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Regulatory Actions of Glucocorticoid Hormones: From Organisms to Mechanisms. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2895-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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KNOX WE. DIVISION OF BIOCHEMISTRY: THE ADAPTIVE CONTROL OF TRYPTOPHAN AND TYROSINE METABOLISM IN ANIMALS*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 25:503-12. [PMID: 14033871 DOI: 10.1111/j.2164-0947.1963.tb01471.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rass IT. Blood content of tyrosine is an index of glucocorticoid action on metabolism. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2010; 75:353-66. [PMID: 20370614 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297910030120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid hormones directly or indirectly control virtually all metabolic and physiological processes. Glucocorticoids are also shown to act on a multitude of genes, enzyme systems, and proinflammatory factors, but for these hormones there is no representative index of action on metabolism similar to glucose content in blood for insulin. The absence of such an index prevents the assessment of tissue provision with these hormones under various conditions and seems to be an essential cause of complications associated with the clinical use of glucocorticoid preparations. Considering specific features of tyrosine metabolism and data obtained experimentally and on a clinical model (adrenalectomy in rats and substitution therapy in endocrine disease), blood content of this amino acid seems promising as such an index. Based on comparing results of glucocorticoid treatment in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with changes in their blood tyrosine contents, the pharmacological effect of glucocorticoid preparations is suggested to be mainly due to compensating a relative shortage of these hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- I T Rass
- Center of Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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Wolf H. Studies on Tryptophan Metabolism in Man: The Effect of Hormones and Vitamin B6on Urinary Excretion of Metabolites of the Kynurenine Pathway: Part 2. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/00365517409104202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Hardeland R, Hohmann D, Rensing L. The rhythmic organization of Rodent Liver a review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/09291017309359373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Thompson EB. Stepping stones in the path of glucocorticoid-driven apoptosis of lymphoid cells. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2008; 40:595-600. [PMID: 18604450 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7270.2008.00433.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cumulative work on glucocorticoid (GC) regulation of genes in lymphoid cell cultures has revealed that apoptotic sensitivity to GCs depends on sufficient active GC receptors in the cells. The actions of the ligand-driven GC receptor that lead to apoptosis depend on interactions with other major cell-signaling systems, including the MAPK pathways, the cAMP/PKA pathway, the hedgehog pathway, the mTOR system and the c-myc system. The balance between these systems determines whether a given cell responds to GCs by undergoing apoptosis. A central core of networked genes may be found under GC control in many types of malignant, GC-sensitive cells. The partial core list identified should be tested in clinical cell samples from hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Brad Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1068, USA.
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SAUNDERS JC. TREATMENT OF HOSPITALIZED DEPRESSED AND SCHIZOPHRENIC PATIENTS WITH MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS: INCLUDING REFLECTIONS ON PARGYLINE*. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 107:1081-9. [PMID: 13986821 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1963.tb13351.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Schimke RT. Control of enzyme levels in mammalian tissues. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 37:135-87. [PMID: 4570065 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122822.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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11
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Grange T, Cappabianca L, Flavin M, Sassi H, Thomassin H. In vivo analysis of the model tyrosine aminotransferase gene reveals multiple sequential steps in glucocorticoid receptor action. Oncogene 2001; 20:3028-38. [PMID: 11420718 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We are studying the mechanisms of transcriptional activation by nuclear receptors and we focus our studies on the glucocorticoid regulation of the model tyrosine aminotransferase gene. Rather than using in vitro biochemical approaches, we determine the actual events occurring in the cells. Our experimental approaches include genomic footprinting, chromatin immunoprecipitation, in situ hybridization and transgenic mice. Our results show that the glucocorticoid receptor uses a dynamic multistep mechanism to recruit successively accessory DNA binding proteins that assist in the activation process. Chromatin is first remodelled, DNA is then demethylated, and the synthesis of an accessory factor is induced. Efficient transcription induction is finally achieved upon the formation of a 'stable' multiprotein complex interacting with the regulatory element. We discuss: the relative contribution of histone acetyltransferases and ATP-dependent remodelling machines to the chromatin remodelling event; the nature of the remodelled state; the contribution of regulated DNA demethylation to gene memory during development; the mechanisms of regulated DNA demethylation; the dynamics of protein recruitment at regulatory elements; the control of the frequency of transcription pulses and the control levels of the cell-type specificity of the glucocorticoid response.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Grange
- Institut Jacques Monod du CNRS, Universités Paris 6-7, Tour 43, 2 Place Jussieu, 75251 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Abstract
The dual control by substrate and hormone of the level of a third adaptive enzyme in animals is described. Injections of hydrocortisone or the substrate tryptophan increased the level of the liver tryptophan-alpha-ketoglutarate transaminase of intact rats within 5 hours. In adrenalectomized rats this enzyme level was increased by hydrocortisone alone, but substrate induction could be demonstrated only if these animals were treated at the same time with hydrocortisone.
