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Miura D, Tsurigami R, Kato H, Wariishi H, Shimizu M. Pathway crosstalk between the central metabolic and heme biosynthetic pathways in Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:37. [PMID: 38183476 PMCID: PMC10771590 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12846-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
A comprehensive analysis to survey heme-binding proteins produced by the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium was achieved using a biotinylated heme-streptavidin beads system. Mitochondrial citrate synthase (PcCS), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (PcGAPDH), and 2-Cys thioredoxin peroxidase (mammalian HBP23 homolog) were identified as putative heme-binding proteins. Among these, PcCS and PcGAPDH were further characterized using heterologously expressed recombinant proteins. Difference spectra of PcCS titrated with hemin exhibited an increase in the Soret absorbance at 414 nm, suggesting that the axial ligand of the heme is a His residue. The activity of PcCS was strongly inhibited by hemin with Ki oxaloacetate of 8.7 μM and Ki acetyl-CoA of 5.8 μM. Since the final step of heme biosynthesis occurred at the mitochondrial inner membrane, the inhibition of PcCS by heme is thought to be a physiological event. The inhibitory mode of the heme was similar to that of CoA analogues, suggesting that heme binds to PcCS at His347 at the AcCoA-CoA binding site, which was supported by the homology model of PcCS. PcGAPDH was also inhibited by heme, with a lower concentration than that for PcCS. This might be caused by the different location of these enzymes. From the integration of these phenomena, it was concluded that metabolic regulations by heme in the central metabolic and heme synthetic pathways occurred in the mitochondria and cytosol. This novel pathway crosstalk between the central metabolic and heme biosynthetic pathways, via a heme molecule, is important in regulating the metabolic balance (heme synthesis, ATP synthesis, flux balance of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and cellular redox balance (NADPH production) during fungal aromatic degradation. KEY POINTS: • A comprehensive survey of heme-binding proteins in P. chrysosporium was achieved. • Several heme-binding proteins including CS and GAPDH were identified. • A novel metabolic regulation by heme in the central metabolic pathways was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Miura
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan.
| | - Ryoga Tsurigami
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya, Aichi, 468-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya, Aichi, 468-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Wariishi
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Shimizu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya, Aichi, 468-8502, Japan.
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Sánchez-Ruiz MI, Santillana E, Linde D, Romero A, Martínez AT, Ruiz-Dueñas FJ. Structure-function characterization of two enzymes from novel subfamilies of manganese peroxidases secreted by the lignocellulose-degrading Agaricales fungi Agrocybe pediades and Cyathus striatus. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:74. [PMID: 38824538 PMCID: PMC11144326 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02517-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Manganese peroxidases (MnPs) are, together with lignin peroxidases and versatile peroxidases, key elements of the enzymatic machineries secreted by white-rot fungi to degrade lignin, thus providing access to cellulose and hemicellulose in plant cell walls. A recent genomic analysis of 52 Agaricomycetes species revealed the existence of novel MnP subfamilies differing in the amino-acid residues that constitute the manganese oxidation site. Following this in silico analysis, a comprehensive structure-function study is needed to understand how these enzymes work and contribute to transform the lignin macromolecule. RESULTS Two MnPs belonging to the subfamilies recently classified as MnP-DGD and MnP-ESD-referred to as Ape-MnP1 and Cst-MnP1, respectively-were identified as the primary peroxidases secreted by the Agaricales species Agrocybe pediades and Cyathus striatus when growing on lignocellulosic substrates. Following heterologous expression and in vitro activation, their biochemical characterization confirmed that these enzymes are active MnPs. However, crystal structure and mutagenesis studies revealed manganese coordination spheres different from those expected after their initial classification. Specifically, a glutamine residue (Gln333) in the C-terminal tail of Ape-MnP1 was found to be involved in manganese binding, along with Asp35 and Asp177, while Cst-MnP1 counts only two amino acids (Glu36 and Asp176), instead of three, to function as a MnP. These findings led to the renaming of these subfamilies as MnP-DDQ and MnP-ED and to re-evaluate their evolutionary origin. Both enzymes were also able to directly oxidize lignin-derived phenolic compounds, as seen for other short MnPs. Importantly, size-exclusion chromatography analyses showed that both enzymes cause changes in polymeric lignin in the presence of manganese, suggesting their relevance in lignocellulose transformation. CONCLUSIONS Understanding the mechanisms used by basidiomycetes to degrade lignin is of particular relevance to comprehend carbon cycle in nature and to design biotechnological tools for the industrial use of plant biomass. Here, we provide the first structure-function characterization of two novel MnP subfamilies present in Agaricales mushrooms, elucidating the main residues involved in catalysis and demonstrating their ability to modify the lignin macromolecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Sánchez-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB), CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Santillana
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB), CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Linde
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB), CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Romero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB), CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel T Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB), CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Kato H, Takahashi Y, Suzuki H, Ohashi K, Kawashima R, Nakamura K, Sakai K, Hori C, Takasuka TE, Kato M, Shimizu M. Identification and characterization of methoxy- and dimethoxyhydroquinone 1,2-dioxygenase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0175323. [PMID: 38259078 PMCID: PMC10880611 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01753-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
White-rot fungi, such as Phanerochaete chrysosporium, are the most efficient degraders of lignin, a major component of plant biomass. Enzymes produced by these fungi, such as lignin peroxidases and manganese peroxidases, break down lignin polymers into various aromatic compounds based on guaiacyl, syringyl, and hydroxyphenyl units. These intermediates are further degraded, and the aromatic ring is cleaved by 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene dioxygenases. This study aimed to characterize homogentisate dioxygenase (HGD)-like proteins from P. chrysosporium that are strongly induced by the G-unit fragment of vanillin. We overexpressed two homologous recombinant HGDs, PcHGD1 and PcHGD2, in Escherichia coli. Both PcHGD1 and PcHGD2 catalyzed the ring cleavage in methoxyhydroquinone (MHQ) and dimethoxyhydroquinone (DMHQ). The two enzymes had the highest catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) for MHQ, and therefore, we named PcHGD1 and PcHGD2 as MHQ dioxygenases 1 and 2 (PcMHQD1 and PcMHQD2), respectively, from P. chrysosporium. This is the first study to identify and characterize MHQ and DMHQ dioxygenase activities in members of the HGD superfamily. These findings highlight the unique and broad substrate spectra of PcHGDs, rendering them attractive candidates for biotechnological applications.IMPORTANCEThis study aimed to elucidate the properties of enzymes responsible for degrading lignin, a dominant natural polymer in terrestrial lignocellulosic biomass. We focused on two homogentisate dioxygenase (HGD) homologs from the white-rot fungus, P. chrysosporium, and investigated their roles in the degradation of lignin-derived aromatic compounds. In the P. chrysosporium genome database, PcMHQD1 and PcMHQD2 were annotated as HGDs that could cleave the aromatic rings of methoxyhydroquinone (MHQ) and dimethoxyhydroquinone (DMHQ) with a preference for MHQ. These findings suggest that MHQD1 and/or MHQD2 play important roles in the degradation of lignin-derived aromatic compounds by P. chrysosporium. The preference of PcMHQDs for MHQ and DMHQ not only highlights their potential for biotechnological applications but also underscores their critical role in understanding lignin degradation by a representative of white-rot fungus, P. chrysosporium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kato
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | - Keisuke Ohashi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Koki Nakamura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kiyota Sakai
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chiaki Hori
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Masashi Kato
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
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Gómez D, Acosta J, López-Sandoval H, Torres-Palma RA, Ávila-Torres Y. Enantioselective Biomimetic Structures Inspired by Oxi-Dase-Type Metalloenzymes, Utilizing Polynuclear Compounds Containing Copper (II) and Manganese (II) Ions as Building Blocks. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:423. [PMID: 37754174 PMCID: PMC10527443 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8050423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study focuses on developing and evaluating two novel enantioselective biomimetic models for the active centers of oxidases (ascorbate oxidase and catalase). These models aim to serve as alternatives to enzymes, which often have limited action and a delicate nature. For the ascorbate oxidase (AO) model (compound 1), two enantiomers, S,S(+)cpse and R,R(-)cpse, were combined in a crystalline structure, resulting in a racemic compound. The analysis of their magnetic properties and electrochemical behavior revealed electronic transfer between six metal centers. Compound 1 effectively catalyzed the oxidation of ascorbic to dehydroascorbic acid, showing a 45.5% yield for the racemic form. This was notably higher than the enantiopure compounds synthesized previously and tested in the current report, which exhibited yields of 32% and 28% for the S,S(+)cpse and R,R(-)cpse enantiomers, respectively. This outcome highlights the influence of electronic interactions between metal ions in the racemic compound compared to pure enantiomers. On the other hand, for the catalase model (compound 2), both the compound and its enantiomer displayed polymeric properties and dimeric behavior in the solid and solution states, respectively. Compound 2 proved to be effective in catalyzing the oxidation of hydrogen peroxide to oxygen with a yield of 64.7%. In contrast, its enantiomer (with R,R(-)cpse) achieved only a 27% yield. This further validates the functional nature of the prepared biomimetic models for oxidases. This research underscores the importance of understanding and designing biomimetic models of metalloenzyme active centers for both biological and industrial applications. These models show promising potential as viable alternatives to natural enzymes in various processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Gómez
- Facultad de Tecnologías, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira 660003, Colombia; (D.G.); (J.A.)
