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Arvidsson U, Risling M, Cullheim S, Dagerlind A, Lindå H, Shupliakov O, Ulfhake B, Hökfelt T. On the Distribution of GAP-43 and its Relation to Serotonin in Adult Monkey and Cat Spinal Cord and Lower Brainstem. Eur J Neurosci 2002; 4:777-784. [PMID: 12106322 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1992.tb00187.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
By use of a monoclonal antibody, the distribution of growth-associated protein (GAP)-43-like immunoreactivity (LI) has been studied in the spinal cord of adult grey monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) and adult cats by use of immunofluorescence and peroxidase - antiperoxidase techniques. The brainstem was also studied with in situ hybridization histochemistry. In both monkeys and cats, a dense innervation of GAP-43-immunoreactive (IR) fibres was seen in close apposition to large cell bodies and their processes in the motor nucleus of the ventral horn. Double-labelling experiments revealed a high degree of coexistence between GAP-43- and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin)-LI in the monkey motor nucleus, while in the cat no such colocalization could be verified. At the electron microscopic level, GAP-43 labelling was seen as a coating of vesicles and axolemma inside the terminals. In both monkey and cat, cell bodies expressing mRNA encoding GAP-43 were demonstrated in the medullary midline raphe nuclei. A similar location was also encountered for mRNA for aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase, an enzyme found in both catecholamine- and serotonin-containing neurons. The present results suggest that GAP-43 is present in the 5-HT bulbospinal pathway of the monkey. In the cat, GAP-43 mRNA-expressing cell bodies were demonstrated in areas where descending 5-HT neurons are located, but no convincing colocalization of 5-HT- and GAP-43-LI was found at spinal cord levels, despite the existence of extensive fibre networks containing either of the two compounds. Possible explanations for this species discrepancy are discussed. The function of GAP-43 in nerve terminals impinging on the motoneurons is unknown. However, it may play a role in transmitter release and/or plasticity, since such roles have been proposed for this protein in other systems.
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Schmidt BJ, Jordan LM. The role of serotonin in reflex modulation and locomotor rhythm production in the mammalian spinal cord. Brain Res Bull 2000; 53:689-710. [PMID: 11165804 DOI: 10.1016/s0361-9230(00)00402-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 40 years, much has been learned about the role of serotonin in spinal cord reflex modulation and locomotor pattern generation. This review presents an historical overview and current perspective of this literature. The primary focus is on the mammalian nervous system. However, where relevant, major insights provided by lower vertebrate models are presented. Recent studies suggest that serotonin-sensitive locomotor network components are distributed throughout the spinal cord and the supralumbar regions are of particular importance. In addition, different serotonin receptor subtypes appear to have different rostrocaudal distributions within the locomotor network. It is speculated that serotonin may influence pattern generation at the cellular level through modulation of plateau properties, an interplay with N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor actions, and afterhyperpolarization regulation. This review also summarizes the origin and maturation of bulbospinal serotonergic projections, serotonin receptor distribution in the spinal cord, the complex actions of serotonin on segmental neurons and reflex pathways, the potential role of serotonergic systems in promoting spinal cord maturation, and evidence suggesting serotonin may influence functional recovery after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Schmidt
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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3
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Hökfelt T, Arvidsson U, Cullheim S, Millhorn D, Nicholas AP, Pieribone V, Seroogy K, Ulfhake B. Multiple messengers in descending serotonin neurons: localization and functional implications. J Chem Neuroanat 2000; 18:75-86. [PMID: 10708921 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-0618(99)00037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present review article we summarize mainly histochemical work dealing with descending bulbospinal serotonin neurons which also express a number of neuropeptides, in particular substance P and thyrotropin releasing hormone. Such neurons have been observed both in rat, cat and monkey, and may preferentially innervate the ventral horns of the spinal cord, whereas the serotonin projections to the dorsal