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KENNEY FT. Immunochemical analysis of the induction of tyrosine-alpha-ketoglutarate transaminase in rat liver. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998; 103:1083-92. [PMID: 14031970 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1963.tb53760.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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JACOBY GA, LA DU BN. Nonspecificity of tyrosine transaminase: an explanation for the simultaneous induction of tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan transaminase activities in rat liver. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 8:352-6. [PMID: 14450759 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(62)90006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Thompson
- Dept. of Human Biological Chemistry and Genetics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-0645, USA.
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Ciaccio M, Gueli MC, Bono A, De Luca G, Nicotra CM. Correlation between the effects of retinoic acid and dexamethasone on liver tyrosine aminotransferase. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1997; 63:45-51. [PMID: 9449205 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(97)00070-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A single dose of 50 microg of trans-retinoic acid administered to rats significantly raised the level of hepatic tyrosine after a few hours. This effect was compared with that of dexamethasone and a possible correlation between these effectors was also investigated. An equal increase in enzyme activity level caused by retinoic acid was observed in adrenalectomized rats, leading to the suggestion that the effect of retinoic acid on liver tyrosine aminotransferase is independent of glucocorticoids. However, the study of the binding activity of the liver nuclear glucocorticoid receptors vs dexamethasone showed that this activity is favoured by retinoic acid, whereas no variation was evidenced for retinoic acid receptors caused by dexamethasone. In the adrenalectomized rat, the synergistic effect produced by the association of retinoic acid and dexamethasone at the lowest doses used led us to conclude that retinoic acid is an efficient effector of liver tyrosine aminotransferase. It probably affects tyrosine aminotransferase activity in a dependent and an independent way, regulated respectively by the glucorticoid status and by the provision of retinoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ciaccio
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Palermo, Italy.
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GARREN LD, HOWELL RR, TOMKINS GM, CROCCO RM. A PARADOXICAL EFFECT OF ACTINOMYCIN D: THE MECHANISM OF REGULATION OF ENZYME SYNTHESIS BY HYDROCORTISONE. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 52:1121-9. [PMID: 14224391 PMCID: PMC300404 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.52.4.1121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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YUWILER A, GELLER E, SCHAPIRO S, SLATER GG. ADRENOCORTICAL AND ENZYMIC EFFECTS OF IMIPRAMINE AND CHLORPROMAZINE. Biochem Pharmacol 1996; 14:621-3. [PMID: 14322981 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(65)90234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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BARNABEI O, SERENI F. CORTISOL-INDUCED INCREASE OF TYROSINE-ALPHA-KETOGLUTARATE TRANSAMINASE IN THE ISOLATED PERFUSED RAT LIVER AND ITS RELATION TO RIBONUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 91:239-47. [PMID: 14242817 DOI: 10.1016/0926-6550(64)90247-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Nagao M, Parimoo B, Tanaka K. Developmental, nutritional, and hormonal regulation of tissue-specific expression of the genes encoding various acyl-CoA dehydrogenases and alpha-subunit of electron transfer flavoprotein in rat. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(20)80500-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Miura T, Inagaki N, Yoshida K, Nakajima T, Nagai H, Koda A. Mechanisms for glucocorticoid inhibition of immediate hypersensitivity reactions in rats. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 1992; 59:77-87. [PMID: 1380583 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.59.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory mechanisms of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by glucocorticoid (GC) were studied in rats. Homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) mediated by IgE antibodies and cutaneous reactions caused by histamine, serotonin and leukotriene C4 were elicited at the same time in the same rats. Three kinds of GC, hydrocortisone, prednisolone and dexamethasone, inhibited all these reactions significantly. Although mediator-induced cutaneous reactions were inhibited transiently around 2 hours after GC administration, inhibition of PCA was more potent and lasted longer. A time lag seemed to be essential for both inhibitions. IgE antibody-mediated histamine release in vivo in the rat peritoneal cavity was also inhibited by GC administration significantly, and the inhibition was