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Elias MG, Fatima S, Mann TJ, Karan S, Mikhael M, de Souza P, Gordon CP, Scott KF, Aldrich-Wright JR. Anticancer Effect of Pt IIPHEN SS, Pt II5ME SS, Pt II56ME SS and Their Platinum(IV)-Dihydroxy Derivatives against Triple-Negative Breast Cancer and Cisplatin-Resistant Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2544. [PMID: 39061185 PMCID: PMC11274883 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16142544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Development of resistance to cisplatin, oxaliplatin and carboplatin remains a challenge for their use as chemotherapies, particularly in breast and colorectal cancer. Here, we compare the anticancer effect of novel complexes [Pt(1,10-phenanthroline)(1S,2S-diaminocyclohexane)](NO3)2 (PtIIPHENSS), [Pt(5-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline)(1S,2S-diaminocyclohexane)](NO3)2 (PtII5MESS) and [Pt(5,6-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)(1S,2S-diaminocyclohexane)](NO3)2 (PtII56MESS) and their platinum(IV)-dihydroxy derivatives with cisplatin. Complexes are greater than 11-fold more potent than cisplatin in both 2D and 3D cell line cultures with increased selectivity for cancer cells over genetically stable cells. ICP-MS studies showed cellular uptake occurred through an active transport mechanism with considerably altered platinum concentrations found in the cytoskeleton across all complexes after 24 h. Significant reactive oxygen species generation was observed, with reduced mitochondrial membrane potential at 72 h of treatment. Late apoptosis/necrosis was shown by Annexin V-FITC/PI flow cytometry assay, accompanied by increased sub-G0/G1 cells compared with untreated cells. An increase in S and G2+M cells was seen with all complexes. Treatment resulted in significant changes in actin and tubulin staining. Intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis markers, MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT activation markers, together with autophagy markers showed significant activation of these pathways by Western blot. The proteomic profile investigated post-72 h of treatment identified 1597 MDA-MB-231 and 1859 HT29 proteins quantified by mass spectroscopy, with several differentially expressed proteins relative to no treatment. GO enrichment analysis revealed a statistically significant enrichment of RNA/DNA-associated proteins in both the cell lines and specific additional processes for individual drugs. This study shows that these novel agents function as multi-mechanistic chemotherapeutics, offering promising anticancer potential, and thereby supporting further research into their application as cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria George Elias
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia; (M.G.E.); (S.K.); (M.M.); (C.P.G.)
- Medical Oncology, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia; (S.F.); (T.J.M.)
| | - Shadma Fatima
- Medical Oncology, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia; (S.F.); (T.J.M.)
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Timothy J. Mann
- Medical Oncology, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia; (S.F.); (T.J.M.)
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Shawan Karan
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia; (M.G.E.); (S.K.); (M.M.); (C.P.G.)
| | - Meena Mikhael
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia; (M.G.E.); (S.K.); (M.M.); (C.P.G.)
| | - Paul de Souza
- Nepean Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Kingswood, NSW 2747, Australia;
| | - Christopher P. Gordon
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia; (M.G.E.); (S.K.); (M.M.); (C.P.G.)
| | - Kieran F. Scott
- Medical Oncology, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia; (S.F.); (T.J.M.)
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Janice R. Aldrich-Wright
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia; (M.G.E.); (S.K.); (M.M.); (C.P.G.)
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia
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Mandal B, Pramanik A, Sarkar D, Haldar A, Das D, Saha R, Mandal D, Bhattacharyya S. Novel Octahedral Nickel (II) Complex with Flexible Piperazinyl Moiety Exhibits Potent Cytotoxic Effect Along with Anti-Migratory and Anti-Metastatic Effect on Human Cancer Cells. ChemMedChem 2024:e202300728. [PMID: 38757641 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Synthesis of non-platinum transition metal complexes with N,O donor chelating ligand for application against pathogenesis of cancer with higher efficacy and selectivity is currently an important field of research. We assessed the anti-cancer effect of a mixed ligand Ni(II) complex on human breast and lung cancer cell lines in this investigation. Mononuclear mixed ligand octahedral Ni(II) complex [NiIIL(NO3)(MeOH)] complex (1), with tri-dentate phenol-based ligand 2,4-dichloro-6-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl) methyl) phenol (HL) along with methanol and nitrate as ancillary ligand was prepared. Piperazine moiety of the ligand exists as boat conformation in this complex as revealed from single crystal X-ray study. UV-visible spectrum of complex (1) exhibits three distinct d-d bands due to spin-allowed 3 A2 g→3T1 g (P), 3 A2 g→3T1 g(F) and 3 A2 g→3T2 g(F) transitions as expected in an octahedral d8 system. Our study revealed that Complex (1) induces apoptotic cell death in mouse and human cancer cells such as mcf-7, A549 and MDA-MB-231 through transactivation of p53 and its pro-apoptotic downstream targets in a dose dependent manner. Furthermore, complex (1) was able to slow the migratory rate of MDA-MB-231 cells' in vitro as well as epithelia -mesenchymal transition (EMT), the key step for metastatic transition and malignancy. Over all our results suggest complex (1) as a potential agent in anti-tumor treatment regimen showing both cytotoxic and anti-metastatic activity against malignant neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikramaditya Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector-81, Knowledge City, Manauli, -140306, India
| | - Anik Pramanik
- Immunobiology and translational medicine laboratory, Department of Zoology, Sidho Kanho Birsha University, Purulia, 723104, West Bengal, India
| | - Debanjan Sarkar
- Immunobiology and translational medicine laboratory, Department of Zoology, Sidho Kanho Birsha University, Purulia, 723104, West Bengal, India
| | - Anwesha Haldar
- Department of Chemistry, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Purulia, 723104, West Bengal, India
