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Islam S, Shahzad SA, Ismail T, Sherani UAS, Khan KM, Fatima N, Khan SA, Mannan A. Exploring the antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential of novel chloroquine analogues. Future Med Chem 2024; 16:737-749. [PMID: 38456272 PMCID: PMC11221543 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2023-0343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: To synthesize novel chloroquine analogues and evaluate them for antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential. Methods: Novel analogues were synthesized from chloroquine by nucleophilic substitution reaction at the 4-amino position. Results: Analogue CS1 showed maximum antimicrobial potential (30.3 ± 0.15 mm zone) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and produced a 19.2 ± 0.21 mm zone against Candida albicans, while CS0 produced no zone at the same concentration. Analogue CS9 has excellent cytotoxic potential (HeLa cell line), showing 100% inhibition (IC50 = 8.9 ± 1.2 μg/ml), compared with CS0 (61.9% inhibition at 30 μg/ml). Conclusion: These synthesized chloroquine analogues have excellent activity against different microbial strains and cervical cancer cell lines (HeLa) compared with their parent molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamsul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Sohail A Shahzad
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Ismail
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Usman AS Sherani
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Kashif M Khan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Nighat Fatima
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Shujaat A Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Mannan
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan
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2
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Synthesis of novel 4,7-disubstituted quinoline derivatives as autophagy inducing agents via targeting stabilization of ATG5. Bioorg Chem 2022; 127:105998. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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3
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Akhter S, Usman M, Arjmand F, Tabassum S. Synthesis, structural characterization, in vitro comparative DNA/RNA binding, and computational studies of half-sandwich Ru (II)(ƞ6-p-cymene) aminoquinoline complex. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Angajala G, Aruna V, Pavan P, Guruprasad Reddy P. Biocatalytic one pot three component approach: Facile synthesis, characterization, molecular modelling and hypoglycemic studies of new thiazolidinedione festooned quinoline analogues catalyzed by alkaline protease from Aspergillus niger. Bioorg Chem 2021; 119:105533. [PMID: 34902647 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A novel ANAP (Aspergillus niger from alkaline protease) catalyzed one pot three component approach in the synthesis of new thiazolidinedione festooned quinoline analogues via Knoevenagel condensation and N-alkylation have been reported. The catalytic effect of enzyme was monitored and optimized by adjusting various parameters including catalyst concentration, choice of solvent and temperature. The isolated alkaline protease exhibits favorable features for the reaction response such as the shorter reaction time, simple work-up procedure, clean reaction profiles and excellent product yields through reusability of the catalyst upto five cycles. In silico molecular docking simulations were carried out to find out the effective binding affinity of the synthesized quinoline analogues 4(a-i) towards PPARγ protein (Id-2XKW). In vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase assays were performed for hypoglycemic activity evaluation. In vivo hypoglycemic studies carried out on streptozotocin (SZT) induced diabetic male albino rats have shown that compounds 4e and 4f significantly reduced blood glucose levels with percentage reduction of 43.7 ± 0.91 and 45.6 ± 0.28 at a concentration of 50 mg/kg body wt. The results obtained from molecular docking simulations and in vitro enzyme assays are in consistent with in-vivo studies which clearly demonstrated that out of the synthesized quinoline analogues, compounds 4e and 4f possess promising hypoglycemic activity which was on par to that of standards pioglitazone and rosiglitazone respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangadhara Angajala
- Department of Chemistry, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Anand nagar, Krishnankoil 626126, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Valmiki Aruna
- Department of Chemistry, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Anand nagar, Krishnankoil 626126, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Pasupala Pavan
- Department of Humanities and Basic Sciences, G. Pulla Reddy Engineering College, Kurnool 518007, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Pulikanti Guruprasad Reddy
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand 175005, Himachal Pradesh, India; Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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5
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UV Properties and Loading into Liposomes of Quinoline Derivatives. COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/colloids5020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The scientific relevance of quinolines is strictly linked to the fine-tuning of their features by functionalizing the heterocyclic core. Consequently, the compounds of this class are very versatile and can be used as possible drugs for a lot of medical applications. In this work, the inclusion of eight synthetic quinoline derivatives in liposomes formulated with different lipids was investigated in terms of the encapsulation efficiency and to highlight the effect on the liposome size distribution and thermotropic behavior. Excellent encapsulation was accomplished with all the quinoline/phospholipid combinations. Differences in the interactions at the molecular level, dependent on the quinoline molecular scaffolds and lipid structure, were observed, which could significantly bias the interaction with the drug and its release in pharmaceutical applications. Experiments in combination with computational studies demonstrated that the UV absorption of quinolines with expanded conjugation could be affected by the environment polarity. This was probably due to a solvent-dependent ability of these quinolines to stack into aggregates, which could also occur upon inclusion into the lipid bilayer.
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6
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Angajala G, Aruna V, Subashini R. Visible light induced nano copper catalyzed one pot synthesis of novel quinoline bejeweled thiobarbiturates as potential hypoglycemic agents. J Heterocycl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gangadhara Angajala
- Department of Chemistry Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education Krishnankoil Tamilnadu India
| | - Valmiki Aruna
- Department of Chemistry Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education Krishnankoil Tamilnadu India
| | - Radhakrishnan Subashini
- Department of Chemistry Arignar Anna Government Arts College for women Walajapet, Vellore Tamilnadu India
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7
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Hayani S, Sert Y, Baba YF, Benhiba F, Chahdi FO, Laraqui FZ, Mague JT, El Ibrahimi B, Sebbar NK, Rodi YK, Essassi EM. New alkyl (cyclohexyl) 2-oxo-1-(prop‑2-yn-1-yl)-1, 2-dihydroquinoline-4-carboxylates: Synthesis, crystal structure, spectroscopic characterization, hirshfeld surface analysis, molecular docking studies and DFT calculations. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Fonte M, Tassi N, Gomes P, Teixeira C. Acridine-Based Antimalarials-From the Very First Synthetic Antimalarial to Recent Developments. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26030600. [PMID: 33498868 PMCID: PMC7865557 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is among the deadliest infectious diseases in the world caused by Plasmodium parasites. Due to the high complexity of the parasite’s life cycle, we partly depend on antimalarial drugs to fight this disease. However, the emergence of resistance, mainly by Plasmodium falciparum, has dethroned most of the antimalarials developed to date. Given recent reports of resistance to artemisinin combination therapies, first-line treatment currently recommended by the World Health Organization, in Western Cambodia and across the Greater Mekong sub-region, it seems very likely that artemisinin and its derivatives will follow the same path of other antimalarial drugs. Consequently, novel, safe and efficient antimalarial drugs are urgently needed. One fast and low-cost strategy to accelerate antimalarial development is by recycling classical pharmacophores. Quinacrine, an acridine-based compound and the first clinically tested synthetic antimalarial drug with potent blood schizonticide but serious side effects, has attracted attention due to its broad spectrum of biological activity. In this sense, the present review will focus on efforts made in the last 20 years for the development of more efficient, safer and affordable antimalarial compounds, through recycling the classical quinacrine drug.
