- Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Xiaodi Zhang
- Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Xuanran Hu
- Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Shichao Zhang
- Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Yuhong Jing
- Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Zhenyun Yang
- Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Jinhong Jiang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Rd, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Quan Fang
- Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
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Zhang M, Xu B, Li N, Zhang R, Zhang Q, Chen D, Rizvi SFA, Xu K, Shi Y, Yu B, Fang Q. OFP011 Cyclic Peptide as a Multifunctional Agonist for Opioid/Neuropeptide FF Receptors with Improved Blood-Brain Barrier Penetration. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:3078-3092. [PMID: 36262082 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence indicates that the neuropeptide FF (NPFF) system is involved in the side effects of opioid usage, including antinociceptive tolerance, hyperalgesia, abuse, constipation, and respiratory depression. Our group recently discovered that the multitarget opioid/NPFF receptor agonist DN-9 exhibits peripheral antinociceptive activity. To improve its metabolic stability, antinociceptive potency, and duration, in this study, we designed and synthesized a novel cyclic disulfide analogue of DN-9, OFP011, and examined its bioactivity through in vitro cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) functional assays and in vivo behavioral experiments. OFP011 exhibited multifunctional agonistic effects at the μ-opioid and the NPFF1 and NPFF2 receptors and partial agonistic effects at the δ- and κ-opioid in vitro, as determined via the cAMP functional assays. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacological experiments revealed improvement in its blood-brain barrier permeability after systemic administration. In addition, subcutaneous OFP011 exhibited potent and long-lasting antinociceptive activity via the central μ- and κ-opioid receptors, as observed in different physiological and pathological pain models. At the highest antinociceptive doses, subcutaneous OFP011 exhibited limited tolerance, gastrointestinal transit, motor coordination, addiction, reward, and respiration depression. Notably, OFP011 exhibited potent oral antinociceptive activities in mouse models of acute, inflammatory, and neuropathic pain. These results suggest that the multifunctional opioid/NPFF receptor agonists with improved blood-brain barrier penetration are a promising strategy for long-term treatment of moderate to severe nociceptive and pathological pain with fewer side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengna Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Biao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Ning Li
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Run Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Qinqin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Dan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Syed Faheem Askari Rizvi
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Kangtai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yonghang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Bowen Yu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Quan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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Weltrowska G, Nguyen TMD, Chung NN, Wood J, Ma X, Guo J, Wilkes BC, Ge Y, Laferrière A, Coderre TJ, Schiller PW. A Cyclic Tetrapeptide ("Cyclodal") and Its Mirror-Image Isomer Are Both High-Affinity μ Opioid Receptor Antagonists. J Med Chem 2016; 59:9243-9254. [PMID: 27676089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Head-to-tail cyclization of the μ opioid receptor (MOR) agonist [Dmt1]DALDA (H-Dmt-d-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH2 (9; Dmt = 2',6'-dimethyltyrosine) resulted in a highly active, selective MOR antagonist, c[-d-Arg-Phe-Lys-Dmt-] (1) ("cyclodal"), with subnanomolar binding affinity. A docking study of cyclodal using the crystal structure of MOR in the inactive form showed a unique binding mode with the two basic residues of the ligand forming salt bridges with the Asp127 and Glu229 receptor residues. Cyclodal showed high plasma stability and was able to cross the blood-brain barrier to reverse morphine-induced, centrally mediated analgesia when given intravenously. Surprisingly, the mirror-image isomer (optical antipode) of cyclodal, c[-Arg-d-Phe-d-Lys-d-Dmt-] (2), also turned out to be a selective MOR antagonist with 1 nM binding affinity, and thus, these two compounds represent the first example of mirror image opioid receptor ligands with both optical antipodes having high binding affinity. Reduction of the Lys-Dmt peptide bond in cyclodal resulted in an analogue, c[-d-Arg-Phe-LysΨ[CH2NH]Dmt-] (8), with MOR agonist activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Weltrowska
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal , 110 Pine Avenue des Pins Ouest, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Thi M-D Nguyen
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal , 110 Pine Avenue des Pins Ouest, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Nga N Chung
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal , 110 Pine Avenue des Pins Ouest, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - JodiAnne Wood
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University , 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Ma
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University , 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jason Guo
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University , 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Brian C Wilkes
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal , 110 Pine Avenue des Pins Ouest, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Yang Ge
- Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, McGill University , 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - André Laferrière
- Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, McGill University , 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Terence J Coderre
- Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, McGill University , 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Peter W Schiller
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal , 110 Pine Avenue des Pins Ouest, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal , Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
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Piekielna J, De Marco R, Gentilucci L, Cerlesi MC, Calo' G, Tömböly C, Artali R, Janecka A. Redoubling the ring size of an endomorphin-2 analog transforms a centrally acting mu-opioid receptor agonist into a pure peripheral analgesic. Biopolymers 2016; 106:309-17. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Piekielna
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine; Medical University of Lodz; Lodz Poland
| | - Rossella De Marco
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician,”; University of Bologna; via Selmi 2 Bologna 40126 Italy
| | - Luca Gentilucci
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician,”; University of Bologna; via Selmi 2 Bologna 40126 Italy
| | - Maria Camilla Cerlesi
- Department of Medical Science, Section of Pharmacology; National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Ferrara; Ferrara 44121 Italy
| | - Girolamo Calo'
- Department of Medical Science, Section of Pharmacology; National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Ferrara; Ferrara 44121 Italy
| | - Csaba Tömböly
- Institute of Biochemistry; Biological Research Centre of Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Szeged Hungary
| | - Roberto Artali
- Di Roberto Artali; Scientia Advice; Desio MB 20832 Italy
| | - Anna Janecka
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine; Medical University of Lodz; Lodz Poland
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Piekielna J, Kluczyk A, Perlikowska R, Janecka A. Cyclic pentapeptide analogs based on endomorphin-2 structure: cyclization studies using liquid chromatography combined with on-line mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry. Peptides 2014; 55:32-40. [PMID: 24525024 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The cyclization of linear analogs based on endomorphin-2 structure, Tyr/Dmt-d-Lys-Phe-Phe-Asp-NH2 and Tyr/Dmt-d-Cys-Phe-Phe-Cys-NH2 (where Dmt=2',6'-dimethyltyrosine), resulting in obtaining lactam or disulfide derivatives, was studied using liquid chromatography combined with on-line mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In case of cyclization via an amide bond, the formation of the cyclic monomers, cyclic but not linear dimers and even traces of cyclic trimers was observed. Disulfide bridge containing peptides was obtained by the solid-phase synthesis of the linear sequences, followed by either in-solution or on-resin cyclization. In case of the in-solution cyclization, the expected cyclic monomers were the only products. When oxidation of the cysteine residues was performed when the peptides were still on the resin, cyclic monomer and two cyclodimers, parallel and antiparallel, were found. Digestion of the isolated cyclodimers with α-chymotrypsin allowed for their unambiguous identification. The comparison of the cyclic monomer/dimer ratios for analogs with Tyr versus Dmt in position 1 revealed that the presence of the exocyclic Dmt favored formation of the cyclic monomer, most likely due to the increased steric bulk of this amino acid side-chain as compared with Tyr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Piekielna
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Renata Perlikowska
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Janecka
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Poland.