| | - Dona Das
- Immunobiology and translational medicine laboratory, Department of Zoology, Sidho Kanho Birsha University, Purulia, 723104, West Bengal, India
| | - Rajat Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, Paschim Bardhaman, -713340, West Bengal, India
| | - Debdas Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Purulia, 723104, West Bengal, India
| | - Sankar Bhattacharyya
- Immunobiology and translational medicine laboratory, Department of Zoology, Sidho Kanho Birsha University, Purulia, 723104, West Bengal, India
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Sharma T, Kavita, Mishra BB, Variyar PS. Detection of gamma radiation processed onion during storage using propidium iodide based fluorescence microscopy. Food Chem 2023; 398:133928. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hongna C, Junmei S, Leyuan T, Xiaori H, Guolin L, Xianguo C. Exogenous Spermidine Priming Mitigates the Osmotic Damage in Germinating Seeds of Leymus chinensis Under Salt-Alkali Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:701538. [PMID: 34721448 PMCID: PMC8548376 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.701538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Spermidine (Spd) is known to protect macromolecules involved in physiological and biochemical processes in plants. However, it is possible that Spd also plays an osmotic regulatory role in promoting the seed germination of Leymus chinensis (L. chinensis) under salt-alkali stress. To investigate this further, seeds of L. chinensis were soaked in Spd solution or distilled water, and a culture experiment was performed by sowing the soaked seeds in saline-alkaline soils. The data showed that the Spd priming resulted in an increase of more than 50% in soluble sugar content and an increase of more than 30% in proline content in the germinating seeds. In addition, the Spd priming resulted in an increase of more than 30% in catalase activity and an increase of more than 25% in peroxidase activity in the germinating seeds and effectively mitigated the oxidative damage to the plasma membrane in the germinating seeds under salt-alkali stress. Moreover, the Spd priming of seeds affected the accumulation of polyamine (PA) and maintained the activities of macromolecules involved in physiological metabolism in germinating seeds exposed to salt-alkali stress. Furthermore, the Spd priming treatment increased the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) level to more than 30% and the Ca2+ concentration to more than 20% in the germinating seeds, thus breaking the dormancy induction pathways in L. chinensis seeds through beneficial hormone enrichment. This study provides an insight into the Spd-mediated regulation pathway during exogenous Spd priming of L. chinensis seeds, which mitigates osmotic and oxidative damage and maintains the integrality of the cell lipid membrane. Thus, exogenous Spd priming increases PA oxidase activity and maintains the accumulation of H2O2. We found that the H2O2 beneficially affected the balance of Ca2+ and hormones, promoting the vigor and germination of L. chinensis in response to salt-alkali stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Hongna
- Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Biology, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shi Junmei
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tao Leyuan
- Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Biology, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Han Xiaori
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lin Guolin
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Cheng Xianguo
- Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Biology, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Cheng Xianguo,
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Kumar S, Yeo D, Harur Muralidharan N, Lai SK, Tong C, Tan BH, Sugrue RJ. Impaired Nuclear Export of the Ribonucleoprotein Complex and Virus-Induced Cytotoxicity Combine to Restrict Propagation of the A/Duck/Malaysia/02/2001 (H9N2) Virus in Human Airway Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020355. [PMID: 32028682 PMCID: PMC7072679 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, (A549) cells impaired H9N2 virus nuclear export of the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex contrasted with the early and efficient nuclear export of the H1N1/WSN and pH1N1 virus RNP complexes. Although nuclear export of the RNP complex occurred via the nuclear pore complex, H9N2 virus infection also induced modifications in the nuclear envelope and induced cell cytotoxicity. Reduced PA protein levels in H9N2 virus-infected A549 cells occurred, and this phenomenon was independent of virus infection. Silencing the H1N1/WSN PA protein expression leads to impaired nuclear export of RNP complexes, suggesting that the impaired nuclear export of the H9N2 virus RNP complex may be one of the consequences of reduced PA protein levels. Early and efficient export of the RNP complex occurred in H9N2 virus-infected avian (CEF) cells, although structural changes in the nuclear envelope also occurred. Collectively our data suggest that a combination of delayed nuclear export and virus-induced cell cytotoxicity restricts H9N2 virus transmission in A549 cells. However, the early and efficient export of the RNP complex mitigated the effects of virus-induced cytotoxicity on H9N2 virus transmission in CEF cells. Our findings highlight the multi-factorial nature of host-adaptation of the polymerase proteins of avian influenza viruses in non-avian cell environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Kumar
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; (S.K.); (D.Y.); (N.H.M.); (S.K.L.); (C.T.)
| | - Dawn Yeo
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; (S.K.); (D.Y.); (N.H.M.); (S.K.L.); (C.T.)
- Detection and Diagnostics Laboratory, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore 117510, Singapore;
| | - Nisha Harur Muralidharan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; (S.K.); (D.Y.); (N.H.M.); (S.K.L.); (C.T.)
| | - Soak Kuan Lai
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; (S.K.); (D.Y.); (N.H.M.); (S.K.L.); (C.T.)
| | - Cathlyn Tong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; (S.K.); (D.Y.); (N.H.M.); (S.K.L.); (C.T.)
| | - Boon Huan Tan
- Detection and Diagnostics Laboratory, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore 117510, Singapore;
| | - Richard J. Sugrue
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; (S.K.); (D.Y.); (N.H.M.); (S.K.L.); (C.T.)