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Yadav P, Shah K. Quinolines, a perpetual, multipurpose scaffold in medicinal chemistry. Bioorg Chem 2021; 109:104639. [PMID: 33618829 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Quinoline is a versatile pharmacophore, a privileged scaffold and an outstanding fused heterocyclic compound with a wide range of pharmacological prospective such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral drug and superlative moiety in drug discovery. The quinoline hybrids have already been shown excellent results with new targets with a different mode of actions as an inhibitor of cell proliferation by cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, angiogenesis, disruption of cell migration and modulation. This review emphasized the mode of action, structure activity relationship and molecular docking to reveal the various active pharmacophores of quinoline hybrids accountable for novel anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and miscellaneous activities. Therefore, several quinoline candidates are under clinical trials for the treatment of certain diseases, for example ferroquine (antimalarial), dactolisib (antitumor) and pelitinib (EGFR TK inhibitors) etc. Plenty of research has been summarized the recent advances of quinoline derivatives and explore the various therapeutic prospects of this moiety. This review would help the researchers to strategically design diverse novel quinoline derivatives for the development of clinically viable drug candidates for the treatment of incurable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Yadav
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, UP 281406, India
| | - Kamal Shah
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, UP 281406, India.
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Saddique FA, Farhad M, Aslam S, Ahmad M. Recent synthetic methodologies for the tricyclic fused-quinoline derivatives. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1817942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Muniba Farhad
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sana Aslam
- Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Matloob Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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11
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Azaphenantherene derivatives as inhibitor of SARS CoV-2 Mpro: Synthesis, physicochemical, quantum chemical and molecular docking analysis. CHEMICAL DATA COLLECTIONS 2020. [PMCID: PMC7332229 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdc.2020.100470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-4-phenyl-5,6-dihydrobenzo[h]quinoline-3-carbonitrile (Ia) and 2-(5-bromo-1H-indol-3-yl)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5,6-dihydrobenzo[h]quinoline-3-carbonitrile (Ib) were elucidated using single crystal X-ray diffraction. The cyclohexadiene ring adopts screw boat conformation in compound (Ia) and distorted screw boat in compound (Ib). The pyridine ring is effectively planar. The qualitative and quantitative analyses of hydrogen bonding interactions in the compounds were done using Hirshfeld surface analysis, QTAIM and NCI. DFT/B3LYP level of theory was used to optimize both the compounds. These compounds drug-like behaviors were studied using HOMO-LUMO analysis. The molecular docking analysis against Mpro was carried out for the synthesized compounds and some suggested drugs for COVID-19. The docking results were then analyzed.
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Liebman KM, Burgess SJ, Gunsaru B, Kelly JX, Li Y, Morrill W, Liebman MC, Peyton DH. Unsymmetrical Bisquinolines with High Potency against P. falciparum Malaria. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092251. [PMID: 32397659 PMCID: PMC7249153 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinoline-based scaffolds have been the mainstay of antimalarial drugs, including many artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs), over the history of modern drug development. Although much progress has been made in the search for novel antimalarial scaffolds, it may be that quinolines will remain useful, especially if very potent compounds from this class are discovered. We report here the results of a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study assessing potential unsymmetrical bisquinoline antiplasmodial drug candidates using in vitro activity against intact parasites in cell culture. Many unsymmetrical bisquinolines were found to be highly potent against both chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum parasites. Further work to develop such compounds could focus on minimizing toxicities in order to find suitable candidates for clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M. Liebman
- DesignMedix, Inc., Portland, OR 97201, USA; (K.M.L.); (S.J.B.); (W.M.)
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA; (B.G.); (J.X.K.); (M.C.L.)
| | - Steven J. Burgess
- DesignMedix, Inc., Portland, OR 97201, USA; (K.M.L.); (S.J.B.); (W.M.)
| | - Bornface Gunsaru
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA; (B.G.); (J.X.K.); (M.C.L.)
| | - Jane X. Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA; (B.G.); (J.X.K.); (M.C.L.)
- Portland VA Research Foundation, Portland, OR 97239, USA;
| | - Yuexin Li
- Portland VA Research Foundation, Portland, OR 97239, USA;
| | - Westin Morrill
- DesignMedix, Inc., Portland, OR 97201, USA; (K.M.L.); (S.J.B.); (W.M.)
| | - Michael C. Liebman
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA; (B.G.); (J.X.K.); (M.C.L.)
| | - David H. Peyton
- DesignMedix, Inc., Portland, OR 97201, USA; (K.M.L.); (S.J.B.); (W.M.)
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA; (B.G.); (J.X.K.); (M.C.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-503-805-1291
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13
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Njouendou AJ, Kien CA, Esum ME, Ritter M, Chounna Ndongmo WP, Fombad FF, Gandjui NVT, Njiokou F, Enyong P, Pfarr K, Turner J, Layland LE, Hoerauf A, Wanji S. In vitro maintenance of Mansonella perstans microfilariae and its relevance for drug screening. Exp Parasitol 2019; 206:107769. [PMID: 31580876 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mansonellosis arises from infections with threadlike filarial nematodes in millions of individuals, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Since infections present no overt clinical symptoms but attenuate immune responses that might lead to increased susceptibility and worsened disease course of concomitant infections, it is truly a neglected tropical disease. Nevertheless, only few studies focus on identifying suitable safe drugs for its control and little is known about the requirements for in vitro maintenance of the Mansonella perstans transmission stage. This study, therefore, evaluated the survival of M. perstans microfilariae (mf) using in vitro conditions that have been shown to promote survival of Loa loa, a closely related filarial nematode. Furthermore, the in vitro microfilaricidal effect of 15 agents was assessed on this helminth. METHODS The ability of two basic culture media; Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) and Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI-1640) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and a monkey kidney epithelial cell line (LLC-MK2) to support the survival of M. perstans microfilariae was investigated. Subsequently, 6 anti-helminthics, 5 anti-malarials, 1 anti-microbacterial, 2 trypanocidals and 1 anti-cancer agent were tested in vitro against mf. The suitability of the culture media as well as the effect of the anti-infective agents on mf survival was assessed by scoring their motility. RESULTS FBS supplement and additional LLC-MK2 cells significantly improved the survival of mf in DMEM and RPMI-1640 culture. In detail, RPMI-1640 supplemented with 10% FBS and LLC-MK2 cells sustained the maintenance of mf for at least 20 days (100.00 ± 0.00% survival). In co-cultures with LLC-MK2 cells without serum, M. perstans mf were maintained in DMEM and RPMI-1640 medium with a motility above 99% by day 5. Mefloquine displayed the highest microfilaricidal effect in vitro followed by artesunate. CONCLUSION Both RPMI and DMEM in the presence of LLC-MK2 cells are suitable for the maintenance of M. perstans mf in vitro. In absence of the feeder cells, the addition of 10% FBS to RPMI-1640 medium improved the parasite survival rate and motility. The microfilaricidal activity of mefloquine and artesunate on M. perstans mf was documented for the first time in this study and can therefore be considered as reference for further screening of agents against this parasite stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel Jelil Njouendou
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.
