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Dantsu Y, Zhang Y, Zhang W. Advances in Therapeutic L-Nucleosides and L-Nucleic Acids with Unusual Handedness. Genes (Basel) 2021; 13:46. [PMID: 35052385 PMCID: PMC8774879 DOI: 10.3390/genes13010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic-acid-based small molecule and oligonucleotide therapies are attractive topics due to their potential for effective target of disease-related modules and specific control of disease gene expression. As the non-naturally occurring biomolecules, modified DNA/RNA nucleoside and oligonucleotide analogues composed of L-(deoxy)riboses, have been designed and applied as innovative therapeutics with superior plasma stability, weakened cytotoxicity, and inexistent immunogenicity. Although all the chiral centers in the backbone are mirror converted from the natural D-nucleic acids, L-nucleic acids are equipped with the same nucleobases (A, G, C and U or T), which are critical to maintain the programmability and form adaptable tertiary structures for target binding. The types of L-nucleic acid drugs are increasingly varied, from chemically modified nucleoside analogues that interact with pathogenic polymerases to nanoparticles containing hundreds of repeating L-nucleotides that circulate durably in vivo. This article mainly reviews three different aspects of L-nucleic acid therapies, including pharmacological L-nucleosides, Spiegelmers as specific target-binding aptamers, and L-nanostructures as effective drug-delivery devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Dantsu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (Y.D.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (Y.D.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (Y.D.); (Y.Z.)
- Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, 535 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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2
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6'-β-Fluoro-Homoaristeromycin and 6'-Fluoro-Homoneplanocin A Are Potent Inhibitors of Chikungunya Virus Replication through Their Direct Effect on Viral Nonstructural Protein 1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.02532-19. [PMID: 31964798 PMCID: PMC7179274 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02532-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses are arthropod-borne, positive-stranded RNA viruses capable of causing severe disease with high morbidity. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus that causes a febrile illness which can progress into chronic arthralgia. The current lack of vaccines and specific treatment for CHIKV infection underscores the need to develop new therapeutic interventions. To discover new antiviral agents, we performed a compound screen in cell culture-based infection models and identified two carbocyclic adenosine analogues, 6′-β-fluoro-homoaristeromycin (FHA) and 6′-fluoro-homoneplanocin A (FHNA), that displayed potent activity against CHIKV and Semliki Forest virus (SFV) with 50% effective concentrations in the nanomolar range at nontoxic concentrations. Alphaviruses are arthropod-borne, positive-stranded RNA viruses capable of causing severe disease with high morbidity. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus that causes a febrile illness which can progress into chronic arthralgia. The current lack of vaccines and specific treatment for CHIKV infection underscores the need to develop new therapeutic interventions. To discover new antiviral agents, we performed a compound screen in cell culture-based infection models and identified two carbocyclic adenosine analogues, 6′-β-fluoro-homoaristeromycin (FHA) and 6′-fluoro-homoneplanocin A (FHNA), that displayed potent activity against CHIKV and Semliki Forest virus (SFV) with 50% effective concentrations in the nanomolar range at nontoxic concentrations. The compounds, designed as inhibitors of the host enzyme S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) hydrolase, impeded postentry steps in CHIKV and SFV replication. Selection of FHNA-resistant mutants and reverse genetics studies demonstrated that the combination of mutations G230R and K299E in CHIKV nonstructural protein 1 (nsP1) conferred resistance to the compounds. Enzymatic assays with purified wild-type (wt) SFV nsP1 suggested that an oxidized (3′-keto) form, rather than FHNA itself, directly inhibited the MTase activity, while a mutant protein with the K231R and K299E substitutions was insensitive to the compound. Both wt nsP1 and the resistant mutant were equally sensitive to the inhibitory effect of SAH. Our combined data suggest that FHA and FHNA inhibit CHIKV and SFV replication by directly targeting the MTase activity of nsP1, rather than through an indirect effect on host SAH hydrolase. The high potency and selectivity of these novel alphavirus mRNA capping inhibitors warrant further preclinical investigation of these compounds.