- Correspondence:
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Suvarnapathaki S, Nguyen MA, Wu X, Nukavarapu SP, Camci-Unal G. Synthesis and characterization of photocrosslinkable hydrogels from bovine skin gelatin. RSC Adv 2019; 9:13016-13025. [PMID: 35520789 PMCID: PMC9063771 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00655a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels that mimic native tissues chemically and structurally have been increasingly sought for a wide variety of tissue engineering applications. Gelatin can be naturally derived from different sources and functionalized to fabricate hydrogels that exhibit high cytocompatibility and favorable biodegradable properties. The amino groups on the gelatin backbone can be substituted by adding varying proportions of methacrylic anhydride (MAA) to create biomimetic hydrogels which can be used as tissue engineering scaffolds. Gelatin from different sources yields hydrogels with distinctive physical, chemical, and biological properties. In this work, gelatin from bovine skin was used to fabricate hydrogels with varying degrees of crosslinking content using 1, 4, 7, and 10 mL MAA. The material properties of these hydrogels were characterized. The cytocompatibility of the gelatin-based hydrogels was studied using L6 rat myoblasts. The hydrogels from bovine skin gelatin exhibit mechanical properties that are conducive for applications which require substrates to propagate cell growth, migration, and proliferation rapidly. These hydrogels exhibit exceptional tunability behavior which makes them useful and applicable to culture different cell types. Gelatin from bovine skin was chemically modified to synthesize biocompatible photolabile hydrogels for tissue engineering applications.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanika Suvarnapathaki
- Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology Program
- University of Massachusetts Lowell
- Lowell
- USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering
| | - Michelle A. Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Massachusetts Lowell
- Lowell
- USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
| | - Xinchen Wu
- Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology Program
- University of Massachusetts Lowell
- Lowell
- USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering
| | | | - Gulden Camci-Unal
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Massachusetts Lowell
- Lowell
- USA
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Thammasit P, Sangboonruang S, Suwanpairoj S, Khamaikawin W, Intasai N, Kasinrerk W, Tayapiwatana C, Tragoolpua K. Intracellular Acidosis Promotes Mitochondrial Apoptosis Pathway: Role of EMMPRIN Down-regulation via Specific Single-chain Fv Intrabody. J Cancer 2015; 6:276-86. [PMID: 25663946 PMCID: PMC4317764 DOI: 10.7150/jca.10879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) is a human leukocyte surface molecule that is enriched on the surface of many cancer cells, and it plays an important role in proliferation and metastasis. In this study, we utilized the chimeric adenoviral vector Ad5/F35 carrying gene encoding scFv against EMMPRIN (scFv-M6-1B9) to down-regulate EMMPRIN cell surface expression and investigated programmed cell death response in colorectal cancer (CRC) cell, Caco-2. The scFv-M6-1B9 intrabody exhibits robust activity in reducing EMMPRIN cell surface expression. This approach led to the inducing of apoptosis, which was relative to the increasing of apoptotic bodies in sub-G1 peak, phosphatidylserine externalization, as well as TUNEL-positive cells. In addition, real-time RT-PCR and western blotting analysis indicated that apoptosis was enhanced through the mitochondrial pathway, a marked reduction of Bcl-2, leading to the translocation of cytochrome c and also the dramatic activation of caspase-3. Moreover, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a tumor marker for CRC, was found to have significantly diminished in both secreted protein and mRNA levels. In conclusion, these findings suggest that EMMPRIN down-regulation by scFv-M6-1B9 intrabody has great potential in enhancing the efficacy of apoptosis induction through the mitochondrial pathway and in effecting a decline in the CEA level. Thus, its benefits could be applied to project the future prospects for targeted gene therapy and therapeutic application in monitoring colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patcharin Thammasit
- 1. Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sirikwan Sangboonruang
- 1. Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Supattara Suwanpairoj
- 2. Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Wannisa Khamaikawin
- 2. Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nutjeera Intasai
- 3. Division of Clinical Microscopy, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Watchara Kasinrerk
- 2. Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand ; 4. Biomedical Technology Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency at the Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chatchai Tayapiwatana
- 2. Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand ; 4. Biomedical Technology Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency at the Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand ; 5. BioMedical Engineering Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Khajornsak Tragoolpua
- 1. Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Deshmukh R, Trivedi V. Methemoglobin exposure produces toxicological effects in macrophages due to multiple ROS spike induced apoptosis. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 27:16-23. [PMID: 23041250 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are an integral part of the immune system, required to produce a robust immune response against an infectious organism. Presence of methemoglobin in body fluids such as blood, cerebrospinal fluid and urine is associated with tissue damage. We tested cytotoxic effects of MetHb and underlying molecular events in mouse macrophage cell line J774A.1. MetHb exposure dose dependently reduced macrophage viability in an MTT assay. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observation of MetHb treated macrophage indicated death (less number of cells per field), severe damage to membrane structure and accumulation of particulate matter in the cytosol. The macrophage death during MetHb exposure was due to induction of apoptosis as indicated by annexin-V/FITC staining and DNA fragmentation analysis. MetHb treatment generated a periodic ROS spikes with time in the macrophage cytosol to develop oxidative stress. Scavenging ROS spikes with NAC, mannitol or PBN dose dependently protected macrophages against MetHb induced toxicity, apoptosis and cellular membrane damage. Our work highlighted the contributions of MetHb mediated toxicity toward macrophage and its potential role in tissue damage and immune depression during malaria and other hemolytic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohitas Deshmukh
- Malaria Research Group, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
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Gong X, Schwartz PH, Linskey ME, Bota DA. Neural stem/progenitors and glioma stem-like cells have differential sensitivity to chemotherapy. Neurology 2011; 76:1126-34. [PMID: 21346220 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e318212a89f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES New data suggest that glioma stem-like cells (GSCs) and neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs) may share common origins. GSCs drive tumor proliferation and appear to be resistant to classic chemotherapy, while the effects of chemotherapy on NSCs are not well studied. As the role of NSCs in learning and memory is increasingly recognized, we need to identify drugs that reduce neurotoxicity but are still effective against glial tumors. METHODS We treated 3 human NSC cultures and multiple low- and high-grade GSC cultures with the commonly used agents temozolomide (TMZ) and cisplatin (CIS), and with 2 newer, promising drugs: the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (BTZ) and the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor erlotinib (ERL). We measured cell survival, proliferation, cell death induction, and drug resistance markers. RESULTS TMZ decreased NSC viability, while minimally affecting GSCs. TMZ induced NSC death, which was partially compensated for by increased proliferation. CIS had similar effects. The NSC's sensitivity to TMZ and CIS correlated with low expression of the multidrug resistance gene ABCG2, but not of MGMT or MSH1/MLH2. BTZ caused an 80%decrease in GSCs, while minimally affecting NSCs. GSCs had lower proteasome levels and activity after BTZ treatment. ERL treatment also decreased GSC numbers, but not NSC viability, which correlated with low EGFR expression in NSCs compared to GSCs. CONCLUSIONS Newer chemotherapy agents ERL and BTZ are effective against GSCs yet produce minimal effects on NSCs, while the older drugs TMZ and CIS are more toxic for NSCs than for GSCs. The identification and testing of more selective drugs is clearly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Gong
