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Abstract
Mitochondria of all tissues convert various metabolic substrates into two forms of energy: ATP and heat. Historically, the primary focus of research in mitochondrial bioenergetics was on the mechanisms of ATP production, while mitochondrial thermogenesis received significantly less attention. Nevertheless, mitochondrial heat production is crucial for the maintenance of body temperature, regulation of the pace of metabolism, and prevention of oxidative damage to mitochondria and the cell. In addition, mitochondrial thermogenesis has gained significance as a pharmacological target for treating metabolic disorders. Mitochondria produce heat as the result of H+ leak across their inner membrane. This review provides a critical assessment of the current field of mitochondrial H+ leak and thermogenesis, with a focus on the molecular mechanisms involved in the function and regulation of uncoupling protein 1 and the ADP/ATP carrier, the two proteins that mediate mitochondrial H+ leak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambre M. Bertholet
- Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, 600 16 Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA,Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA,Corresponding authors: ,
| | - Yuriy Kirichok
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA;
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Zeevaart AJ, Gruber M, Van Raalte MH. OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION IN MITOCHONDRIA FROM GERMINATING PEAS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1968.tb00138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. J. Zeevaart
- Biochemisch Laboratorium, Bloemsingel 10; Groningen
- Botanisch Laboratorium; Groningen
| | - M. Gruber
- Biochemisch Laboratorium, Bloemsingel 10; Groningen
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Dalgarno L, Birt LM. Preparation and properties of a mitochondrial fraction from carrot tissue. Biochem J 2006; 83:195-202. [PMID: 16748945 PMCID: PMC1243527 DOI: 10.1042/bj0830195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Dalgarno
- The Russell Grimwade School of Biochemistry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Liobikas J, Kopustinskiene DM, Toleikis A. What controls the outer mitochondrial membrane permeability for ADP: facts for and against the role of oncotic pressure. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1505:220-5. [PMID: 11334786 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(01)00170-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In our study 10% of bovine serum albumin was added to the physiological incubation medium to mimic the oncotic pressure of the cellular cytoplasm and to test for its effect on the respiration of isolated rat heart mitochondria, saponin- or saponin plus crude collagenase (type IV)-treated heart muscle fibers and saponin-treated rat quadriceps muscle fibers. Pyruvate and malate were used as substrates. We found that albumin slightly decreased the maximal ADP-stimulated respiration rate only for saponin-treated heart muscle fibers. The apparent Km ADP of oxidative phosphorylation increased significantly, by 70-100%, for isolated heart mitochondria, saponin plus collagenase-treated heart muscle fibers and for saponin-treated quadriceps muscle fibers but remained unchanged for saponin-treated heart muscle fibers. The saponin-treated heart muscle fibers were characterized by a very high control apparent Km ADP value (234+/-24 microM ADP) compared with other preparations (14-28 microM ADP). The results suggest that in vivo the oncotic pressure is not the relevant factor causing the low outer mitochondrial membrane permeability for ADP in cardiomyocytes, in contrast to quadriceps muscle cells. It is likely that the outer mitochondrial membrane-bound protein(s) which is supposed to remain in saponin-treated heart muscle fibers is responsible for this property of the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Liobikas
- Institute for Biomedical Research, Kaunas University of Medicine, Eiveniu str. 4, LT-3007, Kaunas, Lithuania
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BORST P, COLPA-BOONSTRA JP. The pyridine nucleotide content of mitochondria isolated from Ehrlich ascites tumour cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 56:216-26. [PMID: 13871486 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3002(62)90558-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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van den BERGH S, SLATER EC. The respiratory activity and permeability of housefly sarcosomes. Biochem J 1998; 82:362-71. [PMID: 13867712 PMCID: PMC1243461 DOI: 10.1042/bj0820362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zoratti
- CNR Unit for the Physiology of Mitochondria, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Padova, Italy
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11
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Shinohara Y, Unami A, Teshima M, Nishida H, van Dam K, Terada H. Inhibitory effect of Mg2+ on the protonophoric activity of palmitic acid. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1228:229-234. [PMID: 7893729 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(94)00179-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