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3
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Jarhad DB, Jang MH, Shin YS, Kim G, Kim HR, Hyun YE, Yoon JS, Jeong LS. An efficient synthesis of fluoro-neplanocin A analogs using electrophilic fluorination and palladium-catalyzed dehydrosilylation. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00099b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An alternative and efficient approach to neplanocin A analogs 1b and 1d has been developed using electrophilic fluorination and Pd-catalyzed dehydrosilylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dnyandev B. Jarhad
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- College of Pharmacy
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Korea
| | - Min Hwan Jang
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- College of Pharmacy
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Korea
| | - Young Sup Shin
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- College of Pharmacy
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Korea
| | - Gyudong Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- College of Pharmacy
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Korea
| | - Hong-Rae Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- College of Pharmacy
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Korea
| | - Young Eum Hyun
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- College of Pharmacy
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Korea
| | - Ji-seong Yoon
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- College of Pharmacy
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Korea
| | - Lak Shin Jeong
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- College of Pharmacy
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Korea
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4
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Chen Q, Liu C, Komazin G, Bowlin TL, Schneller SW. Synthesis and antiviral activities of 3-deaza-3-fluoroaristeromycin and its 5′ analogues. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:6961-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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5
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De Clercq E. Dancing with chemical formulae of antivirals: a personal account. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:711-25. [PMID: 23876344 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A chemical structure is a joy forever, and this is how I perceived the chemical structures of a number of antiviral compounds with which I have been personally acquainted over the past 3 decades: (1) amino acid esters of acyclovir (i.e. valaciclovir); (2) 5-substituted 2'-deoxyuridines (i.e. brivudin); (3) 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analogues (i.e. stavudine); (4) acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs) (i.e. cidofovir, adefovir); (5) tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and drug combinations therewith; (6) tenofovir alafenamide (TAF, GS-7340), a new phosphonoamidate prodrug of tenofovir; (7) pro-prodrugs of PMEG (i.e. GS-9191 and GS-9219); (8) new ANPs: O-DAPy and 5-aza-C phosphonates; (9) non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs): HEPT and TIBO derivatives; and (10) bicyclam derivatives (i.e. AMD3100).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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6
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De Clercq E. The Holý Trinity: the acyclic nucleoside phosphonates. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2013; 67:293-316. [PMID: 23886004 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405880-4.00008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The Holý Trinity was named after Dr Antonín Holý (the Holý Trinity being an Unesco recognized monument in Olomouc, Czech Republic), who together with Dr John C. Martin (Gilead Sciences) and myself pioneered a new class of antiviral agents, the acyclic nucleoside phosphonates. These compounds have revolutionized the antiviral drug field with several drugs that have been approved for the treatment of various DNA virus infections (cidofovir), hepatitis B (adefovir), and AIDS (HIV infection; tenofovir). The latter is also available as its oral prodrug, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, for the treatment of hepatitis B and in combination with emtricitabine ((-)FTC) for the treatment and prophylaxis of HIV infections and in combination with (-)FTC and other HIV inhibitors, that is, efavirenz, rilpivirine, or elvitegravir (and a pharmacoenhancer thereof, cobicistat), for the treatment of AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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7
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Lin W, Virga KG, Kim KH, Zajicek J, Mendel D, Miller MJ. Diastereoselective synthesis of a spironoraristeromycin using an acylnitroso Diels-Alder reaction. J Org Chem 2010; 74:5941-6. [PMID: 19601571 DOI: 10.1021/jo900877b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The tert-butyl N-hydroxycarbamate-derived nitroso reagent 1 reacted with N-Cbz-protected spirocyclic diene 2 to provide spirocycloadduct 3. Here we describe the efficient conversion of 3 into the novel carbocyclic nucleoside spironoraristeromycin 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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9
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De Clercq E. Another ten stories in antiviral drug discovery (part C): "Old" and "new" antivirals, strategies, and perspectives. Med Res Rev 2009; 29:611-45. [PMID: 19260077 DOI: 10.1002/med.20153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ten stories told here deal with (i) ribavirin as an inhibitor of IMP dehydrogenase and (ii) ribavirin, in combination with pegylated interferon, as the present "standard of care" for hepatitis C; (iii) S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase inhibitors as antiviral agents; (iv) new adamantadine derivatives for the treatment of influenza A virus infections; (v) 5-substituted 2'-deoxyuridines (i.e. IDU, TFT) for the treatment of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections; (vi) acyclic guanosine analogues (e.g. acyclovir) for the treatment of HSV infections; (vii) OMP decarboxylase inhibitors (i.e. pyrazofurin) and CTP synthetase inhibitors (i.e. cyclopentenylcytosine) as possible antiviral agents; (viii) the future of cidofovir (and alkoxyalkyl esters thereof) and ST-246 as potential antipoxvirus agents; (ix) the two decade journey from tivirapine to rilpivirine in the ultimate therapy of HIV infections; and (x) the extension of the therapeutic application of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Viread) to the treatment of hepatitis B virus infection, in addition to HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U.Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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10
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Lougiakis N, Marakos P, Poul N, Balzarini J. Synthesis and Antiviral Activity Evaluation of some Novel Acyclic C-Nucleosides. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2008; 56:775-80. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.56.775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Lougiakis