- Department of Neurology, UC Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA, USA
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Mannell H, Hellwig N, Gloe T, Plank C, Sohn HY, Groesser L, Walzog B, Pohl U, Krotz F. Inhibition of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 suppresses angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. J Vasc Res 2007; 45:153-63. [PMID: 17962719 DOI: 10.1159/000110081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2007] [Accepted: 08/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell survival is indispensable to maintain endothelial integrity and initiate new vessel formation. We investigated the role of SHP-2 in endothelial cell survival and angiogenesis in vitro as well as in vivo. SHP-2 function in cultured human umbilical vein and human dermal microvascular endothelial cells was inhibited by either silencing the protein expression with antisense-oligodesoxynucleotides or treatment with a pharmacological inhibitor (PtpI IV). SHP-2 inhibition impaired capillary-like structure formation (p < 0.01; n = 8) in vitro as well as new vessel growth ex vivo(p < 0.05; n = 10) and in vivo in the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (p < 0.01, n = 4). Additionally, SHP-2 knock-down abrogated fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2)-dependent endothelial proliferation measured by MTT reduction (p < 0.01; n = 12). The inhibitory effect of SHP-2 knock-down on vessel growth was mediated by increased endothelial apoptosis (annexin V staining, p < 0.05, n = 9), which was associated with reduced FGF-2-induced phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K), Akt and extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and involved diminished ERK1/2 phosphorylation after PI3-K inhibition (n = 3). These results suggest that SHP-2 regulates endothelial cell survival through PI3-K-Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways thereby strongly affecting new vessel formation. Thus, SHP-2 exhibits a pivotal role in angiogenesis and may represent an interesting target for therapeutic approaches controlling vessel growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Mannell
- Institute of Physiology, Medical Policlinic, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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Bashamboo A, Taylor AH, Samuel K, Panthier JJ, Whetton AD, Forrester LM. The survival of differentiating embryonic stem cells is dependent on the SCF-KIT pathway. J Cell Sci 2006; 119:3039-46. [PMID: 16820414 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The stem cell factor (SCF)-KIT signal transduction pathway plays a role in the proliferation, differentiation and survival of a range of stem and progenitor cell types but little is known about its function in embryonic stem (ES) cells. We generated ES cells carrying a null allele of Kit as well as a knock-in allele that encodes an SCF-independent hybrid KIT receptor that can be activated by the FKBP binding drug, AP20187. KIT null ES cells die when induced to differentiate upon withdrawal of leukaemia inhibitory factor in monolayer culture. This phenotype is recapitulated in wild-type ES cells treated with a KIT-neutralising antibody and reversed in mutant cells by activation of the hybrid KIT receptor. Differentiating KIT null ES cells exhibit elevated levels of DNA laddering and reduced BCL2 expression, indicative of apoptosis. We conclude that mouse ES cell differentiation in vitro is dependent on the SCF-KIT pathway contrasting with the apparently normal differentiation of KIT null inner cell mass or epiblast cells in vivo. This discrepancy could be explained by the presence of compensatory signals in the embryo or it could lend support to the idea of a phenotypic relationship between ES cells and early germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Bashamboo
- John Hughes Bennett Laboratory, Edinburgh Cancer Centre, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
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Echigo R, Mochizuki M, Nishimura R, Sasaki N. Suppressive Effect of Hyaluronan on Chondrocyte Apoptosis in Experimentally Induced Acute Ostaoarthritis in Dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2006; 68:899-902. [PMID: 16953097 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.68.899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs receiving anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) were treated with either intravenous (IV) or intraarticular (IA) administration of hyaluronan (HA), and differences in appearance of chondrocyte apoptosis of the stifle joint were investigated. Chondrocyte apoptosis was detected using flow cytometry as well as by staining with TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL). The percentage of apoptotic chondrocytes in dogs with ACLT was significantly higher than that in intact (non-ACLT) dogs. Dogs treated with IA or IV injection of HA after ACLT had fewer apoptotic chondrocytes than non-treated dogs after ACLT. It was suggested that ACLT-induced apoptosis of chondrocytes was suppressed by HA administration of either IA or IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Echigo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Rossi ML, Marziliano N, Merlini PA, Bramucci E, Canosi U, Belli G, Parenti DZ, Mannucci PM, Ardissino D. Different quantitative apoptotic traits in coronary atherosclerotic plaques from patients with stable angina pectoris and acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 2004; 110:1767-73. [PMID: 15364800 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000142865.04816.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptosis in human atherosclerotic coronary plaques possibly causes plaque destabilization by contributing to the weakening and breaking down of the fibrous cap. We tested the hypothesis that apoptosis is quantitatively increased in unstable atherosclerotic plaques. METHODS AND RESULTS We analyzed the expression of apoptotic genes such as BAX, CASP1, FAS, FAS L, FOS, MDM2, NFkB2, P53, PCNA, TERT, and XRCC1 in coronary plaques collected with directional coronary atherectomy from 15 patients with stable angina and 15 with acute coronary syndromes without ST elevation (ACS). Total RNA was extracted and cDNA was amplified with a specific set of primers and TaqMan probes. Apoptosis was also revealed by DNA laddering. To clarify the source of mRNAs, we performed in situ reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction coupled with immunocytochemistry and found a substantial overlap between the mRNAs of the above genes and vascular smooth muscle cells. Gene expression analysis showed that the proapoptotic genes (ie, BAX, CASP1, FAS, FAS L, FOS, NFkB2, P53, PCNA) were significantly more expressed (P<0.001) in ACS plaques, whereas the antiapoptotic genes (ie, MDM2, TERT, XRCC1) were more transcribed (P<0.001) in stable angina plaques. Total gDNA gel electrophoresis identified a laddering pattern in the ACS plaques as evidence of end-point apoptosis. Western blotting substantially confirmed the above data. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the idea that ACS plaques are committed to apoptosis through an established meshwork of gene activation and inactivation, whereas stable angina plaques retain active cell homeostasis and repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco L Rossi
- Division of Cardiology, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Milan, Italy.