To discriminate whether fatty acids are uncouplers that cause acceleration of State-4 respiration, associated with a decrease in the protonmotive force, or decouplers that increase respiration without associated decrease in the protonmotive force, we examined the effect of palmitate on functions of rat-liver mitochondria under various conditions. We found that palmitate itself increases State-4 respiration, releases oligomycin-inhibited State-3 respiration, inhibits ATP synthesis and ATP<->Pi exchange reaction, and increases H+ permeability in mitochondrial and model bilayer phospholipid membranes. Thus, palmitate is a classical uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation. However, these effects were inhibited by Mg2+, due to rapid formation of a stable complex between palmitate and Mg2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shinohara
- Faculty of Pharamceutical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Japan
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Köhnke D, Ludwig B, Kadenbach B. A threshold membrane potential accounts for controversial effects of fatty acids on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. FEBS Lett 1993; 336:90-4. [PMID: 8262225 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)81616-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The uncoupling effect of free fatty acids on oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria has been known for more than 35 years. The mechanism of action, however, remains controversial. In this report the physicochemical basis of uncoupling was elucidated by studying the effect of free fatty acids on the proton permeability and membrane potential of proteoliposomes containing reconstituted cytochrome c oxidase (COX). A threshold membrane potential of about 125 mV was identified for fatty acid-induced proton permeability. Only above this potential do free fatty acids translocate protons across the biological membrane. The data explain the controversial effects of long-chain fatty acids on oxidative phosphorylation as well as their role on non-shivering thermogenesis in larger mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Köhnke
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
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Wojtczak L, Schönfeld P. Effect of fatty acids on energy coupling processes in mitochondria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1183:41-57. [PMID: 8399375 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(93)90004-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Long-chain fatty acids are natural uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. The protonophoric mechanism of this action is due to transbilayer movement of undissociated fatty acid in one direction and the passage of its anion in the opposite direction. The transfer of the dissociated form of fatty acid can be, at least in some kinds of mitochondrion, facilitated by adenine nucleotide translocase. Apart from dissipating the electrochemical proton gradient, long-chain fatty acids decrease the activity of the respiratory chain by mechanism(s) not fully understood. In intact cells and tissues fatty acids operate mostly as excellent respiratory substrates, providing electrons to the respiratory chain. This function masks their potential uncoupling effect which becomes apparent only under special physiological or pathological conditions characterized by unusual fatty acid accumulation. Short- and medium-chain fatty acids do not have protonophoric properties. Nevertheless, they contribute to energy dissipation because of slow intramitochondrial hydrolysis of their activation products, acyl-AMP and acyl-CoA. Long-chain fatty acids increase permeability of mitochondrial membranes to alkali metal cations. This is due to their ionophoric mechanism of action. Regulatory function of fatty acids with respect to specific cation channels has been postulated for the plasma membrane of muscle cells, but not demonstrated in mitochondria. Under cold stress, cold acclimation and arousal from hibernation the uncoupling effect of fatty acids may contribute to increased thermogenesis, especially in the muscle tissue. In brown adipose tissue, the special thermogenic organ of mammals, long-chain fatty acids promote operation of the unique natural uncoupling protein, thermogenin. As anionic amphiphiles, long-chain fatty acids increase the negative surface charge of biomembranes, thus interfering in their enzymic and transporting functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wojtczak
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