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Athens
| | - Panagiotis Marakos
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Athens
| | - Nicole Poul
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Athens
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11
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Abstract
Formycin is a naturally occurring biologically responsive C-nucleoside. In pursuing the design and syntheses of novel C-nucleosides, convenient access to carbocyclic C-nucleosides based on the formycin framework was a goal. One such target was carbocyclic 4'-epiformycin (4). This compound is reported via a procedure based on an asymmetric aldol/ring closure methathesis strategy. To provide a preliminary glimpse into the biological characterization of 4 an antiviral assay was conducted. Target 4 was found to be inactive and to lack cytotoxicity to the host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-5312
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- a Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven , B-3000 , Leuven , Belgium
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13
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Jiang MXW, Jin B, Gage JL, Priour A, Savela G, Miller MJ. Substrate-dependent dihydroxylation of substituted cyclopentenes: toward the syntheses of carbocyclic sinefungin and noraristeromycin. J Org Chem 2007; 71:4164-9. [PMID: 16709056 PMCID: PMC2652561 DOI: 10.1021/jo060224l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Carbocyclic nucleosides are of considerable interest for the development of new therapeutic agents. A key reaction in the preparation of many such nucleoside analogues is dihydroxylation of appropriately substituted cyclopentenes. Although often considered a routine reaction, in this paper, we report the dramatic influence of substituents on the facial selectivity of dihydroxylations. The substituted cyclopentene substrates are derived from acylnitroso cycloaddition reactions of cyclopentadiene, followed by N-O reduction and efficient enzymatic resolution. The results are directly utilized in a very efficient asymmetric synthesis of an antiviral carbocyclic nucleoside, noraristeromycin 5. Extensions toward the synthesis of carbocyclic sinefungin 7 document the importance of realizing the substituent dependence of the dihydroxylation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Xiao-Wu Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-5670, USA
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14
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Huang W, Miller MJ, De Clercq E, Balzarini J. Syntheses and anti-HIV activities of (+/-)-norcarbovir and (+/-)-norabacavir. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:1164-6. [PMID: 17406712 DOI: 10.1039/b700321h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Norcarbovir (1) and norabacavir (2), the desmethylene derivatives of anti-HIV agents carbovir and abacavir, were efficiently synthesized from a common intermediate . Their antitumor and antiviral activities were evaluated and the results indicate norabacavir showed comparable anti-HIV activity to that of abacavir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Huang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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15
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16
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Kim JH, Kim HO, Lee KM, Chun MW, Moon HR, Jeong LS. Asymmetric synthesis of homo-apioneplanocin A from d-ribose. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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De Clercq E. John Montgomery's legacy: carbocyclic adenosine analogues as SAH hydrolase inhibitors with broad-spectrum antiviral activity. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2006; 24:1395-415. [PMID: 16438025 DOI: 10.1080/15257770500265638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Ever since the S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy, SAH) hydrolase was recognized as a pharmacological target for antiviral agents (J. A. Montgomery et al., J. Med. Chem. 25:626-629, 1982), an increasing number of adenosine, acyclic adenosine, and carbocyclic adenosine analogues have been described as potent SAH hydrolase inhibitors endowed with broad-spectrum antiviral activity. The antiviral activity spectrum of the SAH hydrolase inhibitors include pox-, rhabdo-, filo-, arena-, paramyxo-, reo-, and retroviruses. Among the most potent SAH hydrolase inhibitors and antiviral agents rank carbocyclic 3-deazaadenosine (C-c3 Ado), neplanocin A, 3-deazaneplanocin A, the 5'-nor derivatives of carbocyclic adenosine (C-Ado, aristeromycin), and the 2-halo (i.e., 2-fluoro) and 6'-R-alkyl (i.e., 6'-R-methyl) derivatives of neplanocin A. These compounds are particularly active against poxviruses (i.e., vaccinia virus), and rhabdoviruses (i.e., vesicular stomatitis virus). The in vivo efficacy of C-c3 Ado and 3-deazaneplanocin A has been established in mouse models for vaccinia virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, and Ebola virus. SAH hydrolase inhibitors such as C-c3Ado and 3-deazaneplanocin A should in thefirst place be considered for therapeutic (or prophylactic) use against poxvirus infections, including smallpox, and hemorrhagic fever virus infections such as Ebola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, K.U. Letven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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18
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Wang JF, Yang XD, Zhang LR, Yang ZJ, Zhang LH. Synthesis and biological activities of 5′-ethylenic and acetylenic modified l-nucleosides and isonucleosides. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.06.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Zakirova NF, Shipitsyn AV, Belanov EF, Jasko MV. A new approach to the synthesis of optically active alkylated adenine derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:3357-60. [PMID: 15149706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.12.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2003] [Revised: 11/29/2003] [Accepted: 12/05/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A new synthesis of chiral acyclic nucleoside and nucleotide analogues starting from d(-)- or l(+)-riboses was proposed. Antiviral properties of the synthesized compounds towards the pox virus family were evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- N F Zakirova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilov St, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- P Leyssen
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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21
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Jeong LS, Moon HR, Park JG, Shin DH, Choi WJ, Lee KM, Kim HO, Chun MW, Kim HD, Kim JH. Synthesis and biological evaluation of halo-neplanocin A as novel mechanism-based inhibitors of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2003; 22:589-92. [PMID: 14565234 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-120021961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Halogenated analogues of neplanocin A were synthesized from the key intermediate 1, among which fluoro-neplanocin A was found to be novel mechanism-based irreversible inhibitor of S-Adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lak Shin Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.