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14
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Canon NR, Tell LA, Needham ML, Gardner IA. Flow cytometric analysis of nuclear DNA for sex identification in three psittacine species. Am J Vet Res 2000; 61:847-50. [PMID: 10895912 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate flow cytometric analysis for sex identification in 3 psittacine species, establish reference values for blood cell DNA content for each species, and determine effects of sample storage on DNA content. ANIMALS 36 orange-winged Amazon parrots, 41 budgerigars, and 39 cockatiels. PROCEDURE Blood samples were stained and analyzed by use of flow cytometry to measure cellular DNA content. Samples were analyzed immediately after collection and after being stored at 4 C for 48 and 72 hours. RESULTS Mean DNA content (picograms per cell) was 3.248 for Amazon parrots, 2.702 for budgerigars, and 2.946 for cockatiels; DNA concentrations in samples analyzed immediately overlapped in a male and a female Amazon parrot and among 19 cockatiels. For budgerigars, DNA overlap between sexes was not detected in samples analyzed immediately or after storage for 72 hours. Sex was identified correctly in 94.4% of Amazon parrots, 100% of budgerigars, and 51.3% of cockatiels. For both sexes, DNA content in samples analyzed immediately was significantly different from that of stored samples. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Flow cytometric analysis was accurate for sex identification of Amazon parrots and budgerigars. Sample storage at 4 C for 48 or 72 hours caused variability in DNA content.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Canon
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
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15
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Matteucci C, Grelli S, De Smaele E, Fontana C, Mastino A. Identification of nuclei from apoptotic, necrotic, and viable lymphoid cells by using multiparameter flow cytometry. CYTOMETRY 1999; 35:145-53. [PMID: 10554170 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0320(19990201)35:2<145::aid-cyto6>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methods widely used to detect apoptosis do not allow us to easily distinguish between nuclei from viable or necrotic cells. Even if apoptosis and necrosis seem to occur as alternatives at the single cell level, they could be present simultaneously in a cell population much more frequently than expected. For this reason, attention was focused on attempting to recognize, by multiparameter flow cytometry, the characteristics of viable cells and of apoptotic or necrotic dead cells. METHODS Apoptosis and necrosis were induced in vitro in murine thymocytes and lymphocytes from adult peripheral blood by using dexamethasone or prostaglandin E2 treatment and heat shock at 60 degrees C or hydrogen peroxide, respectively. Traditional methods, such as DNA gel electrophoresis and propidium iodide staining followed by single-fluorescence analysis or annexin-V-fluorescein isothiocyanate plus propidium iodide staining by using flow cytometry, were compared with a new method. This method consisted of combined light-scatter and red fluorescence analysis by flow cytometry after isolation of nuclei by hypotonic solution as well as high-dose detergent treatment and DNA staining with propidium iodide. RESULTS Results showed that, although traditional methods such as DNA-gel electrophoresis and single-parameter fluorescence flow cytometry analysis were unable, as expected, to discriminate among viability, apoptosis, and necrosis, our new method has enabled us to easily identify nuclei from viable, apoptotic, and necrotic cells. Results obtained by using our method were comparable to those obtained by using two-color analysis of cells after propidium iodide/annexin V staining. CONCLUSIONS A highly reproducible, inexpensive, rapid, and easily accessible method of analysis has been developed for simultaneously detecting apoptosis and necro sis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Matteucci
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
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16
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Hasdai D, Sangiorgi G, Spagnoli LG, Simari RD, Holmes DR, Kwon HM, Carlson PJ, Schwartz RS, Lerman A. Coronary artery apoptosis in experimental hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 1999; 142:317-25. [PMID: 10030383 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(98)00249-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The altered coronary vasoactivity detected in experimental hypercholesterolemia before lesion formation is presumably due to an imbalance between vasodilating and vasoconstricting factors. Apoptosis, which has been previously described in advanced atherosclerosis, is modulated by vascular derived peptides with vasoactive properties. We hypothesized that coronary apoptosis occurs in experimental hypercholesterolemia prior to lesion formation. Pigs were sacrificed after being on either a high-cholesterol diet for 10-16 weeks (n = 17) or a normal diet (n = 9). Identification of apoptosis in each layer of coronary arteries and arterioles was performed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL). In additional animals, ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and transmission electron and confocal microscopy were done. Plasma cholesterol levels were higher in the cholesterol-fed animals (86+/-9 mg/dl versus 342+/-20 mg/dl, P < 0.001). Atheromatous plaques were not evident in the high-cholesterol group. TUNEL was positive in 11 of 17 hypercholesterolemic animals, primarily in the intima (1-2% of cells) and adventitia (3% of cells), but not in control vessels. A similar distribution was detected in arterioles. DNA bands were detected only in experimental animals, as were morphological features of apoptosis by transmission electron and confocal microscopy. In experimental hypercholesterolemia, apoptosis occurred in coronary arteries and arterioles before lesion formation. Apoptosis may be an integral process of early coronary atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hasdai
- Division of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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17
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Best PJ, Hasdai D, Sangiorgi G, Schwartz RS, Holmes DR, Simari RD, Lerman A. Apoptosis. Basic concepts and implications in coronary artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19:14-22. [PMID: 9888861 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.19.1.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is an active form of cell death that is intricately regulated and distinct from necrosis. Data suggest that apoptosis may play a role in the pathophysiology of coronary atherosclerotic disease. Anatomic evidence of apoptosis has been observed in coronary atherosclerosis, restenosis, and transplant arteriopathy, accompanied by an increase in biochemical and genetic markers of apoptosis. Vasoactive substances such as nitric oxide and angiotensin II also regulate vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis; vasodilating factors may induce apoptosis, whereas vasoconstricting factors may inhibit apoptosis. The aim of this article is to review key points regarding the detection of apoptosis, its regulation, and its possible role in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Best
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Diseases of Biochemistry, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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18
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Yin Y, Stahl BC, DeWolf WC, Morgentaler A. p53-mediated germ cell quality control in spermatogenesis. Dev Biol 1998; 204:165-71. [PMID: 9851850 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.1998.9074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous germ cell death is a common cellular process in the mammalian testis, although the function of this process during spermatogenesis is unclear. An investigation was undertaken to determine whether p53 serves as a mechanism in germ cell quality control by causing spontaneous germ cell death. Using an annexin V assay, lower levels of spontaneous apoptosis were found in the testes of p53-/- mice compared to p53+/+ mice. Propidium iodine staining revealed that the greatest reduction in apoptosis and the largest increase in cell numbers occurred in the tetraploid germ cell population of p53-/- mice. Microscopic examination of sperm morphology showed an increased percentage of abnormal forms in p53-/- mice. Furthermore, p53-/- mice sired fewer offspring than p53+/+ mice did when both groups were mated with p53+/+ females. These results suggest that p53 mediates spontaneous testicular germ cell apoptosis and failure to remove defective germ cells by this mechanism results in increased percentages of abnormal sperm and reduced fertility. p53-mediated apoptosis may be an effector of cellular proofreading that acts to maintain the cellular integrity of germ cells during spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yin