horn seem to lack these coexisting peptides. More recent studies indicate that a small population of medullary raphe serotonin neurons, especially at rostral levels, also synthesize the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA). Many serotonin neurons contain the glutamate synthesizing enzyme glutaminase and can be labelled with antibodies raised against glutamate, suggesting that one and the same neuron may release several signalling substances, causing a wide spectrum of post- (and pre-) synaptic actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hökfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Box 60 400, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Xi MC, Liu RH, Yamuy J, Morales FR, Chase MH. Naloxone reduces the amplitude of IPSPs evoked in lumbar motoneurons by reticular stimulation during carbachol-induced motor inhibition. Brain Res 1999; 819:155-9. [PMID: 10082872 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(98)01299-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During active sleep or carbachol-induced motor inhibition, electrical stimulation of the medullary nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis (NRGc) evoked large amplitude, glycinergic inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) in cat motoneurons. The present study was directed to determine whether these IPSPs, that are specific to the state of active sleep, are modulated by opioid peptides. Accordingly, intracellular recordings were obtained from lumbar motoneurons of acute decerebrate cats during carbachol-induced motor inhibition while an opiate receptor antagonist, naloxone, was microiontophoretically released next to the recorded cells. Naloxone reversibly reduced by 26% the mean amplitude of NRGc-evoked IPSPs (1.9+/-0.2 mV (S.E.M.) vs. 1.4+/-0.2 mV; n=11, control and naloxone, respectively, p<0.05), but had no effect on the other waveform parameters of these IPSPs (e.g., latency-to-onset, latency-to-peak, duration, etc.). The mean resting membrane potential, input resistance and membrane time constant of motoneurons following naloxone ejection were not statistically different from those of the control. These data indicate that opioid peptides have a modulatory effect on NRGc-evoked IPSPs during carbachol-induced motor inhibition. We therefore suggest that endogenous opioid peptides may act as neuromodulators to regulate inhibitory glycinergic synaptic transmission at motoneurons during active sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Xi
- Department of Physiology and the Brain Research Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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5
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Maxwell L, Maxwell DJ, Neilson M, Kerr R. A confocal microscopic survey of serotoninergic axons in the lumbar spinal cord of the rat: co-localization with glutamate decarboxylase and neuropeptides. Neuroscience 1996; 75:471-80. [PMID: 8931011 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(96)00366-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Patterns of co-localization of serotonin with glutamate decarboxylase (the synthetic enzyme for GABA) or each one of eight neuropeptides (calcitonin gene-related peptide, dynorphin, enkephalin, galanin, neuropeptide Y, neurotensin, substance P and somatostatin) were investigated with dual-colour confocal laser scanning microscopy in the lumbar spinal cords of three adult rats. Four regions of the gray matter were studied (laminae I-II, V, IX and X). The extent of co-localization was estimated by direct assessment of merged pairs of optical sections and by automated image analysis. Co-localization of serotonin and glutamate decarboxylase was found only in a few axons of laminae I-II but was not detected in other laminae. Peptides were not co-localized with serotonin in the superficial dorsal horn but considerable co-localization was found in motor nuclei and sparse co-localization was found in laminae V and X. Galanin and substance P frequently co-existed with serotonin in lamina IX but some co-localization with dynorphin, somatostatin, [Met]enkephalin and neuropeptide Y was also detected. Galanin, substance P and dynorphin were also co-localized with serotonin in a few axons of the deep dorsal horn and in the gray matter around the central canal. Neurotensin and calcitonin gene-related compound did not co-exist with serotonin in any of the laminae investigated. This evidence suggests that different populations of serotoninergic axons project to different regions of the spinal gray matter. Those containing glutamate decarboxylase terminate in the superficial dorsal horn and are likely to be involved in antinociception, whereas those containing peptides terminate principally in motor nuclei and are likely to modulate motor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Maxwell