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22
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Abstract
9-deaza-5'-noraristeromycin (2) has been prepared in 10 steps from the readily available (+)-(1R,4S)-4-t-butyldimethylsilyloxycyclopent-2-en-1-yl acetate. Compound 2 was evaluated against a large number of viruses. No activity was found nor did 2 display cyctotoxicity towards the viral host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meral Tuncbilek
- Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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23
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Jeong LS, Yoo SJ, Lee KM, Koo MJ, Choi WJ, Kim HO, Moon HR, Lee MY, Park JG, Lee SK, Chun MW. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of fluoroneplanocin A as the novel mechanism-based inhibitor of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. J Med Chem 2003; 46:201-3. [PMID: 12519056 DOI: 10.1021/jm025557z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fluoroneplanocin A (12) was designed as a novel mechanism-based inhibitor of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAH) and efficiently synthesized via an electrophilic vinyl fluorination reaction (n-BuLi, N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide at -78 degrees C). Fluoroneplanocin A exhibited 2-fold more potent SAH inhibitory activity than the parent neplanocin A. A new mechanism of irreversible inhibition discovered in this work might provide new alternatives in the design of a different class of antiviral agents operating via SAH inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lak Shin Jeong
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea.
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24
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Akdaǧ A, Carver CM, McKee ML, Schneller SW. Theoretical Study of 9-β- d-Erythrofuranosyladenine and Corresponding Carbocyclic Analogues. Evidence for a Base-Activated Conformational Lock. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp021563v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akin Akdaǧ
- Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | | | - Michael L. McKee
- Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
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25
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Miles RW, Nielsen LPC, Ewing GJ, Yin D, Borchardt RT, Robins MJ. S-homoadenosyl-L-cysteine and S-homoadenosyl-L-homocysteine. Synthesis and binding studies of hon-hydrolyzed substrate analogues with S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase. J Org Chem 2002; 67:8258-60. [PMID: 12423165 DOI: 10.1021/jo020478g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of homoadenosine [9-(5-deoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexofuranosyl)adenine] with thionyl chloride and pyridine in acetonitrile gave 6'-chloro-6'-deoxyhomoadenosine, which underwent nucleophilic displacement with L-cysteine or L-homocysteine to give homologated analogues of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. Each amino acid in aqueous sodium hydroxide at 60 degrees C gave excellent conversion from the chloronucleoside, and adsorption on Amberlite XAD-4 resin provided more convenient isolation than prior methods. Weak binding of these non-hydrolyzed analogues to S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Miles
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602-5700, USA
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26
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Moon HR, Kim HO, Lee KM, Chun MW, Kim JH, Jeong LS. Stereoselective synthesis of a novel apio analogue of neplanocin A as potential S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase inhibitor. Org Lett 2002; 4:3501-3. [PMID: 12323054 DOI: 10.1021/ol026624m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A total synthesis of apio-neplanocin A, which combines properties of apio nucleoside and neplanocin A and is a potential inhibitor of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, was accomplished starting from D-ribose via stereoselective hydroxymethylation and RCM reaction. [reaction: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Ryong Moon
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
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27
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Choi WJ, Park JG, Yoo SJ, Kim HO, Moon HR, Chun MW, Jung YH, Jeong LS. Syntheses of D- and L-cyclopentenone derivatives using ring-closing metathesis: versatile intermediates for the synthesis of D- and L-carbocyclic nucleosides. J Org Chem 2001; 66:6490-4. [PMID: 11559205 DOI: 10.1021/jo015733w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W J Choi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Woman's University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
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28
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De Clercq E. Vaccinia virus inhibitors as a paradigm for the chemotherapy of poxvirus infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001; 14:382-97. [PMID: 11292644 PMCID: PMC88980 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.14.2.382-397.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Poxviruses continue to pose a major threat to human health. Monkeypox is endemic in central Africa, and the discontinuation of the vaccination (with vaccinia virus) has rendered most humans vulnerable to variola virus, the etiologic agent of smallpox, should this virus be used in biological warfare or terrorism. However, a large variety of compounds have been described that are potent inhibitors of vaccinia virus replication and could be expected to be active against other poxviruses as well. These compounds could be grouped in different classes: (i) IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors (e.g., EICAR); (ii) SAH hydrolase inhibitors (e.g., 5'-noraristeromycin, 3-deazaneplanocin A, and various neplanocin A derivatives); (iii) OMP decarboxylase inhibitors (e.g., pyrazofurin) and CTP synthetase inhibitors (e.g., cyclopentenyl cytosine); (iv) thymidylate synthase inhibitors (e.g., 5-substituted 2'-deoxyuridines); (v) nucleoside analogues that are targeted at viral DNA synthesis (e.g., Ara-A); (vi) acyclic nucleoside phosphonates [e.g., (S)-HPMPA and (S)-HPMPC (cidofovir)]; and (vii) polyanionic substances (e.g., polyacrylic acid). All these compounds could be considered potential candidate drugs for the therapy and prophylaxis of poxvirus infections at large. Some of these compounds, in particular polyacrylic acid and cidofovir, were found to generate, on single-dose administration, a long-lasting protective efficacy against vaccinia virus infection in vivo. Cidofovir, which has been approved for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in immunocompromised patients, was also found to protect mice, again when given as a single dose, against a lethal aerosolized or intranasal cowpox virus challenge. In a biological warfare scenario, it would be advantageous to be able to use a single treatment for an individual exposed to an aerosolized poxvirus. Cidofovir thus holds great promise for treating human smallpox, monkeypox, and other poxvirus infections. Anecdotal experience points to the efficacy of cidofovir in the treatment of the poxvirus infections molluscum contagiosum and orf (ecthyma contagiosum) in immunosuppressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E De Clercq