- Division of Urology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA
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19
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Alter A, Rozenszajn LA, Miller HI, Rosenschein U. Ultrasound inhibits the adhesion and migration of smooth muscle cells in vitro. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 1998; 24:711-721. [PMID: 9695275 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-5629(98)00030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated in vitro the effect of therapeutic ultrasound (ULS) on smooth muscle cell (SMC) function as adhesion, migration and proliferation. Experiments were conducted on aortic SMC in culture. The LD50 was established (1.5 W for 15 s at a frequency of 20 kHz) and used as standard dose in all experiments. Control SMC and viable sonicated SMC were compared in each experiment. Migratory capacity decreased 2.4-fold after sonication and stayed reduced for up to 24 h. Adhesion capacity decreased 5.5-fold after ULS. The proliferative capacity was similar to that of nonsonicated SMC. Sonication was accompanied by the disorganization of alpha-SM actin fibers and diminished distribution of vinculin; tyrosinated alpha tubulin and vimentin appeared unaffected. These changes might be responsible for the observed inhibition of SMC adhesion and migration. Sonicated cells exhibited less lamellipodia, membrane collapse and bleb formation. The signal transduction cascade, which involves activation of the phospholipase-C pathway, was unaffected by ULS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Alter
- Department of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
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20
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Miller GG, Brown K, Ballangrud AM, Barajas O, Xiao Z, Tulip J, Lown JW, Leithoff JM, Allalunis-Turner MJ, Mehta RD, Moore RB. Preclinical assessment of hypocrellin B and hypocrellin B derivatives as sensitizers for photodynamic therapy of cancer: progress update. Photochem Photobiol 1997; 65:714-22. [PMID: 9114749 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1997.tb01915.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hypocrellins are perylenequinone pigments with substantial absorption in the red spectral region and high singlet oxygen yield. They are available in pure monomeric form and may be derivatized to optimize properties of red light absorption, tissue biodistribution and toxicity. In vitro screening of synthetic derivatives of the naturally occurring compound, hypocrellin B (HB), for optimal properties of cyto-(dark) toxicity and phototoxicity resulted in selection of three compounds for preclinical evaluation: HBEA-R1 (ethanolaminated HB), HBBA-R2 (butylaminated HB) and HBDP-R1 [2-(N,N-dimethylamino)-propylamine-HB]. Extinction coefficients at 630 nm (epsilon 630) are 6230, 6190 and 4800, respectively; and 1O2 quantum yields, phi, 0.60, 0.32 and 0.42. Intracellular uptake is essentially complete within 2 h (HBEA-R1, HBBA-R2) and 20 h (HBDP-R1). Greatest uptake is associated with lysosomes and Golgi. The HBEA-R1 and HBBA-R2 elicit phototoxicity in vitro primarily via the type II mechanism, with some type I activity under stringently hypoxic conditions. Transcutaneous phototherapy with HBEA-R1 permanently ablates EMT6/Ed tumors growing in the flanks of Balb/c mice, with minimal cutaneous effects. The HBBA-R2 does not elicit mutagenic activity in strains TA98 and TA100 of Salmonella typhimurium. Further development of selected hypocrellin derivatives as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G Miller
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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21
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Delaney CA, Tyrberg B, Bouwens L, Vaghef H, Hellman B, Eizirik DL. Sensitivity of human pancreatic islets to peroxynitrite-induced cell dysfunction and death. FEBS Lett 1996; 394:300-6. [PMID: 8830662 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(96)00977-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite (generated by the reaction of nitric oxide with the superoxide anion) may both be mediators of beta-cell damage in early insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. We observed that acute exposure of primary cultured human pancreatic islets to peroxynitrite results in a significant decrease in glucose oxidation and islet retrieval. DNA strand breaks in single human and rat islet cells are detectable after acute peroxynitrite exposure, followed by a decrease in islet cell survival after 1 h and 24 h. Cell death appeared to occur via a toxic cell death mechanism (necrosis) rather than apoptosis, as suggested by vital staining and ultrastructural evidence of early membrane and organelle degradation, mitochondrial swelling and loss of matrix. This study demonstrates for the first time that cultured human pancreatic islets are susceptible to the noxious effects of peroxynitrite.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Delaney
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Sweden. Carol
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Cohen
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Medical School, Denver 80262, USA
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23
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Elstein KH, Thomas DJ, Zucker RM. Factors affecting flow cytometric detection of apoptotic nuclei by DNA analysis. CYTOMETRY 1995; 21:170-6. [PMID: 8582237 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.990210209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Apoptotic thymocyte nuclei normally appear on a flow cytometric DNA histogram as a subdiploid peak. We observed that addition of a specific RNase A preparation to the detergent-based lysing buffer increased the fluorescence of toxicant-induced apoptotic nuclei to the level of untreated diploid nuclei. The chelating agent EDTA partially inhibited the RNase effect, suggesting contaminating divalent cations may have been involved. Moreover, spectrofluorometric analysis revealed that addition of RNase or divalent cations decreased the amount of DNA present in the lysate. This suggested that the upscale fluorescence shift was due to a decrease in the ability of the lysing buffer to extract DNA, possibly as a result of cation-induced chromatin condensation, rather than increased accessibility of fluorochrome binding sites due to apoptotic degeneration. Moreover, during a 16-h culture, we observed a similar, but time-dependent, upscale shift in the fluorescence of thymocytes undergoing apoptosis either spontaneously or as a result of exposure to 1 microM tributyltin methoxide (TBT), 2% ethanol, 2% methanol, or 1 microM dexamethasone phosphate (DEX). This commonality of effect suggests that a similar magnitude of chromatin reorganization occurs in apoptotic cells in prolonged culture regardless of the method of apoptotic induction. These findings should alert investigators to potential inaccuracies in the flow cytometric quantitation of apoptosis in in vitro systems employing prolonged toxicant exposures or complex lysing cocktails that may contain active contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Elstein
- Developmental Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
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24