long lasting when compared to those of the mediator-induced cutaneous reactions. Tyrosine amino-transferase (TAT) activity in the rat liver increased significantly by GC administration, and the increased TAT activity was completely abrogated by simultaneous administration of 5 mg/kg of cycloheximide (CH). In the same experimental condition, although inhibition of histamine-induced cutaneous reaction by GC was completely abrogated, the inhibition of PCA elicited at the same time in the same rats was only partially attenuated. Furthermore, the same dose of CH little affected the dexamethasone inhibition of histamine release in the rat peritoneal cavity, although the increase of TAT activity in the liver of the same rats was completely abrogated. These results demonstrate that PCA is inhibited by GC through at least 2 mechanisms, inhibition of mediator release from mast cells and non-specific inhibition of vascular permeability increase caused by released mediators. Although the latter action of GC is dependent upon protein synthesis, the former seems to be mediated by a unique mechanism independent of protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Miura
- Department of Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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Servillo G, Della Fazia MA, Viola-Magni M. Variation of tyrosine aminotransferase expression during the day in rats of different ages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 175:104-9. [PMID: 1705420 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(05)81206-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The activity of the enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase and the synthesis of its specific mRNA were evaluated at different hours of the day in the liver of 3-, 12- and 24-month old BN rats. The enzyme activity has a circadian rhythm with a peak at midnight in 3- and 12-month old, which shifts to 03.00 hrs in 24-month old animals, in agreement with previous results. The expression of TATmRNA also changes during the day indicating circadian fluctuations which change with age. In 3-month old rats the TATmRNA peak is at 19.00 hrs, preceding that of the enzyme activity. In 12-month old rats the TATmRNA synthesis reaches a maximum at midnight and in 24-month old rats at 03.00 hrs. The results show that the circadian rhythm of tyrosine aminotransferase activity is due to a different gene expression throughout the day, which is influenced by age.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Servillo
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Italy
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Bitonti AJ, Bush TL, McCann PP. Regulation of polyamine biosynthesis in rat hepatoma (HTC) cells by a bisbenzyl polyamine analogue. Biochem J 1989; 257:769-74. [PMID: 2930485 PMCID: PMC1135654 DOI: 10.1042/bj2570769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A bisbenzyl polyamine analogue, MDL 27695, rapidly repressed ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase (AdoMet DC) activity and depleted polyamines in rat hepatoma (HTC) cells. The suppression of ODC and AdoMet DC activity was temporally related to metabolism of MDL 27695 by intracellular polyamine oxidase to a free-amine analogue, MDL 26752, which, when added directly to HTC cells, suppressed ODC activity and polyamine biosynthesis more rapidly and to a greater extent than did the bisbenzyl analogue. The ODC suppression caused by MDL 27695 was completely blocked by the addition of a polyamine oxidase inhibitor to the HTC-cell cultures along with MDL 27695. These data suggested that MDL 27695 acted as a prodrug, with metabolism to an active analogue being necessary for ODC repression to occur. MDL 27695 and MDL 26752 completely abolished division of HTC cells when added to cultures at 1 microM. This established them as being among the most potent antiproliferative polyamine analogues yet described. MDL 27695 has also been shown to possess significant antimalarial effects both in vitro and in vivo, and it is possible that the marked suppression of polyamine biosynthesis described herein may contribute to its anti-malarial effects as well as its antiproliferative effects in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Bitonti
- Merrell Dow Research Institute, Cincinnati, OH 45215
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Prough RA, Sherratt AJ, Banet DE, Linder MW, Mathis JM, Simpson ER. Modulation of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-dependent induction of cytochrome P450IA1 by glucocorticoids. Drug Metab Rev 1989; 20:585-99. [PMID: 2806077 DOI: 10.3109/03602538909103563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R A Prough
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Louisville, Kentucky 40292