| | - Jorge Acosta
- Facultad de Tecnologías, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira 660003, Colombia; (D.G.); (J.A.)
| | - Horacio López-Sandoval
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.U., Coyoacán, México City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Ricardo A. Torres-Palma
- Grupo de Investigación en Remediación Ambiental y Biocatálisis (GIRAB), Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 50010, Colombia;
| | - Yenny Ávila-Torres
- Grupo de Investigación en Remediación Ambiental y Biocatálisis (GIRAB), Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 50010, Colombia;
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Duran K, Magnin J, America AH, Peng M, Hilgers R, de Vries RP, Baars JJ, van Berkel WJ, Kuyper TW, Kabel MA. The secretome of Agaricus bisporus: Temporal dynamics of plant polysaccharides and lignin degradation. iScience 2023; 26:107087. [PMID: 37426348 PMCID: PMC10329178 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite substantial lignocellulose conversion during mycelial growth, previous transcriptome and proteome studies have not yet revealed how secretomes from the edible mushroom Agaricus bisporus develop and whether they modify lignin models in vitro. To clarify these aspects, A. bisporus secretomes collected throughout a 15-day industrial substrate production and from axenic lab-cultures were subjected to proteomics, and tested on polysaccharides and lignin models. Secretomes (day 6-15) comprised A. bisporus endo-acting and substituent-removing glycoside hydrolases, whereas β-xylosidase and glucosidase activities gradually decreased. Laccases appeared from day 6 onwards. From day 10 onwards, many oxidoreductases were found, with numerous multicopper oxidases (MCO), aryl alcohol oxidases (AAO), glyoxal oxidases (GLOX), a manganese peroxidase (MnP), and unspecific peroxygenases (UPO). Secretomes modified dimeric lignin models, thereby catalyzing syringylglycerol-β-guaiacyl ether (SBG) cleavage, guaiacylglycerol-β-guaiacyl ether (GBG) polymerization, and non-phenolic veratrylglycerol-β-guaiacyl ether (VBG) oxidation. We explored A. bisporus secretomes and insights obtained can help to better understand biomass valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Duran
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Joris Magnin
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Antoine H.P. America
- Bioscience, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mao Peng
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Roelant Hilgers
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald P. de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Johan J.P. Baars
- CNC Grondstoffen, Driekronenstraat 6, 6596 MA Milsbeek, the Netherlands
| | - Willem J.H. van Berkel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas W. Kuyper
- Soil Biology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A. Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Suzuki H, Mori R, Kato M, Shimizu M. Biochemical characterization of hydroquinone hydroxylase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium. J Biosci Bioeng 2023; 135:17-24. [PMID: 36344390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium can degrade lignin polymers using extracellular, non-specific, one-electron oxidizing enzymes. This results in the formation of guaiacyl (G), syringyl (S), and hydroxyphenyl (H) units, such as vanillic acid, syringic acid, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (p-HBA) and the corresponding aldehydes, which are further metabolized intracellularly. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify proteins involved in the hydroxylation of H-unit fragments such as p-HBA and its decarboxylated product hydroquinone (HQ) in P. chrysosporium. A flavoprotein monooxygenase (FPMO), PcFPMO2, was identified and its activity was characterized. Recombinant PcFPMO2 with an N-terminal polyhistidine tag was produced in Escherichia coli and purified. In the presence of NADPH, PcFPMO2 used six phenolic compounds as substrates. PcFPMO2 catalyzed the hydroxylation of the H-unit fragments such as p-HBA and HQ, and the G-unit derivative methoxyhydroquinone (MHQ). The highest catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) was observed with HQ, indicating that PcFPMO2 could be involved in HQ hydroxylation in vivo. Additionally, PcFPMO2 converted MHQ to 3-, 5-, and 6-methoxy-1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene (3-, 5-, and 6-MTHB), respectively, suggesting that PcFPMO2 might partially be involved in MHQ degradation, following aromatic ring fission, via three MTHBs. FPMOs are divided into eight groups (groups A to H). This is the first study to show MHQ hydroxylase activity of a FPMO-group A superfamily member. These findings highlight the unique substrate spectrum of PcFPMO2, making it an attractive candidate for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Suzuki
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8502, Japan
| | - Reini Mori
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8502, Japan
| | - Masashi Kato
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8502, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Shimizu
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8502, Japan.