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Giri AK, Hruby VJ. Investigational peptide and peptidomimetic μ and δ opioid receptor agonists in the relief of pain. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 23:227-41. [PMID: 24329035 PMCID: PMC4282681 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.856879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Current methods for treating prolonged and neuropathic pain are inadequate and lead to toxicities that greatly diminish quality of life. Therefore, new approaches to the treatment of pain states are needed to address these problems. AREAS COVERED The review primarily reviews approaches that have been taken in the peer-reviewed literature of multivalent ligands that interact with both μ and δ opioid receptors as agonists, and in some cases, also with pharmacophores for antagonist ligands that interact with other receptors as antagonists to block pain. EXPERT OPINION Although there are a number of drugs currently on the market for the treatment of pain; none of them are 100% successful. In the authors' opinion, it is clear that new directions and modalities are needed to better address the treatment of prolonged and neuropathic pain; one drug or class clearly is not the answer for all pain therapy. Undoubtedly, there are many different phenotypes of prolonged and neuropathic pain and this should be one avenue to further develop appropriate therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswini Kumar Giri
- University of Arizona, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , 1306 East University Boulevard, PO Box 210041, Tucson, AZ 85721 , USA
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Touati-Jallabe Y, Bojnik E, Legrand B, Mauchauffée E, Chung NN, Schiller PW, Benyhe S, Averlant-Petit MC, Martinez J, Hernandez JF. Cyclic enkephalins with a diversely substituted guanidine bridge or a thiourea bridge: synthesis, biological and structural evaluations. J Med Chem 2013; 56:5964-5973. [PMID: 23822516 DOI: 10.1021/jm4008592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two series of 22 and 15 atom cyclic enkephalins incorporating a diversely substituted guanidine bridge have been prepared to assess the potential effect of the bridge substitutions on their opioid activity profile. The most notable results were obtained with the shortest cyclic analogues, which showed a significant variation of their binding affinity toward μ and δ opioid receptors in relation to bridge substitution. NMR studies were performed to rationalize these data. Some small analogues were found to exist as at least one major and one minor stable forms, which could be separated by chromatography. In particular, the compounds 13 and 14 with a cyclic substituent were separated in three isomers and the basis of this multiplicity was explored by 2D NMR spectroscopy. All compounds were agonists with slight selectivity for the μ opioid receptor. Compounds 7a (thiourea bridge) and 10a (N-Me-guanidine bridge) showed nanomolar affinity toward μ receptor, the latter being the more selective for this receptor (40-fold).
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Affiliation(s)
- Youness Touati-Jallabe
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, CNRS UMR 5247, Université Montpellier 1, Université Montpellier 2, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier cedex 05, France
| | - Engin Bojnik
- Biological Research Center, Institute of Biochemistry, POB 521, H-6702 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Baptiste Legrand
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Macromoléculaire, CNRS UMR 7568, Université de Lorraine, 1 rue Grandville, 54001 Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Elodie Mauchauffée
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, CNRS UMR 5247, Université Montpellier 1, Université Montpellier 2, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier cedex 05, France
| | - Nga N Chung
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, 110 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Peter W Schiller
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, 110 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Sandor Benyhe
- Biological Research Center, Institute of Biochemistry, POB 521, H-6702 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Marie-Christine Averlant-Petit
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Macromoléculaire, CNRS UMR 7568, Université de Lorraine, 1 rue Grandville, 54001 Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Jean Martinez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, CNRS UMR 5247, Université Montpellier 1, Université Montpellier 2, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier cedex 05, France
| | - Jean-Franćois Hernandez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, CNRS UMR 5247, Université Montpellier 1, Université Montpellier 2, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier cedex 05, France
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Pérez de Vega MJ, García-Aranda MI, González-Muñiz R. A role for ring-closing metathesis in medicinal chemistry: Mimicking secondary architectures in bioactive peptides. Med Res Rev 2010; 31:677-715. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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9
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Weltrowska G, Berezowska I, Lemieux C, Chung NN, Wilkes BC, Schiller PW. N-methylated cyclic enkephalin analogues retain high opioid receptor binding affinity. Chem Biol Drug Des 2009; 75:182-8. [PMID: 20028398 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2009.00919.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to improve the bioavailability of the non-selective, cyclic enkephalin analogues H-Dmt-c[d-Cys-Gly-Phe-d(or L)-Cys]NH(2) (Dmt = 2',6'-dimethyltyrosine), analogues N-methylated at the Phe(4) and/or Cys(5) residue were synthesized. In comparison with the non-methylated parent peptides, all mono- and N-di-methylated analogues in general retained high binding affinities at all three opioid receptors and high opioid agonist potencies in functional opioid activity assays. The results indicate that the progressive conformational restriction in these compounds upon mono- and di-N-methylation did not significantly affect the in vitro opioid activity profile. A low-energy conformer identified for the conformationally most restricted analogue of the series, H-Dmt-c[D-Cys-Gly-Phe(NMe)-L-Cys(NMe)]NH(2) (6), showed good spatial overlap of the essential pharmacophoric moieties with those in the proposed mu receptor-bound conformation of the mu-selective opioid peptide JOM-6 [H-Tyr-c(S-Et-S)[D-Cys-Phe-D-Pen]NH(2)] (Pen = penicillamine) [Mosberg M.I. and Fowler C.B. (2002) J Peptide Res; 60:329-335], in agreement with the moderate mu selectivity determined for this compound. An analogue of 6 containing (2S)-2-methyl-3-(2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid [(2S)-Mdp] in place of Dmt(1) was an opioid antagonist with quite high opioid receptor binding affinities and can be expected to show improved bioavailability because of its further increased lipophilicity and reduced hydrogen-bonding capacity.
