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Hooper SL, Hobbs KH, Thuma JB. Invertebrate muscles: thin and thick filament structure; molecular basis of contraction and its regulation, catch and asynchronous muscle. Prog Neurobiol 2008; 86:72-127. [PMID: 18616971 PMCID: PMC2650078 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2007] [Revised: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This is the second in a series of canonical reviews on invertebrate muscle. We cover here thin and thick filament structure, the molecular basis of force generation and its regulation, and two special properties of some invertebrate muscle, catch and asynchronous muscle. Invertebrate thin filaments resemble vertebrate thin filaments, although helix structure and tropomyosin arrangement show small differences. Invertebrate thick filaments, alternatively, are very different from vertebrate striated thick filaments and show great variation within invertebrates. Part of this diversity stems from variation in paramyosin content, which is greatly increased in very large diameter invertebrate thick filaments. Other of it arises from relatively small changes in filament backbone structure, which results in filaments with grossly similar myosin head placements (rotating crowns of heads every 14.5 nm) but large changes in detail (distances between heads in azimuthal registration varying from three to thousands of crowns). The lever arm basis of force generation is common to both vertebrates and invertebrates, and in some invertebrates this process is understood on the near atomic level. Invertebrate actomyosin is both thin (tropomyosin:troponin) and thick (primarily via direct Ca(++) binding to myosin) filament regulated, and most invertebrate muscles are dually regulated. These mechanisms are well understood on the molecular level, but the behavioral utility of dual regulation is less so. The phosphorylation state of the thick filament associated giant protein, twitchin, has been recently shown to be the molecular basis of catch. The molecular basis of the stretch activation underlying asynchronous muscle activity, however, remains unresolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott L. Hooper
- Neuroscience Program Department of Biological Sciences Ohio University Athens, OH 45701 614 593-0679 (voice) 614 593-0687 (FAX)
| | - Kevin H. Hobbs
- Neuroscience Program Department of Biological Sciences Ohio University Athens, OH 45701 614 593-0679 (voice) 614 593-0687 (FAX)
| | - Jeffrey B. Thuma
- Neuroscience Program Department of Biological Sciences Ohio University Athens, OH 45701 614 593-0679 (voice) 614 593-0687 (FAX)
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Muneoka Y, Morishita F, Furukawa Y, Matsushima O, Kobayashi M, Ohtani M, Takahashi T, Iwakoshi E, Fujisawa Y, Minakata H. Comparative Aspects of Invertebrate Neuropeptides. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03543211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Henry J, Zatylny C, Boucaud-Camou E. Peptidergic control of egg-laying in the cephalopod Sepia officinalis: involvement of FMRFamide and FMRFamide-related peptides. Peptides 1999; 20:1061-70. [PMID: 10499423 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(99)00102-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The peptidergic control of egg-laying was investigated in Sepia officinalis by using a myotropic bioassay. Three myotropic high-performance liquid chromatography fractions were obtained from optic lobe extracts. In the first fraction, FMRFamide (FMRFa) and FLRFa were isolated and sequenced. FMRFa-related peptides then were sought by dotting immunobinding of optic lobes extracts. The four immunoreactive fractions detected revealed the occurrence of FMRFa, FLRFa, FIRFa, and ALSGDAFLRFa predicted by the precursor already cloned from the optic lobes of S. officinalis (J Exp Biol 200:1483-9;1997). These peptides clearly appeared to be involved in the regulation of oocyte transport through the oviduct: the tetrapeptides FMRFa and FLRFa stimulated the contractions, whereas FIRFa and ALSGDAFLRFa lowered the tonus, the frequency, and the amplitude of the contractions. The occurrence of FaRPs in the nervous endings of the accessory sex glands suggested that this peptide family is involved in the regulation of secretory processes of the egg capsule. Indeed, FMRFa modulates the contractions of the main nidamental glands in vitro and, thus, should induce mechanical release of the secretion in vivo during ovulation. These results show that the FaRPs could play an important role in the synchronization of ovulation and egg capsule coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Henry
- Latoratoire de Biologie et Biotechnologies Marines, URM14 IFREMER, Université de Caen, France.