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Shao Q, Li X, Chen Y, Zhang Z, Cui Y, Fan H, Wei D. Investigations on the Fusants From Wide Cross Between White-Rot Fungi and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Reveal Unknown Lignin Degradation Mechanism. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:935462. [PMID: 35898904 PMCID: PMC9310788 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.935462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The degradation of lignocellulose by fungi, especially white-rot fungi, contributes a lot to carbon cycle, bio-fuel production, and many other bio-based applications. However, the existing enzymatic and non-enzymatic degradation mechanisms cannot be unequivocally supported by in vitro simulation experiment, meaning that additional mechanisms might exist. Right now, it is still very difficult to discover new mechanisms with traditional forward genetic approaches. To disclose novel lignin degradation mechanisms in white-rot fungi, a series of fusants from wide cross by protoplast fusion between Pleurotus ostreatus, a well-known lignin-degrading fungus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a well-known model organism unable to degrade lignocellulose, was investigated regarding their abilities to degrade lignin. By analyzing the activity of traditional lignin-degrading enzyme, the ability to utilize pure lignin compounds and degrade corn stalk, a fusant D1-P was screened out and proved not to contain well-recognized lignin-degrading enzyme genes by whole-genome sequencing. Further investigation with two-dimension nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) shows that D1-P was found to be able to degrade the main lignin structure β-O-4 linkage, leading to reduced level of this structure like that of the wild-type strain P. ostreatus after a 30-day semi-solid fermentation. It was also found that D1-P shows a degradation preference to β-O-4 linkage in Aβ(S)-threo. Therefore, wide cross between white-rot fungi and S. cerevisiae provides a powerful tool to uncover novel lignocellulose degradation mechanism that will contribute to green utilization of lignocellulose to produce bio-fuel and related bio-based refinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Shao
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Institute of Agro-Products Preservation and Processing Technology, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Institute of Agro-Products Preservation and Processing Technology, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Yong Cui
- Tianjin Tianren Century Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Huan Fan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Dongsheng Wei
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Characterization of two 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene 1,2-dioxygenases from Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:4499-4509. [PMID: 35687156 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Lignin is the most abundant aromatic compound in nature, and it plays an important role in the carbon cycle. White-rot fungi are microbes that are capable of efficiently degrading lignin. Enzymes from these fungi possess exceptional oxidative potential and have gained increasing importance for improving bioprocesses, such as the degradation of organic pollutants. The aim of this study was to identify the enzymes involved in the ring cleavage of the lignin-derived aromatic 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene (THB) in Phanerochaete chrysosporium, a lignin-degrading basidiomycete. Two intradiol dioxygenases (IDDs), PcIDD1 and PcIDD2, were identified and produced as recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli. In the presence of O2, PcIDD1 and PcIDD2 acted on eight and two THB derivatives, respectively, as substrates. PcIDD1 and PcIDD2 catalyze the ring cleavage of lignin-derived fragments, such as 6-methoxy-1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene (6-MeOTHB) and 3-methoxy-1,2-catechol. The current study also revealed that syringic acid (SA) was converted to 5-hydroxyvanillic acid, 2,6-dimethoxyhydroquinone, and 6-MeOTHB by fungal cells, suggesting that PcIDD1 and PcIDD2 may be involved in aromatic ring fission of 6-MeOTHB for SA degradation. This is the first study to show 6-MeOTHB dioxygenase activity of an IDD superfamily member. These findings highlight the unique and broad substrate spectra of PcIDDs, rendering it an attractive candidate for biotechnological application. KEY POINTS: • Novel intradiol dioxygenases (IDD) in lignin degradation were characterized. • PcIDDs acted on lignin-derived fragments and catechol derivatives. • Dioxygenase activity on 6-MeOTHB was identified in IDD superfamily enzymes.
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Kamei I, Tomitaka N, Taichi, Motoda, Yamasaki Y. Selective Homologous Expression of Recombinant Manganese Peroxidase Isozyme of Salt-Tolerant White-Rot Fungus Phlebia sp. MG-60, and Its Salt-Tolerance and Thermostability. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:248-255. [PMID: 34949746 PMCID: PMC9628849 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2108.08042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Phlebia sp. MG-60 is the salt-tolerant, white-rot fungus which was isolated from a mangrove forest. This fungus expresses three kinds of manganese peroxidase (MGMnP) isozymes, MGMnP1, MGMnP2 and MGMnP3 in low nitrogen medium (LNM) or LNM containing NaCl. To date, there have been no reports on the biochemical salt-tolerance of these MnP isozymes due to the difficulty of purification. In present study, we established forced expression transformants of these three types of MnP isozymes. In addition, the fact that this fungus hardly produces native MnP in a high-nitrogen medium (HNM) was used to perform isozyme-selective expression and simple purification in HNM. The resulting MGMnPs showed high tolerance for NaCl compared with the MnP of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. It was worth noting that high concentration of NaCl (over 200 mM to 1200 mM) can enhance the activity of MGMnP1. Additionally, MGMnP1 showed relatively high thermo tolerance compared with other isozymes. MGMnPs may have evolved to adapt to chloride-rich environments, mangrove forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Kamei
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1, Gakuen-kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan,Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1, Gakuen-kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan,Corresponding author Phone: +81-985-58-7181 Fax: +81-985-58-7181 E-mail:
| | - Nana Tomitaka
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1, Gakuen-kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Taichi
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1, Gakuen-kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Motoda
- Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1, Gakuen-kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yumi Yamasaki
- Faculty of Regional Innovation, University of Miyazaki, 1-1, Gakuen-kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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Blaschek L, Pesquet E. Phenoloxidases in Plants-How Structural Diversity Enables Functional Specificity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:754601. [PMID: 34659324 PMCID: PMC8517187 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.754601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of polyphenolic polymers is essential to the development and response to environmental changes of organisms from all kingdoms of life, but shows particular diversity in plants. In contrast to other biopolymers, whose polymerisation is catalysed by homologous gene families, polyphenolic metabolism depends on phenoloxidases, a group of heterogeneous oxidases that share little beyond the eponymous common substrate. In this review, we provide an overview of the differences and similarities between phenoloxidases in their protein structure, reaction mechanism, substrate specificity, and functional roles. Using the example of laccases (LACs), we also performed a meta-analysis of enzyme kinetics, a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis and machine-learning based protein structure modelling to link functions, evolution, and structures in this group of phenoloxidases. With these approaches, we generated a framework to explain the reported functional differences between paralogs, while also hinting at the likely diversity of yet undescribed LAC functions. Altogether, this review provides a basis to better understand the functional overlaps and specificities between and within the three major families of phenoloxidases, their evolutionary trajectories, and their importance for plant primary and secondary metabolism.
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Nowak M, Zawadzka K, Lisowska K. Occurrence of methylisothiazolinone in water and soil samples in Poland and its biodegradation by Phanerochaete chrysosporium. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 254:126723. [PMID: 32334247 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Methylisothiazolinone is a commonly used biocide that is released into natural environments. In this work, the ability of the fungal strain Phanerochaete chrysosporium DSM 1556 to biotransform this compound was evaluated. The tested strain was able to remove MIT (at concentrations 50 μg L-1 and 30 mg L-1) from the growth medium with the efficiency 90% after the first 6 h and 100% after 12 h of incubation. Moreover, for the first time, qualitative LC-MS/MS and GC-MS analysis showed monohydroxylated and dihydroxylated methylisothiazolinone and N-methylmalonamic acid as the main products of fungal biodegradation. The ecological toxicity of the tested biocide and its derivatives was also evaluated by using an acute toxicity test with Daphnia magna. An approximately 90% decrease in the toxicity of metabolites formed in the P. chrysosporium culture was noticed. The concentration of MIT in soil and water samples collected in Poland was assessed for the first time. The analysis showed that the selected locations in Poland are contaminated by MIT in the range from 1.04-10.08 μg L-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Nowak
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha Street, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Zawadzka
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha Street, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Lisowska
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha Street, 90-237, Lodz, Poland.
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12
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Li F, Di L, Liu Y, Xiao Q, Zhang X, Ma F, Yu H. Carbaryl biodegradation by Xylaria sp. BNL1 and its metabolic pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 167:331-337. [PMID: 30359899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although ascomycetes occupy a vaster niche in soil than the well-studied basidiomycetes, they have received limited attention in studies related to bioremediation. In this study, the degradation of carbaryl by Xylaria sp. was studied in different culture conditions and its possible metabolic pathway was elucidated. In liquid culture, 99% of the added carbaryl was eliminated when cytochrome P450 (CYP450) was active, which was similar to the degradation rate of Pleurotus ostreatus, a fungus with strong bioremediation ability. Mn2+ is beneficial to the degradation of carbaryl. Compared to the 72.17% degradation rate in sterile soil, 59.0% carbaryl was eliminated in non-sterile soil, which suggested that Xylaria sp. BNL1 can resist microorganismal infection. Furthermore, the intracellular fractions containing laccase, CYP450, and carbaryl esterase efficiently degraded carbaryl. The presence of carbaryl metabolites suggested that Xylaria sp. BNL1 initiated its attack on carbaryl via carbaryl esterase to release α-naphthol, which was further degraded to 1,4-naphthoquinone and benzoic acid by CYP450 and laccase. Thus, our study highlights the potential of using Xylaria sp. for bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lin Di
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qiuyun Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Fuying Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Hongbo Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Abstract
Depolymerizing lignin, the complex phenolic polymer fortifying plant cell walls, is an essential but challenging starting point for the lignocellulosics industries. The variety of ether- and carbon-carbon interunit linkages produced via radical coupling during lignification limit chemical and biological depolymerization efficiency. In an ancient fungus-cultivating termite system, we reveal unprecedentedly rapid lignin depolymerization and degradation by combining laboratory feeding experiments, lignocellulosic compositional measurements, electron microscopy, 2D-NMR, and thermochemolysis. In a gut transit time of under 3.5 h, in young worker termites, poplar lignin sidechains are extensively cleaved and the polymer is significantly depleted, leaving a residue almost completely devoid of various condensed units that are traditionally recognized to be the most recalcitrant. Subsequently, the fungus-comb microbiome preferentially uses xylose and cleaves polysaccharides, thus facilitating final utilization of easily digestible oligosaccharides by old worker termites. This complementary symbiotic pretreatment process in the fungus-growing termite symbiosis reveals a previously unappreciated natural system for efficient lignocellulose degradation.