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy, University of Glasgow, U.K
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6
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Holstege JC. The ventro-medial medullary projections to spinal motoneurons: ultrastructure, transmitters and functional aspects. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1996; 107:159-81. [PMID: 8782519 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61864-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J C Holstege
- Department of Anatomy, Erasmus University Medical School, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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White SR, Fung SJ, Jackson DA, Imel KM. Serotonin, norepinephrine and associated neuropeptides: effects on somatic motoneuron excitability. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1996; 107:183-99. [PMID: 8782520 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61865-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S R White
- Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology and Physiology, Washington State University, Pullman 99164, USA
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Hamada S, Ogawa M, Okado N. Immunohistochemical examination of intraspinal serotonin neurons and fibers in the chicken lumbar spinal cord and coexistence with Leu-enkephalin. Cell Tissue Res 1995; 282:387-97. [PMID: 8581933 DOI: 10.1007/bf00318871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Intraspinal serotonin-positive cells and fibers were examined in the chicken lumbar spinal cord following removal of descending serotonin fibers by spinal transection. Co-localization of Leu-enkephalin immunoreactivity in intraspinal serotonin cells was also examined using a double immunofluorescence labeling technique. By one or two weeks after spinal transection, virtually all supraspinal serotonin fibers were eliminated. Intraspinal serotonin cells were located ventral or ventrolateral to the central canal corresponding to laminae VII, VIII, and IX, and the anterior funiculus. Intraspinal serotonin cells sent fibers to (1) the pia mater on the ventral or ventrolateral surface of the spinal cord; (2) vessels in the spinal cord; (3) sympathetic preganglionic column of Terni; (4) other intraspinal serotonin neurons; (5) the central canal. Some 30%-50% of the intraspinal serotonin cells co-localized with Leu-enkephalin. Intraspinal serotonin fibers co-containing Leu-enkephalin were observed in the pia mater located on the most lateral surface of the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hamada
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305 Japan
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Ribeiro-da-Silva A, Cuello AC. Organization of peptidergic neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord: anatomical and functional correlates. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1995; 104:41-59. [PMID: 8552783 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61783-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Ribeiro-da-Silva
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Cullheim S, Arvidsson U. The peptidergic innervation of spinal motoneurons via the bulbospinal 5-hydroxytryptamine pathway. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1995; 104:21-40. [PMID: 8552770 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61782-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Cullheim
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Ramírez-León V, Hökfelt T, Cuello AC, Visser TJ, Ulfhake B. Enkephalin-, thyrotropin-releasing hormone- and substance P-immunoreactive axonal innervation of the ventrolateral dendritic bundle in the cat sacral spinal cord: an ultrastructural study. J Chem Neuroanat 1994; 7:203-15. [PMID: 7532948 DOI: 10.1016/0891-0618(94)90013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The distribution and synaptic arrangement of thyrotropin-releasing hormone-, substance P- and enkephalin-immunoreactive axonal boutons have been studied in the ventrolateral nucleus (Onuf's nucleus) of the upper sacral spinal cord segments in the cat. For this purpose, the peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemical technique was used. Immunoreactive axonal boutons were traced in complete series of sections in order to reveal synaptic contacts with the bundled dendrites of the ventrolateral nucleus. As judged from the cross-sectional diameter of the postsynaptic dendrites, the distribution of immunoreactive boutons was non-random. Enkephalin-immunoreactive axonal boutons, presumed to be mostly of segmental origin, displayed a rather restricted distribution to mainly (> 80%) medium-to-large dendrites. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone-immunoreactive boutons, that derive from supraspinal levels, were also found to impinge on medium-to-large dendrites (> 80%), indicating a proximal location within the dendritic trees. The skewness toward large postsynaptic dendrites was even more marked for thyrotropin-releasing hormone- than for enkephalin-immunoreactive boutons. Substance P-immunoreactive boutons, that are of either supraspinal or spinal origin, showed a more even distribution throughout the dendritic trees, including both thin distal branches and thick proximal dendrites. In view of the well-known fact that virtually all thyrotropin-releasing hormone-immunoreactive boutons in the ventral horn co-contain substance P (and serotonin) it was assumed that substance P-immunoreactive boutons in synaptic contact with the finest-calibre dendrites as well as most of those with a very proximal juxtasomatic location on the dendritic trees were of segmental origin, while those impinging on medium-to-large dendrites could be of either spinal or supraspinal origin. Fine-calibre dendrites (< 1 micron) represent about 25% of the dendritic branches in the ventrolateral nucleus, but receive, with the exception of substance P (8%), very little (< 3%) peptidergic or GABAergic (Ramírez-León and Ulfhake, 1993) input, although the degree of dendritic membrane covering by bouton profiles in the ventrolateral nucleus does not seem to vary much with the calibre of the postsynaptic dendrite (Ramírez-León and Ulfhake, 1993). Both substance P- and enkephalin-immunoreactive axonal boutons established synaptic contact with more than one dendrite. Furthermore, one and the same bouton could be found in contact with two dendrites that were coupled to each other by a dendro-dendritic contact of desmosomal or puncta adherentia type.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ramírez-León
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Arvidsson U, Cullheim S, Ulfhake B, Luppi PH, Kitahama K, Jouvet M, Hökfelt T. Quantitative and qualitative aspects on the distribution of 5-HT and its coexistence with substance P and TRH in cat ventral medullary neurons. J Chem Neuroanat 1994; 7:3-12. [PMID: 7528511 DOI: 10.1016/0891-0618(94)90003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
By use of the indirect immunofluorescence technique the distributions of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-, substance P- and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-immunoreactive (IR) neurons have been studied in the midline raphe nuclei and nucleus reticularis lateralis of the caudal brainstem (levels P18.3-P8.5; according to Berman (1968), in the cat, after treatment with colchicine. In addition, by use of the double-labelling technique, the coexistence between 5-HT-, substance P- and TRH-like immunoreactivity (LI) in these neurons was analysed. The results show that cell bodies in the midline raphe nuclei and nucleus reticularis lateralis contain 5-HT-, substance P- and TRH-LI. 5-HT-IR cells were more abundant than peptidergic neurons in all areas analysed. Quantitative estimations indicated that the total number of 5-HT-IR cells in the regions studied was about 17 x 10(3), while the corresponding numbers for substance P- and TRH-IR cells were 11 x 10(3) and 12 x 10(3), respectively. From double-labelled sections it was concluded that the vast majority of peptidergic cells also contained 5-HT-LI (87-100%). However, a subpopulation of 5-HT-IR neurons lacked peptide-LI (10-55%). The degree of coexistence varied with the brainstem level, in that neurons at more rostral locations showed a lower incidence of coexistence between 5-HT and peptide(s). The presence of all three compounds in one and the same cell body could also be demonstrated. In summary, 5-HT-, substance P- and TRH-IR cell bodies were encountered in medullary nuclei known to contain neurons with projection to the spinal cord. A high degree of coexistence between the compounds was demonstrated in these nuclei. The obtained results fit well with earlier studies on the patterns of distribution and peptide colocalization of 5-HT fibres in the spinal cord. The existence of biochemically distinct neuronal subpopulations within the 5-HT bulbospinal pathway is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Arvidsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Siddall PJ, Polson JW, Dampney RA. Descending antinociceptive pathway from the rostral ventrolateral medulla: a correlative anatomical and physiological study. Brain Res 1994; 645:61-8. [PMID: 7914818 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(94)91638-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Microinjections of the excitatory amino acid L-glutamate were made into the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) of anesthetised cats, to map the sites at which selective stimulation of cell bodies elicited a significant antinociceptive response (> or = 15% inhibition of the increase in L7 ventral root activity reflexly evoked by stimulation of C-fiber afferents). Antinociceptive sites were largely confined to the RVLM