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Pedder SM, Muneoka Y, Walker RJ. Evidence for the involvement of nitric oxide in the inhibitory effect of GSPYFVamide on Helix aspersa central neurones. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 1998; 74:121-7. [PMID: 9712172 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-0115(98)00031-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular recordings were made from neurones E-8, E-16 and E-13a in the visceral ganglion of Helix aspersa. GSPYFVamide inhibits the activity of these neurones and the role of a second messenger system in this inhibition was investigated. 8-Bromo-cGMP, 100 microM was found to potentiate this inhibition while ODQ, 100 microM, an inhibitor of guanylyl cyclase, almost completely blocked GSPYFVamide-induced inhibition. Four NO donors sodium nitroprusside, 100 microM, sodium nitrite, 1 mM, SNOG, 50 microM, and SNAP, 10-50 microM, all potentiated the GSPYFVamide-induced inhibition. L-NAME, 100-1000 microM, a competitive inhibitor of NOS, blocked the GSPYFVamide-induced inhibition. In some cases recovery was only partial. The possible role of NO in modulating the inhibitory response to GSPYFVamide is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Pedder
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Biological Sciences, Bassett Crescent East, University of Southampton, UK
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Pedder SM, Chen ML, Muneoka Y, Walker RJ. Structural requirements and ionic mechanism of the Mytilus inhibitory peptides (MIPs) on Helix central neurons. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 1998; 30:213-20. [PMID: 9502176 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-3623(97)00105-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
1. The structural and ionic requirements for potent FVamide-induced inhibition were investigated using Helix aspersa central neurons under current or voltage clamp. 2. For potent FVamide inhibition the full hexapeptide sequence, GSPYFVamide, was required. The rank order of decreasing potency was GSPYFVamide >> SPYFVamide> PYFVamide > YFVamide. 3. GSPYFVamide inhibition involved an increase in conductance to both potassium and chloride ions as demonstrated by ion substitution experiments and addition of 4-aminopyridine, tetraethylammonium, 4,4-di-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid, 4,4-dinitrostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid disodium salt and furosemide to the solution bathing the preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Pedder
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
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Abstract
A novel myomodulin-like peptide, GMGALRLamide, has been purified and sequenced from extracts of 1000 medicinal leech nerve cords. Synthetic leech myomodulin-like peptide blocked the specific staining pattern of leech ganglia by the antiserum against Aplysia myomodulin A PMGMLRLamide. Moreover, the synthetic leech myomodulin-like peptide GMGALRLamide showed identical neuronal modulation effect on the giant leech Retzius cell compare to that by the synthetic Aplysia myomodulin A PMGMLRLamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Kiss T, Osipenko ON. Effect of molluscan neuropeptide RAPYFVamide on identified Helix pomatia L. neurons. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 1997; 29:97-102. [PMID: 9195200 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-3623(96)00531-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
1. The effect of Mytilus inhibitory peptide-related peptide RAPYFVamide, isolated from Helix pomatia brain, was studied on 21 different identified Helix neurons. 2. It was found that the neuropeptide hyperpolarized 11 of the 21 neurons studied, inducing a K-dependent current. Not all neurons responded by hyperpolarization to the peptide application, though, in all cases the voltage-dependent outward K and inward Ca currents were depressed. 3. This may show that, in the peptide effect, more than one type of K conductance is involved. 4. It is proposed that RAPYFVamide may have a functional role in the modulation of the feeding behavior in H. pomatia.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kiss
- Department of Zoology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Tihany, Hungary
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Greenberg MJ, Doble KE, Lesser W, Lee TD, Pennell NA, Morgan CG, Price DA. Characterization of myomodulin-related peptides from the pulmonate snail Helix aspersa. Peptides 1997; 18:1099-106. [PMID: 9396048 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(97)00149-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Three myomodulin-related peptides--pQLSMLRLamide, PMSMLRLamide, and SLGMLRLamide--have been purified and sequenced from extracts of whole snails. The level of immunoreactive myomodulin was shown by HPLC and RIA to be widely distributed among 26 different snail tissues, with the highest levels (higher even than those in the central ganglia) occurring in certain male reproductive organs. Synthetic pQLSMLRLamide modified either the spontaneous rhythmic activity or the resting tone of several isolated muscular organs: the aorta, ventricle, upper gut, epiphallus, flagellum, and spermatheca; but the retractor muscles of the pharynx, penis, and tentacle were unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Greenberg
- Whitney Laboratory, University of Florida, St. Augustine 32086-8623, USA
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Fujisawa Y. Immunohistochemical Localization and Ca2+-Dependent Release ofMytilusInhibitory Peptides in the ABRM of Mytilus edulis. Zoolog Sci 1996. [DOI: 10.2108/zsj.13.795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
The distribution of myomodulinlike immunoreactivity in the leech CNS was determined using an antiserum raised against Aplysia myomodulin. Segmental ganglia contained approximately 60 immunoreactive neurons. In addition, numerous fibers containing immunoreactive varicosities were found throughout the neuropil. Using a combination of Lucifer Yellow injections and immunocytochemistry, we identified neurons including the anterior Pagodas (AP), annulus erector (AE), motor neurons, Leydig, longitudinal muscle motoneurons (L), S cells, and coupling interneurons, all of which are active during the touch-elicited shortening reflex. FMRF-amide-like immunoreactivity in three of these cells (L, AP, and AE) was previously demonstrated. Specific staining for myomodulin was abolished by preadsorption of the antiserum with synthetic myomodulin, but not with FMRF-amide. These results suggest a potential role for myomodulin in both intrinsic and extrinsic modulation of the leech touch-elicited shortening reflex. Further, it is possible that several neurons mediating this reflex contain multiple neuromodulatory peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Keating