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10
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Berezowska I, Lemieux C, Chung NN, Wilkes BC, Schiller PW. Cyclic opioid peptide agonists and antagonists obtained via ring-closing metathesis. Chem Biol Drug Des 2009; 74:329-34. [PMID: 19694755 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2009.00867.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The opioid peptide H-Tyr-c[D-Cys-Phe-Phe-Cys]NH(2) cyclized via a methylene dithiother is a potent and selective mu opioid agonist (Przydial M.J. et al., J Peptide Res, 66, 2005, 255). Dicarba analogues of this peptide with Tyr, 2',6'-dimethyltyrosine (Dmt), 3-[2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid (Dhp) or (2S)-2-methyl-3-(2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid [(2S)-Mdp] in the 1-position were prepared. The peptides were synthesized on solid-phase by substituting d-allylglycine and (2S)-2-amino-5-hexenoic acid in position 2 and 5, respectively, followed by ring-closing metathesis. Mixtures of cis and trans isomers of the resulting olefinic peptides were obtained, and catalytic hydrogenation yielded the saturated -CH(2)-CH(2)- bridged peptides. All six Tyr(1)- and Dmt(1)-dicarba analogues retained high mu and delta opioid agonist potency and showed only slight or no preference for mu over delta receptors. As expected, the six Dhp(1)- and (2S)-Mdp(1)-dicarba analogues turned out to be mu opioid antagonists but, surprisingly, displayed a range of different efficacies (agonism, partial agonism or antagonism) at the delta receptor. The obtained results indicate that the mu versus delta receptor selectivity and the efficacy at the delta receptor of these cyclic peptides depend on distinct conformational characteristics of the 15-membered peptide ring structure, which may affect the spatial positioning of the exocyclic residue and of the Phe(3) and Phe(4) side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Berezowska
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada H2W 1R7
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SCHILLER PETERW, NGUYEN THIMD, MILLER JACK. Synthesis of side-chain to side-chain cyclized peptide analogs on solid supports. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1985.tb02161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Agnes RS, Ying J, Kövér KE, Lee YS, Davis P, Ma SW, Badghisi H, Porreca F, Lai J, Hruby VJ. Structure-activity relationships of bifunctional cyclic disulfide peptides based on overlapping pharmacophores at opioid and cholecystokinin receptors. Peptides 2008; 29:1413-23. [PMID: 18502541 PMCID: PMC2601673 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 03/26/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged opioid exposure increases the expression of cholecystokinin (CCK) and its receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), where CCK may attenuate the antinociceptive effects of opioids. The complex interactions between opioid and CCK may play a role in the development of opioid tolerance. We designed and synthesized cyclic disulfide peptides and determined their agonist properties at opioid receptors and antagonist properties at CCK receptors. Compound 1 (Tyr-c[d-Cys-Gly-Trp-Cys]-Asp-Phe-NH(2)) showed potent binding and agonist activities at delta and mu opioid receptors but weak binding to CCK receptors. The NMR structure of the lead compound displayed similar conformational features of opioid and CCK ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S. Agnes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Jinfa Ying
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Katalin E. Kövér
- Department of Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4010 Debrecen, P.O. Box 21, Egyetem tér 1, Hungary
| | - Yeon Sun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Peg Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Shou-wu Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Hamid Badghisi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Frank Porreca
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Josephine Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Victor J. Hruby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Victor J. Hruby, Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. Phone: (520) 621-6332. Fax: (520) 621-8407.,
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13
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Berezowska I, Chung NN, Lemieux C, Wilkes BC, Schiller PW. Dicarba analogues of the cyclic enkephalin peptides H-Tyr-c[D-Cys-Gly-Phe-D(or L)-Cys]NH(2) retain high opioid activity. J Med Chem 2007; 50:1414-7. [PMID: 17315860 PMCID: PMC2596712 DOI: 10.1021/jm061294n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dicarba analogues of the cyclic opioid peptides H-Tyr-c[d-Cys-Gly-Phe-d(or l)-Cys]NH2 were synthesized on solid phase by substituting allylglycines for the cysteines and cyclization by ring-closing metathesis between the side chains of the allylglycine residues. Mixtures of cis and trans isomers of the resulting olefinic peptides were obtained, and catalytic hydrogenation yielded the saturated -CH2-CH2- bridged peptides. The dicarba analogues retained high mu and delta agonist potencies. Remarkably, the trans isomer of H-Tyr-c[d-Allylgly-Gly-Phe-l-Allylgly]NH2 was a mu agonist/delta agonist with subnanomolar potency at both receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Allyl Compounds/chemical synthesis
- Allyl Compounds/chemistry
- Allyl Compounds/pharmacology
- Animals
- Brain/metabolism
- Enkephalins/chemical synthesis
- Enkephalins/chemistry
- Enkephalins/pharmacology
- Guinea Pigs
- Ileum/drug effects
- Ileum/physiology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Male
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Conformation
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/physiology
- Peptides, Cyclic/chemical synthesis
- Peptides, Cyclic/chemistry
- Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology
- Radioligand Assay
- Rats
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Stereoisomerism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Vas Deferens/drug effects
- Vas Deferens/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Peter W. Schiller
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. P.W. Schiller: Phone: +1-514-987-5576. Fax: +1-514-987-5513. E-mail:
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14