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Gibson CJ. Alterations in retinal tyrosine and dopamine levels in rats consuming protein or tyrosine-supplemented diets. J Neurochem 1988; 50:1769-74. [PMID: 2897426 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1988.tb02477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The ad libitum ingestion of casein diets varying in protein content altered serum and retinal levels of tyrosine. The serum tyrosine level rose when protein ingestion was increased from 6 to 24% casein. In rats consuming high-protein diets (40% casein), no further increase in serum tyrosine level occurred, although the levels of other large neutral amino acids, which compete with tyrosine for retinal uptake, continued to rise. The activity of the liver enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase varied directly with the percentage of protein in the diet and may partially explain the failure of chronic high-protein feeding to increase serum tyrosine levels. The retinal tyrosine concentration was significantly correlated with the serum tyrosine level and with the serum tyrosine ratio at all levels of protein intake. Retinal 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine synthesis and dopamine (DA) level varied in parallel with the level of the precursor, tyrosine. Addition of pure L-tyrosine (1, 2, or 4%) to normal protein diets resulted in a stepwise increase in serum and retinal tyrosine levels and retinal DA turnover. Alterations of retinal tyrosine level as a result of change in amount of dietary protein or by its addition to the normal diet can influence retinal DA synthesis and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Gibson
- Department of Pathology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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Johnson AC, Lee KL, Isham KR, Kenney FT. Gene-specific acquisition of hormonal responsiveness in rat liver during development. J Cell Biochem 1988; 37:243-53. [PMID: 2456297 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240370211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cloned cDNAs were used in hybridization analyses to assess hormonal responsiveness of two similarly regulated genes in livers of late-term fetal rats. Transcription of the tyrosine aminotransferase gene and of gene 33 (Lee et al.: J Biol Chem 260:16433-16438, 1985) is enhanced by glucocorticoids and by each of the usually antagonistic hormonal agents, insulin and cAMP, in adult liver, and that of both genes is developmentally activated at or just prior to birth. The mRNA of gene 33 was found to be significantly increased by each of the hormonal regulators in livers of fetuses treated in utero. Expression of the nearly silent aminotransferase gene in fetal liver was appreciably increased by cAMP but was refractory to control by either glucocorticoids or insulin; capacity of this gene to respond to insulin was not realized until several days postpartum. The data indicate specificity in the developmental acquisition of the capacity of individual genes to respond to hormonal regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Johnson
- University of Tennessee, Oak Ridge Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
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Regulation of albumin gene expression in a series of rat hepatocyte cell lines immortalized by simian virus 40 and maintained in chemically defined medium. Mol Cell Biol 1988. [PMID: 2446120 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.7.10.3740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of simian virus 40 (SV40)-immortalized hepatocyte cell lines were characterized for albumin production, the regulation of albumin production, and the expression of other liver-specific genes. This series of cell lines is particularly useful for studying the regulation of hepatocyte gene expression because the cell lines express liverlike levels of a number of liver-specific functions and do so while growing in a chemically defined medium. SV40-immortalized hepatocyte cell lines were derived from colonies of albumin-producing epithelial cells that arose after primary hepatocytes maintained in chemically defined medium were transfected with SV40 DNA. Some cell lines secreted albumin at levels equal to or greater than those secreted by freshly plated primary hepatocytes, and all but one line continued to produce albumin for more than 20 passages. The variation in albumin secretion among cell lines reflected differences in the amount of albumin produced per cell and not in the percentage of albumin-producing cells in each line. The characterization of selected cell lines showed that albumin production was regulated by cell density during the growth cycle. Albumin production in most cell lines was also regulated by dexamethasone; however, one cell line continued to produce high levels of albumin when the cells were grown in medium lacking dexamethasone, demonstrating that although glucocorticoid can induce albumin production in some cell lines, it is not required for high levels of albumin production by all cells in culture. Regulation of albumin production measured at the level of protein secretion was paralleled by changes in steady-state levels of a 2.3-kilobase albumin RNA. Albumin-producing SV40-immortalized hepatocytes secreted a variety of other plasma proteins, including transferrin, hemopexin, and the third component of complement. These cells also expressed tyrosine aminotransferase activity that was inducible by dexamethasone. Alpha-fetoprotein production was not detected in any of the cell lines examined.