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Takeuchi H, Araki Y, Emaduddin M, Zhang W, Han XY, Salunga TL, Wong SM. Identifiable Achatina giant neurones: their localizations in ganglia, axonal pathways and pharmacological features. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 1996; 27:3-32. [PMID: 8742492 DOI: 10.1016/0306-3623(95)00113-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
1. An African giant snail (Achatina fulica Férussac), originally from East Africa, is now found abundantly in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, including Okinawa in Japan. This is one of the largest land snail species in the world. The Achatina central nervous system is composed of the buccal, cerebral and suboesophageal ganglia. The 37 giant neurones were identified in these ganglia by the series of studies conducted over about 20 years. The identifications were made by the localization of these neurones in the ganglia, their axonal pathways and their pharmacological features. 2. In the left buccal ganglion, the four giant neurones, d-LBAN, d-LBMB, d-LBCN and d-LBPN, were identified. In the left and right cerebral ganglia, d-LCDN, d-RCDN, v-LCDN and v-RCDN were identified. The suboesophageal ganglia are further composed of the left and right parietal, the visceral, the left and right pleural, and the left and right pedal ganglia. In the right parietal ganglion, PON, TAN, TAN-2, TAN-3, RAPN, d-RPLN, BAPN, LPPN, LBPN, LAPN and v-RPLN were identified. In the visceral ganglion, VIN, FAN, INN, d-VLN, v-VLN, v-VAN, LVMN, RVMN and v-VNAN were identified. In the left parietal ganglion, v-LPSN was identified. In the left and right pedal ganglia, LPeNLN, RPeNLN, d-LPeLN, d-LPeCN, d-RPeAN, d-LPeDN, d-LPeMN and d-LPeEN were identified. 3. Of the small molecule compounds tested, dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, GABA, L-glutamic acid, threo- or erythro-beta-hydroxy-L-glutamic acid were effective on the Achatina giant neurones. We suppose that these compounds act as the neurotransmitters for these neurones. 4. Of the neuroactive peptides, achatin-I(Gly-D-Phe-Ala-Asp). APGW-amide(Ala-Pro-Gly-Trp-NH2) and Achatina cardioexcitatory peptide (ACEP-1)(Ser-Gly-Gln-Ser-Trp-Arg-Pro-Gln-Gly-Arg-Phe-NH2) were proposed as neurotransmitters, because these were effective on the Achatina giant neurones and their presence was demonstrated in the Achatina ganglia. Further, myomodulin (Pro-Met-Ser-Met-Leu-Arg-Leu-NH2), buccalin (Gly-Met-Asp-Ser-Leu-Ala-Phe-Ser-Gly-Gly-Leu-NH2), FMRFamide (Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2). [Ser2]-Mytilus inhibitory peptide ([Ser2]-MIP) (Gly-Ser-Pro-Met-Phe-Val-NH2), catch-relaxing peptide (CARP) (Ala-Met-Pro-Met-Leu-Arg-Leu-NH2), oxytocin (Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2) and small cardioactive peptideB (SCPB) (Met-Asn-Tyr-Leu-Ala-Phe-Pro-Arg-Met-NH2) could also be neurotransmitters because these peptides were also effective on the Achatina giant neurones, though their presence in the ganglia of this animal has not yet been demonstrated. 5. Calcium current (ICa) was recorded from Achatina giant neurones in the Na(+)-free solution containing K(+)-channel blockers under voltage clamp. The Ca2+ antagonistic effects of brovincamine, verapamil, eperisone, diltiazem, monatepil, etc., were compared using the ICa of the Achatina neurones. 6. Almost all of the mammalian small molecule neurotransmitters were effective on the Achatina giant neurones, suggesting that these compounds are acting on the neurones of a wide variety of animal species. However, the pharmacological features of the Achatina neurone receptors to these compounds were not fully comparable to those of the mammalian receptors. For example, we proposed that beta-hydroxy-L-glutamic acid (either threo- or erythro-) could be an inhibitory neurotransmitter for an Achatina neurone. 7. In contrast, the Achatina giant neurones appear to have no receptor for the mammalian neuroactive peptides, except for oxytocin and Arg-vasotocin. On the other hand, many neuroactive peptides were isolated from invertebrate nervous tissues, including achatin-I, a neuroexcitatory tetrapeptide having a D-phenylalanine residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Takeuchi
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University School of Medicine, Japan
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Araki Y, Liu GJ, Zhang W, Takeuchi H, Munekata E. Further mapping of the Achatina giant neurone types sensitive to the neuroactive peptides isolated from invertebrates. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 1995; 26:1701-8. [PMID: 8745159 DOI: 10.1016/0306-3623(95)00045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
1. The effects of the 10 synthetic neuroactive peptides originally isolated from invertebrates, applied locally to the neurone tested by the brief pneumatic pressure ejection on the identifiable neurone types of Achatina fulica Ferussac were examined. 2. Achatin-1 (Gly-D-Phe-Ala-Asp), an Achatina endogenous tetrapeptide having a D-phenylalanine residue, ejected locally, showed the depolarizing effects on nearly half of the number of neurone types tested. 3. ACEP-1 (Ser-Gly-Gln-Ser-Trp-Arg-Pro-Gln-Gly-Arg-Phe-NH2), isolated originally from Achatina atria, and pedal peptide (Pro-Leu-Asp-Ser-Val-Tyr-Gly-Thr-His-Gly-Met-Ser-Gly-Phe-Ala) and buccalin (Gly-Met-Asp-Ser-Leu-Ala-Phe-Ser-Gly-Gly-Leu-NH2), found in Aplysia neurones, showed excitatory effects on some Achatina neurone types. 4. Myomodulin (Pro-Met-Ser-Met-Leu-Arg-Leu-NH2), found in Aplysia neurones, produced a hyperpolarization on nearly half of the number of Achatina neurone types tested. The two FMRFamide-like peptides, <EDPFLRFamide (<Glu-Asp-Pro-Phe-Leu-Arg-Phe-NH2), isolated from Helix heart, and AF1 (Lys-Asn-Glu-Phe-Ile-Arg-Phe-NH2), from Ascaris head, also showed hyperpolarizing effects on more than half of the number of Achatina neurone types. 5. SALMFamide 1 (Gly-Phe-Asn-Ser-Ala-Leu-Met-Phe-NH2), isolated from Asterias nervous system, CCAP (Pro-Phe-Cys-Asn-Ala-Phe-Thr-Gly-Cys-NH2), from Carcinus pericardial organ, and corazonin (<Glu-Thr-Phe-Gln-Tyr-Ser-Arg-Gly-Trp-Thr-Asn-NH2), from Periplaneta cardiac corpus, had no effect on Achatina neurones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Araki
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University School of Medicine, Japan