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Abdel-Hamid AM, Solbiati JO, Cann IKO. Insights into lignin degradation and its potential industrial applications. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2016; 82:1-28. [PMID: 23415151 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407679-2.00001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lignocellulose is an abundant biomass that provides an alternative source for the production of renewable fuels and chemicals. The depolymerization of the carbohydrate polymers in lignocellulosic biomass is hindered by lignin, which is recalcitrant to chemical and biological degradation due to its complex chemical structure and linkage heterogeneity. The role of fungi in delignification due to the production of extracellular oxidative enzymes has been studied more extensively than that of bacteria. The two major groups of enzymes that are involved in lignin degradation are heme peroxidases and laccases. Lignin-degrading peroxidases include lignin peroxidase (LiP), manganese peroxidase (MnP), versatile peroxidase (VP), and dye-decolorizing peroxidase (DyP). LiP, MnP, and VP are class II extracellular fungal peroxidases that belong to the plant and microbial peroxidases superfamily. LiPs are strong oxidants with high-redox potential that oxidize the major non-phenolic structures of lignin. MnP is an Mn-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of various phenolic substrates but is not capable of oxidizing the more recalcitrant non-phenolic lignin. VP enzymes combine the catalytic activities of both MnP and LiP and are able to oxidize Mn(2+) like MnP, and non-phenolic compounds like LiP. DyPs occur in both fungi and bacteria and are members of a new superfamily of heme peroxidases called DyPs. DyP enzymes oxidize high-redox potential anthraquinone dyes and were recently reported to oxidize lignin model compounds. The second major group of lignin-degrading enzymes, laccases, are found in plants, fungi, and bacteria and belong to the multicopper oxidase superfamily. They catalyze a one-electron oxidation with the concomitant four-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to water. Fungal laccases can oxidize phenolic lignin model compounds and have higher redox potential than bacterial laccases. In the presence of redox mediators, fungal laccases can oxidize non-phenolic lignin model compounds. In addition to the peroxidases and laccases, fungi produce other accessory oxidases such as aryl-alcohol oxidase and the glyoxal oxidase that generate the hydrogen peroxide required by the peroxidases. Lignin-degrading enzymes have attracted the attention for their valuable biotechnological applications especially in the pretreatment of recalcitrant lignocellulosic biomass for biofuel production. The use of lignin-degrading enzymes has been studied in various applications such as paper industry, textile industry, wastewater treatment and the degradation of herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Abdel-Hamid
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of Illinois, IL, USA; Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, IL, USA
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Hatakeyama M, Kitaoka T, Ichinose H. Heterologous expression of fungal cytochromes P450 (CYP5136A1 and CYP5136A3) from the white-rot basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium: Functionalization with cytochrome b5 in Escherichia coli. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 89:7-14. [PMID: 27233123 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 from the white-rot basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium, CYP5136A1 and CYP5136A3, are capable of catalyzing oxygenation reactions of a wide variety of exogenous compounds, implying their significant roles in the metabolism of xenobiotics by the fungus. It is therefore interesting to explore their biochemistry to better understand fungal biology and to enable the use of fungal enzymes in the biotechnology sector. In the present study, we developed heterologous expression systems for CYP5136A1 and CYP5136A3 using the T7 RNA polymerase/promoter system in Escherichia coli. Expression levels of recombinant P450s were dramatically improved by modifications and optimization of their N-terminal amino acid sequences. A CYP5136A1 reaction system was reconstructed in E. coli whole cells by coexpression of CYP5136A1 and a redox partner, NADPH-dependent P450 reductase (CPR). The catalytic activity of CYP5136A1 was significantly increased when cytochrome b5 (Cyt-b5) was further coexpressed with CPR, indicating that Cyt-b5 supports electron transfer reactions from NAD(P)H to CYP5136A1. Notably, P450 reaction occurred in E. coli cells that harbored CYP5136A1 and Cyt-b5 but not CPR, implying that the reducing equivalents required for the P450 catalytic cycle were transferred via a CPR-independent pathway. Such an "alternative" electron transfer system in CYP5136A1 reaction was also demonstrated using purified enzymes in vitro. The fungal P450 reaction system may be associated with sophisticated electron transfer pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Hatakeyama
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-(1) Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
| | - Takuya Kitaoka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-(1) Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
| | - Hirofumi Ichinose
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-(1) Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
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Golan-Rozen N, Seiwert B, Riemenschneider C, Reemtsma T, Chefetz B, Hadar Y. Transformation Pathways of the Recalcitrant Pharmaceutical Compound Carbamazepine by the White-Rot Fungus Pleurotus ostreatus: Effects of Growth Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:12351-62. [PMID: 26418858 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The widely used anticonvulsant pharmaceutical carbamazepine is recalcitrant in many environmental niches and thus poses a challenge in wastewater treatment. We followed the decomposition of carbamazepine by the white-rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus in liquid culture compared to solid-state fermentation on lignocellulosic substrate where different enzymatic systems are active. Carbamazepine metabolites were identified using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS). In liquid culture, carbamazepine was only transformed to 10,11-epoxy carbamazepine and 10,11-dihydroxy carbamazepine as a dead-end product. During solid-state fermentation, carbamazepine metabolism resulted in the generation of an additional 22 transformation products, some of which are toxic. Under solid-state-fermentation conditions, 10,11-epoxy carbamazepine was further metabolized via acridine and 10,11-dihydroxy carbamazepine pathways. The latter was further metabolized via five subpathways. When (14)C-carbonyl-labeled carbamazepine was used as the substrate, (14)C-CO2 release amounted to 17.4% of the initial radioactivity after 63 days of incubation. The proposed pathways were validated using metabolites (10,11-epoxy carbamazepine, 10,11-dihydroxy carbamazepine, and acridine) as primary substrates and following their fate at different time points. This work highlights the effect of growth conditions on the transformation pathways of xenobiotics. A better understanding of the fate of pollutants during bioremediation treatments is important for establishment of such technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bettina Seiwert
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christina Riemenschneider
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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Imami A, Riemer S, Schulze M, Amelung F, Gorshkov V, Rühl M, Ammenn J, Zorn H. Depolymerization of lignosulfonates by submerged cultures of the basidiomycete Irpex consors and cloning of a putative versatile peroxidase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2015; 81:8-15. [PMID: 26453467 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lignosulfonates are abundantly available byproducts of the paper and pulping industry, and they therefore represent a promising feedstock for new sustainable processes. For industrial applications of lignosulfonates, their molecular weight distribution is a critical factor. In order to decrease the average molecular weight of lignosulfonates, Seventeen basidiomycetes were screened for their capability to depolymerize lignosulfonates from spent sulfite liquor (SSL) in surface and liquid cultures. Five basidiomycetes polymerized the lignosulfonates under the selected conditions. Only Irpex consors was found to efficiently degrade calcium lignosulfonates when SSL (0.5%, w/w) was used as the sole carbon and nitrogen source. The average molecular weight of the lignosulfonates was reduced from ∼26 to ∼4 kDa as determined by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) within two weeks. Various extracellular enzyme activities of I. consors were determined over the culture period. High peroxidase activities were correlating with a high degradation rate and the culture was harvested at the day of highest peroxidase activity. A putative versatile peroxidase was isolated by fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) and its encoding cDNA was cloned.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Imami