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Linnik MD, Miller JA, Sprinkle-Cavallo J, Mason PJ, Thompson FY, Montgomery LR, Schroeder KK. Apoptotic DNA fragmentation in the rat cerebral cortex induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1995; 32:116-24. [PMID: 7494449 DOI: 10.1016/0169-328x(95)00069-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent investigations have demonstrated internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in ischemic neuronal tissue. This type of fragmentation is characteristic of programmed cell death or apoptosis and suggests that neuronal death in stroke may be more complex than simple necrotic death. The present experiments provide a detailed examination of the regional localization and time course for apoptotic DNA fragmentation in the cerebral cortex following focal cerebral ischemia. Spontaneously hypertensive rats were subjected to permanent right middle cerebral artery occlusion and the cerebral cortices were examined for evidence of DNA fragmentation using electrophoretic, flow cytometric, and histological approaches. An electrophoretic examination of cortical DNA at 24 h after the occlusion indicated that the majority of nucleosomal ladders were in the transition zone or penumbra and the core of the infarction, with no fragmentation apparent in the contralateral normal cortex. A flow cytometric analysis of DNA fragmentation in intact cells revealed a similar pattern, with increased fragmentation observed in ischemic cortex vs. the contralateral cortex. Saggital sections taken 1.5 mm lateral to midline were collected from animals at 1, 4, and 24 h after the infarction and DNA fragmentation was examined histologically by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. Quantitative analysis of these sections indicated that DNA fragmentation can be observed in the anterior and central area of the infarctions as soon as 1 h after the occlusion and that the extent and magnitude of the fragmentation increases at 4 and 24 h.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Linnik
- Marion Merrell Dow Research Institute, Cincinnati, OH 45215-6300, USA
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25
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Chapman RS, Chresta CM, Herberg AA, Beere HM, Heer S, Whetton AD, Hickman JA, Dive C. Further characterisation of the in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) assay for the flow cytometric analysis of apoptosis in drug resistant and drug sensitive leukaemic cells. CYTOMETRY 1995; 20:245-56. [PMID: 7587710 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.990200308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis, originally defined by specific morphological changes, is characterised biochemically by non-random cleavage of DNA. Depending on cell type, this DNA cleavage proceeds from 300 and 50kbp fragments prior to, concomitantly with, or in the absence of 180bp integer fragmentation. Incorporation into fragmented DNA of biotin-labelled nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) has recently become a standard flow cytometric assay for the identification and quantitation of apoptosis. Nucleotide incorporation is visualized using avidin-tagged fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) (Gorczyca et al.: Cancer Res 53:1945-1951, 1993; Jonker et al.: Cytometry (Suppl 13):Abstr 99A, 1993). Here, we characterise this assay further in three different haemopoietic cell lines. Drug-induced DNA damage is not identified by the TdT assay unless it is coupled to the apoptotic response. This was demonstrated using cells in which activation of the oncogenic Abelson-encoded protein tyrosine kinase suppressed drug-induced apoptosis, but did not inhibit drug-induced DNA damage (by melphalan, hydroxyurea, or etoposide). Furthermore, the TdT assay identifies DNA fragments formed during apoptosis induced by etoposide and N-methylformamide in HL60 and MOLT-4 cells, including those high molecular weight DNA fragments formed in MOLT-4 cells which were not further cleaved to 180-200bp integer fragments. Our results support the use of flow cytometry and the TdT assay to reliably measure apoptotic cells in heterogeneous cell samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Chapman
- Cancer Research Campaign Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology Group, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester University, United Kingdom
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26
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Chrest FJ, Buchholz MA, Kim YH, Kwon TK, Nordin AA. Anti-CD3-induced apoptosis in T-cells from young and old mice. CYTOMETRY 1995; 20:33-42. [PMID: 7600898 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.990200107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Light scatter measurements using flow cytometry indicated that T cells from young and old mice undergo apoptosis following activation with immobilized anti-CD3. The percentage of cells in apoptosis after 20 h activation was significantly greater (p < .001) in cultures containing cells from older animals. The mean percentages of apoptotic T cells from young and old mice after 20 h activation were 19.3% and 33.0%, respectively. The proportion of viable cells after 20 h activation was significantly higher (p < .003) in the young (mean = 78.4%) than in the old animals (mean = 65.8%). Simultaneous measurements of light scatter and fluorescence indicated that apoptotic T cells contained both the CD4+ and the CD8+ T-cell phenotypes. The frequency of apoptotic CD8+ T cells was elevated (p < .007) in older animals, where the mean percentage was 15.1%, compared to 5.3% in the young. The most dramatic difference between young and old (p < .0008) was seen in the percentages of viable CD4+ T cells after 20 h activation. The mean viable CD4+ T-cell percentage was 33.7% in- the young and 21.4% in the old. CD4+ cells expressing high levels of CD45RB (CD45RBhi) after activation for 20 h possessed light scatter and bright fluorescence properties characteristic of viable cells, whereas CD4+/CD45RBlo density cells could be identified as apoptotic based on their decreased CD4 fluorescence and scatter characteristics. CD4+ cells from young animals were predominantly CD45RBhi, whereas CD4+ cells from the old had greater levels of CD454RBlo cells. In addition to light scatter changes, measurement of DNA content after 40 h activation revealed the presence of a sub-G1 DNA apoptotic peak and a viable cell cycle distribution. After 40 h of activation, there was an increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells in both young and old mice, with the greatest increase seen in the cells from older animals. Further evidence supporting the process of apoptosis in 40 h-activated cells was confirmed by the appearance of DNA strand breaks detected by in situ nick translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Chrest
- Clinical Immunology Section, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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27
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Baur AS, Sawai ET, Dazin P, Fantl WJ, Cheng-Mayer C, Peterlin BM. HIV-1 Nef leads to inhibition or activation of T cells depending on its intracellular localization. Immunity 1994; 1:373-84. [PMID: 7882168 DOI: 10.1016/1074-7613(94)90068-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Nef of primate lentiviruses is required for viremia and progression to AIDS in monkeys. Negative, positive, and no effects of Nef have also been reported on viral replication in cells. To reconcile these observations, we expressed a hybrid CD8-Nef protein in Jurkat cells. Two opposite phenotypes were found, which depended on the intracellular localization of Nef. Expressed in the cytoplasm or on the cell surface, the chimera inhibited or activated early signaling events from the T cell antigen receptor. Activated Jurkat cells died by apoptosis, and only cells with mutated nef genes expressing truncated Nefs survived, which rendered Nef nonfunctional. These mutations paralleled those in other viral strains passaged in vitro. Not only do these positional effects of Nef reconcile diverse phenotypes of Nef and suggest a role for its N-terminal myristylation, but they also explain effects of Nef in HIV infection and progression to AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Baur
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, California
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28