- Division of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U. Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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29
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Ermolinsky BS, Mikhailov SN. Periodate oxidation in chemistry of nucleic acids: Dialdehyde derivatives of nucleosides, nucleotides, and oligonucleotides (Review). RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02758613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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30
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Ramesh NG, Klunder AJH, Zwanenburg B. Enantioselective Synthesis of 4-Acetylaminocyclopent-2-en-1-ols from Tricyclo[5.2.1.0(2,6)]decenyl Enaminones. Precursors for 5'-Norcarbocyclic Nucleosides and Related Antiviral Compounds. J Org Chem 1999; 64:3635-3641. [PMID: 11674491 DOI: 10.1021/jo982498h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of both (1S,4R) and (1R,4S)-4-N-acetylamino-1-benzoylcyclopent-2-enes 33 has been accomplished starting from enantiopure 5-(1'-phenylethylamino)-endo-tricyclo[5.2.1.0(2,6)]deca-4,8-dien-3-ones 14 and 15. N-Acetylation of both 15 and 14 followed by single electron-transfer reduction using lithium in liquid ammonia afforded diastereomeric mixtures of beta-amino ketones 26 and 27 and of ent-26 and ent-27 in high yields and with high diastereoselectivity. In this reduction process, the enaminone double bond is reduced with the concomitant removal of the alpha-methylbenzyl group as the chiral auxiliary. Thermolysis of the respective diastereomic mixtures of 26 and 27 in the gas phase (FVT) or in solution afforded 4-N-acetylaminocyclopent-2-ene-1-ones 30 in high optical and chemical yields. Acidic hydrolysis of (+)-30 gave (R)-(+)-4-aminocyclopentenone 31 as its hydrochloride. Stereoselective reduction of 30 using sodium borohydride and cerium chloride heptahydrate furnished amido alcohol 32, which was isolated and characterized as its benzoyl derivative 33.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namakkal G. Ramesh
- Department of Organic Chemistry, NSR Center for Molecular Structure, Design and Synthesis, University of Nijmegen, Toernooiveld, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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31
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Ozerov AA, Novikov MS, Brel' AK. Synthesis of 3-O-aryl esters of (R,S)-9-(2,3-dihydoxypropyl)adenine and its pyrimidine analogs as new potential inhibitors ofS-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02251667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Nieto MI, Blanco JM, Caamaño O, Fernández F, García-Mera X, Balzarini J, Padalko E, Neyts J, De Clercq E. Synthesis, antiviral and cytostatic activities of carbocyclic nucleosides incorporating a modified cyclopentane ring. Part 2: Adenosine and uridine analogues. NUCLEOSIDES & NUCLEOTIDES 1998; 17:1255-66. [PMID: 9708318 DOI: 10.1080/07328319808004237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Six new carbocyclic nucleosides were prepared by mounting a purine (compounds 5-7), 8-azapurine (compounds 9 and 10) or pyrimidine (compound 13) base on the amino group of (1R,cis)-3-(aminomethyl)-1,2,2-trimethylcyclopentylmethanol (2). The antiviral activity of compounds 5-7, 10 and 13, and their cytostatic activity, were evaluated. At subtoxic concentrations, the compounds showed no or marginal antiviral activity. Compound 5 showed moderate inhibition on tumor cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Nieto
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago, Spain
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33
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Daelemans D, Esté JA, Witvrouw M, Pannecouque C, Jonckheere H, Aquaro S, Perno CF, De Clercq E, Vandamme AM. S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase inhibitors interfere with the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 through inhibition of the LTR transactivation. Mol Pharmacol 1997; 52:1157-63. [PMID: 9396786 DOI: 10.1124/mol.52.6.1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Various analogues of adenosine have been described as inhibitors of S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) hydrolase, and some of these AdoHcy hydrolase inhibitors (e.g., 3-deazaadenosine, 3-deazaaristeromycin, and 3-deazaneplanocin A) have also been reported to inhibit the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). When evaluated against HIV-1 replication in MT-4 cells, macrophages, or phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes infected acutely or chronically with HIV-1IIIB or HIVBaL strains, a wide range of adenosine analogues did not inhibit HIV-1IIIB replication for 50% at subtoxic concentrations. However, they inhibited HIV-1 replication in HeLa CD4+ LTR-LacZ cells at concentrations well below cytotoxicity threshold. A close correlation was found among the inhibitory effect of the compounds on AdoHcy hydrolase activity, their inhibition of HIV-1 replication in Hela CD4+ LTR-LacZ cells, and their inhibition of the HIV-1 Tat-dependent and -independent transactivation of the long terminal repeat, whereas no inhibitory effect was seen on HIV-1 reverse transcription or a Tat-independent cytomegalovirus promoter. Our results suggest that AdoHcy hydrolase and the associated S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methylation mechanism play a role in the process of long terminal repeat transactivation and, hence, HIV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Daelemans
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universtiteit Leuven, Belgium.
