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Wilke BU, Kummer KK, Leitner MG, Kress M. Chloride - The Underrated Ion in Nociceptors. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:287. [PMID: 32322187 PMCID: PMC7158864 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to pain processing neurons in the spinal cord, where the importance of chloride conductances is already well established, chloride homeostasis in primary afferent neurons has received less attention. Sensory neurons maintain high intracellular chloride concentrations through balanced activity of Na+-K+-2Cl– cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) and K+-Cl– cotransporter 2 (KCC2). Whereas in other cell types activation of chloride conductances causes hyperpolarization, activation of the same conductances in primary afferent neurons may lead to inhibitory or excitatory depolarization depending on the actual chloride reversal potential and the total amount of chloride efflux during channel or transporter activation. Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons express a multitude of chloride channel types belonging to different channel families, such as ligand-gated, ionotropic γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or glycine receptors, Ca2+-activated chloride channels of the anoctamin/TMEM16, bestrophin or tweety-homolog family, CLC chloride channels and transporters, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) as well as volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs). Specific chloride conductances are involved in signal transduction and amplification at the peripheral nerve terminal, contribute to excitability and action potential generation of sensory neurons, or crucially shape synaptic transmission in the spinal dorsal horn. In addition, chloride channels can be modified by a plethora of inflammatory mediators affecting them directly, via protein-protein interaction, or through signaling cascades. Since chloride channels as well as mediators that modulate chloride fluxes are regulated in pain disorders and contribute to nociceptor excitation and sensitization it is timely and important to emphasize their critical role in nociceptive primary afferents in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina U Wilke
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kai K Kummer
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael G Leitner
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michaela Kress
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Hanna P, Rajendran PS, Ajijola OA, Vaseghi M, Andrew Armour J, Ardell JL, Shivkumar K. Cardiac neuroanatomy - Imaging nerves to define functional control. Auton Neurosci 2017; 207:48-58. [PMID: 28802636 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system regulates normal cardiovascular function and plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. Further understanding of the interplay between the autonomic nervous system and cardiovascular system holds promise for the development of neuroscience-based cardiovascular therapeutics. To this end, techniques to image myocardial innervation will help provide a basis for understanding the fundamental underpinnings of cardiac neural control. In this review, we detail the evolution of gross and microscopic anatomical studies for functional mapping of cardiac neuroanatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hanna
- University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Cardiac Arrhythmia Center and Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pradeep S Rajendran
- University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Cardiac Arrhythmia Center and Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Physiology Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Olujimi A Ajijola
- University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Cardiac Arrhythmia Center and Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marmar Vaseghi
- University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Cardiac Arrhythmia Center and Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J Andrew Armour
- University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Cardiac Arrhythmia Center and Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jefrrey L Ardell
- University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Cardiac Arrhythmia Center and Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Physiology Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kalyanam Shivkumar
- University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Cardiac Arrhythmia Center and Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Physiology Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Shainberg A, Pearl R. Activity of muscle cultures measured by 2-deoxyglucose uptake. Int J Dev Neurosci 2003; 1:267-71. [DOI: 10.1016/0736-5748(83)90029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/1983] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Asher Shainberg
- Department of Life Sciences; Bar-Ilan University; Ramat-Gan 52100 Israel
| | - Rivka Pearl
- Department of Life Sciences; Bar-Ilan University; Ramat-Gan 52100 Israel