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Axén A, Andersson H, Lindeberg G, Rönnholm H, Kortesmaa J, Demaegdt H, Vauquelin G, Karlén A, Hallberg M. Small potent ligands to the insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP)/AT4 receptor. J Pept Sci 2007; 13:434-44. [PMID: 17559064 DOI: 10.1002/psc.859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin IV analogs encompassing aromatic scaffolds replacing parts of the backbone of angiotensin IV have been synthesized and evaluated in biological assays. Several of the ligands displayed high affinities to the insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP)/AT(4) receptor. Displacement of the C-terminal of angiotensin IV with an o-substituted aryl acetic acid derivative delivered the ligand 4, which exhibited the highest binding affinity (K(i) = 1.9 nM). The high affinity of this ligand provides support to the hypothesis that angiotensin IV adopts a gamma-turn in the C-terminal of its bioactive conformation. Ligand (4) inhibits both human IRAP and aminopeptidase N-activity and induces proliferation of adult neural stem cells at low concentrations. Furthermore, ligand 4 is degraded considerably more slowly in membrane preparations than angiotensin IV. Hence, it might constitute a suitable research tool for biological studies of the (IRAP)/AT(4) receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Axén
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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15
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16
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Axén A, Lindeberg G, Demaegdt H, Vauquelin G, Karlén A, Hallberg M. Cyclic insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP)/AT4 receptor ligands. J Pept Sci 2006; 12:705-13. [PMID: 16967438 DOI: 10.1002/psc.782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The angiotensin IV receptor (AT4 receptor) is the insulin-regulated aminopeptidase enzyme (IRAP, EC 3.4.11.3). This membrane-spanning enzyme belongs to the M1 family of zinc-dependent metallo-peptidases. It has been proposed that AT4 receptor ligands exert their physiological effects by binding to the active site of IRAP and thereby inhibiting the catalytic activity of the enzyme. The biological activity of a large series of linear angiotensin IV analogs was previously disclosed. Herein, the synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of angiotensin IV analogs, encompassing macrocyclic ring systems of different sizes, are presented. It is demonstrated that disulfide cyclizations of angiotensin IV can deliver ligands with high IRAP/AT4 receptor affinity. One ligand, with an 11-membered ring system (4), inhibited human IRAP and aminopeptidase N (AP-N) activity with similar potency as angiotensin IV but was considerably more stable than angiotensin IV toward enzymatic degradation. The compound provides a promising starting point for further optimization toward more drug-like derivatives. The cyclic constrained analogs allowed us to propose a tentative bioactive conformation of angiotensin IV and it seems that the peptide adopts an inverse gamma-turn at the C-terminal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Axén
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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17
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Witkowska R, Chung NN, Schiller PW, Zabrocki J. Synthesis and biological activity profile of new analogues of the cyclic opioid peptide H-Tyr-c[D
-Cys-Gly-Phe(p
NO2
)-D
-Cys]-NH2
containing (S
)-α-hydroxymethylcysteine in place of cysteine. J Pept Sci 2004; 11:361-3. [PMID: 15635653 DOI: 10.1002/psc.620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To examine the effect on biological activity of replacing D-Cys in the opioid peptide H-Tyr-c[D-Cys-Gly-Phe(pNO(2))-D-Cys]-NH(2) in position 2 or/and 5 with alpha-hydroxymethylcysteine (alpha-Hmc), three analogues were synthesized. These compounds exhibit agonist activity at both mu and delta receptors. However, the most active analogue, with (S)-alpha-Hmc residue in position 5, was 3360- and 2190-fold less active than the parent peptide in the GPI and MVD assays, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Witkowska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
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18
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Filip K, Oleszczuk M, Pawlak D, Wojcik J, Chung NN, Schillerc PW, Izdebski J. Potent side-chain to side-chain cyclized dermorphin analogues containing a carbonyl bridge. J Pept Sci 2003; 9:649-57. [PMID: 14620130 DOI: 10.1002/psc.510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A new family of cyclic opioid peptide analogues related to the 1-4 sequence of dermorphin/deltorphin (Tyr-D-Aaa2-Phe-Aaa4-NH2) has been synthesized. The synthesis of the linear precursor peptides was accomplished by the solid-phase method and ring formation was achieved via a ureido group incorporating the side chain amino functions of D-Aaa2 (D-Lys, D-Orn) and Aaa4 (Lys, Orn, Dab, Dap). The peptides were tested in the guinea-pig ileum (GPI) and mouse vas deferens (MVD) assays. Most showed very high agonist potency in the GPI assay. The peptide containing D-Lys in position 2 and Dab in position 4 was 210 times more active than enkephalin, and that containing Orn and Dab, respectively, was 150 times more active than enkephalin. The latter peptide was also very active in the MVD assay, and showed an IC50 MVD/GPI ratio of 0.816. NMR spectra of selected peptides were recorded, and structural parameters were determined. The conformational space of the peptides was examined using the electrostatically driven Monte Carlo method. With the help of the NMR spectra each peptide was described as an ensemble of conformations. The conformations have been interpreted with regard to the opioid activities, and comparisons have been made with a model proposed earlier for enkephalin analogues.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Opioid/chemical synthesis
- Analgesics, Opioid/chemistry
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Guinea Pigs
- In Vitro Techniques
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
- Mice
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/metabolism
- Oligopeptides/chemical synthesis
- Oligopeptides/chemistry
- Oligopeptides/pharmacology
- Opioid Peptides
- Peptides, Cyclic/chemical synthesis
- Peptides, Cyclic/chemistry
- Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology
- Protein Conformation
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Filip
- Laboratory of Peptides, Department of Chemistry, Warsaw University, Pasteura 1, Warsaw, 02-093 Poland
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19