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31
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Woodworth CD, Isom HC. Regulation of albumin gene expression in a series of rat hepatocyte cell lines immortalized by simian virus 40 and maintained in chemically defined medium. Mol Cell Biol 1987; 7:3740-8. [PMID: 2446120 PMCID: PMC368030 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.7.10.3740-3748.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of simian virus 40 (SV40)-immortalized hepatocyte cell lines were characterized for albumin production, the regulation of albumin production, and the expression of other liver-specific genes. This series of cell lines is particularly useful for studying the regulation of hepatocyte gene expression because the cell lines express liverlike levels of a number of liver-specific functions and do so while growing in a chemically defined medium. SV40-immortalized hepatocyte cell lines were derived from colonies of albumin-producing epithelial cells that arose after primary hepatocytes maintained in chemically defined medium were transfected with SV40 DNA. Some cell lines secreted albumin at levels equal to or greater than those secreted by freshly plated primary hepatocytes, and all but one line continued to produce albumin for more than 20 passages. The variation in albumin secretion among cell lines reflected differences in the amount of albumin produced per cell and not in the percentage of albumin-producing cells in each line. The characterization of selected cell lines showed that albumin production was regulated by cell density during the growth cycle. Albumin production in most cell lines was also regulated by dexamethasone; however, one cell line continued to produce high levels of albumin when the cells were grown in medium lacking dexamethasone, demonstrating that although glucocorticoid can induce albumin production in some cell lines, it is not required for high levels of albumin production by all cells in culture. Regulation of albumin production measured at the level of protein secretion was paralleled by changes in steady-state levels of a 2.3-kilobase albumin RNA. Albumin-producing SV40-immortalized hepatocytes secreted a variety of other plasma proteins, including transferrin, hemopexin, and the third component of complement. These cells also expressed tyrosine aminotransferase activity that was inducible by dexamethasone. Alpha-fetoprotein production was not detected in any of the cell lines examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Woodworth
- Department of Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey 17033
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32
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Mchedlishvili MA, Churadze TA, Zhorzholiani LD. Inhibition of anaphylactic shock in guinea pigs by tyrosine. Bull Exp Biol Med 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00851043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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33
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Lee KL, Isham KR, Johnson A, Kenney FT. Insulin enhances transcription of the tyrosine aminotransferase gene in rat liver. Arch Biochem Biophys 1986; 248:597-603. [PMID: 2427029 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(86)90513-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of insulin-mediated induction of tyrosine aminotransferase in rat liver was investigated using a cloned cDNA probe. The level of aminotransferase mRNA increases about fourfold following administration of the hormone. This induced mRNA accumulation does not require de novo protein synthesis. Nuclear runoff transcription assays in isolated liver nuclei demonstrate that insulin has a rapid and time-dependent stimulatory effect on aminotransferase gene transcription. The magnitude of enhanced transcription can fully account for the increase in the mRNA. We conclude that the induction of tyrosine aminotransferase in rat liver by insulin is primarily a consequence of a selective increase in the rate of transcription of the aminotransferase gene.
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Fletcher JM. Effects of adrenalectomy before weaning in the genetically obese Zucker rat (fa/fa). Br J Nutr 1986; 56:141-51. [PMID: 3676190 DOI: 10.1079/bjn19860094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
1. Lean (Fa/?) and obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats were adrenalectomized or sham-operated at 19 d of age (3 d before weaning). Injection of corticosterone for 3 d after weaning (1.0 mg/d) was necessary to ensure survival of adrenalectomized fa/fa but not Fa/? rats. Intact and adrenalectomized fa/fa rats had a lower rectal temperature than Fa/? animals before and 3 d after adrenalectomy. The post-weaning survival of adrenalectomized fa/fa rats was enhanced by maintenance at an ambient temperature of 30 degrees rather than 22 degrees. 2. Adrenalectomized and sham-operated rats were therefore kept at 30 degrees, fed ad-lib. and killed at 34 d. Adrenalectomy had only small effects on the growth, body composition and appetite of Fa/? rats. The hyperphagia, greater lipid content, reduced protein content and hyperinsulinaemia of fa/fa rats were completely abolished by adrenalectomy. 3. Intact fa/fa rats had higher liver glycogen contents and higher activities of the hepatic enzymes tyrosine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.5) and acetyl CoA carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.2) than intact Fa/? animals. Adrenalectomy abolished these phenotypic differences. 4. Injection of adrenalectomized rats with 1.0 mg corticosterone-21-acetate daily from weaning to 34 d restored the abnormal body composition, hyperphagia, hyperinsulinaemia, higher hepatic glycogen and enzyme activities of fa/fa rats. 5. In a second experiment adrenalectomized rats were injected with 1.0 mg corticosterone-21-acetate daily from weaning to 34 d and kept at 22 degrees. fa/fa rats adrenalectomized and injected with corticosterone had a reduced body lipid content compared with intact fa/fa rats but still contained more lipid than intact or similarly treated Fa/? animals. 6. In both experiments adrenalectomized Fa/? and fa/fa rats injected daily with corticosterone had the same plasma concentrations of this hormone when killed 3 h after the last injection at 34 d. It is concluded that corticosterone is required for expression of the abnormal appetite, hyperinsulinaemia and body composition of the fa/fa rat.