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Palmgren MG, Sommarin M, Ulvskov P, Larsson C. Effect of detergents on the H(+)-ATPase activity of inside-out and right-side-out plant plasma membrane vesicles. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1990; 1021:133-40. [PMID: 2154256 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(90)90025-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In search for a detergent to be used to assess the sidedness of plant plasma membrane vesicles by enzyme latency we tested the effect of 42 detergents on the ATPase activity of right-side-out and inside-out plasma membrane vesicles from sugar beet leaves. Most of the detergents seemed to inactivate the ATPase in addition to disrupting the permeability barrier to ATP. There were two main exceptions, namely long chain polyoxyethylene acyl ethers, such as detergents of the Brij series and Lubrol WX, and long chain lysophospholipids. These two types of detergents permeabilized the membranes at low concentrations and did not inhibit the ATPase at higher concentrations. Unmasking of latent active sites seemed to explain the activation of the plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase produced by long chain polyoxyethylene acyl ethers. These detergents should therefore be ideal for determination of vesicle orientation based on ATPase latency. By contrast, long chain lysophospholipids were found to be highly specific activators of the enzyme. In addition, long chain fatty acids were found to strongly inhibit ATP-dependent proton accumulation in the vesicles without inhibiting ATP hydrolysis. This uncoupling effect of the fatty acids could be abolished by the addition of fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin (BSA). Similarly, the proton transport capacity of ageing vesicles could be restored by addition of BSA. The latter findings may explain why isolated plasma membranes so often exhibit increased permeability to protons on ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Palmgren
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, University of Lund, Sweden
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15
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Detrimental effects of fatty acids and their derivatives in ischemic and reperfused myocardium. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SEVERE ISCHEMIC MYOCARDIAL INJURY 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-0475-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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16
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Andreyev AYu, Bondareva TO, Dedukhova VI, Mokhova EN, Skulachev VP, Tsofina LM, Volkov NI, Vygodina TV. The ATP/ADP-antiporter is involved in the uncoupling effect of fatty acids on mitochondria. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 182:585-92. [PMID: 2546761 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb14867.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The ATP/ADP-antiporter inhibitors and the substrate ADP suppress the uncoupling effect induced by low (10-20 microM) concentrations of palmitate in mitochondria from skeletal muscle and liver. The inhibitors and ADP are found to (a) inhibit the palmitate-stimulated respiration in the controlled state and (b) increase the membrane potential lowered by palmitate. The degree of efficiency decreases in the order: carboxyatractylate (CAtr) greater than ADP greater than bongkrekic acid, atractylate. GDP is ineffective, Mg.ADP is of much smaller effect, whereas ATP is effective at much higher concentration than is ADP. Inhibitor concentrations, which maximally suppress the palmitate-stimulated respiration, correspond to those needed for arresting the state 3 respiration. The extent of the CAtr-sensitive stimulation of respiration by palmitate has been found to decrease with an increase in palmitate concentration. Stimulation of the controlled respiration by p-trifluoromethoxycarbonylcyanide phenylhydrozone (FCCP) and gramicidin D at any concentrations of these uncouplers is CAtr-insensitive, whereas that caused by a low concentrations of 2,4-dinitrophenol and dodecyl sulfate is inhibited by CAtr. The above effect of palmitate develops immediately after addition of the fatty acid. It is resistant to EGTA as well as to inhibitors of phospholipase (nupercain) and of lipid peroxidation (ionol). Moreover, palmitate accelerates spontaneous release of the respiratory control, developing in rat liver mitochondria under certain conditions. This effect takes several minutes, being sensitive to EGTA, nupercain and ionol. Like the fast uncoupling, this slow effect is inhibited by ADP but CAtr and atractylate are stimulatory rather than inhibitory. In artificial planar phospholipid membrane, palmitate does not increase the membrane conductance, FCCP increases it strongly and dinitrophenol only slightly. In cytochrome oxidase proteoliposomes, FCCP, gramicidin and dinitrophenol (less effectively) lower, whereas palmitate enhances the cytochrome-oxidase-generated membrane potential. In this system, monensin substitutes for palmitate. It is concluded that the ATP/ADP antiporter is somehow involved in the uncoupling effect caused by low concentrations of palmitate and, partially, of dinitrophenol, whereas uncoupling produced by FCCP and gramicidin is due to their action on the phospholipid part of the mitochondrial membrane. A possible mechanism of this effect is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreyev AYu
- A. N. Belozersky Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow State University, USSR