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Theoretical conformational analysis of acetyl-alanine-methylamide double bond and methyl-substituted doublebond isosteres of the peptide bond. FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(82)80951-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Bobrova I, Abissova N, Mishlakova N, Rozentals G, Chipens G. Synthesis and biological activity of branched enkephalin analogues. Eur J Med Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(98)80060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Pawlak D, Chung NN, Schiller PW, Izdebski J. Synthesis of a novel side-chain to side-chain cyclized enkephalin analogue containing a carbonyl bridge. J Pept Sci 1997; 3:277-81. [PMID: 9262646 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1387(199707)3:4<277::aid-psc107>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel type of cyclic opioid peptide analogue, cyclo[N epsilon,N epsilon'-carbonyl-D-Lys2,Lys5]enkephalinamide, was prepared from a linear precursor peptide. The peptide was synthesized on the Merrified resin and also by a combination of the solid-phase technique and the classical method in solution. In both cases the cyclization was performed by reaction of bis(4-nitrophenyl)carbonate with the free side-chain amino groups of the two lysine residues. The described method permits the convenient preparation of novel peptide analogues cyclized via a ureido group incorporating the side-chain amino groups of two alpha, omega-diamino acid residues. The cyclic enkephalin analogue containing a 21-membered ring structure showed preference for mu over delta opioid receptors in opioid bioassays in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pawlak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Poland
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22
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Pellegrini M, Royo M, Chorev M, Mierke DF. Conformational consequences of i, i + 3 cystine linkages: nucleation for alpha-helicity? THE JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE RESEARCH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PEPTIDE SOCIETY 1997; 49:404-14. [PMID: 9211221 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1997.tb00892.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Methods to introduce specific secondary structural elements into peptides and proteins are vital for the rational design of peptide and non-peptide drug candidates as well as in the de novo design of proteins. Here the incorporation of a disulfide linkage between cysteine residues spaced three amino acids apart (i, i + 3) as a method to induce helicity is examined. Two dodecamer peptides, A-V-S-E-C-Q-L-C-H-D-K-G-NH2, differing in the chirality of the cysteine at the fifth position (the i position), have been synthesized and conformationally studied both in the linear and cyclized form. This peptide sequence, derived from the N-terminal sequence of parathyroid hormone related protein, does not form helices, even as part of the 1-34 fully active domain of the protein. The four analogs (two cyclic and two linear) were analyzed both in aqueous solution and in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles. In aqueous solution the linear peptides display no evidence for secondary structure, while the cyclization induces a turn centered about the cysteine residues. In the presence of micelles the linear form of the peptides adopts bent conformations, containing turns, but results from both NMR and CD provide no evidence of helices. The oxidized L,L-peptide in the micellar solution does not present a well defined conformation, although the presence of one helical turn is evident. The cyclic D,L analog adopts a helical structure (not an alpha-helix) extending from residue 2 to 9, with non-standard phi, psi values caused by the presence of the D-amino acid. These results clearly illustrate that the ability of D-Cys(i), Cys(i + 3) cyclization to initiate helix formation depends greatly on the solvent used. Therefore, any drug-design principle utilizing this modification for helix nucleation must keep the environment in which the peptide is biologically active in mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pellegrini
- Gustaf H. Carlson School of Chemistry, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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23
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Spetzler JC, Meldal M. Evaluation of strategies for ?one-pot? deprotection, cleavage and disulfide bond formation in the preparation of cystine-containing peptides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00127963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Kolp B, Andreae F, Fabian WM, Sterk H. Combined use of NMR, distance geometry and MD calculations for the conformational analysis of opioid peptides of the type [D(L)-Cys2, D(L)-Cys5]enkephalin. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1996; 48:443-51. [PMID: 8956077 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1996.tb00862.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The solution structures of a series of conformationally restricted pentapeptides with a sequence H-Tyr1-Cys2-Gly3-Phe4-Cys5-OH cyclic (2-5) disulfide, where the cysteines possess either the D or L configuration, were examined by a combined approach including NMR measurements as well as MD calculations. It turned out that at least one low energy conformer of H-Tyr1-D-Cys2-Gly3-Phe4-D-Cys5-OH cyclic (2-5) disulfide (DCDCE), as well as one conformer out of the group of calculated conformers for H-Tyr1-D-Cys2-Gly3-Phe4-Cys5-OH cyclic (2-5) disulfide (DCLCE), satisfies the NMR data obtained in this study, whereas for the derivative H-Tyr1-Cys2-Gly3-Phe4-Cys5-OH cyclic (2-5) disulfide, which contains solely L-Cys (LCLCE), there is no single structure compatible with the NMR data.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kolp
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karl Franzens University, Graz, Austria
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25
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Pencheva N, Bocheva A, Dimitrov E, Ivancheva C, Radomirov R. [Cys(O2NH2)2]enkephalin analogues and dalargin: selectivity for delta-opioid receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 1996; 304:99-108. [PMID: 8813590 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(96)00083-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the structure-activity relationships for potent and selective action of enkephalins at the delta-opioid receptors, two newly synthesized analogues, [Cys(O2NH2)2,Leu5]enkephalin and [Cys(O2NH2)2, Met5] enkephalin and the hexapeptide [D-Ala2,Leu5]enkephalyl-Arg (dalargin) were tested and compared with [Leu5]enkephalin and [Met5]enkephalin, for their effectiveness to inhibit electrically evoked contractions of the mouse vas deferens (predominantly enkephalin-selective delta-opioid receptors) and the guinea pig ileum (mu- and kappa-opioid receptors). The mouse vas deferens assays included evaluation of the effects of opioid agonists on the first, purinergic, and the second, adrenergic, components of electrically evoked biphasic responses (10 Hz and 20 Hz) and on ATP- or noradrenaline-evoked, tetrodotoxin-resistant responses. The opioids