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35
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Lipsky MM, Sheridan TR, Bennett RO, May EB. Comparison of trout hepatocyte culture on different substrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02623411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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36
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Wellinger R, Guigoz Y. The effect of age on the induction of tyrosine aminotransferase and tryptophan oxygenase genes by physiological stress. Mech Ageing Dev 1986; 34:203-17. [PMID: 2873273 DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(86)90035-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the genes coding for tyrosine aminotransferase and tryptophan oxygenase in rats is induced in response to cold stress. We have studied the effect of ageing on this induction. The induction of tyrosine aminotransferase activity in young adult rats (10 months) was about twice that observed with old rats (25 months). This difference between the two age groups was also observed when the steady-state level of tyrosine aminotransferase mRNA was measured by hybridization with a specific DNA probe. However, when the transcription rate of the gene was measured by in vitro elongation of nascent RNA in isolated nuclei, no difference was detected. In contrast to the results with tyrosine aminotransferase, induced tryptophan oxygenase enzyme and mRNA levels did not show an age-dependent difference. These results suggest that there is, with ageing, an impairment in post-transcriptional regulation of the synthesis of tyrosine aminotransferase. The regulation of tryptophan oxygenase, on the other hand, is similar in the two age groups.
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Massaro D. Protein Turnover in the Lungs. Compr Physiol 1985. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp030107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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38
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Magni F, Viola MP. Effect of selective parasympathetic denervation on the daily rhythm of tyrosine transaminase in the rat liver. JOURNAL OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 1985; 13:245-54. [PMID: 2863298 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1838(85)90013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The effect of section of the rostral hepatic nerve (RNH), branch of the left abdominal vagus, on the circadian rhythm of tyrosine transaminase (TAT) activity in rat liver has been investigated. It has been shown that the midnight peak of TAT activity is suppressed after section of the rostral hepatic nerve and by subdiaphragmatic vagotomy, but is unaffected by sham-operation and section of the ventral abdominal vagus caudal to the emergence of the rostral hepatic nerve. It is concluded that the rhythm of TAT activity is under neural control, either directly or reflexely.
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Cooper AJ. Glutamate-aromatic amino acid transaminase. Methods Enzymol 1985; 113:73-5. [PMID: 3911012 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(85)13017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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40
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Abstract
The epimers of a steroid carboxamide, N-propyl 20 alpha- and 20 beta -dihydroprednisolonamide, were evaluated for their local and systemic effects on granuloma formation, pituitary-adrenal function and liver glycogen content in rats. When the carboxamides were administered locally, the 20 beta-epimer exhibited greater activity than the 20 alpha-epimer in suppressing cotton pellet granuloma formation. Neither epimer had suppressive effects on thymus weight and plasma corticosterone levels at the dose level used. When the carboxamides were administered systemically, they were pharmacologically inactive. Furthermore, in acute pharmacological studies, the carboxamides neither increased tyrosine aminotransferase activity and glycogen deposition in the liver nor decreased plasma corticosterone levels and relative thymus weight.
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41
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Hashimoto S, Schmid W, Schütz G. Transcriptional activation of the rat liver tyrosine aminotransferase gene by cAMP. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1984; 81:6637-41. [PMID: 6149549 PMCID: PMC391985 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.81.21.6637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase (Tyr-ATase; L-tyrosine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.5), which is synthesized in rat liver, is induced by glucocorticoids, insulin, and glucagon or its intracellular mediator cAMP. We have used cloned TyrATase genomic and cDNA sequences to study the mechanism of induction by cAMP. RNA blot analysis shows that cAMP causes a rapid 5-fold increase in TyrATase mRNA concentration in rat liver. Transcription in isolated rat liver nuclei was studied to determine the relative rate of transcription of the TyrATase gene after cAMP administration. We show that the accumulation of TyrATase mRNA after cAMP stimulation is a consequence of transcriptional activation of the TyrATase gene. Combined dexamethasone and cAMP treatment leads to higher TyrATase mRNA concentrations than each inducer alone, which implies that dexamethasone and cAMP act by distinct mechanisms.