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el-Ani D, Jacobson KA, Zimlichman R, Katz A, Shainberg A. Uptake of glucose analogs reflects the rate of contraction of cultured myocytes. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2000; 10:287-303. [PMID: 10631593 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp.1999.10.4.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study demonstrates that: a) adenosine and R-N6-(2-phenylisopropyl)-adenosine (R-PIA, A1 and A3 adenosine receptor agonist) inhibited [3H]deoxyglucose uptake or [3H]3-O-methyl-D-glucose uptake; b) sugar uptake reflects the rate of contraction in cardiac cultures; c) [3H]deoxyglucose uptake or [3H]3-O-methyl-D-glucose uptake are useful quantitative probes for beating rate evaluation. A 25-40% decrease in [3H]deoxyglucose uptake (p < 0.01) was obtained following 13-21 min treatment with 100 microM adenosine together with 1 microM dipyridamole or with 10 microM R-PIA, which inhibited spontaneous contractions. Adenosine (10 microM) attenuated spontaneous beating rate and inhibited approximately 55% of the [3H]deoxyglucose uptake following 22 h treatment (p < 0.01). 1 microM R-PIA also attenuated beating rate following either a short (1 min) or long (24 h) application and decreased [3H]deoxyglucose uptake by 20-30% (p < 0.01) during 0.5-24 h of treatment. A 157 +/- 9% and 205 +/- 11% increase (p < 0.01) in [3H]deoxyglucose uptake was obtained at 27 and 37 degrees C, respectively, compared with the uptake at 17 degrees C, which completely inhibited spontaneous contractions. Similar results [33 +/- 6% (p < 0.01) and 21 +/- 8% (p < 0.05) inhibition in [3H]deoxyglucose uptake] were obtained following 2 and 22 h of carbamylcholine treatment, respectively. This treatment also reduced spontaneous contractions. [3H] 3-O-Methyl-D-glucose uptake also decreased by 31 +/- 12% (p < 0.05) as a result of the arrest of contractions by adenosine. Elevations of 90 +/- 13% and 34 +/- 11% (p < 0.01) in [3H]deoxyglucose uptake were obtained following treatment with isoprenaline after 2 and 22 h application, respectively. It is concluded that adenosine and R-PIA inhibited [3H]deoxyglucose uptake or [3H] 3-O-methyl-D-glucose uptake in rat heart culture and that there is a linkage between the rate of cardiac contractions in culture and sugar uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- D el-Ani
- Gonda (Goldschmied) Medical Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Poitry-Yamate CL, Tsacopoulos M. Glucose metabolism in freshly isolated Müller glial cells from a mammalian retina. J Comp Neurol 1992; 320:257-66. [PMID: 1377718 DOI: 10.1002/cne.903200209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Glucose metabolism was studied in isolated retinal Müller glial cells from the juvenile guinea pig. Cells, once enzymatically isolated and purified, were identified by morphological criteria, positive vimentin immunoreactivity, and histochemical staining for glycogen. Purified suspensions of Müller cells were obtained in quantities sufficient for biochemical analysis (approximately 2 x 10(5)/pair of retinas) and light microscopic autoradiography. In bicarbonate-buffered Ringer's medium containing 3H-2-deoxyglucose and no glucose, greater than or equal to 80% of the glucose analogue taken up intracellularly by Müller cells was phosphorylated to 3H-2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate. In autoradiographs, this non-metabolized product provided visual evidence of glucose phosphorylation: the distribution of cell grains mirrored the morphology of individual Müller cells in situ. Exposure to the glycolytic inhibitor iodoacetate (500 microM) caused an 85% decrease in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content; concomitantly, 3H-2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate decreased by 90% and paralleled a dramatic decrease of cell labelling in autoradiographs, while levels of 3H-2-deoxyglucose did not change. In the continual absence of glucose, glycogen content decreased with time and this decrease was slowed by 36% in the presence of iodoacetate. This indicated that, in control conditions, glycosyl units from glycogen sustain cellular metabolism, and hence 3H-2-deoxyglucose phosphorylation. 3H-2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate concentration was 43-fold less than that of ATP in the control conditions so that depletion of ATP during iodoacetic acid (IAA)-blocked glycolysis was not due to hexokinase activity. These results demonstrate that this preparation is adequate for quantitative studies of glucose metabolism at the cellular and molecular level in an important metabolic compartment of the mammalian retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Poitry-Yamate
- Department of Oto-neuro-ophthalmology, University of Geneva Medical School, Switzerland
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Doyle E, Nolan PM, Regan CM. Learning-induced change in neural activity during acquisition and consolidation of a passive avoidance response in the rat. Neurochem Res 1990; 15:551-8. [PMID: 2370948 DOI: 10.1007/bf00966216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Time-dependent alterations in neural activity have been established during the acquisition and consolidation of a stepdown passive avoidance paradigm. Change in neural activity was established by administering a glucose analogue, [3H]2-deoxyglucose, 50min prior to sacrifice and estimating perchloric acid soluble counts in nine hand dissected brain regions. Change in [3H]2-deoxyglucose uptake was closely paralleled in both trained and yoked animals for up to 40min following task acquisition however the striatum was the only area to exhibit a task-specific increase in [3H]2-deoxyglucose uptake at 20-30min after training. Longterm changes in neural activity were also apparent as the amygdala and brainstem showed increased [3H]2-deoxyglucose uptake at the 24 h time point. No further paradigm-specific changes were apparent at 48 h. These findings are concluded to suggest that the striatum is involved in the early events of acquiring a passive avoidance response and the amygdala and brainstem during the later events.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Doyle