tested inhibited in a similar manner: (i) the purinergic and the adrenergic components of the electrically evoked contractions; and (ii) the ATP- and noradrenaline-induced postjunctional responses of the mouse vas deferens. Extremely low IC50 values (of 2-5 orders) were found for [Cys(O2NH2)2,Leu5] enkephalin, whose relative potency was between 239 and 1316 times higher than that of [Leu5]enkephalin. The order of potency for the other peptides in this tissue was: [Cys(O2NH2)2,Met5]enkephalin > [Leu5]enkephalin > dalargin > [Met5]enkephalin. The highest IC50 values in the guinea pig ileum assays, indicating the lowest affinity for mu-/kappa-opioid receptors, were obtained for the cysteine sulfonamide analogues, while dalargin showed a potency four times higher than that of [Met5]enkephalin. The order of potency in this tissue was: dalargin > [Met5]enkephalin > [Leu5]enkephalin > [Cys(O2NH2)2,Met5]enkephalin > [Cys(O2NH2)2,Leu5]enkephalin. The ratio, IC50 in guinea pig ileum: IC50 in mouse vas deferens, indicating selectivity of the respective peptide for delta-opioid receptors, was extremely high for [Cys(O2NH2)2,Leu5]enkephalin and especially for the adrenergic component of the responses. This ratio for [Cys(O2NH2)2,Met5]enkephalin was higher than the ratios for dalargin, [Leu5]enkephalin and [Met5]enkephalin, which were about 3 orders of magnitude lower. The results suggest that incorporation of hydrophilic Cys(O2NH2) in the enkephalin molecule greatly increases the potency and selectivity of the analogues at delta-opioid receptors, while both D-Ala2 substitution and lengthening of the peptide chain by Arg6 in the molecule of [Leu5]enkephalin decrease them.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine Triphosphate/pharmacology
- Animals
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Electric Stimulation
- Enkephalin, Leucine/pharmacology
- Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine/analogs & derivatives
- Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine/pharmacology
- Enkephalin, Methionine/pharmacology
- Enkephalins/pharmacology
- Guinea Pigs
- Ileum/drug effects
- In Vitro Techniques
- Male
- Mice
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/drug effects
- Norepinephrine/pharmacology
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/drug effects
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Vas Deferens/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pencheva
- Institute of Physiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia. ; or:
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Knapp
- University of Arizona College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Tucson 85724
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27
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Tourwé D, Couder J, Ceusters M, Meert D, Burks TF, Kramer TH, Davis P, Knapp R, Yamamura HI, Leysen JE. Synthesis and biological activities of linear and cyclic enkephalin analogues containing a psi (E,CH = CH) or psi (CH2CH2) isosteric replacement. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1992; 39:131-6. [PMID: 1325415 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1992.tb00782.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The peptide CO-NH function was replaced by a trans carbon-carbon double bond or by a CH2-CH2 isostere in enkephalin analogues of DADLE, DCDCE-NH2 or DPDPE. In DADLE the 2-3 and the 3-4 peptide bond was modified, whereas in the cyclic analogues the Gly3-Phe4 bond was replaced by the isosteres Gly psi (E,CH = CH)Phe [5-amino-2-(phenylmethyl)-3(E)-pentenoic acid] or Gly psi (CH2CH2)Phe [5-amino-2-(phenylmethyl)pentanoic acid]. In general, the modification results in a drop in potency which is the largest for the flexible CH2-CH2 replacement. The Gly3 psi (E,CH = CH)Phe4 DCDCE-NH2 analogue retains considerable potency. These results confirm the importance of the peptide function at the 2-3 and 3-4 position in enkephalin analogues for biological potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Tourwé
- Organic Chemistry Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
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28
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Callahan JF, Newlander KA, Huffman WF. A trans olefin replacement of the disulfide bridge found in cyclic peptides: synthesis of 6,6-pentamethylene-2-amino-Δ4,5-suberic acid. Tetrahedron Lett 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(91)80476-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Michel A, Villeneuve G, DiMaio J. A proposal for the molecular basis of mu and delta opiate receptor differentiation based on modeling of two types of cyclic enkephalins and a narcotic alkaloid. J Comput Aided Mol Des 1991; 5:553-69. [PMID: 1667926 DOI: 10.1007/bf00135314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The molecular basis underlying the divergent receptor selectivity of two cyclic opioid peptides Tyr-c[N delta-D-Orn2-Gly-Phe-Leu-] (c-ORN) and [D-Pen2,L-Cys5]-enkephalinamide (c-PEN) was investigated using a molecular modeling approach. Ring closure and conformational searching procedures were used to determine low-energy cyclic backbone conformers. Following reinsertion of amino acid side chains, the narcotic alkaloid 7 alpha-[(1R)-1-methyl-1-hydroxy-3-phenylpropyl]-6-14-endoethenotetrahy dro oripavine (PEO) was used as a flexible template for bimolecular superpositions with each of the determined peptide ring conformers using the coplanarity and cocentricity of the phenolic rings as the minimum constraint. A vector space of PEO, accounting for all possible orientations for the C21-aromatic ring of PEO served as a geometrical locus for the aromatic ring of the Phe4 residue in the opioid peptides. Although a vast number of polypeptide conformations satisfied the criteria of the opiate pharmacophore, they could be grouped into three classes differing in magnitude and sign of the torsional angle values of the tyrosyl side chain. Only class III conformers for both c-ORN and c-PEN, having tyramine dihedral angles chi 1 = 150 degrees +/- 30 degrees and chi 2 = -155 degrees +/- 20 degrees, had significant structural and conformational properties that were mutually compatible while respecting the PEO vector space. Comparison of these properties in the context of the divergent receptor selectivity of the studied opioid peptides suggests that the increased distortion of the peptide backbone in the closure region of c-PEN together with the pendant beta,beta-dimethyl group, combine to generate a steric volume which is absent in c-ORN and that may be incompatible with a restrictive topography of the mu receptor. The nature and stereochemistry of substituents adjacent to the closure region of the peptides could also modulate receptor selection by interacting with a charged (delta) or neutral (mu) subsite.