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - S Riemer
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - M Schulze
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - F Amelung
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - V Gorshkov
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstraße 60, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - M Rühl
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - J Ammenn
- BASF SE, G-EVX/LAD-G100, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - H Zorn
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Pollegioni L, Tonin F, Rosini E. Lignin-degrading enzymes. FEBS J 2015; 282:1190-213. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Loredano Pollegioni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita; Università degli studi dell'Insubria; Varese Italy
- The Protein Factory; Centro Interuniversitario di Biotecnologie Proteiche; Politecnico di Milano; ICRM CNR Milano; Università degli Studi dell'Insubria; Italy
| | - Fabio Tonin
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita; Università degli studi dell'Insubria; Varese Italy
| | - Elena Rosini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita; Università degli studi dell'Insubria; Varese Italy
- The Protein Factory; Centro Interuniversitario di Biotecnologie Proteiche; Politecnico di Milano; ICRM CNR Milano; Università degli Studi dell'Insubria; Italy
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Ligninolytic Enzymes for Water Depollution, Coal Breakdown, and Paper Industry. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY FOR A SUSTAINABLE WORLD 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-11906-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Yehia RS. Aflatoxin detoxification by manganese peroxidase purified from Pleurotus ostreatus. Braz J Microbiol 2014; 45:127-33. [PMID: 24948923 PMCID: PMC4059287 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822014005000026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Manganese peroxidase (MnP) was produced from white rot edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus on the culture filtrate. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity using (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, DEAE-Sepharose and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography. The final enzyme activity achieved 81 U mL(-1), specific activity 78 U mg(-1) with purification fold of 130 and recovery 1.2% of the crude enzyme. SDS-PAGE indicated that the pure enzyme have a molecular mass of approximately 42 kDa. The optimum pH was between 4-5 and the optimum temperature was 25 °C. The pure MnP activity was enhanced by Mn(2+), Cu(2+), Ca(2+) and K(+) and inhibited by Hg(+2) and Cd(+2). H2O2 at 5 mM enhanced MnP activity while at 10 mM inhibited it significantly. The MnP-cDNA encoding gene was sequenced and determined (GenBank accession no. AB698450.1). The MnP-cDNA was found to consist of 497 bp in an Open Reading Frame (ORF) encoding 165 amino acids. MnP from P. ostreatus could detoxify aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) depending on enzyme concentration and incubation period. The highest detoxification power (90%) was observed after 48 h incubation at 1.5 U mL(-1) enzyme activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramy Sayed Yehia
- Department of Botany Faculty of Science Cairo University Giza Egypt
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Zhou LW, Wei YL, Dai YC. Phylogenetic analysis of ligninolytic peroxidases: preliminary insights into the alternation of white-rot and brown-rot fungi in their lineage. Mycology 2014; 5:29-42. [PMID: 24772372 PMCID: PMC3979444 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2014.895784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
White-rot and brown-rot fungi employ different mechanisms to degrade lignocellulose. These fungi are not monophyletic and even alternate in their common lineage. To explore the reason for this, seventy-six ligninolytic peroxidases (LPs), including 14 sequences newly identified from available basidiomycetous whole-genome and EST databases in this study, were utilized for phylogenetic and selective pressure analyses. We demonstrate that LPs were subjected to the mixed process of concerted and birth-and-death evolution. After the duplication events of original LPs, various LP types may originate from mutation events of several key residues driven by positive selection, which may change LP types and even rot types in a small fraction of wood-decaying fungi. Our findings provide preliminary insights into the cause for the alternation of the two fungal rot types within the same lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Forest and Soil Ecology, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Lian Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Forest and Soil Ecology, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Cheng Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Forest and Soil Ecology, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, P. R. China
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Lv Y, Chen Y, Sun S, Hu Y. Interaction among multiple microorganisms and effects of nitrogen and carbon supplementations on lignin degradation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 155:144-151. [PMID: 24445191 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The mutual interactions among the consortium constructed by four indigenous bacteria and five inter-kingdom fusants and the effects of nitrogen and carbon supplementations on lignin degradation and laccase activity were investigated. Analyzed by Plackett-Burman and central composite design, the microbial consortium were optimized, Bacillus sp. (B) and PE-9 and Pseudomonas putida (Pp) and PE-9 had significant interactions on lignin degradation based on a 5% level of significance. The nitrogen and carbon supplementations played an important role in lignin degradation and laccase production. The ultimate lignin degradation efficiency of 96.0% and laccase activity of 268U/L were obtained with 0.5g/L of ammonium chloride and 2g/L of sucrose. Results suggested that a stable and effective microbial consortium in alkalescent conditions was successfully achieved through the introduction of fusants, which was significant for its industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuancai Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, College of Light Industry and Food Science, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yuancai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, College of Light Industry and Food Science, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecological Remediation for Industrial Agglomeration Area, College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Shiying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, College of Light Industry and Food Science, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yongyou Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, College of Light Industry and Food Science, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecological Remediation for Industrial Agglomeration Area, College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Temporal alterations in the secretome of the selective ligninolytic fungus Ceriporiopsis subvermispora during growth on aspen wood reveal this organism's strategy for degrading lignocellulose. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:2062-70. [PMID: 24441164 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03652-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The white-rot basidiomycetes efficiently degrade all wood cell wall polymers. Generally, these fungi simultaneously degrade cellulose and lignin, but certain organisms, such as Ceriporiopsis subvermispora, selectively remove lignin in advance of cellulose degradation. However, relatively little is known about the mechanism of selective ligninolysis. To address this issue, C. subvermispora was grown in liquid medium containing ball-milled aspen, and nano-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify and estimate extracellular protein abundance over time. Several manganese peroxidases and an aryl alcohol oxidase, both associated with lignin degradation, were identified after 3 days of incubation. A glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 51 arabinofuranosidase was also identified after 3 days but then successively decreased in later samples. Several enzymes related to cellulose and xylan degradation, such as GH10 endoxylanase, GH5_5 endoglucanase, and GH7 cellobiohydrolase, were detected after 5 days. Peptides corresponding to potential cellulose-degrading enzymes GH12, GH45, lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase, and cellobiose dehydrogenase were most abundant after 7 days. This sequential production of enzymes provides a mechanism consistent with selective ligninolysis by C. subvermispora.