subregion ventromedial to the retrofacial nucleus, extending from the caudal pole of the facial nucleus to the level approximately 2.5 mm more caudal. Increases in arterial pressure were also elicited from some sites in the RVLM, but these were mainly lateral to the antinociceptive sites. In a second series of experiments, rhodamine labeled microspheres or cholera toxin B-gold (CTB-gold) were injected into the dorsal horn of the L7 segment. In three of these experiments in which the injection sites were restricted to the dorsal horn, retrogradely labeled cells in the caudal pons and medulla were virtually all within either the nucleus raphe magnus or the RVLM. Furthermore, the labeled cells in the RVLM were virtually confined to a discrete group located just ventromedial to the retrofacial nucleus, i.e. within the antinociceptive region as mapped by glutamate microinjection. The results of the present study indicate that antinociceptive effects are elicited by stimulation of a subregion in the RVLM, which is located medial to the pressor region. Further, the antinociceptive effects may be mediated, at least in part, by cells projecting directly to the dorsal horn in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Siddall
- Department of Physiology, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Broman J. Neurotransmitters in subcortical somatosensory pathways. ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY 1994; 189:181-214. [PMID: 7913798 DOI: 10.1007/bf00239008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Investigations during recent years indicate that many different neuroactive substances are involved in the transmission and modulation of somesthetic information in the central nervous system. This review surveys recent developments within the field of somatosensory neurotransmission, emphasizing immunocytochemical findings. Increasing evidence indicates a widespread role for glutamate as a fast-acting excitatory neurotransmitter at different levels in somatosensory pathways. Several studies have substantiated a role for glutamate as a neurotransmitter in primary afferent neurons and in corticofugal projections, and also indicate a neurotransmitter role for glutamate in ascending somatosensory pathways. Other substances likely to be involved in somatosensory neurotransmission include the neuropeptides. Many different peptides have been detected in primary afferent neurons with unmyelinated or thinly myelinated axons, and are thus likely to be directly involved in primary afferent neurotransmission. Some neurons giving rise to ascending somatosensory pathways, primarily those with cell bodies in the dorsal horn, are also immunoreactive for peptides. Recent investigations have shown that the expression of neuropeptides, both in primary afferent and ascending tract neurons, may change as a result of various kinds of peripheral manipulation. The occurrence of neurotransmitters in intrinsic neurons and neurons providing modulating inputs to somatosensory relay nuclei (the dorsal horn, the lateral cervical nucleus, the dorsal column nuclei and the ventrobasal thalamus) is also reviewed. Neurotransmitters and modulators in such neurons include acetylcholine, monoamines, GABA, glycine, glutamate, and various neuropeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Broman
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Linköping, Sweden
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Fung SI, Chan JY, Manzoni D, White SR, Lai YY, Strahlendorf HK, Zhuo H, Liu RH, Reddy VK, Barnes CD. Cotransmitter-mediated locus coeruleus action on motoneurons. Brain Res Bull 1994; 35:423-32. [PMID: 7859099 DOI: 10.1016/0361-9230(94)90155-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews evidence for a direct noradrenergic projection from the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum (DLPT) to spinal motoneurons. The existence of this direct pathway was first inferred by the observation that antidromically evoked responses occur in single cells in the locus coeruleus (LC), a region within the DLPT, following electrical stimulation of the ventral horn of the lumbar spinal cord of the cat. We subsequently confirmed that there is a direct noradrenergic pathway from the LC and adjacent regions of the DLPT to the lumbar ventral horn using anatomical studies that combined retrograde tracing with immunohistochemical identification of neurotransmitters. These anatomical studies further revealed that many of the noradrenergic neurons in the LC and adjacent regions of the DLPT of the cat that send projections to the spinal cord ventral horn also contain colocalized glutamate (Glu) or enkephalin (ENK). Recent studies from our laboratory suggest that Glu and ENK may function as cotransmitters with norepinephrine (NE) in the descending pathway from the DLPT. Electrical stimulation of the LC evokes a depolarizing response in spinal motoneurons that