| | - Chi Anizette Kien
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon; Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.
| | - Mathias E Esum
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon; Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.
| | - Manuel Ritter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany.
| | - Winston Patrick Chounna Ndongmo
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon; Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.
| | - Fanny Fri Fombad
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon; Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.
| | - Narcisse Victor T Gandjui
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon; Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.
| | - Flobert Njiokou
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon.
| | - Peter Enyong
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon; Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.
| | - Kenneth Pfarr
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn - Cologne Partner Site, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Joseph Turner
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, UK.
| | - Laura E Layland
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn - Cologne Partner Site, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn - Cologne Partner Site, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Samuel Wanji
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon; Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.
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Quinoline and quinolone dimers and their biological activities: An overview. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 161:101-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Hu Y, Depaepe T, Smet D, Hoyerova K, Klíma P, Cuypers A, Cutler S, Buyst D, Morreel K, Boerjan W, Martins J, Petrášek J, Vandenbussche F, Van Der Straeten D. ACCERBATIN, a small molecule at the intersection of auxin and reactive oxygen species homeostasis with herbicidal properties. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:4185-4203. [PMID: 28922768 PMCID: PMC5853866 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The volatile two-carbon hormone ethylene acts in concert with an array of signals to affect etiolated seedling development. From a chemical screen, we isolated a quinoline carboxamide designated ACCERBATIN (AEX) that exacerbates the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid-induced triple response, typical for ethylene-treated seedlings in darkness. Phenotypic analyses revealed distinct AEX effects including inhibition of root hair development and shortening of the root meristem. Mutant analysis and reporter studies further suggested that AEX most probably acts in parallel to ethylene signaling. We demonstrated that AEX functions at the intersection of auxin metabolism and reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis. AEX inhibited auxin efflux in BY-2 cells and promoted indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) oxidation in the shoot apical meristem and cotyledons of etiolated seedlings. Gene expression studies and superoxide/hydrogen peroxide staining further revealed that the disrupted auxin homeostasis was accompanied by oxidative stress. Interestingly, in light conditions, AEX exhibited properties reminiscent of the quinoline carboxylate-type auxin-like herbicides. We propose that AEX interferes with auxin transport from its major biosynthesis sites, either as a direct consequence of poor basipetal transport from the shoot meristematic region, or indirectly, through excessive IAA oxidation and ROS accumulation. Further investigation of AEX can provide new insights into the mechanisms connecting auxin and ROS homeostasis in plant development and provide useful tools to study auxin-type herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Hu
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas Depaepe
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dajo Smet
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Klara Hoyerova
- Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Klíma
- Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Ann Cuypers
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Sean Cutler
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Dieter Buyst
- NMR and Structure Analysis, Department of Organic Chemistry, Krijgslaan, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Morreel
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB (Flanders Institute for Biotechnology), Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB (Flanders Institute for Biotechnology), Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
| | - José Martins
- NMR and Structure Analysis, Department of Organic Chemistry, Krijgslaan, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Vandenbussche
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dominique Van Der Straeten
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat, Ghent, Belgium
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Kondaparla S, Agarwal P, Srivastava K, Puri SK, Katti SB. Design, synthesis and in vitro antiplasmodial activity of some bisquinolines against chloroquine-resistant strain. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 89:901-906. [PMID: 27896925 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel bisquinoline compounds comprising N1 -(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl) ethane-1,2-diamine and 7-chloro-N-(2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)quinolin-4-amine connected with 7-chloro-4-aminoquinoline containing various amino acids is described. We have bio-evaluated the compounds against both chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) and chloroquine-resistant (K1) strains of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Among the series, compounds 4 and 7 exhibited 1.8- and 10.6-fold superior activity as compared to chloroquine (CQ; IC50 = 0.255 ± 0.049 μm) against the K1 strain with IC50 values 0.137 ± 0.014 and 0.026 ± 0.007 μm, respectively. Furthermore, compound 7 also displayed promising activity against the 3D7 strain (IC50 = 0.024 ± 0.003 μm) of P. falciparum when compared to CQ. All the compounds in the series displayed resistance factor between 0.57 and 4.71 as against 51 for CQ. These results suggest that bisquinolines can be explored for further development as new antimalarial agents active against chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasarao Kondaparla
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Pooja Agarwal
- Parasitology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Kumkum Srivastava
- Parasitology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Sunil K Puri
- Parasitology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Seturam B Katti
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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17
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Hussain AI, Chatha SAS, Kamal GM, Ali MA, Hanif MA, Lazhari MI. Chemical composition and biological activities of essential oil and extracts from Ocimum sanctum. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2016.1214145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Liu G, Yi M, Liu L, Wang J, Wang J. An atom economical method for the direct synthesis of quinoline derivatives from substituted o-nitrotoluenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:2911-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc09358e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A one-pot procedure for the preparation of substituted quinolines from substituted o-nitrotoluenes with electron-withdrawing groups and olefins (acrylic esters and acrylonitriles) using a cesium catalyst under mild reaction conditions is reported. The process involves a [2+4] cycloaddition mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyan Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules
- College of Chemistry
- Tianjin Normal University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Maocong Yi