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Isikhuemhen OS, Mikiashvili NA, Senwo ZN, Ohimain EI. Biodegradation and Sugar Release from Canola Plant Biomass by Selected White Rot Fungi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/abc.2014.46045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Daniel G. Fungal and Bacterial Biodegradation: White Rots, Brown Rots, Soft Rots, and Bacteria. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2014-1158.ch002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Daniel
- Department of Forest Products/Wood Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7008, Uppsala, Sweden
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Wang C, Qian C, Roman M, Glasser WG, Esker AR. Surface-Initiated Dehydrogenative Polymerization of Monolignols: A Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation Monitoring and Atomic Force Microscopy Study. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:3964-72. [DOI: 10.1021/bm401084h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Departments of †Chemistry and ‡Sustainable Biomaterials, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Chen Qian
- Departments of †Chemistry and ‡Sustainable Biomaterials, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Maren Roman
- Departments of †Chemistry and ‡Sustainable Biomaterials, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Wolfgang G. Glasser
- Departments of †Chemistry and ‡Sustainable Biomaterials, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Alan R. Esker
- Departments of †Chemistry and ‡Sustainable Biomaterials, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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Tsujiyama SI, Ueno H. Performance of wood-rotting fungi-based enzymes on enzymic saccharification of rice straw. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:2841-2848. [PMID: 23450755 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For effective saccharification of rice straw we focused on enzyme preparations from wood-rotting fungi that have the ability to degrade cell wall polysaccharides and lignin. We tested extracellular enzyme preparations from 14 species of fungi for saccharification activity and examined the factor for saccharification by statistical analysis. RESULTS An enzyme preparation from Schizophyllum commune had the highest saccharification activity of rice straw. This preparation contained highly active endo-β-xylanase, endo-β-glucanase (CMCase), β-d-glucosidase and acetylxylan esterase. Correlation analysis of the 14 enzyme preparations demonstrated that acetylxylan esterase was closely related to saccharification activity in rice straw. Multiple regression analysis also showed that acetylxylan esterase had an important role in saccharification. Ligninolytic enzymes, which are characteristic of white-rot fungi, did not contribute to saccharification activity of rice straw. CONCLUSION Deacetylation is an essential factor for saccharification of rice straw and enzyme preparations for saccharification need to contain highly active acetylxylan esterase as well as highly active cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes, but not ligninolytic ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho-Ichi Tsujiyama
- Laboratory of Chemistry for Forest Bioresources, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
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Manganese Peroxidase H4 Isozyme Mediated Degradation and Detoxification of Triarylmethane Dye Malachite Green: Optimization of Decolorization by Response Surface Methodology. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 171:1178-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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31
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Sekhohola LM, Igbinigie EE, Cowan AK. Biological degradation and solubilisation of coal. Biodegradation 2012; 24:305-18. [PMID: 23001629 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-012-9594-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on ligninolytic fungi, soil bacteria, plants and root exudates in the degradation and solubilisation of low grade and waste coal and the interaction between these mutualistic biocatalysts. Coal represents a considerable portion of the total global fossil fuel reserve and continued demand for, and supply of this resource generates vast quantities of spoil and low grade waste. Large scale bioremediation technologies for the beneficiation of waste coal have unfortunately not yet been realised despite the many discoveries of microorganisms capable of lignite, lignin, and humic acid breakdown. Even so, solubilisation and depolymerization of low grade coal appears to involve either ligninolytic enzyme action or the production of alkaline substances or both. While the precise mechanism of coal biosolubilisation is unclear, a model for the phyto-biodegradation of low rank coal by mutualistic interaction between ligninolytic microorganisms and higher plants is proposed. Based on accumulated evidence this model suggests that solubilisation and degradation of lignite and waste coals commences upon plant root exudate and ligninolytic microorganism interaction, which is mutualistic, and includes soil bacteria and both mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal fungi. It is envisaged that this model and its further elaboration will aid in the development of functional technologies for commercial bioremediation of coal mine spoils, contribute to soil formation, and the overall biogeochemistry of organic carbon in the global ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lerato M Sekhohola
- Institute for Environmental Biotechnology, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
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32
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Liang H, Gao DW, Zeng YG. Effects of phosphorus concentration on the growth and enzyme production of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 107:535-538. [PMID: 22248801 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.12.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The effects of different phosphorus concentrations in culture media on the growth and enzyme production of Phanerochaete chrysosporium was investigated at a glucose concentration of 10 g L(-1). The results showed that the optimal KH(2)PO(4) concentration was 2.0 g L(-1). Optimal phosphorus content not only supported robust growth of P. chrysosporium, but also helped produce higher yields of manganese-dependent peroxidase (MnP) (324.9 U L(-1)). In addition, the results revealed that a relationship between the consumption of total phosphorus (TP) and fungal growth and enzyme production existed in P. chrysosporium cultures. Over a range of 0-0.5 g L(-1) KH(2)PO(4) concentration in the medium, the biomass and MnP activity increased in proportion to phosphorus concentration. When the KH(2)PO(4) concentration reached 0.5 g L(-1), it was generally found that the increase in biomass gradually slowed down, while MnP production decreased greatly with an increase in phosphorus concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
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33
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Association of polymorphism of the β(1, 4)-galactosyltransferase-I gene with milk production traits in Holsteins. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:6715-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1495-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Abstract
Over the past three decades, the activities of four kinds of enzyme have been purported to furnish the mechanistic foundations for macromolecular lignin depolymerization in decaying plant cell walls. The pertinent fungal enzymes comprise lignin peroxidase (with a relatively high redox potential), manganese peroxidase, an alkyl aryl etherase, and laccase. The peroxidases and laccase, but not the etherase, are expressed extracellularly by white-rot fungi. A number of these microorganisms exhibit a marked preference toward lignin in their degradation of lignocellulose. Interestingly, some white-rot fungi secrete both kinds of peroxidase but no laccase, while others that are equally effective express extracellular laccase activity but no peroxidases. Actually, none of these enzymes has been reported to possess significant depolymerase activity toward macromolecular lignin substrates that are derived with little chemical modification from the native biopolymer. Here, the assays commonly employed for monitoring the traditional fungal peroxidases, alkyl aryl etherase, and laccase are described in their respective contexts. A soluble native polymeric substrate that can be isolated directly from a conventional milled-wood lignin preparation is characterized in relation to its utility in next-generation lignin-depolymerase assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-ru Chen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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35
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Flavin-containing monooxygenases from Phanerochaete chrysosporium responsible for fungal metabolism of phenolic compounds. Biodegradation 2011; 23:343-50. [PMID: 22102096 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-011-9521-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the cellular responses of the white-rot basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium against vanillin. Based upon a proteomic survey, it was demonstrated that two flavin-containing monooxygenases (PcFMO1 and PcFMO2) are translationally up-regulated in response to exogenous addition of vanillin. To elucidate their catalytic functions, we cloned cDNAs and heterologously expressed them in Escherichia coli. The recombinant PcFMO1 showed catalytic activities against monocyclic phenols such as phenol, hydroquinone, and 4-chlorophenol. In addition, the product from hydroquinone was identified as 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene, an important intermediate in a metabolic pathway of aromatic compounds in which the aromatic ring of 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene can be further cleaved by fungal dioxygenases for mineralization. Thus, the ortho-cleavage pathway of phenolic compounds would presumably be associated with PcFMO1.