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Solis-Soto JM, De Jong-Brink M. An immunocytochemistry study comparing the occurrence of neuroactive substances in the nervous system of cercariae and metacercariae of the eye fluke Diplostomum spathaceum. Parasitol Res 1995; 81:553-9. [PMID: 7479646 DOI: 10.1007/bf00932021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The nervous system of two larval stages (cercariae, metacercariae) of eye fluke Diplostomum spathaceum was investigated immunocytochemically by the application of antisera to the amino acid glutamate and to neuropeptides isolated from invertebrates (Mollusca) and from vertebrates to whole-mount preparations. In cercariae, positive immunoreactivity (IR) was observed with antisera raised against Catch-relaxing peptide (CARP), FMRFamide, alpha-caudodorsal cell peptide (alpha-CDCP), substance P, vasotocin, and vasopressin. In metacercariae, in addition to positive staining with these antisera, the ones raised against glutamate, APGWamide, caudodorsal cell hormone I (CDCH-I), and small cardiac peptide B (SCPB) also gave positive IR in the nervous system. In the two larval stages the most extensive pattern of IR was observed with anti-FMRFamide and anti-CARP. In the nervous system of metacercariae the same immunoreactive neurosubstances appeared to be present as in that of cercariae. The increase in the variety of immunoreactive neurosubstances in the more complex nervous system of metacercariae is discussed in relation to parasite development and to host adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Solis-Soto
- Graduate School Neurosciences Amsterdam, Research Institute Neurosciences Vrije Universiteit, Faculty of Biology, The Netherlands
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Hernádi L, Terano Y, Muneoka Y, Kiss T. Distribution of catch-relaxing peptide (CARP)-like immunoreactive neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system of Helix pomatia. Cell Tissue Res 1995; 280:335-48. [PMID: 7781031 DOI: 10.1007/bf00307806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Immunocytochemistry was performed on the nervous system of Helix by the use of an antibody raised against a myotropic neuropeptide, the catch-relaxing peptide (CARP), isolated from Mytilus edulis. In each ganglion of the central nervous system of Helix pomatia, numerous CARP-immunoreactive cell bodies and a dense immunoreactive fiber system could be observed with a dominancy in the cerebral and pedal ganglia. The majority of the immunoreactive neurons are unipolar, although multipolar neurons also occur. In the neuropil areas, CARP-immunoreactive fibers show extensive arborization, which may indicate a central role of CARP. CARP-immunoreactive elements could be observed in each investigated peripheral nerve and peripheral areas, namely in the intestine, heart, aorta, buccal mass, lips, and foot. However, CARP-immunoreactive cell bodies could only be demonstrated in the intestine and the foot musculature. Thin varicose CARP-immunoreactive fibers were observed over both muscle and gland cells in the different peripheral organs, suggesting a peripheral role of CARP. In vivo CARP injection into the body cavity (10(-3), 10(-4), 10(-5) M) altered the general behavioral state of the animals and induced the relaxation of the musculature of the whole body wall indicating that CARP has a significant role in the regulation of muscle contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hernádi
- Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Tihany
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Swales LS, Evans PD. Distribution of myomodulin-like immunoreactivity in the brain and retrocerebral complex of the locust, Schistocerca gregaria. J Comp Neurol 1995; 353:407-14. [PMID: 7751439 DOI: 10.1002/cne.903530308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of myomodulin-like immunoreactivity is described for the brain and retrocerebral complex of an insect, the locust, Schistocerca gregaria. The locust brain contains 70-100 neuronal cell bodies and numerous neuropilar processes exhibiting myomodulin-like immunoreactivity. The most marked feature of the staining is a group of lateral tritocerebral neurones that form a highly immunoreactive tract that gives rise to a complex neuropile of stained processes in the dorsal tritocerebrum. This tract continues dorsally and bifurcates into a major branch that exists the brain via nervi corpora cardiaca 1 (NCC1) to innervate the corpora cardiaca and the corpora allata. A minor branch, consisting of several individual axons, combines with immunoreactive processes from the ventral nerve cord and generates a complex immunoreactive neuropile in the anterior and posterior regions of the protocerebrum. Immunoreactive processes are also found in the structured neuropile of the central body complex. Immunoreactive cell bodies are also found in the antennal lobes, in the lateral margins of the protocerebrum, in the optic lobes, and in a few cells in the pars intercerebralis. The results suggest that myomodulin-like neuropeptides may play roles as central neurotransmitters or neuromodulators in insects as well as being released into the circulation as neurohormones or acting as releasing agents for neurohormones in neurohaemal areas. They also further strengthen the idea that myomodulins, which were first identified in molluscs, may represent another interphyletic family of neuropeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Swales
- Babraham Institute Laboratory of Molecular Signalling, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Takahashi T, Furukawa Y, Muneoka Y, Matsushima O, Ikeda T, Fujita T, Minakata H, Nomoto K. Isolation and characterization of four novel bioactive peptides from a polychaete annelid, Perinereis vancaurica. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART C, PHARMACOLOGY, TOXICOLOGY & ENDOCRINOLOGY 1995; 110:297-304. [PMID: 7599979 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(94)00100-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Four bioactive peptides were purified from an extract of the polycheate annelid Perinereis vancaurica using an HPLC system for fractionation of the extract and the esophagus of the worm as bioassay system. The sequences of the peptides were determined to be H-Trp-Val-Val-Gly-Asp-Val-Gln-OH, H-Ala-Thr-Trp-Leu-Asp-Thr-OH, H-Trp-Met-Val-Gly-Asp-Val-Gln-OH and H-Phe-Tyr-Glu-Gly-Asp-Val-Pro-Tyr-OH. These peptides showed an excitatory activity on the esophagus of P. vancaurica. The excitatory effect of the second and fourth peptides was marked. They may be neuropeptides involved in regulation of the esophagus.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Takahashi
- Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