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- P. R. China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- P. R. China
| | - Jianhui Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- P. R. China
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Angajala G, Subashini R. Nickel nanoparticles: a highly efficient and retrievable catalyst for the solventless Friedlander annulation of quinolines and their in silico molecular docking studies as histone deacetylase inhibitors. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra06593c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly efficient, solvent-free protocol for the synthesis of polysubstituted quinolines via Friedlander annulation using nickel nanoparticles from Aegle Marmelos Correa aqueous leaf extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangadhara Angajala
- Organic Chemistry Division
- School of Advanced Sciences
- VIT University
- Vellore 632014
- India
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20
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Teixeira C, Vale N, Pérez B, Gomes A, Gomes JRB, Gomes P. "Recycling" classical drugs for malaria. Chem Rev 2014; 114:11164-220. [PMID: 25329927 DOI: 10.1021/cr500123g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Teixeira
- Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal.,CICECO, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro , P-3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vale
- Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bianca Pérez
- Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Gomes
- Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - José R B Gomes
- CICECO, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro , P-3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paula Gomes
- Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Patil C, Katare S, Baig M, Doifode S. Fixed dose combination of arterolane and piperaquine: a newer prospect in antimalarial therapy. Ann Med Health Sci Res 2014; 4:466-71. [PMID: 25221689 PMCID: PMC4160665 DOI: 10.4103/2141-9248.139270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria has been very prevalent vector-borne disease in India and until date bears enormous implications on health care services of the country. Over the period of time, the development of resistance to traditional antimalarials like chloroquine has been posed as major deterrent in efforts of malaria control. As the drug resistance is today universally prevalent, especially in Plasmodium falciparum species, major burden of malarial control resides with the new artemisinin drug class. However, arterolane is one of the first fully synthetic non-artemisinin antimalarial compound with rapid schizontocidal activity, hence offering an alternative to artemisinin drugs in malaria control. Piperaquine is a synthetic bisquinoline (4-amioquinoline Antimalarial) with slow and longer schizontocidal activity. Therefore their combination has been shown to provide rapid parasitemic clearance and quick relief of most malaria-related symptoms along with prevention of recrudescences. This combination was approved by Drugs Controller General of India in 2011 for treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria. The article is aimed at to review this newer prospect in antimalarial therapy for which comprehensive database search was done in Google, Google Scholar, PubMed using the terms “Malaria,” “Arterolane,” “OZ277,” “Piperaquine,” and “Artemisinin combination therapy.” A total of 323 articles were screened and 28 articles were considered for this review along with the World Health Organization and National malarial program guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cy Patil
- Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ss Katare
- Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ms Baig
- Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sm Doifode
- Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
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22
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Microwave-assisted solid acid-catalyzed synthesis of quinolinyl quinolinones and evaluation of their antibacterial, antioxidant activities. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-014-1575-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Gao W, Li Y, Wang S. A facile synthesis of bisquinoline derivatives via the Williamson reaction. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-012-0992-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Teguh SC, Klonis N, Duffy S, Lucantoni L, Avery VM, Hutton CA, Baell JB, Tilley L. Novel Conjugated Quinoline–Indoles Compromise Plasmodium falciparum Mitochondrial Function and Show Promising Antimalarial Activity. J Med Chem 2013; 56:6200-15. [DOI: 10.1021/jm400656s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sandra Duffy
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Brisbane Innovation Park, Griffith University,
Nathan QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Leonardo Lucantoni
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Brisbane Innovation Park, Griffith University,
Nathan QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Vicky M. Avery
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Brisbane Innovation Park, Griffith University,
Nathan QLD 4111, Australia
| | | | - Jonathan B. Baell
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Parkville
VIC 3052, Australia
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25
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Li Y, Gao W. Synthesis of 2-[(quinolin-8-yloxy)methyl]quinoline-3-carboxylic acid derivatives. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2013. [DOI: 10.1515/hc-2013-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Marella A, Tanwar OP, Saha R, Ali MR, Srivastava S, Akhter M, Shaquiquzzaman M, Alam MM. Quinoline: A versatile heterocyclic. Saudi Pharm J 2013; 21:1-12. [PMID: 23960814 PMCID: PMC3744984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinoline or 1-aza-naphthalene is a weak tertiary base. Quinoline ring has been found to possess antimalarial, anti-bacterial, antifungal, anthelmintic, cardiotonic, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activity. Quinoline not only has a wide range of biological and pharmacological activities but there are several established protocols for the synthesis of this ring. The article aims at highlighting these very diversities of the ring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mohammad Mumtaz Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110 062, India
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Hussain AI, Anwar F, Chatha SA, Latif S, Sherazi ST, Ahmad A, Worthington J, Sarker SD. Chemical composition and bioactivity studies of the essential oils from two Thymus species from the Pakistani flora. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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28
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van Heerden L, Cloete TT, Breytenbach JW, de Kock C, Smith PJ, Breytenbach JC, N'Da DD. Synthesis and in vitro antimalarial activity of a series of bisquinoline and bispyrrolo[1,2a]quinoxaline compounds. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 55:335-45. [PMID: 22889556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Series of bisquinolines 4-15 and bispyrrolo[1,2a]quinoxalines 16-20 containing various polyamine linkers were synthesized. The aqueous solubility and distribution coefficient were experimentally determined. The compounds were screened for antimalarial activity alongside chloroquine against D10 and Dd2 strains of Plasmodium falciparum. The growth inhibitory effects of biscompounds 4-9 were assessed against various cancer cell lines. The aqueous solubility was found to increase with an increase in potential protonation sites. Bisquinolines 8 and 9 featuring triethylenetetramine and N,N'-bis(3-aminopropyl)ethylene-diamine linkers, respectively, were the most active of all synthesized compounds. They were found as potent as chloroquine against D10 but significantly more potent against the Dd2 strain, with good selectivity towards parasitic cells. Compound 4 containing a diethylenetriamine bridge displayed the most important anticancer activity of the series, and was a more effective antiproliferative inhibitor than etoposide against all three TK10, UACC62 and MCF7 cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lezanne van Heerden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