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MESH Headings
- Computer Graphics
- Drug Design
- Enkephalin, Leucine/analogs & derivatives
- Enkephalin, Leucine/chemistry
- Enkephalin, Leucine/metabolism
- Enkephalins/chemistry
- Enkephalins/metabolism
- Etorphine/analogs & derivatives
- Etorphine/chemistry
- Etorphine/metabolism
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Structure
- Peptides, Cyclic/chemistry
- Peptides, Cyclic/metabolism
- Protein Conformation
- Receptors, Opioid/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, delta
- Receptors, Opioid, mu
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Substrate Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- A Michel
- Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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30
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Schiller PW. Development of receptor-specific opioid peptide analogues. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1991; 28:301-40. [PMID: 1668844 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70367-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P W Schiller
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Que., Canada
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31
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Lebl M, Hill P, Kazmierski W, Kárászová L, Slaninová J, Fric I, Hruby VJ. Conformationally restricted analogs of oxytocin; stabilization of inhibitory conformation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1990; 36:321-30. [PMID: 2079387 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1990.tb01289.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Analogs of oxytocin containing tetrahydroisoquinoline carboxylic acid (Tic) of L or D configuration in position 2 were synthesized and their biological activities were tested. Both analogs showed negligible agonist activity in uterotonic, galactogogic, and pressor assays, but they are in vitro uterotonic inhibitors. In comparison with oxytocin analogs containing L- or D-phenylalanine in position 2, the analog with the D-configuration of the conformationally fixed aromatic residue has significantly increased inhibitory activity which suggests that the proper conformation for the interaction with the receptor, but not for its activation, was stabilized. 1H NMR and CD studies, supported by theoretical calculations, suggest that the conformational properties of the analog containing D-tetrahydroisoquinoline carboxylic acid are similar to those of [2-D-phenylalanine]oxytocin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lebl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague
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32
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Nikiforovich GV, Balodis J, Shenderovich MD, Golbraikh AA. Conformational features responsible for binding of cyclic analogues of enkephalin to opioid receptors. I. Low-energy peptide backbone conformers of analogues containing Phe4. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1990; 36:67-78. [PMID: 2169468 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1990.tb00084.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Low-energy peptide backbone conformers were found by means of energy calculation for several cyclic analogues of enkephalin in an attempt to assess models for receptor-bound conformations for opioid receptors of the mu- and delta-types. They included [D-Cys2, L-Cys5]- and [D-Cys2, D-Cys5]-enkephalinamides showing moderate preference for mu-receptors, the delta-selective compounds [D-Pen2, L-Pen5] and [D-Pen2, D-Pen5]-enkephalins and Tyr-D-Lys-Gly-Phe- analogue possessing very high affinity to receptors of the mu-type. The low-energy conformers obtained for these analogues were in good agreement with the results of calculations by other authors and with experimental evidence. All of the analogues contain a Phe residue in position 4 of the peptide chain which facilitates the eventual search for geometrical similarity between the low-energy backbone conformers of different analogues in question.