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Swales LS, Evans PD. Distribution of myomodulin-like immunoreactivity in the adult and developing ventral nervous system of the locust Schistocerca gregaria. J Comp Neurol 1994; 343:263-80. [PMID: 8027443 DOI: 10.1002/cne.903430207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of myomodulin-like immunoreactivity in the ventral nervous system of an insect, the locust Schistocerca gregaria, both in the adult and during development, is described. The results suggest the presence of a novel modulatory system in insects which uses myomodulin-like neuropeptides. The study also indicates that the myomodulins, which were first identified in mollusks, may represent another interphyletic family of neuropeptides. In the suboesophageal ganglion, immunoreactive cells occur in five groups. The processes from the two anterior ventral midline groups of cells project to the corpora allata via nervi corpora allata II. Thus myomodulin-like neuropeptides may be involved in the control of the release of juvenile hormone from the corpora allata. The thoracic ganglia contain three groups of immunoreactive cells, including a bilaterally symmetrical group of 12-15 posterior lateral cells, which project to the median nerve and its neurohaemal organs, suggesting a possible neurohaemal role for myomodulin-like peptides. Each thoracic neuromere also contains a single, intensely stained, dorsal unpaired median (DUM) cell that may correspond to the so-called H cell. In the abdominal ganglia, the staining shows sexual dimorphism, both in terms of the number of dorsal and ventral midline cells stained and in terms of the distribution of their immunoreactive processes. Myomodulin-like immunoreactivity is one of the earliest neurotransmitter/neurohormone phenotypes detectable during the development of the locust nervous system. It first appears in the single DUM cells in each of the thoracic neuromeres at 50% development, and the complete adult pattern of staining is present at 85-90% of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Swales
- AFRC Laboratory of Molecular Signalling, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Santama N, Wheeler CH, Burke JF, Benjamin PR. Neuropeptides myomodulin, small cardioactive peptide, and buccalin in the central nervous system of Lymnaea stagnalis: purification, immunoreactivity, and artifacts. J Comp Neurol 1994; 342:335-51. [PMID: 8021339 DOI: 10.1002/cne.903420303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The neuropeptides myomodulin, small cardioactive peptide (SCP), and buccalin are widely distributed in the phylum Mollusca and have important physiological functions. Here, we describe the detailed distribution of each class of peptide in the central nervous system (CNS) of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis by the use of immunocytochemical techniques combined with dye-marking of electrophysiologically identified neurons. We report the isolation and structural characterization of a Lymnaea myomodulin, PMSMLRLamide, identical to myomodulin A of Aplysia californica. Myomodulin immunoreactivity was localized in all 11 ganglia, in their connectives, and in peripheral nerves. In many cases, myomodulin immunoreactivity appeared localized in neuronal clusters expressing FMRFamide-like peptides, but also in a large number of additional neurons. Double-labelling experiments demonstrated myomodulin immunoreactivity in the visceral white interneuron, involved in regulation of cardiorespiration. SCP-like immunoreactivity also appeared in all ganglia, and double-labelling experiments revealed that in many locations it was specifically associated with clusters expressing distinct exons of the FMRFamide gene that are differentially expressed in the CNS. Characterization of the two types of SCP-antisera used in this study, however, suggested that they cross-reacted with both FMRFamide and N-terminally extended FMRFamide-like peptides. Selective preadsorption with these cross-reacting peptides resulted in elimination of the widespread staining and retention of bona fide SCP immunoreactivity in the buccal and pedal ganglia only. Buccalin immunoreactivity was limited to the buccal and pedal ganglia. It did not coincide with the distribution of either myomodulin or SCP. Most immunoreactive clusters were found in the pedal ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Santama
- Sussex Centre for Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
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19
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Solis-Soto JM, De Jong Brink M. Immunocytochemical study on biologically active neurosubstances in daughter sporocysts and cercariae of Trichobilharzia ocellata and Schistosoma mansoni. Parasitology 1994; 108 ( Pt 3):301-11. [PMID: 8022656 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000076149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Immunocytochemical techniques applied to sections and whole-mount preparations of cercariae from two species of trematodes, Trichobilharzia ocellata and Schistosoma mansoni, revealed the occurrence of immunoreactivity (IR) to several neurosubstances in the nervous system (NS). Immunostaining was localized in cerebral ganglia, in the main commissure, in anterior and posterior nerve trunks, as well as in a pair of nerve fibres running along the tail. In T. ocellata, immunoreactivity (IR) was observed with antisera raised against: glutamate, FMRFamide, catch-relaxing peptide (CARP), small cardiac peptide B (SCPB), arg-vasotocin (AVT), arg-vasopressin (AVP), and substance P. In S. mansoni antisera raised against glutamate, FMRFamide, CARP, SCPB, alpha-caudodorsal cell peptides (alpha-CDCP), and cholecystokinin (CCK) showed neuronal IR. With the other 51 antisera tested no IR was observed. With anti-APGWamide, IR was observed outside the NS in cells of the wall of the daughter sporocyst and in flame cells of cercariae of T. ocellata. IR to FMRFamide was present in the escape glands of the intrasporocystic cercariae of T. ocellata and S. mansoni. IR to somatostatin was observed in subtegumental parenchymal cells of cercariae of S. mansoni. IR to met-enkephalin was present in cells of the cercarial embryos and in undifferentiated cells in developing cercariae. Trematodes are, together with cestodes, phylogenetically the oldest classes in which glutamate-like material and immunopositivity to a number of neuropeptides isolated from invertebrates has been demonstrated. The results are discussed in relation to immunocytochemical data obtained for other platyhelminths, to endogenous functions of the immunopositive materials, and to their possible role in parasite-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Solis-Soto
- Graduate School of Neurosciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Fujisawa Y, Takahashi T, Ikeda T, Muneoka Y, Kubota I, Minakata H, Nomoto K, Nose T, Miki W. Further identification of bioactive peptides in the anterior byssus retractor muscle of Mytilus: two contractile and three inhibitory peptides. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C, COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 1993; 106:261-7. [PMID: 7903617 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(93)90281-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