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34
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Wnuk SF, Liu S, Yuan CS, Borchardt RT, Robins MJ. Inactivation of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase by amide and ester derivatives of adenosine-5'-carboxylic acid. J Med Chem 1996; 39:4162-6. [PMID: 8863793 DOI: 10.1021/jm960313y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine (AdoHcy) hydrolase has been shown to have (5'/6') hydrolytic activity with vinyl (5') or homovinyl (6') halides derived from adenosine (Ado). This hydrolytic activity is independent of its 3'-oxidative activity. The vinyl (or homovinyl) halides are converted into 5'(or 6')-carboxaldehydes by the hydrolytic activity of the enzyme, and inactivation occurs via the oxidative activity. Amide and ester derivatives of Ado-5'-carboxylic acid were prepared to further probe the hydrolytic capability of AdoHcy hydrolase. The oxidative activity (but not the hydrolytic activity) is involved in the mechanism of inhibition of the enzyme by the ester and amide derivatives of Ado-5'-carboxylic acid, in contrast to the inactivation of this enzyme by adenosine-derived vinyl or homovinyl halide analogues during which both activities are manifested.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Wnuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602-5700, USA
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35
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Shuto S, Obara T, Saito Y, Andrei G, Snoeck R, De Clercq E, Matsuda A. New neplanocin analogues. 6. Synthesis and potent antiviral activity of 6'-homoneplanocin A1. J Med Chem 1996; 39:2392-9. [PMID: 8691433 DOI: 10.1021/jm950853f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and antiviral activities of 6'-homoneplanocin A (HNPA, 3) and its congeners having nucleobases other than adenine, such as 3-deazaadenine (4), guanine (5), thymine (6), and cytosine (7), were described. Starting from the known cyclopentenone derivative 8, the optically active (mesyloxy)cyclopentene derivative 15 was prepared, which was condensed with nucleobases then deprotected to give target compounds 3-7. Of these compounds, HNPA showed an antiviral activity spectrum that was comparable to, and an antiviral specificity that was higher than, that of neplanocin A. HNPA proved particularly active against human cytomegalovirus, vaccinia virus, parainfluenza virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, and arenaviruses, which is compatible with an antiviral action targeted at S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. HNPA appears to be a promising candidate drug for the treatment of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shuto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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36
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Liu S, Yuan CS, Borchardt RT. Aristeromycin-5'-carboxaldehyde: a potent inhibitor of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase. J Med Chem 1996; 39:2347-53. [PMID: 8691429 DOI: 10.1021/jm950916u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In an earlier study, Liu et al. (Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1992, 2, 1741-1744) showed that both the E and Z isomers of 4',5'-didehydro-5'-fluoroaristeromycin were very potent irreversible inhibitors of S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) hydrolase. However, it was unclear from a mechanistic standpoint whether these vinyl fluorides were themselves type-I mechanism-based inhibitors causing reduction of enzyme-bound NAD+ or whether they were prodrug for aristeromycin-5'-carboxaldehyde, which was the ultimate type-I inhibitor. To elucidate this mechanism of enzyme inhibition, (4'S)- and (4'R)-aristeromycin-5'-carboxaldehydes (1a,b) were synthesized in this study and shown to be potent type-I mechanism-based inhibitors of AdoHcy hydrolase with k2/Ki values of 4.4 x 10(6) and 8.2 x 10(4)M-1min-1, respectively. However, Using 19F NMR and HPLC, it was shown that (4'S)-4,5'-dedehydro-5'-fluoraristeromycin in the presence of AdoHcy hydrolase did not release fluoride ion or generate aristeromycin-5'-carboxaldehyde (1a,b). These results suggest that the E and Z isomers of 4',5'-didehydro-5'-fluoroaristeromycin are inactivating AdoHcy hydrolase by directly reducing NAD+ to NADH and not using the hydrolytic activity of the enzyme to generate aristeromycin-5'-carboxaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045, USA
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37
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OBARA T, SHUUTO S, SAITO Y, TORIYA M, OGAWA K, YAGINUMA S, SHIGETA S, MATSUDA A. New Neplanocin Analogues. V. A Potent Adenosylhomocysteine Hydrolase Inhibitor Lacking Antiviral Activity. Synthesis And Antiviral Activity Of 6″-Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Of Neplanocin A1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/07328319608007384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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38
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Yuan CS, Liu S, Wnuk SF, Robins MJ, Borchardt RT. Design and synthesis of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase inhibitors as broad-spectrum antiviral agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s1075-8593(96)80103-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
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39
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40
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Matsuda A, Kosaki H, Yoshimura Y, Shuto S, Ashida N, Konno K, Shigeta S. Nucleosides and nucleotides. 142. an alternative synthesis of and its antiviral activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(95)00270-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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41