- Department of Pharmacology, University College, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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Matsunami K, Kawashima T, Satake H. Mode of [14C] 2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake into retrosplenial cortex and other memory-related structures of the monkey during a delayed response. Brain Res Bull 1989; 22:829-38. [PMID: 2765943 DOI: 10.1016/0361-9230(89)90026-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Physiological studies on the monkey retrosplenial (RS) cortex have been few, and its functional role remains to be investigated. In the present study, activity of the RS cortex was investigated using radioactive 2-DG while the monkey was performing a visual tracking task with a delay (a delayed-response task) for 45 minutes. A remarkable increase in 2-DG uptake was observed equally in the left as well as in the right RS cortex. The anterior nucleus of the thalamus also showed increased 2-DG uptake. In addition, other memory-related structures (prefrontal cortex, dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus, amygdala and hippocampus) showed a similar increase in 2-DG uptake compared to control monkeys, though their respective absolute values were different from one another. Since the RS cortex receives afferents from the anterior nucleus of the thalamus, which is one of the main nuclei of the Papez circuit, it is assumed that the RS cortex is important in memory function. Therefore, the remarkable increase in 2-DG uptake in the present study could reflect some aspects of memory or learning processes required to perform the delayed response.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Matsunami
- Department of Neurophysiology, Gifu University School of Medicine, Japan
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Zimmermann E, Rahmann H. Acoustic communication in the poison-arrow frogPhyllobates tricolor: advertisement calls and their effects on behavior and metabolic brain activity of recipients. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00611941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kuzirian A, Meyhöfer E, Hill L, Neary JT, Alkon DL. Autoradiographic measurement of tritiated agmatine as an indicator of physiologic activity in Hermissenda visual and vestibular neurons. JOURNAL OF NEUROCYTOLOGY 1986; 15:629-43. [PMID: 2430069 DOI: 10.1007/bf01611862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
[3H]Agmatine (amino-4-guanidobutane) has been shown to be potentially useful for identifying and assessing the ACh sensitivity of specific neurons. Small cationic amines are able to permeate ACh-activated ion channels in sympathetic neurons and vertebrate endplates. Sensory neurons of the photic pathway in the nudibranch mollusc Hermissenda crassicornis are cholinergic and the synaptic interactions between the photic and vestibular systems have been well characterized electrophysiologically. We have therefore tested the feasibility of using autoradiography with [3H]agmatine, (a) to identify known ACh-responsive postsynaptic cells and (b) to examine its ability to serve as an indicator of physiologic activity within the photic and vestibular pathways under conditions of darkness and light stimulation. Scintillation counting revealed that approximately 70% of the radioactivity was associated with the CNS while approximately 30% was found in the processing fluids, indicating that routine glutaraldehyde-osmium fixation and subsequent processing for epoxy embedding allows retention of substantial amounts of the radiolabel. The autoradiographic results consistently demonstrated that the uptake patterns for [3H]agmatine did reflect some of the known neuronal interactions under the experimental conditions of light and dark. The accuracy extended to the second order cells of the optic ganglion and to putative interneurons along the photic tract in the cerebropleural ganglion. Since all the neurons in these pathways are unipolar with their synaptic interactions occurring only at the terminal endings, the radiolabel accumulated in the somata resulted from retrograde axonal transport. In the photic-vestibular pathways, the highest silver grain densities were found over structures (cell bodies or axon tracts) with increased synaptic activity coupled with higher levels of cellular activity (i.e. increased excitatory postsynaptic potentials or increased spontaneous impulse activity). Slightly less label was found in cells which received increased numbers of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials that produced hyperpolarization and a transient cessation of impulse activity under conditions of illumination. Therefore, the uptake levels of [3H]agmatine as revealed by autoradiography appear to reflect not only changes in sensitivity or density of ACh-activated channels but also changes in cellular activity as indicated by increased amounts of retrograde transport. These results represent the first example of the effective use of this radiolabel as an indicator of synaptic activity in invertebrates and in sensory systems.
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Abstract
Using cultures of dissociated neurons from the lower brainstem of 14-15-day-old rat embryos, we studied a specific relation between neuronal activities of small-sized oval neurons and their sensitivities to various transmitter substances. Oval neurons were characterized by non-effective responses to acetylcholine and a facilitatory response to both leucine- and methionine-enkephalin.
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Abstract
Incorporation of [14C]2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) into forelimb muscles of task-performing monkeys was studied. Extensor muscles of used forelimbs showed a significant increase in 2-DG uptake; they were ext.dig.2nd and 3rd, ext.dig.com., ext.carp.rad. and ext.carp.uln. On the other hand, flexor muscles in the used forelimb did not show such a significant increase in 2-DG uptake. Muscles of non-used limbs, flexors or extensors, did not show a significant 2-DG uptake.
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