1. Two contractile and three inhibitory peptides were newly isolated from the anterior byssus retractor muscles (ABRMs) of the bivalve mollusc Mytilus edulis by using the muscle as the bioassay system. 2. The structures of the two contractile peptides were GPFGTHIKamide (GPFG-8) and GPFGLNKHGamide (GPFG-9). The contractile response of the ABRM to the first-time application of GPFG-8 or GPFG-9 was of considerable size. The threshold concentrations of the peptides were around 10(-9) M. However, the contractile response to the second-time application was far smaller than that to the first-time application in both cases. Namely, the muscle showed tachyphylaxis to the peptides. 3. Two of the three inhibitory peptides were members of the Mytilus-inhibitory-peptide (MIP) family. Their structures were RAPLFIamide (MIP6) and RSPMFVamide (MIP7). The peptides, as well as the other MIPs previously identified, showed a potent inhibitory effect on phasic contraction of the ABRM in response to repetitive electrical stimulation. The remaining one was an MIP-related peptide (MIP-RP) having the sequence of MRYFVamide. The MIP-RP was less potent than the two MIPs in inhibiting the contraction of the ABRM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Fujisawa
- Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
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21
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Pedder S, Sharma R, Muneoka Y, Walker RJ. An initial screen of a series of neuroactive peptides for activity on identified central neurones of Helix aspersa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993; 103:441-51. [PMID: 1363295 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(92)90163-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
1. Intracellular recordings were made from identified neurones in the suboesophageal ganglia of Helix aspersa. Seven neuropeptides were tested for activity and their actions compared with acetylcholine and FMRFamide. 2. Three peptides isolated from nematodes, AF-1, AF-2 and PAN-1 had mainly inhibitory effects with thresholds of around 1 nM. This inhibition was due to an increase in potassium conductance. 3. The molluscan neuropeptides LSSFVRIamide, CARP and ACEP-1 were all active on certain neurones; the first two showed only inhibitory effects while ACEP-1 was mainly excitatory. The thresholds in each case were 0.1-10 microM. When norleucine replaced methionine in CARP, the potency was reduced by at least 100 times. 4. The echinoderm peptide, SALMF-1, only excited neurones but with a very low threshold, around 1.0 fM. 5. There was no obvious correlation between the action of these peptides and either acetylcholine or FMRFamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pedder
- Department of Physiology, University of Southampton, U.K
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22
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Lopez V, Wickham L, Desgroseillers L. Molecular cloning of myomodulin cDNA, a neuropeptide precursor gene expressed in neuron L10 of Aplysia californica. DNA Cell Biol 1993; 12:53-61. [PMID: 8422272 DOI: 10.1089/dna.1993.12.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Screening of an abdominal ganglion cDNA library of Aplysia californica with a synthetic oligonucleotide based on the myomodulin peptide sequence has been used to identify and characterize a cDNA clone expressed in interneuron L10. The complete sequence of 1,534 nucleotides in length shows an open reading frame of 370 amino acids that encodes a 42-kD pre-propeptide. Proteolytic cleavage of the precursor potentially gives rise to 10 copies of myomodulin A, single copies of 6 myomodulin-related peptides, and other unrelated sequences. Southern blot analysis of sperm DNA shows that the haploid Aplysia genome contains only one copy of the gene. RNA blot analyses of central nervous system (CNS) mRNA show that the myomodulin gene is expressed in all major ganglia and that a single transcript of around 1,600 nucleotides can be detected in pooled CNS mRNA, suggesting that the same sequence is transcribed in each ganglia. Nucleotide sequences of partial cDNA clones isolated from a cerebral ganglion and a CNS cDNA library are identical to the abdominal ganglion sequence, further suggesting that the same myomodulin gene is expressed in other ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Lopez
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Montreal, Canada
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23
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Fujiwara-Sakata M, Kobayashi M. Neuropeptides regulate the cardiac activity of a prosobranch mollusc, Rapana thomasiana. Cell Tissue Res 1992; 269:241-7. [PMID: 1423492 DOI: 10.1007/bf00319615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Involvement of neuropeptides in the regulation of cardiac activity in a prosobranch mollusc, Rapana thomasiana, was studied physiologically as well as immunohistochemically. A catch-relaxing peptide (CARP) showed strong inhibitory effects on the heart with a lower threshold than acetylcholine. The action of CARP was in contrast to that of another neuropeptide, FMRFamide, which has previously been shown to enhance the heart beat. Benzoquinonium blocked the effects of acetylcholine and stimulation of right cardiac nerves 1 and 3 b, but not those of CARP, suggesting that the effects of nerve stimulation are mainly due to the release of acetylcholine. Immunohistochemical examinations demonstrated that FMRFamide-like and CARP-like immunoreactive neurons are distributed in the visceral ganglia. Although a neuron appeared to show weak immunoreactivity to both antisera, evidence for the coexistence of peptides in a single neuron was not exhibited. Positive immunoreactivity to FMRFamide and CARP antisera also appeared in right cardiac nerves 1 and 3. In the heart, FMRFamide- and CARP-like immunoreactive fibers were restricted to the atrium and the aortic end of the ventricle, consistent with the morphological observation of innervation. The present results suggest that FMRFamide- and CARP-like peptides are involved in regulating the heart beat.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fujiwara-Sakata
- Physiological Laboratory, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
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24
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Muneoka Y, Kobayashi M. Comparative aspects of structure and action of molluscan neuropeptides. EXPERIENTIA 1992; 48:448-56. [PMID: 1601109 DOI: 10.1007/bf01928163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A number of neuropeptides were isolated from the ganglia and muscles of molluscs, and their actions were examined. Diverse neuropeptides, in addition to several classical neurotransmitters, were suggested to be involved in the regulation of the anterior byssus retractor muscle of Mytilus. A wide structural variety of members of the Mytilus inhibitory peptide family was observed in each of the genera Mytilus, Achatina and Helix. Gly-Trp-NH2, the C-terminal dipeptide fragment of the neuropeptide AGPWamide, showed a more potent action than the parent peptide in all of the muscles examined. Peptides related to some molluscan neuropeptides were found to be distributed interphyletically. Some neuropeptides containing a D-amino acid residue were found in Achatina and Mytilus. These aspects of molluscan neuropeptides are thought not to be exceptional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Muneoka