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Coulombe RA, Sharma RP, Huggins JW. Pharmacokinetics of the antiviral agent 3-deazaneplanocin A. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 1995; 20:197-202. [PMID: 8751041 DOI: 10.1007/bf03189670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of 3-deazaneplanocin A (c3Nep), a competitive inhibitor of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (AdoHcy) hydrolase and novel antiviral agent, was investigated in female BALB/c mice. Animals were given a single intravenous dose of [3H]-c3Nep (0.1 mg/kg; 10 microCi), and blood and selected tissues were collected at various intervals thereafter for up to 72 h. The plasma concentration versus time data for c3Nep was best approximated by a two-compartment open model with first order elimination. The elimination half-life was 12.8 min, the area-under curve (AUC) was 3.38 micrograms.min.ml-1. The distribution of c3Nep into tissues was not extensive. Following 30, 120 min, and 24 h after dosing, the kidneys and the liver contained the highest amount of drug, but this amount did not exceed 1 microgram/g tissue. At these time periods, the majority of activity in the tissues represented labeled derivatives of c3Nep indicating that this compound was converted to stable metabolites. The presence of labeled conversion products in the blood confirmed that this drug is metabolized in vivo. The fact that c3Nep bound to plasma proteins in vitro may explain this drug's limited tissue distribution. The half-life and tissue distribution of c3Nep were different from those of carbocyclic 3-deazaadenosine, a related adenosine nucleoside antiviral drug and AdoHcy hydrolase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Coulombe
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan 84322-4620, USA
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42
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Parry RJ, Muscate A, Hertel LW. Comparison of the inhibition of type A and type B S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase: effects of cofactor content on inhibition behavior and nucleoside binding. JOURNAL OF ENZYME INHIBITION 1995; 8:243-53. [PMID: 7542321 DOI: 10.3109/14756369509020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (E.C.3.3.1.1) occurs in two forms in bovine liver: Type A, which carries four moles of NAD+ per mole of enzyme tetramer, and Type B, which carries two moles of NAD+ per mole of tetramer. The inhibition of these two forms of the enzyme with 2',2'-difluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine has been investigated. The studies examined the binding stoichiometry and stability of the enzyme-inhibitor complexes formed from each type of the enzyme, the degree of NAD+ reduction and NAD+ release, and the possibility of covalent bond formation between the enzyme and the inhibitor. Significant differences in the behavior of the two forms of the enzyme were encountered which may have important implications for the design of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase inhibitors as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Parry
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251, USA
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43
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Clercq ED. Antiviral Activity Spectrum and Target of Action of Different Classes of Nucleoside Analogues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1080/15257779408012151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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44
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Shuto S, Obara T, Kosugi Y, Saito Y, Toriya M, Yaginuma S, Shigeta S, Matsuda A. New neplanocin analogues. III. 6′R-configuration is essential for the antiviral activity of 6′-C-methyl-3-deazaneplanocin a's. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)80163-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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45
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Agrofoglio L, Suhas E, Farese A, Condom R, Richard Challand S, A. Earl R, Guedj R. Synthesis of carbocyclic nucleosides. Tetrahedron 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)89258-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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46
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Andrei G, De Clercq E. Molecular approaches for the treatment of hemorrhagic fever virus infections. Antiviral Res 1993; 22:45-75. [PMID: 8250543 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(93)90085-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Viruses causing hemorrhagic fevers in man belong to the following virus groups: togavirus (Chikungunya), flavivirus (dengue, yellow fever, Kyasanur Forest disease, Omsk hemorrhagic fever), arenavirus (Argentinian hemorrhagic fever, Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, Lassa fever), filovirus (Ebola, Marburg), phlebovirus (Rift Valley fever), nairovirus (Crimian-Congo hemorrhagic fever) and hantavirus (hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, nephropathic epidemia). Hemorrhagic fever virus infections can be approached by different therapeutic strategies: (i) vaccination; (ii) administration of high-titered antibodies; and (iii) treatment with antiviral drugs. Depending on the molecular target of their interaction, antiviral agents could be classified as follows: IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors (i.e., ribavirin and its derivatives); OMP decarboxylase inhibitors (i.e., pyrazofurin); CTP synthetase inhibitors (i.e., cyclopentylcytosine and cyclopentenylcytosine); SAH hydrolase inhibitors (i.e., neplanocin A); polyanionic substances (i.e., sulfated polymers); interferon and immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Andrei