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Neiman PE, Blish C, Heydt C, Loring G, Thomas SJ. Loss of cell cycle controls in apoptotic lymphoblasts of the bursa of Fabricius. Mol Biol Cell 1994; 5:763-72. [PMID: 7812045 PMCID: PMC301094 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.5.7.763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphoblasts of the normal embryonic follicles of the chicken bursa of Fabricius undergo rapid apoptosis when exposed to gamma-radiation or when cell-cell contacts are disrupted by mechanical dispersion in short term culture. We have observed previously that overexpression of v-myc sensitizes preneoplastic bursal lymphoblasts to induction of cell death, whereas resistance to induced cell death is acquired during progression to neoplasia. In this study we observed extensive DNA degradation in the large majority of the lymphoblast population within the first hour after dispersion-induced apoptosis. Paradoxically these cells continued to progress into S-phase with the bulk of DNA cleavage and death occurring in S-phase cells (i.e., in cells with more than 2C and less than 4C DNA content). We confirmed the S phase status of apoptotic cells by determining that detection of nuclear cyclin A in individual cells also corresponded with detection of DNA breakage. Levels of cyclin E, cyclin E-dependent H1 histone kinase, and p53 proteins were maintained during dispersion-induced DNA cleavage. gamma-radiation failed either to inhibit cell cycle progression or to raise p53 levels in dispersed bursal lymphoblasts. In intact bursal follicles low doses of gamma-radiation induced p53 whereas higher, apoptosis-inducing doses failed to induce p53 or prevent G1 to S-phase progression. These results suggest that normal DNA damage-induced cell cycle checkpoint controls are lost or overridden when apoptosis is induced in bursal lymphoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Neiman
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
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Telford WG, King LE, Fraker PJ. Rapid quantitation of apoptosis in pure and heterogeneous cell populations using flow cytometry. J Immunol Methods 1994; 172:1-16. [PMID: 8207258 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(94)90373-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W G Telford
- Department of Microbiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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Linnik MD, Zobrist RH, Hatfield MD. Evidence supporting a role for programmed cell death in focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Stroke 1993; 24:2002-8; discussion 2008-9. [PMID: 8248983 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.24.12.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 499] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cells die by one of two mechanisms, necrosis or programmed cell death. Necrosis has been implicated in stroke and occurs when the cytoplasmic membrane is compromised. Programmed cell death requires protein synthesis and often involves endonucleolytic cleavage of the cellular DNA. We assessed the potential contribution of programmed cell death to ischemia-induced neuronal death. METHODS Cycloheximide (protein synthesis inhibitor; 1 mg/kg per 24 hours) or vehicle (1 mL/kg per 24 hours) was continuously infused into the right cerebral ventricle of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Neocortical focal ischemia was produced by tandem occlusion of the right common carotid artery and the ipsilateral middle cerebral artery. After 24 hours the brain was stained with 2% 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium and the ischemic zone quantitated. Protein synthesis was determined by [3H]methionine incorporation into acid-precipitated protein. DNA integrity was determined in isolated DNA by gel electrophoresis and in whole cells by flow cytometry. RESULTS Continuous cycloheximide infusion caused approximately 70% reduction in cortical protein synthesis. Cycloheximide also reduced the size of the infarction produced by focal cerebral ischemia when compared with controls (ischemic brain volume, 147.5 +/- 25.9 and 188.7 +/- 16.8 mm3 for cycloheximide and saline, respectively; P < .01), suggesting that protein synthesis may contribute to cell death. Purified DNA from the ischemic zone showed evidence of endonucleolytic degradation when fractionated by gel electrophoresis. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated increased propidium iodide fluorescence in intact cells isolated from ischemic cortex, indicating an increased accessibility of degraded DNA to the intercalating dye. CONCLUSIONS New protein synthesis appears to contribute to ischemic cell death in which endonucleolytic DNA degradation is apparent. These observations implicate programmed cell death in ischemic injury and may open unique therapeutic approaches for the preservation of neurons in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Linnik
- Department of Pharmacology, Marion Merrell Dow Research Institute, Kansas City, Mo
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Ekong T, Kupek E, Hill A, Clark C, Davies A, Pinching A. Technical influences on immunophenotyping by flow cytometry. The effect of time and temperature of storage on the viability of lymphocyte subsets. J Immunol Methods 1993; 164:263-73. [PMID: 8370932 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(93)90319-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The typing of lymphocyte subsets may be influenced by a variety of technical influences including the duration and temperature of sample storage and the method used for staining samples. We have extended a previous study examining the effect of storage conditions on the baseline values of a number of lymphocyte subsets. EDTA-anticoagulated samples from 13 HIV-1-positive and 15 healthy laboratory controls were analyzed for a number of lymphocyte subsets (CD3+, CD4+/CD3+, and CD8+/CD3+ T cells and CD19+ B cells) (whole blood lysis method, Becton-Dickinson FACScan flow cytometer and reagents) at 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after storage at 4 degrees C, 17 degrees C or 21 degrees C. During storage at both 4 degrees C and 21 degrees C, there were significant changes in baseline values of the majority of lymphocyte subsets and some of these were related to the HIV status of the donor. The optimum temperature for storage in our system appeared to be around 17 degrees C in both our study groups. We have also used propidium iodide in order to discriminate between viable and non-viable cells during flow cytometry of lymphocytes from eight HIV-1-positive and five control subjects. The results show that for both HIV-positive and control samples stored at 4 degrees C, and for control subjects at 21 degrees C, the changes in baseline values of lymphocyte subsets observed were not due to selective loss of particular subsets arising from cell death during storage. However, there was substantial loss of cells from all three subsets in HIV-positive subjects during storage at 21 degrees C, with loss of CD8+ and CD3+ T cells being more significant than loss of CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ekong
- Department of Immunology, St Mary's Hospital Medical School, London, UK
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Tempel KH, Ignatius A. Toxicological studies with primary cultures of chick embryo cells: DNA fragmentation under the influence of DNase I-inhibitors. Arch Toxicol 1993; 67:318-24. [PMID: 8368942 DOI: 10.1007/bf01973702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Chicken embryo brain and liver cells in vitro exhibited spontaneous DNA fragmentation as determined by viscometry of alkaline cell lysates. Ca2+ and Mg2+ enhanced, while Zn2+, the Ca2+ chelator ethylenglycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl-ether)-N,N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), spermine and--to a lesser extent--spermidine and Hoechst 33,258 inhibited spontaneous DNA fragmentation. Under the same conditions chromatin condensation, as assessed by nucleoid sedimentation, increased. Exposure of chicken embryo cells to various genotoxic agents, i.e. doxorubicin, bleomycin, methyl methanesulfonate, thiyl radicals, H2O2, UV light, and X-rays, increased DNA fragmentation in a dose dependent manner. Zn2+ or EGTA diminished DNA fragmentation in cells exposed to bleomycin, thiyl radicals, H2O2 and UV light. An apparent sensitisation to X-irradiation has been observed in Zn2+ or EGTA-pretreated cells. It is suggested by the present investigations that, with agent specific peculiarities, apoptotic phenomena are implicated when nucleotoxicity is assessed in chicken embryo cells by physico-chemical short-term tests in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Tempel
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Munich, Germany
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Abstract
Cell death can be accidental or programmed in a multicellular organism. Evidence supports the proposition that there is a 'suicide program' inherent in vertebrate cells which can be activated when the cell's death is desirable for the good of the rest of the community. The morphology of such death is usually that of apoptosis, rather than of necrosis. Here, John Cohen describes the changes of apoptosis, and discusses progress on the identification of regulatory mechanisms and genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Cohen
- Dept of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Colorado Medical School, Denver 80262
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