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Miyoshi H, Fujita T. Quantitative analyses of the uncoupling activity of substituted phenols with mitochondria from flight muscles of house flies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1988; 935:312-21. [PMID: 2844258 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(88)90226-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Uncoupling activity with flight-muscle mitochondria from house flies was measured for a series of weakly acidic uncouplers (substituted phenols) and compared with the protonophoric potency across lecithin liposomal membranes. The activity was linearly related to the protonophoric potency when such factors as the stability of anionic species in the membrane phase and the difference in the pH conditions of the extramembranous aqueous phase were taken into account. Relationships of the flight-muscle activity with activities measured previously with rat-liver mitochondria and spinach chloroplasts were linear. Our findings were further evidence for the shuttle-type mechanism of the uncoupling action of weakly acidic uncouplers.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Miyoshi
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Japan
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18
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Fatty acid control of cyclic AMP levels inNeurospora crassa. Curr Microbiol 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01577209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Rapoport SM, Schewe T. The maturational breakdown of mitochondria in reticulocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1986; 864:471-95. [PMID: 3098292 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(86)90006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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20
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Batayneh N, Kopacz SJ, Lee CP. The modes of action of long chain alkyl compounds on the respiratory chain-linked energy transducing system in submitochondrial particles. Arch Biochem Biophys 1986; 250:476-87. [PMID: 2877639 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(86)90752-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The interactions of long chain (greater than C7), alkyl compounds with tightly coupled, beef heart submitochondrial particles (SMP) have been investigated with respect to their effects upon respiratory chain-linked electron transfer and energy coupling capacity. Long chain alkyl alcohols, amines, free fatty acids, and methyl esters exhibit a general uncoupling effect, with stimulation of the succinate oxidase activity but inhibition of the NADH oxidase, in SMP. The degree of effectiveness is dependent on the nature of the functional group and the length of the alkyl chain. Submitochondrial particles depleted of F1 and the F1-inhibitor protein are similarly affected. Subsequent treatment with bovine serum albumin reverses the effects of free fatty acids and results in partial recovery of activity with alkyl amines, alcohols, and methyl esters. Differences between the effects of these alkyl compounds and those of sodium dodecyl sulfate, deoxycholate, palmitoyl carnitine, and palmitoyl CoA rule out detergent-like action as the explanation for these observations. These data suggest that specific lipophilic interactions with the membrane, modulated by the nature of the functional group, are responsible for the effects of these compounds on the energy transducing system of SMP. Analyses of the reduction kinetics of the cytochromes indicate that the sites of interaction of these compounds with the inner mitochondrial membrane are associated with the primary dehydrogenase of complex I and energy coupling site 2; alkyl amines possess an additional site of interaction in the region of complex III.
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Abstract
The medium chain fatty acid octanoic acid was injected i.p. into 20-22 g Swiss-Albino mice at a dose of 15 mumol/g. This dose produced a reproducible response consisting of a 3-4 min period of drowsiness, followed by coma. These mice as well as suitable controls were sacrificed by rapid submersion in liquid N2, or by microwave irradiation in a 7.3 kW microwave oven. Tissue from the reticular formation and the inferior colliculus was prepared for microanalysis of the energy metabolites glucose, glycogen, ATP and phosphocreatine. Results from this study showed a selective effect on energy metabolism in cells of the reticular formation. Both glucose and glycogen were elevated in the coma and precoma state. In addition, ATP and phosphocreatine were decreased in the reticular formation during coma. These results show a selective effect of octanoic acid on energy metabolism in the reticular formation both in the precoma stage, and during overt coma. The selective vulnerability of the reticular formation to metabolic insult may act in a beneficial manner to the animal by inducing coma. This lowers the overall demand for energy, thereby placing the animal in a milieu in which there is an increased chance for correction of the perturbation.