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29
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Synthesis and in vitro study of antibacterial, antifungal activities of some novel bisquinolines. Med Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-012-0011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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30
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Klonis N, Dilanian R, Hanssen E, Darmanin C, Streltsov V, Deed S, Quiney H, Tilley L. Hematin−Hematin Self-Association States Involved in the Formation and Reactivity of the Malaria Parasite Pigment, Hemozoin. Biochemistry 2010; 49:6804-11. [DOI: 10.1021/bi100567j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nectarios Klonis
- La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-ray Science
| | - Ruben Dilanian
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-ray Science
- School of Physics
| | - Eric Hanssen
- La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-ray Science
| | - Connie Darmanin
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-ray Science
- CSIRO, Molecular and Health Technologies, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Victor Streltsov
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-ray Science
- CSIRO, Molecular and Health Technologies, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Samantha Deed
- La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-ray Science
| | - Harry Quiney
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-ray Science
- School of Physics
| | - Leann Tilley
- La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-ray Science
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Crespo MP, Tilley L, Klonis N. Solution behavior of hematin under acidic conditions and implications for its interactions with chloroquine. J Biol Inorg Chem 2010; 15:1009-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-010-0661-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Williams GJ, Hanssen E, Peele AG, Pfeifer MA, Clark J, Abbey B, Cadenazzi G, de Jonge MD, Vogt S, Tilley L, Nugent KA. High-resolution X-ray imaging of Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells. Cytometry A 2008; 73:949-57. [PMID: 18671251 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Methods for imaging cellular architecture and ultimately macromolecular complexes and individual proteins, within a cellular environment, are an important goal for cell and molecular biology. Coherent diffractive imaging (CDI) is a method of lensless imaging that can be applied to any individual finite object. A diffraction pattern from a single biological structure is recorded and an iterative Fourier transform between real space and reciprocal space is used to reconstruct information about the architecture of the sample to high resolution. As a test system for cellular imaging, we have applied CDI to an important human pathogen, the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. We have employed a novel CDI approach, known as Fresnel CDI, which uses illumination with a curved incident wavefront, to image red blood cells infected with malaria parasites. We have examined the intrinsic X-ray absorption contrast of these cells and compared them with cells contrasted with heavy metal stains or immunogold labeling. We compare CDI images with data obtained from the same cells using scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy, and scanning X-ray fluorescence microscopy. We show that CDI can offer new information both within and at the surface of complex biological specimens at a spatial resolution of better than 40 nm. and we demonstrate an imaging modality that conveniently combines scanning X-ray fluorescence microscopy with CDI. The data provide independent confirmation of the validity of the coherent diffractive image and demonstrate that CDI offers the potential to become an important and reliable new high-resolution imaging modality for cell biology. CDI can detect features at high resolution within unsectioned cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garth J Williams
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-Ray Science & School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Vic., 3010 Australia
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Hong X, Liu CH, Huang XT, Huang TL, Ye SM, Ou WP, Wang NS, Mi SQ. Pharmacokinetics of dihydroartemisinin in Artekin tablets for single and repeated dosing in Chinese healthy volunteers. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2008; 29:237-44. [PMID: 18350560 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Aim. To study the pharmacokinetics of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) in Artekin (compound dihydroartemisinin) tablets in Chinese healthy volunteers. Methods. Eighteen healthy volunteers (9 males, 9 females) received Artekin tablets for oral administration. The plasma samples of DHA were analysed by liquid-liquid extraction and determined by HPLC/ESI/MS. Results. The plasma DHA concentration-time curves of single dose and repeated doses of DHA were fitted to a two-compartment open model. The mean pharmacokinetic parameters of DHA in a single dose were: t(1/2(beta))=1.245 +/- 0.495 h, C(max)=243.6 +/- 56.15 microg/l, AUC(0 --> infinity)=450 +/- 69 h x microg/l, V(d)=5.75 +/- 2.2 l/kg and Cl=3.245 +/- 0.38 l/h/kg, while in repeated doses they were: t(1/2(beta))=1.085 +/- 0.298 h, AUC(0 --> infinity)=444.35 +/- 80.43 h x ng/ml, V(d)=4.62 +/- 1.128 ml/kg, Cl=3.0125 +/- 0.875 ml/h/kg, respectively. Conclusion. The study showed that DHA in Artekin was rapidly absorbed, distributed and eliminated in the healthy subjects. The pharmacokinetic properties of DHA in Artekin were not affected by gender in a single dose. While in repeated doses accumulation of DHA did not appear after repeated doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hong
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
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Liu C, Zhang R, Hong X, Huang T, Mi S, Wang N. Pharmacokinetics of piperaquine after single and multiple oral administrations in healthy volunteers. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2008; 127:1709-14. [PMID: 17917428 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.127.1709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the pharmacokinetics of piperaquine in healthy volunteers. Healthy volunteers received piperaquine and tablets of Artekin by oral administration. The plasma samples were analyzed for piperaquine by liquid-liquid extraction and determined by HPLC-UV. The results demonstrated that the plasma drug concentration-time curves of single and multiple dose of piperaquine were fitted to a two-compartment open model. The pharmacokinetics parameters of piperaquine alone in a single dose were: t(1/2(beta))=(317.2-/+126.6)h, AUC(0-->infinity)=(44293-/+12636)h x ng/ml, V(d)=(9490.9-/+2161.9)ml/kg, and Cl=(22.83-/+9.83)ml/h/kg. In Artekin in a single dose these parameters were: t(1/2(beta))=(302.8-/+180.7)h, AUC(0-->infinity)=(46419-/+13670)h x ng/ml, V(d)=(10188.6-/+3520.3)ml/kg, and Cl=(25.48-/+10.89)ml/h/kg, while in Artekin in multiple doses they were: t(1/2(beta))=(298.9-/+101.9)h, AUC(0-->infinity)=(227692-/+56294)h x ng/ml, V(d)=(5031.5-/+1097.8)ml/kg, Cl=(11.91-/+3.046)ml/h/kg, respectively. The absorption and distribution of piperaquine were quick while the elimination was quite slow. There were significant differences in the pharmacokinetics parameters of piperaquine in Artekin between a single dose and multiple doses (p<0.001), suggesting that piperaquine might accumulate in vivo and that attention should be given to its possible adverse drug reactions in clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhui Liu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Jichang Road 12, Guangzhou 510405, Guangdong Province, P.R. China.