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Chessebeuf M, Padieu P. Rat liver epithelial cell cultures in a serum-free medium: primary cultures and derived cell lines expressing differentiated functions. IN VITRO 1984; 20:780-95. [PMID: 6151543 DOI: 10.1007/bf02618294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Rat liver epithelial cells explanted in a serum-free medium (SFM) composed of Ham's F10 basal medium plus free fatty acids adsorbed on bovine albumin gave successful rise to primary cultures and then to long-term cell lines that expressed liver functions; induction of L-tyrosine aminotransferase by glucocorticoids, hepatic pattern of progesterone metabolism, and biosynthesis of murine primary bile acids; chenodeoxycholic and cholic acid common to higher vertebrates and alpha-muricholic acid specific of the rat bile.
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Chessebeuf M, Fischbach M, Padieu P. Time course study of L-tyrosine aminotransferase induction in rat liver cell lines. Cell Biol Toxicol 1984; 1:31-40. [PMID: 6152899 DOI: 10.1007/bf00125563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The enhancement of L-tyrosine aminotransferase activity by dexamethasone, an exclusive function of the liver, was serially measured at different passages of eight rat liver epithelial cell lines initiated and continuously grown in either a serum-supplemented medium or a serum-free medium. The enzyme basal activity was found to be 5.4 +/- 1.8 mU for cell lines in serum and 6.8 +/- 3.4 mU for cell lines without serum. Under the influence of dexamethasone (10(-6) mol/l for 5 hours) this basal level could be increased up to 2.9 fold in the presence of serum and 2.5 fold in its absence when investigations were carried out at early passages. During the following subcultures the induction ratio gradually declined and scarcely any induction could be detected after the 15th passage for cells grown in serum and after the 25th passage for cell lines grown without serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chessebeuf
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale, Faculté de Médecine, Dijon, France
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De SK, Banerjee RK. Glucocorticoid effects on gastric peroxidase activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1984; 800:233-41. [PMID: 6087914 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(84)90401-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The peroxidase activity in rat gastric mucosa is inhibited after administration of glucocorticoids. The synthetic steroid dexamethasone is more potent than the naturally occurring steroids, such as cortisone or corticosterone. Almost complete inhibition of the enzyme occurs after 24 h with a single dose of 100 micrograms dexamethasone/120 g body weight. Other mitochondrial enzyme activities, like monoamine oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase and Mg2+-ATPase, remain unaltered under the same experimental condition. Submaxillary peroxidase and thyroid peroxidase activity are not inhibited by dexamethasone. Gastric peroxidase activity is increased 200-250% on the 6th day after adrenalectomy. This effect is blocked by the administration of dexamethasone. In fact, the enzyme becomes more sensitive to dexamethasone after adrenalectomy, since it is inhibited by more than 90% at the dose of 25 micrograms/120 g body weight. The inhibition by dexamethasone in normal animals is reversible. The enzyme is also inhibited after the administration of a single dose of ACTH. The apparent Km of the enzyme for H2O2 is not altered after dexamethasone treatment or after adrenalectomy. The increase in enzyme activity following adrenalectomy is not blocked by actinomycin D or by alpha-amanitin, but is prevented by puromycin or cycloheximide. After administration of dexamethasone, the iodide concentration process in the gastric mucosa is not affected, but the organification of iodide is significantly diminished.