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Feise G, Kogure K, Busto KR, Scheinberg P, Reinmuth OM. Effect of insulin hypoglycemia upon cerebral energy metabolism and EEG activity in the rat. Brain Res 1977; 126:263-80. [PMID: 861719 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(77)90725-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Anesthetized ventilated rats were subjected to insulin-induced hypoglycemia (50 units/kg i.v.) while EEG, ECG, mean arterial pressure, blood gases, arterial pH and rectal temperature were controlled. Animals were sacrificed by rapid transcalvarial freezing of the brain in situ. Glucose, pyruvate and lactate were measured in blood, CSF and cortical tissue, in which additionally glycogen, phosphocreatine, ATP, ADP, AMP, aketoglutarate (aKG), glutamate, oxalacetate, aspartate, ammonia and water content were estimated. ATP/ADP ratio, energy charge (ECh) energy reserve, NADH/NAD+ quotient and intracellular pH were calculated. ECh does not correlate with either dysfunction of carbohydrate depletion, but declines in a threshold fashion when tissue glucose has fallen by over 97% and glycogen by over 60%. The EEG correlates with the degree and duration of carbohydrate depletion in cortical tissue. An isoelectric EEG occurs pari passu with the fall of the ECh. Increase in ammonia and decrease in aKG and Glut are supportive evidence of intrinsic substrate. Lactate decrease during hypoglymecia is not reversed by super-imposed hyqoxia.
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Ishii S, Sato K, Watanabe H, Kobayashi M, Shimizu T. The pharmacological action of pronase-digested egg albumin upon cerebral hypoxia. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1977; 39:35-46. [PMID: 143870 DOI: 10.1007/bf01405239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The purification of a substance which protects mitochondrial activity against its decay in association with various cerebral pathologies, and the effect of this substance in vitro and in vivo have been mentioned. Defatted egg albumin was hydrolyzed with pronase, and diafiltrated through mesh, to obtain fractions of molecular weight less than 5,000. The diafiltrate was further fractionated using Sephadex G-25 column chromatography, and a fraction which had a protective action against the decay of mitochondrial DNP-ATPase activity was gathered. This digested egg albumin (DEA 5,000 S) showed no immunological reaction and seemingly penetrated well through the cell membrane. DEA 5,000 S prevented the decay of DNP-ATPase activity and swelling of brain mitochondria during aging in vitro. Also, the administration of DEA 5,000 S in vivo shortened the duration of unconsciousness and reduced EEG abnormalities in rats subjected to hypoxia in a special chamber filled with N2 gas. It is suggested that this Digested Egg Albumin has a marked action in restoring the function of metabolically impaired brain.
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Wojtczak L. Effect of long-chain fatty acids and acyl-CoA on mitochondrial permeability, transport, and energy-coupling processes. J Bioenerg Biomembr 1976; 8:293-311. [PMID: 137237 DOI: 10.1007/bf00765158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The following effects of fatty acids and acyl-CoA thioesters on energy metabolism of mitochondria can now be assumed: (1) Inhibition of adenine nucleotide translocation. This effect may increase the energy state of mitochondria respiring under state 3 conditions and decrease phosphorylation potential in the surrounding medium (the cytoplasm). (2) Increased permeability to monovalent cations. This may lead to a partial energy dissipation due to a futile recycling of K+ (or another cation), namely and energy-dependent uptake and a passive outflow. (3) True uncoupling due to increased permeability to protons. This effect probably occurs at high concentrations of fatty acids only. (4) Substrate effect. Fatty acids in the form of acyl-CoA are excellent respiratory substrates for mitochondria of most tissues. Their oxidation is coupled to the generation of high energy state of the mitochondrial membrane and, consequently, to ATP synthesis.
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Heaton GM, Nicholis DG. Hamster brown-adipose-tissue mitochondria. The role of fatty acids in the control of the proton conductance of the inner membrane. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1976; 67:511-7. [PMID: 964256 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1976.tb10717.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The specific ability of fatty acids to increase the proton conductance of the inner membrane of mitochondria from the liver and brown adipose tissue of cold-adapted hamsters was compared. The liver and brown-adipose-tissue mitochondria had their effective proton conductances increased by respectively 0.028 and 0.94 nmol H+- min-1. (mV of proton electrochemical gradient)-1 for each nmol of palmitate bound. No difference could be detected between the abilities of liver and brown-adipose-tissue mitochondria to bind fatty acids. Purine nucleotides did not displace farry acids from the brown-adipase-tissue mitochondria. The endogenous fatty acid content of hamster brown-adipose-tissue mitochondria prepared in the absence of album was found to be equivalent to 17 +/- 7 nmol of palmitate/mg protein. The fatty acid content was reduced to 1 nmol/mg after preincubation of the mitochondria with CoA, ATP and carnitine. No inert pool of fatty acids could be detected. The endogenous fatty acids of hamster liver mitochondria were less than 4 nmol of palmitate equivalent/mg protein. Some of the fatty acid associated with the brown-adipose-tissue mitochondria originates during preparation of the mitochondria. In the light of these results, the physiological role of the fatty acids in controlling the proton conductance of the brown-adipose-tissue mitochondrial inner membrane, and hence- non-shivering thermogenesis, is re-evaluated.