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Artemisinin and a series of novel endoperoxide antimalarials exert early effects on digestive vacuole morphology. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 52:98-109. [PMID: 17938190 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00609-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Artermisinin and its derivatives are now the mainstays of antimalarial treatment; however, their mechanism of action is only poorly understood. We report on the synthesis of a novel series of epoxy-endoperoxides that can be prepared in high yields from simple starting materials. Endoperoxides that are disubstituted with alkyl or benzyl side chains show efficient inhibition of the growth of both chloroquine-sensitive and -resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. A trans-epoxide with respect to the peroxide linkage increases the activity compared to that of its cis-epoxy counterpart or the parent endoperoxide. The novel endoperoxides do not show a strong interaction with artemisinin. We have compared the mechanism of action of the novel endoperoxides with that of artemisinin. Electron microscopy reveals that the novel endoperoxides cause the early accumulation of endocytic vesicles, while artemisinin causes the disruption of the digestive vacuole membrane. At longer incubation times artemisinin causes extensive loss of organellar structures, while the novel endoperoxides cause myelin body formation as well as the accumulation of endocytic vesicles. An early event following endoperoxide treatment is the redistribution of the pH-sensitive probe LysoSensor Blue from the digestive vacuole to punctate structures. By contrast, neither artemisinin nor the novel endoperoxides caused alterations in the morphology of the endoplasmic reticulum nor showed antagonistic antimalarial activity when they were used with thapsigargin. Analysis of rhodamine 123 uptake by P. falciparum suggests that disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential occurs as a downstream effect rather than as an initiator of parasite killing. The data suggest that the digestive vacuole is an important initial site of endoperoxide antimalarial activity.
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Abstract
Widespread parasitic resistance has led to an urgent need for the development and implementation of new drugs for the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Artemisinin and its derivatives are becoming increasingly important, used preferably in combination with a second antimalarial agent to increase the efficacy and slow the development of resistance. However, cost, production and pharmacological issues associated with artemisinin derivatives and potential partner drugs are hindering the implementation of combination therapies. This article reviews the molecular basis of the action of, and resistance to, different antimalarials and examines the prospects for the next generation of drugs to combat this potentially lethal human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leann Tilley
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Adisa A, Frankland S, Rug M, Jackson K, Maier AG, Walsh P, Lithgow T, Klonis N, Gilson PR, Cowman AF, Tilley L. Re-assessing the locations of components of the classical vesicle-mediated trafficking machinery in transfected Plasmodium falciparum. Int J Parasitol 2007; 37:1127-41. [PMID: 17428488 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2007] [Revised: 02/15/2007] [Accepted: 02/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, exports proteins beyond the confines of its own plasma membrane, however there is debate regarding the machinery used for these trafficking events. We have generated transgenic parasites expressing chimeric proteins and used immunofluorescence studies to determine the locations of plasmodial homologues of the COPII component, Sar1p, and the Golgi-docking protein, Bet3p. The P. falciparum Sar1p (PfSar1p) chimeras bind to the endoplasmic reticulum surface and define a network of membranes wrapped around parasite nuclei. As the parasite matures, the endomembrane systems of individual merozoites remain interconnected until very late in schizogony. Antibodies raised against plasmodial Bet3p recognise two foci of reactivity in early parasite stages that increase in number as the parasite matures. Some of the P. falciparum Bet3p (PfBet3p) compartments are juxtaposed to compartments defined by the cis Golgi marker, PfGRASP, while others are distributed through the cytoplasm. The compartments defined by the trans Golgi marker, PfRab6, are separate, suggesting that the Golgi is dispersed. Bet3p-green fluorescent protein (GFP) is partly associated with punctate structures but a substantial population diffuses freely in the parasite cytoplasm. By contrast, yeast Bet3p is very tightly associated with immobile structures. This study challenges the view that the COPII complex and the Golgi apparatus are exported into the infected erythrocyte cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinola Adisa
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Vic., Australia
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39
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Kumar S, Guha M, Choubey V, Maity P, Bandyopadhyay U. Antimalarial drugs inhibiting hemozoin (β-hematin) formation: A mechanistic update. Life Sci 2007; 80:813-28. [PMID: 17157328 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2006] [Revised: 10/24/2006] [Accepted: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Digestion of hemoglobin in the food vacuole of the malaria parasite produces very high quantities of redox active toxic free heme. Hemozoin (beta-hematin) formation is a unique process adopted by Plasmodium sp. to detoxify free heme. Hemozoin formation is a validated target for most of the well-known existing antimalarial drugs and considered to be a suitable target to develop new antimalarials. Here we discuss the possible mechanisms of free heme detoxification in the malaria parasite and the mechanistic details of compounds, which offer antimalarial activity by inhibiting hemozoin formation. The chemical nature of new antimalarial compounds showing antimalarial activity through the inhibition of hemozoin formation has also been incorporated, which may help to design future antimalarials with therapeutic potential against multi-drug resistant malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kumar
- Division of Drug Target Discovery and Development, Central Drug Research Institute, Chatter Manzil Palace, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow-226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
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40
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Frankland S, Adisa A, Horrocks P, Taraschi TF, Schneider T, Elliott SR, Rogerson SJ, Knuepfer E, Cowman AF, Newbold CI, Tilley L. Delivery of the malaria virulence protein PfEMP1 to the erythrocyte surface requires cholesterol-rich domains. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2006; 5:849-60. [PMID: 16682462 PMCID: PMC1459682 DOI: 10.1128/ec.5.5.849-860.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The particular virulence of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum derives from export of parasite-encoded proteins to the surface of the mature erythrocytes in which it resides. The mechanisms and machinery for the export of proteins to the erythrocyte membrane are largely unknown. In other eukaryotic cells, cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains or "rafts" have been shown to play an important role in the export of proteins to the cell surface. Our data suggest that depletion of cholesterol from the erythrocyte membrane with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin significantly inhibits the delivery of the major virulence factor P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1). The trafficking defect appears to lie at the level of transfer of PfEMP1 from parasite-derived membranous structures within the infected erythrocyte cytoplasm, known as the Maurer's clefts, to the erythrocyte membrane. Thus our data suggest that delivery of this key cytoadherence-mediating protein to the host erythrocyte membrane involves insertion of PfEMP1 at cholesterol-rich microdomains. GTP-dependent vesicle budding and fusion events are also involved in many trafficking processes. To determine whether GTP-dependent events are involved in PfEMP1 trafficking, we have incorporated non-membrane-permeating GTP analogs inside resealed erythrocytes. Although these nonhydrolyzable GTP analogs reduced erythrocyte invasion efficiency and partially retarded growth of the intracellular parasite, they appeared to have little direct effect on PfEMP1 trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Frankland
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