- Physiological Laboratory, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
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25
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Miller MW, Alevizos A, Cropper EC, Vilim FS, Karagogeos D, Kupfermann I, Weiss KR. Localization of myomodulin-like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues of Aplysia californica. J Comp Neurol 1991; 314:627-44. [PMID: 1816269 DOI: 10.1002/cne.903140402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of myomodulin-like peptides in the nervous system of Aplysia californica was examined by using immunocytochemical techniques. Neurons and cell clusters containing immunoreactive material were located in each of the major central ganglia. Myomodulin-like immunoreactivity was also present in fibers in each of the connectives between the ganglia and in peripheral nerves. Varicosities containing immunoreactive material were located on specific regions of peripheral tissues associated with the feeding, digestive, cardiovascular, and reproductive systems. Double-labeling experiments were used to demonstrate myomodulin-like immunoreactivity in two identified neurons, the motor neuron B16 in the buccal ganglion and the widely acting interneuron L10 in the abdominal ganglion. Structures in the eye and cerebral ganglion that may correspond to the optic circadian pacemaker system were also stained. The central and peripheral distribution of myomodulin-like immunoreactivity indicates that this family of neuropeptides is present in specific efferent, afferent, and interneuronal elements that participate in a diversity of neural circuits in Aplysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Miller
- Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York
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26
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Cropper EC, Vilim FS, Alevizos A, Tenenbaum R, Kolks MA, Rosen S, Kupfermann I, Weiss KR. Structure, bioactivity, and cellular localization of myomodulin B: a novel Aplysia peptide. Peptides 1991; 12:683-90. [PMID: 1788132 DOI: 10.1016/0196-9781(91)90120-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Important insights into mechanisms by which neuromuscular activity can be modulated have been gained by the study of experimentally advantageous preparations such as the ARC neuromuscular system of Aplysia. Previous studies have indicated that one source of modulatory input to the ARC muscle is its own two motor neurons, B15 and B16. Both of these neurons synthesize multiple peptide cotransmitters in addition to their primary neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). Peptides present in the ARC motor neurons include SCPA, SCPB, buccalin A and B, and myomodulin A. We have now purified a novel neuropeptide, myomodulin B, which is structurally similar to myomodulin A. Myomodulin B is present in two identified Aplysia neurons that contain myomodulin A; the ARC motor neuron B16 and the abdominal neuron L10. Ratios of myomodulin A to myomodulin B are approximately 6:1 in both cells. Like myomodulin A, myomodulin B potentiates ARC neuromuscular activity; it acts postsynaptically, and increases the size and relaxation rate of muscle contractions elicited either by motor neuron stimulation or by direct application of ACh to the ARC. When myomodulin A is applied to the ARC in high doses (e.g., at about 10(-7) M), it decreases the size of motor neuron-elicited muscle contractions. This inhibitory effect is never seen with myomodulin B. Thus, despite the structural similarity between the two myomodulins, there exists what may be an important difference in their bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Cropper
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mt. Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY 10029
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27
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Fujiwara-Sakata M, Muneoka Y, Kobayashi M. Action and immunoreactivity of neuropeptides in the buccal neuromuscular system of a prosobranch mollusc, Rapana thomasiana. Cell Tissue Res 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00305722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Walker RJ, Holden-Dye L. Evolutionary aspects of transmitter molecules, their receptors and channels. Parasitology 1991; 102 Suppl:S7-29. [PMID: 1711668 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000073261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Classical transmitters are present in all phyla that have been studied; however, our detailed understanding of the process of neurotransmission in these phyla is patchy and has centred on those neurotransmitter receptor mechanisms which are amenable to study with the tools available at the time, for example, high-affinity ligands, tissues with high density of receptor protein, suitable electrophysiological recording systems. Studies also clearly show that many neurones exhibit co-localization of classical transmitters and neuropeptides. However, the physiological implications of this co-localization have yet to be elucidated in the vast majority of examples. The application of molecular biological techniques to the study of neurotransmitter receptors (to date mainly in vertebrates) is contributing to our understanding of the evolution of these proteins. Striking similarities in the structure of ligand-gated receptors have been revealed. Thus, although ligand-gated receptors differ markedly in terms of the endogenous ligands they recognize and the ion channels that they gate, the structural similarities suggest a strong evolutionary relationship. Pharmacological differences also exist between receptors that recognize the same neurotransmitter but in different phyla, and this may also be exploited to further the understanding of structure-function relationships for receptors. Thus, for instance, some invertebrate GABA receptors are similar to mammalian GABAA receptors but lack a modulatory site operated by benzodiazepines. Knowledge of the structure and subunit composition of these receptors and comparison with those that have already been elucidated for the mammalian nervous system might indicate the functional importance of certain amino acid residues or receptor subunits. These differences could also be exploited in the development of new agents to control agrochemical pests and parasites of medical importance. The study of the pharmacology of receptor proteins for neurotransmitters in invertebrates, together with the application of biochemical and molecular biological techniques to elucidate the structure of these molecules, is now gathering momentum. For certain receptors, e.g. the nicotinic receptor, we can expect to have fundamental information on the function of this receptor at the molecular level in both invertebrates and vertebrates in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Walker