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Chia YC, Smith GW, Lees GJ. Differences in properties between aromatic amino acid: aromatic keto acid aminotransferases and aromatic amino acid: alpha-ketoglutarate aminotransferases. Life Sci 1984; 34:2443-52. [PMID: 6145079 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(84)90280-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Homogenates of rat liver transaminate phenylpyruvate (PP), as well as alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), in the presence of L-tyrosine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) or L-tryptophan. Aminotransferase activity with phenylpyruvate and DOPA, but not with tyrosine, was inhibited by excess phenylpyruvate. Tyrosine and DOPA aminotransferase activities with phenylpyruvate were more heat stable than the corresponding activities with alpha-ketoglutarate. Aminotransferase activities with phenylpyruvate were not significantly induced following intraperitoneal injections of cortisol, glucagon or serotonin, compared with a 3 to 7-fold increase in the aminotransferase activities with alpha-ketoglutarate. Tyrosine:phenylpyruvate aminotransferase activity rose 40% at night, compared with a 300% increase in tyrosine:alpha-ketoglutarate aminotransferase activity. The results suggest that aminotransferases catalysing transfers between aromatic keto acids and aromatic amino acids are separate enzymes from those utilizing alpha-ketoglutarate as the acceptor keto acid.
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Groenewald JV, Terblanche SE, Oelofsen W. Tyrosine aminotransferase: characteristics and properties. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1984; 16:1-18. [PMID: 6141963 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(84)90045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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47
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Yanaka M, Okumura J. Effects of dietary protein level and ascorbic acid supplementation on the contents of tyrosine metabolites in droppings and plasma of chicks fed a diet containing excess tyrosine. Poult Sci 1983; 62:2433-41. [PMID: 6689445 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0622433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A study on chickens was conducted to investigate whether or not: a) excess dietary tyrosine increases the content of tyrosine metabolites in plasma and excreta, b) these elevations of tyrosine metabolites are presented by increasing dietary protein level or supplementing with ascorbic acid (AA), and c) urine is a major excretory route of tyrosine metabolites. Chicks fed a 10% protein diet with excess tyrosine developed external foot lesions accompanied by retarded growth and depressed feed intake. These adverse effects were alleviated by elevating dietary protein level or supplementing with AA. Excreta and plasma of chicks fed the 10% protein diet contained small or undetectable amounts of free tyrosine, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate (4-HPP), 4-hydroxyphenylacetate (4-HPL), and 4-hydroxyphenylacetate (4-HPA), while these metabolites were markedly increased by the addition of excess tyrosine to the 10% protein diet. From the results with colostomized cocks, the major source of 4-HPP, 4-HPL, and 4-HPA excreted by chicks fed a tyrosine excess diet was considered more likely to be of urinary than fecal origin. Elevated contents of tyrosine and its metabolites in plasma were partially counteracted by increasing dietary protein level or AA supplementation. In excreta, elevated contents of tyrosine and its metabolites caused by excess tyrosine were reduced by increasing dietary protein level and supplementing with AA when expressed in the proportion of tyrosine intake. These results suggest that the beneficial effects of increased dietary protein level and supplementation with AA are related to enhanced ability of chicks to degrade excessively ingested tyrosine.
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Hart A, Mattheyse FJ, Balinsky JB. An organ culture of postnatal rat liver slices. IN VITRO 1983; 19:841-52. [PMID: 6140216 DOI: 10.1007/bf02618164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A technique for the organ culture of postnatal and adult rat liver has been developed. Liver slices, 0.3 mm thick, were maintained in Conway units at the interphase between medium and a 95% O2:5% CO2 atmosphere. Postnatal liver in culture for up to 72 h had healthy hepatocytes throughout the explants; if adult liver was used the upper 0.2 mm was healthy after 24 h. These slices incorporated tritiated orotate and leucine into trichloroacetic acid-precipitable material. Incorporation of orotate was shown to be spread over the entire slice of neonatal liver. Culturing did not alter the potassium ion content of postnatal liver. Tyrosine aminotransferase activity in liver slices from postnatal, adult, and adrenalectomized adult rats was stimulated by glucocorticoids and dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Cycloheximide and actinomycin D prevented this response. Further, cortisol exerted a permissive effect on the stimulation of tyrosine aminotransferase activity by dibutyryl cyclic AMP in slices from adrenalectomized rats. Induction of urea cycle enzymes by cortisol was demonstrated in cultures of liver from adrenalectomized adult animals.
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49
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Pretranslational control of tyrosine aminotransferase synthesis by 8-bromo-cyclic AMP in H-4 rat hepatoma cells. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)43990-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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50
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Kominami E, Hashida S, Khairallah EA, Katunuma N. Sequestration of cytoplasmic enzymes in an autophagic vacuole-lysosomal system induced by injection of leupeptin. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)32377-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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