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41
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Bray PG, Deed S, Fox E, Kalkanidis M, Mungthin M, Deady LW, Tilley L. Primaquine synergises the activity of chloroquine against chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 70:1158-66. [PMID: 16139253 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2005] [Revised: 07/20/2005] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, resistance to the antimalarial drug, chloroquine, has become widespread. It is, therefore, imperative to find compounds that could replace chloroquine or work synergistically with this drug to overcome chloroquine resistance. We have examined the interaction between chloroquine, a 4-aminoquinoline, and a number of 8-aminoquinolines, including primaquine, a drug that is widely used to treat Plasmodium vivax infections. We find that primaquine is a potent synergiser of the activity of chloroquine against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Analysis of matched transfectants expressing mutant and wild-type alleles of the P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (PfCRT) indicate that primaquine exerts its activity by blocking PfCRT, and thus enhancing chloroquine accumulation. Our data suggest that a novel formulation of two antimalarial drugs already licensed for use in humans could be used to treat chloroquine-resistant parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G Bray
- Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, UK
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42
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Kgokong JL, Smith PP, Matsabisa GM. 1,2,4-Triazino-[5,6b]indole derivatives: effects of the trifluoromethyl group on in vitro antimalarial activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:2935-42. [PMID: 15781403 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2004] [Accepted: 02/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to search for new and alternative antimalarial agents, a series of unsubstituted and 6-trifluoromethyl-1,2,4-triazino[5,6b]indole and 5H-1,2,4-triazolo[1',5',2,3]-1,2,4-triazino[5,6b]indole derivatives were synthesized and their chemical structures confirmed by 1H NMR and 13C NMR, elemental, IR and mass spectrophotometric analyses. The in vitro antimalarial activities of these compounds were evaluated against the chloroquine-sensitive (D10) and the chloroquine-resistant (RSA11) strains of Plasmodium falciparum. The 1,2,4-triazino[5,6b]indole derivatives (4, 6 and 8) with a trifluoromethyl group at position 6 exhibit increased in vitro activity when compared to the unsubstituted analogues, which are all devoid of activity. The presence of the trifluoromethyl group in the 5H-1,2,4-triazolo[1',5',2,3]-1,2,4-triazino[5,6b]indole ring system leads to compounds with diminished antimalarial activity when compared to the corresponding unsubstituted analogues. The compounds associate with ferriprotoporphyrin IX and interact with DNA to more or less the same extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Kgokong
- Medicine Control Council, Department of Health, Private Bag X828, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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43
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Abstract
Piperaquine is a bisquinoline antimalarial drug that was first synthesised in the 1960s, and used extensively in China and Indochina as prophylaxis and treatment during the next 20 years. A number of Chinese research groups documented that it was at least as effective as, and better tolerated than, chloroquine against falciparum and vivax malaria, but no pharmacokinetic characterisation was undertaken. With the development of piperaquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum and the emergence of the artemisinin derivatives, its use declined during the 1980s. However, during the next decade, piperaquine was rediscovered by Chinese scientists as one of a number of compounds suitable for combination with an artemisinin derivative. The rationale for such artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs) was to provide an inexpensive, short-course treatment regimen with a high cure rate and good tolerability that would reduce transmission and protect against the development of parasite resistance. This approach has now been endorsed by the WHO. Piperaquine-based ACT began as China-Vietnam 4 (CV4): dihydroartemisinin [DHA], trimethoprim, piperaquine phosphate and primaquine phosphate), which was followed by CV8 (the same components as CV4 but in increased quantities), Artecom (in which primaquine was omitted) and Artekin or Duo-Cotecxin (DHA and piperaquine phosphate only). Recent Indochinese studies have confirmed the excellent clinical efficacy of piperaquine-DHA combinations (28-day cure rates >95%), and have demonstrated that currently recommended regimens are not associated with significant cardiotoxicity or other adverse effects. The pharmacokinetic properties of piperaquine have also been characterised recently, revealing that it is a highly lipid-soluble drug with a large volume of distribution at steady state/bioavailability, long elimination half-life and a clearance that is markedly higher in children than in adults. The tolerability, efficacy, pharmacokinetic profile and low cost of piperaquine make it a promising partner drug for use as part of an ACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M E Davis
- Medicine Unit Fremantle and Pharmacology Unit Nedlands, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.
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Jackson KE, Klonis N, Ferguson DJP, Adisa A, Dogovski C, Tilley L. Food vacuole-associated lipid bodies and heterogeneous lipid environments in the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Microbiol 2004; 54:109-22. [PMID: 15458409 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04284.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum induces a sixfold increase in the phospholipid content of infected erythrocytes during its intraerythrocytic growth. We have characterized the lipid environments in parasitized erythrocyte using the hydrophobic probe, Nile Red. Spectral imaging with a confocal microscope revealed heterogeneous lipid environments in parasite-infected erythrocytes. An insight into the nature of these environments was gained by comparing these spectra with those of triacylglycerol/phospholipid emulsions and phospholipid membranes. Using this approach, we identified a population of intensely stained particles of a few hundred nanometers in size that are closely associated with the digestive vacuole of the parasite and appear to be composed of neutral lipids. Electron microscopy and isolation of food vacuoles confirmed the size of these particles and their intimate association respectively. Lipid analysis suggests that these neutral lipid bodies are composed of di- and triacylgycerols and may represent storage organelles for lipid intermediates that are generated during digestion of phospholipids in the food vacuole. Mono-, di- and triacylglycerol suspensions promote beta-haematin formation, suggesting that these neutral lipid bodies, or their precursors, may also be involved in haem detoxification. We also characterized other compartments of the infected erythrocyte that were stained less intensely with the Nile Red probe. Both the erythrocyte membrane and the parasite membrane network exhibit red shifts compared with the neutral lipid bodies that are consistent with cholesterol-rich and cholesterol-poor membranes respectively. Ratiometric imaging revealed more subtle variations in the lipid environments within the parasite membrane network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Jackson
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Victoria, Australia
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45
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Kalkanidis M, Klonis N, Tschan S, Deady LW, Tilley L. Synergistic interaction of a chloroquine metabolite with chloroquine against drug-resistant malaria parasites. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 67:1347-53. [PMID: 15013850 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2003.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2003] [Accepted: 12/03/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that structural modification of chlorpromazine to introduce a basic side chain converts this chloroquine (CQ) resistance-reversing agent into a compound that has activity against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. In an effort to further dissect the structural features that determine quinoline antimalarial activity and drug resistance-reversing activity, we have studied a series of aminoquinolines that are structurally related to CQ. We have analysed their haematin-binding activities, their antimalarial activities and their abilities to synergise the effect of CQ against drug-resistant P. falciparum. We found that a number of the aminoquinolines were able to interact with haematin but showed no or very weak antiparasitic activity. Interestingly, 4-amino-7-chloroquinoline, which is the CQ nucleus without the basic side chain, was able to act as a resistance-reversing agent. These studies point to structural features that may determine the resistance-modulating potential of weakly basic amphipaths. Interestingly, 4-amino-7-chloroquinoline is a metabolic breakdown product of CQ and may contribute to CQ activity against resistant parasites in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Kalkanidis