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36
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Bugg TDH, Ahmad M, Hardiman EM, Rahmanpour R. Pathways for degradation of lignin in bacteria and fungi. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:1883-96. [PMID: 21918777 DOI: 10.1039/c1np00042j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 457] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lignin is a heterogeneous aromatic polymer found as 10-35% of lignocellulose, found in plant cell walls. The bio-conversion of plant lignocellulose to glucose is an important part of second generation biofuel production, but the resistance of lignin to breakdown is a major obstacle in this process, hence there is considerable interest in the microbial breakdown of lignin. White-rot fungi are known to break down lignin with the aid of extracellular peroxidase and laccase enzymes. There are also reports of bacteria that can degrade lignin, and recent work indicates that bacterial lignin breakdown may be more significant than previously thought. The review will discuss the enzymes for lignin breakdown in fungi and bacteria, and the catabolic pathways for breakdown of the β-aryl ether, biphenyl and other components of lignin in bacteria and fungi. The review will also discuss small molecule phenolic breakdown products from lignin that have been identified from lignin-degrading microbes, and includes a bioinformatic analysis of the occurrence of known lignin-degradation pathways in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
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37
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Yin Y, Guo J, Zheng L, Tian L, Wang X. Capability of polychlorinated biophenyl (PCBs) degrading fungi segregated from sediments. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-011-0728-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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38
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Insight into functional diversity of cytochrome P450 in the white-rot basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium: Involvement of versatile monooxygenase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 407:118-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.02.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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39
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Rüttimann-Johnson C, Salas L, Vicuña R, Kirk TK. Extracellular Enzyme Production and Synthetic Lignin Mineralization by Ceriporiopsis subvermispora. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 59:1792-7. [PMID: 16348955 PMCID: PMC182163 DOI: 10.1128/aem.59.6.1792-1797.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of the white rot fungus Ceriporiopsis subvermispora to mineralize C-synthetic lignin was studied under different culture conditions, and the levels of two extracellular enzymes were monitored. The highest mineralization rates (28% after 28 days) were obtained in cultures containing a growth-limiting amount of nitrogen source (1.0 mM ammonium tartrate); under this condition, the levels of manganese peroxidase (MnP) and laccase present in the culture supernatant solutions were very low compared with cultures containing 10 mM of the nitrogen source. In contrast, cultures containing a limiting concentration of the carbon source (0.1% glucose) showed low levels of both enzymes and also very low mineralization rates compared with cultures containing 1% glucose. Cultures containing 11 ppm of Mn(II) showed a higher rate of mineralization than those containing 0.3 or 40 ppm of this cation. Levels of MnP and laccase were higher when 40 ppm of Mn(II) was used. Mineralization rates were slightly higher in cultures flushed daily with oxygen, whereas laccase levels were lower and MnP levels were approximately the same as in cultures maintained under an air atmosphere. The presence of 0.4 mM veratryl alcohol reduced both mineralization rates and MnP levels, without affecting laccase levels. Lignin peroxidase activity was not detected under any condition. Addition of purified lignin peroxidase to the cultures in the presence or absence of veratryl alcohol did not enhance mineralization rates significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rüttimann-Johnson
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile, and Institute for Microbial and Biochemical Technology, Forest Products Laboratory, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2398
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40
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Harazono K, Kondo R, Sakai K. Bleaching of Hardwood Kraft Pulp with Manganese Peroxidase from Phanerochaete sordida YK-624 without Addition of MnSO(inf4). Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 62:913-7. [PMID: 16535279 PMCID: PMC1388804 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.3.913-917.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro bleaching of an unbleached hardwood kraft pulp was performed with partially purified manganese peroxidase (MnP) from the fungus Phanerochaete sordida YK-624 without the addition of MnSO(inf4) in the presence of oxalate, malonate, or gluconate as manganese chelator. When the pulp was treated without the addition of MnSO(inf4), the pulp brightness increased by about 10 points in the presence of 2 mM oxalate, but the brightness did not significantly increase in the presence of 50 mM malonate, a good manganese chelator. Residual MnP activity decreased faster during the bleaching with MnP without MnSO(inf4) in the presence of malonate than in the presence of oxalate. Oxalate reduced MnO(inf2) which already existed in the pulp or was produced from Mn(sup2+) by oxidation with MnP and thus supplied Mn(sup2+) to the MnP system. The presence of gluconate, produced by the H(inf2)O(inf2)-generating enzyme glucose oxidase, also improved the pulp brightness without the addition of MnSO(inf4), although treatment with gluconate was inferior to that with oxalate with regard to increase of brightness. It can be concluded that bleaching of hardwood kraft pulp with MnP, using manganese originally existing in the pulp, is possible in the presence of oxalate, a good manganese chelator and reducing reagent.
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41
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Moreira MT, Feijoo G, Sierra-Alvarez R, Lema J, Field JA. Manganese Is Not Required for Biobleaching of Oxygen-Delignified Kraft Pulp by the White Rot Fungus Bjerkandera sp. Strain BOS55. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 63:1749-55. [PMID: 16535591 PMCID: PMC1389146 DOI: 10.1128/aem.63.5.1749-1755.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The white rot fungus Bjerkandera sp. strain BOS55 extensively delignified and bleached oxygen-delignified eucalyptus kraft pulp handsheets. Biologically mediated brightness gains of up to 14 ISO (International Standards Organization units) were obtained, providing high final brightness values of up to 80% ISO. In nitrogen-limited cultures (2.2 mM N), manganese (Mn) greatly improved manganese-dependent peroxidase (MnP) production. However, the biobleaching was not affected by the Mn nutrient regimen, ranging from 1,000 (mu)M added Mn to below the detection limit of 0.26 (mu)M Mn in EDTA-extracted pulp medium. The lowest Mn concentration tested was at least several orders of magnitude lower than the K(infm) known for MnP. Consequently, it was concluded that Mn is not required for biobleaching in Bjerkandera sp. strain BOS55. Nonetheless, fast protein liquid chromatography profiles indicated that MnP was the predominant oxidative enzyme produced even under culture conditions in the near absence of manganese. High nitrogen (22 mM N) and exogenous veratryl alcohol (2 mM) repressed biobleaching in Mn-deficient but not in Mn-sufficient culture medium. No correlation was observed between the titers of extracellular peroxidases and the biobleaching. However, the decolorization rate of the polyaromatic dye Poly R-478 was moderately correlated to the biobleaching under a wide range of Mn and N nutrient regimens.
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42
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Brown JA, Li D, Alic M, Gold MH. Heat Shock Induction of Manganese Peroxidase Gene Transcription in Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 59:4295-9. [PMID: 16349125 PMCID: PMC195899 DOI: 10.1128/aem.59.12.4295-4299.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of manganese peroxidase (MnP) in nitrogen-limited cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium is regulated by heat shock at the level of gene transcription. Nitrogen limitation and manganous ion [Mn(II)] previously have been shown to regulate mnp gene transcription. Northern (RNA) blot analysis demonstrates that 45 degrees C heat shock results in the accumulation of mnp mRNA, even in cells grown in the absence of Mn. Heat shock induces mnp gene transcription in 4- or 5-day-old cells, and mnp mRNA is detectable after 15 min at 45 degrees C. Maximum accumulation of mnp mRNA is observed 1 to 2 h after transfer of cultures to 45 degrees C. Two hours after heat shock-induced cultures grown in the absence of Mn are transferred back to 37 degrees C, mnp mRNA is no longer detectable. Higher levels of mnp mRNA are obtained with simultaneous induction by Mn and heat shock than by either treatment alone. Neither MnP enzyme activity nor protein is detectable in heat-shocked cultures grown in the absence of Mn. However, higher MnP activity is found in the extracellular medium of cultures induced by both heat shock and Mn than in the medium of cultures induced by Mn alone. These results suggest that the putative heat shock elements found in the promoter region of the mnp genes are physiologically functional and that Mn may be required for a posttranscriptional step of MnP production under heat shock conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Oregon Graduate Institute of Science & Technology, P.O. Box 9100, Portland, Oregon 97291-1000
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43
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Brock BJ, Rieble S, Gold MH. Purification and Characterization of a 1,4-Benzoquinone Reductase from the Basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 61:3076-81. [PMID: 16535104 PMCID: PMC1388558 DOI: 10.1128/aem.61.8.3076-3081.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An intracellular, soluble 1,4-benzoquinone reductase was purified from agitated cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium and characterized. The quinone reductase was expressed in cultures grown under both nitrogen-sufficient and nitrogen-limiting (12 and 1.2 mM ammonium tartrate) conditions. The protein was purified to homogeneity by using ammonium sulfate fractionation, hydrophobic interaction, and ion-exchange and blue-agarose affinity chromatographies. The native flavin mononucleotide-containing protein, pI 4.3, has a molecular mass of 44 kDa as determined by gel filtration. The protein has a subunit molecular mass of ;sim22 kDa as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The quinone reductase exhibits a broad pH optimum between 5.0 and 6.5 and a temperature optimum of 30(deg)C. The enzyme catalyzes the two-electron reduction of several quinones and other electron acceptors utilizing either NADH or NADPH as an electron donor. The apparent K(infm) for 2-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone is 2.4 (mu)M, and the apparent k(infcat) is 4.4 x 10(sup5) s(sup-1). Enzyme activity is strongly inhibited by Cibacron blue 3GA and by dicumarol.