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Affiliation(s)
- G V Nikiforovich
- Institute of Organic Synthesis, Latvian SSR Academy of Sciences, Riga
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33
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L-2-thiol-histidine: Introduction of conformational constraints into peptides via thioether linkage. Tetrahedron Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(90)80161-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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34
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Judd AK, Schoolnik GK. Peptides: chemistry, biology, and pharmacology. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 1990; 21:221-85. [PMID: 2265127 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60344-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A K Judd
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, California 94025
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35
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Sagan S, Amiche M, Delfour A, Mor A, Camus A, Nicolas P. Molecular Determinants of Receptor Affinity and Selectivity of the Natural Δ-Opioid Agonist, Dermenkephalin. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)71464-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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36
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Horvat S, Grgas B, Raos N, Simeon V. Synthesis and acid ionization constants of cyclic cystine peptides H-Cys-(Gly)n-Cys-OH (n = 0-4). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1989; 34:346-51. [PMID: 2599775 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1989.tb01585.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic peptide disulfides of the general formula H-Cys-(Gly)n-Cys-OH (n = 0-4) were synthesized from the corresponding peptide derivatives [Boc-Cys(Trt)(Gly)-n-Cys(Trt)-OBut] by oxidation with iodine in methanol and by subsequent removal of the terminal groups with trifluoroacetic acid. Acid ionization constants of the obtained peptides were determined by potentiometric titration in aqueous KCl (0.1 mol/L) medium. All compounds have two dissociable hydrogens, corresponding to carboxyl (pK1 = 2.35-2.84) and to terminal amino group (pK2 = 5.61-6.93); pK1 values show first an upward and then a downward trend with the increase in ring size; the opposite is true for pK2 values. These trends could be tentatively attributed to the intramolecular salt bridge (-COO- ----NH+3-) formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Horvat
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rudjer Bosković Institute, Croatia, Yugoslavia
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37
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Froimowitz M, Hruby VJ. Conformational analysis of enkephalin analogs containing a disulfide bond. Models for delta- and mu-receptor opioid agonists. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1989; 34:88-96. [PMID: 2553632 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1989.tb01495.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Conformational analysis of the cyclic opioids H-Tyr-D-Pen-Gly-Phe-D-Pen-OH (DPDPE) and H-Tyr-D-Cys-Gly-Phe-D-Cys-OH (DCDCE) have been performed using the AMBER program. DPDPE is considerably more selective for delta-receptors than DCDCE. Using the RNGCFM program, a large number of ways were found to close the 14-membered disulfide-containing ring structure. However, intramolecular hydrogen bonds were only possible in gamma-turn and inverse gamma-turn conformations centered on the glycine residue which were associated with opposite chiralities of the disulfide bond. With the cyclic part of the molecules in either a gamma-turn or inverse gamma-turn, a systematic conformational analysis was performed on the tyrosine and phenylalanine sidechains. This showed that conformers with the tyrosine and phenylalanine phenyl rings in the vicinity of the disulfide bond were preferred due to attractive van der Waals forces. For DPDPE, however, this was only possible with a positive dihedral angle for the disulfide bond due to the presence of the beta-carbon methyls of Pen2. In contrast, these preferred conformers were possible with both chiralities of the disulfide bond in DCDCE. Conformational entropies and free energies were computed from the translational, rotational, and vibrational energy levels available to each conformer. The conformational entropies were found to vary significantly and to result in a re-ordering of the lowest energy minima. Based on these conformational differences in DPDPE and DCDCE and their differing pharmacological selectivities, tentative conformational preferences for delta- and mu-receptor opioid peptides are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Froimowitz
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Hruby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tuscon 85721
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39
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Knapp RJ, Kazmierski W, Hruby VJ, Yamamura HI. Structural characteristics of two highly selective opioid peptides. Bioessays 1989; 10:58-61. [PMID: 2541696 DOI: 10.1002/bies.950100206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The demonstration of opioid receptors by radioligand binding and the discovery of their endogenous peptide ligands has provided a new class of compounds that can be used for the development of novel opioids. The number of potential receptor targets for such opioids has been expanded by the identification of multiple opioid receptor types. The development of highly selective opioid peptides using the principles of conformational restriction permits the analysis of the structure-activity requirements of each receptor type, and is facilitating the elucidation of the functional properties of the different opioid receptors.
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40
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Opioid Receptors and their Ligands: Recent Developments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-013318-5.50008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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41
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Schiller PW. Role of the conformational element in peptide-receptor interactions. Studies with cyclic opioid peptide analogs. Biophys Chem 1988; 31:63-9. [PMID: 2852971 DOI: 10.1016/0301-4622(88)80009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Biological activity profiles of three different families of cyclic opioid peptide analogs are presented. It is illustrated that conformational constraints introduced through peptide cyclizations can have drastic effects on receptor affinity, selectivity and 'efficacy' ('intrinsic activity'). Conformational studies of cyclic opioid peptides by various physico-chemical techniques have been initiated and have already produced insight into the conformational requirements of the various opioid receptor types. On the basis of the results obtained, conformational restriction of opioid peptides may represent a first promising step towards the goal of developing peptide mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Schiller
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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42
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Kazmierski W, Hruby VJ. A new approach to receptor ligand design: synthesis and conformation of a new class of potent and highly selective μ opioid antagonists utilizing tetrahydroisoouinoline carroxylic acid. Tetrahedron 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)86110-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Degrado
- Central Research and Development Department, E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Incorporated Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19898
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44
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Bowen WD, Hellewell SB, Kelemen M, Huey R, Stewart D. Affinity labeling of delta-opiate receptors using [D-Ala2,Leu5,Cys6]enkephalin. Covalent attachment via thiol-disulfide exchange. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)76445-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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45
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Wilkes BC, Schiller PW. Theoretical conformational analysis of a mu-selective cyclic opioid peptide analog. Biopolymers 1987; 26:1431-44. [PMID: 2822163 DOI: 10.1002/bip.360260817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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46
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Olatunji OL, Premilat S. Solvent dependent conformational statistics of enkephalin and angiotensin II. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1987; 29:1-8. [PMID: 3570649 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1987.tb02224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A screened electrostatic potential model of hydration, recently proposed, is used to simulate the statistical behaviour of enkephalin and angiotensin II in solution. Curves of the end-to-end distances as well as calculated values of n.m.r. coupling constants are given and compared with experiments and results obtained from other theoretical studies. The satisfactory agreement between calculated values and the corresponding experimental data indicates that the present theoretical approach is a simple and efficient way to take into account solvent effects on the conformation of biological molecules.
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47
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Carr AA, Dudley MW, Huber EW, Kane JM, Miller FP. A heterocyclic analog of leucine-enkephalin. J Heterocycl Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570240145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Goodman M, Rone R, Manesis N, Hassan M, Mammi N. Peptidomimetics: synthesis, spectroscopy, and computer simulations. Biopolymers 1987; 26 Suppl:S25-32. [PMID: 3580499 DOI: 10.1002/bip.360260007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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49
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Rapaka RS. Research topics in the medicinal chemistry and molecular pharmacology of opioid peptides--present and future. Life Sci 1986; 39:1825-43. [PMID: 3022097 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(86)90293-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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50
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Nikiforovich G. Conformation—function relationships for peptide bioregulators as revealed by theoretical conformation analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0166-1280(86)80005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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