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Schewe T, Ludwig P, Rapoport S. On a slow inhibitory effect of free fatty acids on the respiratory chain of non-phosphorylating submitochondrial particles from beef heart. FEBS Lett 1974; 46:39-41. [PMID: 4153567 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(74)80329-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Drabikowska A, Kosmakos FC, Brodie AF. Studies of respiratory components and oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria of mi-1 Neurospora crassa. J Bacteriol 1974; 117:733-40. [PMID: 4359654 PMCID: PMC285567 DOI: 10.1128/jb.117.2.733-740.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative phosphorylation has been demonstrated with mitochondria of the mi-1 respiratory mutant of Neurospora crassa. The P/O ratios observed with these mitochondria were approximately 0.8 with citrate and 0.4 with either externally added reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), succinate, or ascorbate-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TPD). These P/O ratios suggest that there are only two sites of phosphorylation in mitochondria isolated from young (20 to 24 h) cultures of the mi-1 mutant. The energy-dependent reduction of NAD(+) with succinate and the phosphorylation associated with ascorbate-TPD oxidation indicate that the first and the third sites of energy coupling are present in this mutant. Difference spectra of mitochondria from young cultures of the mi-1 mutant revealed the presence of cytochrome c. Cytochromes b and a + a(3) were not detected. However, in the presence of antimycin A, a small peak in the Soret region at 430 nm was observed. A carbon monoxide difference spectrum revealed the presence of a component of the respiratory chain with a spectrum similar to that of cytochrome o. It is of interest that respiratory inhibitors such as antimycin A, 2-n-nonylhydroxyquinoline N-oxide, and cyanide abolished phosphorylation but only partially inhibited oxidation. It is postulated that the mi-1 respiratory system contains two pathways of electron transport-the first is associated with a phosphorylating pathway, whereas the second is a non-phosphorylating electron transport pathway.
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31
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Wojtczak AB, Lenartowicz E, Rodionova MA, Duszyński J. Effect of fatty acids on pyruvate carboxylation in rat liver mitochondria. FEBS Lett 1972; 28:253-258. [PMID: 11946871 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(72)80725-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A B. Wojtczak
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Pasteura 3, 22, Warszawa, Poland
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Benga G, Mureşan L, Hodârnău A, Dancea S. Conditions for isolation and study of enzymic properties of human liver mitochondria. BIOCHEMICAL MEDICINE 1972; 6:508-21. [PMID: 4344865 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2944(72)90004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Bulychev A, Kramar R, Drahota Z, Lindberg O. Role of a specific endogenous fatty acid fraction in the coupling-uncoupling mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation of brown adipose tissue. Exp Cell Res 1972; 72:169-87. [PMID: 4260232 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(72)90579-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Michejda JW, Boczoń K. Changes in bioenergetics of skeletal muscle mitochondria during experimental trichinosis in rats. Exp Parasitol 1972; 31:161-71. [PMID: 5016591 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4894(72)90106-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Davison TF, Bowler K. Changes in the functional efficiency of flight muscle sarcosomes during heat death of adult Calliphora erythrocephala. J Cell Physiol 1971; 78:37-48. [PMID: 4255709 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1040780107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Reed WD, Sacktor B. Localization of trehalase in flight muscle of the blowfly Phormia regina. Arch Biochem Biophys 1971; 145:392-401. [PMID: 5123145 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(71)90052-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Kás J, Hladík J, Sícho V. Study on metabolism of phospholipids in animal tissues. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1969; 9:348-52. [PMID: 5795514 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1969.tb00615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Boime I, Smith EE, Hunter FE. Stability of oxidative phosphorylation and structural changes of mitochondria in ischemic rat liver. Arch Biochem Biophys 1968; 128:704-15. [PMID: 5704304 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(68)90079-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Tribe MA. Changes taking place in the respiratory efficiency of isolated flight muscle sarcosomes, associated with the age of the blowfly, Calliphora erythrocephala. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1967; 23:607-20. [PMID: 4229880 DOI: 10.1016/0010-406x(67)90412-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Bryla J, Kaniuga Z, Frackowiak B. On the nature of endogenous substrate in rat-liver mitochondria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1967; 143:285-91. [PMID: 4292886 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(67)90082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Watson K, Smith JE. Oxidative phosphorylation and respiratory control in mitochondria from Aspergillus niger. Biochem J 1967; 104:332-9. [PMID: 4292772 PMCID: PMC1270592 DOI: 10.1042/bj1040332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
1. Tightly coupled mitochondria were isolated from Aspergillus niger by using an all-glass homogenizer followed by differential centrifugation. 2. The mitochondria oxidized the common intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, NADH(2) and the ascorbate-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine system. 3. High P/O ratios and control of respiration by ADP were obtained with all substrates tested. The average P/O ratios observed were: 1.5-1.8 with succinate as substrate [respiratory control ratio (RC) 2-4]; 0.8-1.0 with ascorbate-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (RC 1.2-1.5); 1.4-1.8 with NADH(2) (RC 2-3); 2.4-2.8 with alpha-oxoglutarate (RC 3-5). 4. Bovine serum albumin (0.05-0.2%) was essential for tightly coupled respiration to be observed. 5. Coupled oxidation of exogenous NADH(2) was relatively insensitive to rotenone and Amytal. 6. The mitochondria responded to specific inhibitors and uncoupling agents in a manner similar to that of mammalian mitochondria. 7. It was concluded that the isolated mitochondria from A. niger show respiratory properties similar to those reported for intact yeast and mammalian mitochondria.
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Tribe M. Age related changes in the respiratory physiology of flight muscle from the blowfly, Calliphora erythrocephala. Exp Gerontol 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/0531-5565(67)90028-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hird FJ, Weidemann MJ. Oxidative phosphorylation accompanying oxidation of short-chain fatty acids by rat-liver mitochondria. Biochem J 1966; 98:378-88. [PMID: 4223170 PMCID: PMC1264855 DOI: 10.1042/bj0980378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
1. The factors concerned in the estimation of P/O ratios when fatty acids are oxidized by rat-liver mitochondria have been assessed. 2. The oxidation of butyrate, hexanoate and octanoate is accompanied by ATP synthesis. At low concentrations of the fatty acids, P/O ratios approximately 2.5 are obtained. 3. Oxidative phosphorylation is uncoupled, respiratory control ratios are lowered and respiration is inhibited when the concentration of the fatty acid in the incubating medium is raised (to 5-10mm); octanoate is a more potent uncoupler than either hexanoate or butyrate. 4. Serum albumin and carnitine, either singly or in combination, protect the mitochondria from the effect exerted by the fatty acids. 5. The rate of oxidation of short-chain fatty acids in the presence of ADP is increased in the presence of carnitine.
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Hall DO, Greenawalt JW. Oxidative phosphorylation by isolated mitochondria of Neurosporacrassa. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1964. [DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(64)90066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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TUENA M, GOMEZ PUYOU A, PENA DIAZ A, MASSIEU GH. STUDIES ON ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE AND ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE EXCHANGE REACTIONS IN BRAIN MITOCHONDRIA AND THE EFFECT OF 2,4-DINITROPHENOL. J Neurochem 1964; 11:527-36. [PMID: 14200776 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1964.tb07502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Chefurka W. Comparative study of the dinitrophenol-induced ATP'ase activity in relation to mitochondrial aging. Life Sci 1963. [DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(63)90124-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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ZBOROWSKI J, WOJTCZAK L. Induction of swelling of liver mitochondria by fatty acids of various chain length. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1963; 70:596-8. [PMID: 14085946 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3002(63)90799-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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