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44
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Sayadi S, Ellouz R. Roles of Lignin Peroxidase and Manganese Peroxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium in the Decolorization of Olive Mill Wastewaters. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 61:1098-103. [PMID: 16534959 PMCID: PMC1388391 DOI: 10.1128/aem.61.3.1098-1103.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative contributions of lignin peroxidase (LiP) and manganese peroxidase (MnP) to the decolorization of olive mill wastewaters (OMW) by Phanerochaete chrysosporium were investigated. A relatively low level (25%) of OMW decolorization was found with P. chrysosporium which was grown in a medium with a high Mn(II) concentration and in which a high level of MnP (0.65 (mu)M) was produced. In contrast, a high degree of OMW decolorization (more than 70%) was observed with P. chrysosporium which was grown in a medium with a low Mn(II) concentration but which resulted in a high level of LiP activity (0.3 (mu)M). In this culture medium, increasing the Mn(II) concentration resulted in decreased levels of OMW decolorization and LiP activity. Decolorization by reconstituted cultures of P. chrysosporium was found to be more enhanced by the addition of isolated LiP than by the addition of isolated MnP. The highest OMW decolorization levels were obtained at low initial chemical oxygen demands combined with high levels of extracellular LiP. These data, plus the positive effect of veratryl alcohol on OMW decolorization and LiP activity, indicate that culture conditions which yield high levels of LiP activity lead to high levels of OMW decolorization.
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45
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Camarero S, Bockle B, Martinez MJ, Martinez AT. Manganese-Mediated Lignin Degradation by Pleurotus pulmonarius. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 62:1070-2. [PMID: 16535257 PMCID: PMC1388814 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.3.1070-1072.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleurotus pulmonarius produced the strongest degradation of lignin during solid-state fermentation of [(sup14)C]lignin wheat straw with different fungi. A manganese-oxidizing peroxidase seemed to be involved in lignin attack, since the addition of Mn(sup2+) to the culture increased lignin mineralization by ca. 125%. This enzyme was purified and characterized from both solid-state fermentation and liquid cultures.
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46
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Mercer DK, Iqbal M, Miller P, McCarthy AJ. Screening actinomycetes for extracellular peroxidase activity. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 62:2186-90. [PMID: 16535344 PMCID: PMC1388882 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.6.2186-2190.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A diverse collection of actinomycete strains were screened for production of extracellular peroxidase activity by adapting a chemiluminescence analysis system developed for horseradish peroxidase-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Extracellular peroxidase activity was found to be common but quantitatively variable, and this rapid and sensitive screening system permitted identification of a small group of high-producing strains. A range of spectrophotometric assays were compared for the measurement of peroxidase activity in concentrated culture supernatants of two selected thermophilic streptomycetes. Of these, the peroxide-dependent oxidation of 2,4-dichlorophenol was identified as the most robust and reproducible assay for quantitative studies.
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47
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Kondo R, Kurashiki K, Sakai K. In vitro bleaching of hardwood kraft pulp by extracellular enzymes excreted from white rot fungi in a cultivation system using a membrane filter. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 60:921-6. [PMID: 16349219 PMCID: PMC201411 DOI: 10.1128/aem.60.3.921-926.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To clarify the role of excreted extracellular enzymes during long-term incubation in a pulp biobleaching system with white rot fungi, we developed a cultivation system in which a membrane filter is used; this membrane filter can prevent direct contact between hyphae and kraft pulp, but allows extracellular enzymes to attack the kraft pulp. Phanerochaete sordida YK-624 brightened the pulp 21.4 points to 54.0% brightness after a 5-day in vitro treatment; this value was significantly higher than the values obtained with Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Coriolus versicolor after a 7-day treatment. Our results indicate that cell-free, membrane-filtered components from the in vitro bleaching system are capable of delignifying unbleached kraft pulp. Obvious candidates for filterable reagents capable of delignifying and bleaching kraft pulp are peroxidase and phenoloxidase proteins. The level of secreted manganese peroxidase activity in the filterable components was substantial during strain YK-624 in vitro bleaching. A positive correlation between the level of manganese peroxidase and brightening of the pulp was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kondo
- Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812, Japan
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48
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Bonnen AM, Anton LH, Orth AB. Lignin-Degrading Enzymes of the Commercial Button Mushroom, Agaricus bisporus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 60:960-5. [PMID: 16349223 PMCID: PMC201417 DOI: 10.1128/aem.60.3.960-965.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Agaricus bisporus, grown under standard composting conditions, was evaluated for its ability to produce lignin-degrading peroxidases, which have been shown to have an integral role in lignin degradation by wood-rotting fungi. The activity of manganese peroxidase was monitored throughout the production cycle of the fungus, from the time of colonization of the compost through the development of fruit bodies. Characterization of the enzyme was done with a crude compost extract. Manganese peroxidase was found to have a pI of 3.5 and a pH optimum of 5.4 to 5.5, with maximal activity during the initial stages of fruiting (pin stage). The activity declined considerably with fruit body maturation (first break). This apparent developmentally regulated pattern parallels that observed for laccase activity and for degradation of radiolabeled lignin and synthetic lignins by A. bisporus. Lignin peroxidase activity was not detected in the compost extracts. The correlation between the activities of manganese peroxidase and laccase and the degradation of lignin in A. bisporus suggests significant roles for these two enzymes in lignin degradation by this fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Bonnen
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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49
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Jensen KA, Evans KM, Kirk TK, Hammel KE. Biosynthetic Pathway for Veratryl Alcohol in the Ligninolytic Fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 60:709-14. [PMID: 16349197 PMCID: PMC201370 DOI: 10.1128/aem.60.2.709-714.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Veratryl alcohol (VA) is a secondary metabolite of white-rot fungi that produce the ligninolytic enzyme lignin peroxidase. VA stabilizes lignin peroxidase, promotes the ability of this enzyme to oxidize a variety of physiological substrates, and is accordingly thought to play a significant role in fungal ligninolysis. Pulse-labeling and isotope-trapping experiments have now clarified the pathway for VA biosynthesis in the white-rot basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The pulse-labeling data, obtained with C-labeled phenylalanine, cinnamic acid, benzoic acid, and benzaldehyde, showed that radiocarbon labeling followed a reproducible sequence: it peaked first in cinnamate, then in benzoate and benzaldehyde, and finally in VA. Phenylalanine, cinnamate, benzoate, and benzaldehyde were all efficient precursors of VA in vivo. The isotope-trapping experiments showed that exogenous, unlabeled benzoate and benzaldehyde were effective traps of phenylalanine-derived C. These results support a pathway in which VA biosynthesis proceeds as follows: phenylalanine --> cinnamate --> benzoate and/or benzaldehyde --> VA.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Jensen
- Forest Products Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
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Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases involved in anthracene metabolism by the white-rot basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 87:1907-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2616-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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