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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47
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Frick W, Patil SD, Gambino AJ, Schneller SW. (±)-3′-deoxyaraaristeromycin via a surprising rearrangement. Tetrahedron Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)73876-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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48
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Porcelli M, Cacciapuoti G, Fusco S, Iacomino G, Gambacorta A, De Rosa M, Zappia V. S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase from the thermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus: purification, physico-chemical and immunological properties. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1164:179-88. [PMID: 8329449 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(93)90246-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
S-Adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase from Sulfolobus solfataricus, a thermoacidophilic archaeon optimally growing at 87 degrees C, has been purified to homogeneity. The specific activity of the homogeneous enzyme is 161 nmol of S-adenosylhomocysteine formed per min per mg of protein, and the overall yield, by immunoaffinity purification, is 51%. The enzyme has a molecular mass of 190 kDa, is composed of four identical subunits (subunit mass 47 kDa), and contains four molecules of tightly-bound NAD+ per tetramer of which about 40% is in the reduced form. Physico-chemical features, including amino-acid composition and secondary structure, are reported. The pure protein, used to raise specific rabbit antisera, shows immunological properties different from other S-adenosylhomocysteine-metabolizing enzymes. The enzyme is thermophilic with an optimum temperature of 75 degrees C, and shows an apparent melting temperature of 95 degrees C by measuring its residual activity after 10 min incubation at increasing temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Porcelli
- Institute of Biochemistry of Macromolecules, Medical School, Second University of Naples, Italy
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49
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Snoeck R, Andrei G, Neyts J, Schols D, Cools M, Balzarini J, De Clercq E. Inhibitory activity of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase inhibitors against human cytomegalovirus replication. Antiviral Res 1993; 21:197-216. [PMID: 8215298 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(93)90028-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Various acyclic and carbocyclic adenosine analogues, which are apparently targeted at the S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) hydrolase have been reported to inhibit the replication of a number of pox-, rhabdo-, paramyxo-, arena-, and reoviruses. Here we show that this activity spectrum extends to human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). Of the compounds tested, neplanocin A, 3-deazaneplanocin A, 6'-C-methylneplanocin A and 5'-noraristeromycin were found to be the most potent inhibitors of HCMV replication in vitro. Their 50% inhibitory concentration ranged from 0.05 to 1.35 micrograms/ml. In general, the anti-HCMV activity of the adenosine analogues correlated well with their affinity (Ki) for AdoHcy hydrolase, suggesting that AdoHcy hydrolase may be considered as a target enzyme for anti-HCMV agents. For four compounds (3-deazaneplanocin A, 6'-C-methylneplanocin A (isomers I and II) and 3-deazaadenosine), anti-HCMV potency was greater than could be expected solely from their interaction with AdoHcy hydrolase, suggesting that these compounds may be functioning by an additional mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Snoeck
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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50
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Villalón MD, Gil-Fernández C, De Clercq E. Activity of several S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase inhibitors against African swine fever virus replication in Vero cells. Antiviral Res 1993; 20:131-44. [PMID: 8460931 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(93)90003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Several inhibitors of S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) hydrolase have been found to selectively suppress the replication of African swine fever virus (ASFV) in Vero cells. Of the compounds tested, 3-deazaneplanocin A proved to be the most potent and selective inhibitor of ASFV replication. Its selectivity index (SI) was 3000. Then followed 9-(trans-2',trans-3'-dihydroxycyclopentyl)-3- deazaadenine (SI = 2500), the 4'beta-vinyl derivative of 9-(trans-2',trans-3'-dihydroxycyclopentyl)adenine (SI = 2000), 6'beta-fluoroaristeromycin (SI = 1250), 4',5'-unsaturated 5'-fluoroadenosine (MDL 28842) and 9-(trans-2',trans-3'-dihydroxycyclopentyl)adenine (SI = 667), 9-(trans-2',trans-3'-dihydroxycyclopent-4'-enyl)adenine and the 4 beta-methyl derivative of 9-(trans-2',trans-3'- dihydroxycyclopentyl)adenine (SI = 400), 9-(trans-2',trans-3'-dihydroxycyclopent-4'-enyl)-3-deazaadenine (SI = 200). We postulate that the mechanism of anti-ASFV action of these compounds is based on the inhibition of AdoHcy hydrolase, thus resulting in the accumulation of AdoHcy and suppression of methylation reactions needed for viral mRNA maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Villalón
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
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