- Department of Chemistry, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
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46
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Guillon J, Grellier P, Labaied M, Sonnet P, Léger JM, Déprez-Poulain R, Forfar-Bares I, Dallemagne P, Lemaître N, Péhourcq F, Rochette J, Sergheraert C, Jarry C. Synthesis, Antimalarial Activity, and Molecular Modeling of New Pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalines, Bispyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalines, Bispyrido[3,2-e]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines, and Bispyrrolo[1,2-a]thieno[3,2-e]pyrazines. J Med Chem 2004; 47:1997-2009. [PMID: 15055999 DOI: 10.1021/jm0310840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Three pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalines, 15 bispyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalines, bispyrido[3,2-e]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines, and bispyrrolo[1,2-a]thieno[3,2-e]pyrazines were synthesized from various substituted nitroanilines or nitropyridines and tested for their in vitro activity upon the erythrocytic development of Plasmodium falciparum strains with different chloroquine-resistance status. Bispyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalines showed superior antimalarial activity with respect to monopyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalines. The best activity was observed with bispyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalines linked by a bis(3-aminopropyl)piperazine. Moreover, it was observed that the presence of a methoxy group on the pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline nucleus increased the pharmacological activity. Drug effects upon beta-hematin formation were assayed and showed similar or higher inhibitory activities than CQ. A possible mechanism of interaction implicating binding of pyrroloquinoxalines to beta-hematin was supported by molecular modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Guillon
- EA 2962-Pharmacochimie, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
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47
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Taylor DK, Avery TD, Greatrex BW, Tiekink ERT, Macreadie IG, Macreadie PI, Humphries AD, Kalkanidis M, Fox EN, Klonis N, Tilley L. Novel Endoperoxide Antimalarials: Synthesis, Heme Binding, and Antimalarial Activity. J Med Chem 2004; 47:1833-9. [PMID: 15027875 DOI: 10.1021/jm0305319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of a series of novel epoxy endoperoxide compounds that can be prepared in high yields in one to three steps from simple starting materials. Some of these compounds inhibit the growth of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Structure-activity studies indicate that an endoperoxide ring bisubstituted with saturated cyclic moieties is the pharmacophore. To study the molecular basis of the action of these novel antimalarial compounds, we examined their ability to interact with oxidized and reduced forms of heme. Some of the compounds interact with oxidized heme in a fashion similar to chloroquine and other 4-aminoquinolines, while some of the compounds interact with reduced heme. However, the level of antimalarial potency is not well correlated with these activities, suggesting that some of the endoperoxides may exert their antimalarial activities by a novel mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis K Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, Adelaide University, South Australia, 5005, Australia.
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48
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Hung TY, Davis TME, Ilett KF. Measurement of piperaquine in plasma by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet absorbance detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 791:93-101. [PMID: 12798169 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(03)00209-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Piperaquine (PQ) is an antimalarial drug enjoying a resurgence of use in combination with an artemisinin derivative because of parasite resistance to standard treatments. Its pharmacokinetic properties have not been characterised. An assay for PQ in plasma was developed using solvent extraction and liquid chromatographic separation on a Waters XTerra RP(18) column, with a mobile phase of 7% acetonitrile in water (containing 0.025% trifluoroacetic acid, 0.1% NaCl and 0.008% triethylamine) and UV detection at 340 nm. The assay was linear up to 1000 microg/l. Intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations were <10% (5-500 microg/l) and <21% (5-500 microg/l), respectively. Inter-day limits of quantitation and detection were 5 microg/l and 3 microg/l, respectively. A preliminary pharmacokinetic study in a patient who received 2.56 g of PQ phosphate orally with dihydroartemisinin as four doses over 32 h found an apparent steady-state volume of distribution of 447 l/kg, an apparent oral clearance 0.93 l/h/kg and a terminal half-life of 17.3 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Yu Hung
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia
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49
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Stocks PA, Raynes KJ, Bray PG, Park BK, O'Neill PM, Ward SA. Novel short chain chloroquine analogues retain activity against chloroquine resistant K1 Plasmodium falciparum. J Med Chem 2002; 45:4975-83. [PMID: 12408708 DOI: 10.1021/jm0108707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of short chain chloroquine (CQ) derivatives have been synthesized in one step from readily available starting materials. The diethylamine function of CQ is replaced by shorter alkylamine groups (4-9) containing secondary or tertiary terminal nitrogens. Some of these derivatives are significantly more potent than CQ against a CQ resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. We conclude that the ability to accumulate at higher concentrations within the food vacuole of the parasite is an important parameter that dictates their potency against CQ sensitive and the chloroquine resistant K1 P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Stocks
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
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50
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Kalkanidis M, Klonis N, Tilley L, Deady LW. Novel phenothiazine antimalarials: synthesis, antimalarial activity, and inhibition of the formation of beta-haematin. Biochem Pharmacol 2002; 63:833-42. [PMID: 11911834 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(01)00840-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of a series of novel phenothiazine compounds that inhibit the growth of both chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. We found that the antimalarial activity of these phenothiazines increased with an increase in the number of basic groups in the alkylamino side chain, which may reflect increased uptake into the parasite food vacuole or differences in the toxicities of individual FP-drug complexes. We have examined the ability of the parent phenothiazine, chlorpromazine, and some novel phenothiazines to inhibit the formation of beta-haematin. The degree of antimalarial potency was loosely correlated with the efficacy of inhibition of beta-haematin formation, suggesting that these phenothiazines exert their antimalarial activities in a manner similar to that of chloroquine, i.e. by antagonizing the sequestration of toxic haem (ferriprotoporphyrin IX) moieties within the malaria parasite. Chlorpromazine is an effective modulator of chloroquine resistance; however, the more potent phenothiazine derivatives were more active against chloroquine-sensitive parasites than against chloroquine-resistant parasites and showed little synergy of action when used in combination with chloroquine. These studies point to structural features that may determine the antimalarial activity and resistance modulating potential of weakly basic amphipaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Kalkanidis
- Department of Chemistry, La Trobe University, 3086, Victoria, Australia
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