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton
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29
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Hauck R, Achazi R. In situ phosphorylation of contractile proteins of a molluscan Mytilus edulis catch muscle in different functional states. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(91)90367-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Yuko F, Ichiro K, Tetsuya I, Hlroyuki M, Yojiro M. A variety of Mytilus inhibitory peptides in the abrm of Mytilus edulis: Isolation and characterization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(91)90034-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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31
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Yoshimi K, Hiroyuji M, K.Yosuke N, Kah HK, Anchalee Y, Hiroshi T. Isolation of achatin-i, a neuroactive tetrapeptide having a d-phenylalanine residue, from Achatina ganglia, and its effects on Achatina giant neurones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(91)90186-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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32
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Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators controlling the anterior byssus retractor muscle of Mytilus edulis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(91)90187-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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33
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Kuroki Y, Kanda T, Kubota I, Fujisawa Y, Ikeda T, Miura A, Minamitake Y, Muneoka Y. A molluscan neuropeptide related to the crustacean hormone, RPCH. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 167:273-9. [PMID: 2310394 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(90)91761-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A peptide that potentiates twitch contraction of the radula retractor muscle of the prosobranch mollusc Fusinus ferrugineus was isolated from the ganglia of the animal. Its primary structure is H-Ala-Pro-Gly-Trp-NH2 (APGWamide) closely related to the C-terminal tetrapeptide of the crustacean red-pigment-concentrating hormone. APGWamide showed modulatory actions on contractions in various molluscan muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kuroki
- Physiological Laboratory, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
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34
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Hirata T, Kubota I, Imada M, Muneoka Y, Kobayashi M. Effects of the catch-relaxing peptide on molluscan muscles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(89)90055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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35
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Effects of Mytilus inhibitory peptides on mechanical responses of various molluscan muscles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(89)90251-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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36
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Hirata T, Kubota I, Imada M, Muneoka Y. Pharmacology of relaxing response of mytilus smooth muscle to the catch-relaxing peptide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(89)90056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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37
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Kiss T. Catch-relaxing peptide (CARP) decreases the Ca-permeability of snail neuronal membrane. EXPERIENTIA 1988; 44:998-1000. [PMID: 2848713 DOI: 10.1007/bf01939900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Effect of CARP was investigated on snail neurones. It was found that CARP decreased the slowly inactivating Ca- and the Ca-activated K-currents.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kiss
- Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Tihany, Hungary
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38
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Abstract
First purified 11 years ago from clam ganglia, FMRFamide (Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2) was quickly demonstrated to be cardioactive in several molluscan species. Subsequent discovery that FMRFamide, or FMRFamide-related peptides (FaRPs), were present in mammalian central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract prompted investigations into the effect of FMRFamide on mammals. FMRFamide has now been shown to be cardioexcitatory in mammals, to inhibit morphine-induced antinociception, and to block morphine-, defeat-, and deprivation-induced feeding. It also inhibits colonic propulsive motility, induces behavioral effects when administered intrathecally, and has been reported to have amnesic effects in rodents. A proposal has arisen that a FMRFamide-like substance is an endogenous opioid antagonist and has stimulated a search for such a substance. However, FMRFamide has only weak affinity for opioid receptors and not all the actions of FMRFamide appear to be explained by actions at opioid receptors. Alternative mechanisms have been proposed which suggest that FMRFamide acts as a neuromodulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Raffa
- Department of Biological Research, Janssen Research Foundation, Spring House, PA 19477-0776
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39
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Hirata T, Kubota I, Iwasawa N, Takabatake I, Ikeda T, Muneoka Y. Structures and actions of Mytilus inhibitory peptides. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988; 152:1376-82. [PMID: 3377776 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(88)80437-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Two congeneric peptides that inhibit contraction of the anterior byssus retractor muscle of Mytilus edulis were isolated from the pedal ganglia of the mussel. Their structures were determined to be H-Gly-Ser-Pro-Met-Phe-Val-NH2 and H-Gly-Ala-Pro-Met-Phe-Val-NH2. These hexapeptides also showed inhibitory action on contractions in several other molluscan muscles, such as the cardiac muscle of Meretrix lusoria and the penis retractor muscle of Achatina fulica.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hirata
- Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
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