is only partially blocked by alpha 1 adrenergic antagonists. In addition, NE mimicks only the slowly developing and not the fast component of LC-evoked depolarization. Furthermore, the depolarization evoked by LC stimulation is accompanied by a decrease in membrane resistance, whereas that evoked by NE is accompanied by an increased resistance. That Glu may be a second neurotransmitter involved in LC excitation of motoneurons is supported by our observation that the excitatory response evoked in spinal cord ventral roots by electrical stimulation of the LC is attenuated by a non-N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamatergic antagonist. ENK may participate as a cotransmitter with NE to mediate LC effects on lumbar monosynaptic reflex (MSR) amplitude. Electrical stimulation of the LC has a biphasic effect on MSR amplitude, facilitation followed by inhibition. Adrenergic antagonists block only the facilitator effect of LC stimulation on MSR amplitude, whereas the ENK antagonist naloxone reverses the inhibition. The chemical heterogeneity of the cat DLPT system and the differential responses of motoneurons to the individual cotransmitters help to explain the diversity of postsynaptic potentials that occur following LC stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Fung
- Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology and Physiology, Washington State University, Pullman 99163-6520
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Zhuo H, Fung SJ, Barnes CD. Opioid action on spinal cord reflexes due to dorsolateral pontine tegmentum stimulation. Neuropharmacology 1993; 32:621-31. [PMID: 8361578 DOI: 10.1016/0028-3908(93)90075-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Electrical stimulation of the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum (DLPT) produces phasic facilitatory and inhibitory actions on the lumbar spinal monosynaptic reflexes (MSRs) of both flexor and extensor muscle nerves in the decerebrate cat. Naloxone, an opioid receptor antagonist, given intravenously or intraspinally enhanced the DLPT-induced potentiation of MSRs in most of the reflexes studied. However, systemic naloxone had no significant effect on the unconditioned MSR of the spinal cord. Intraspinal microinjections of naloxone significantly attenuated the DLPT-induced inhibition of MSRs of both flexors and extensors, similar to the action of systemic injection of naloxone, indicating a direct opioid action at the spinal ventral horn level upon DLPT stimulation. Results of the present experiment further support the anatomical finding that there are pontospinal enkephalinergic pathways in the cat, and indicate that these descending pathways modulate spinal motor outflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhuo
- Department of VCAPP, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6520
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Arvidsson U, Ulfhake B, Cullheim S, Shupliakov O, Brodin E, Franck J, Bennett GW, Fone KC, Visser TJ, Hökfelt T. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-like immunoreactivity in the grey monkey (Macaca fascicularis) spinal cord and medulla oblongata with special emphasis on the bulbospinal tract. J Comp Neurol 1992; 322:293-310. [PMID: 1517482 DOI: 10.1002/cne.903220302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-like immunoreactivity (LI) has been studied in the grey monkey (Macaca fascicularis) spinal cord and medulla oblongata by the use of indirect immunofluorescence and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique. Furthermore, double-labeling experiments were performed in order to study colocalization of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)- and substance P-LI. A dense innervation of TRH-immunoreactive (IR) varicose fibers was found in the ventral horn motor nuclei, in the region surrounding the central canal, in the intermediolateral cell column, and in the dorsal horn laminae II and III. In addition, cell bodies harboring TRH-LI were found in the dorsal horn laminae II-IV. In the ventral horn, many of the large cell bodies and their proximal dendrites were totally encapsulated by TRH-IR fibers. From double-labeled sections a high degree of coexistence could be established between TRH-/5-HT-LI, TRH-/substance P-LI, and 5-HT-/substance P-LI in fibers in the motor nuclei; as a consequence, a large proportion of these fibers should harbor TRH-/5-HT-/substance P-LI. A coexistence between TRH-/5-HT-LI could also be demonstrated in the intermediolateral cell column. However, no unequivocal coexistence could be found between TRH-/substance P-LI and 5-HT-/substance P-LI in this region. In the dorsal horn, no clear coexistence could be encountered for any of the above indicated combinations. Electron microscopic analysis of material from the lumbar lateral motor nucleus demonstrated TRH-IR terminals making synapses with large cell bodies and dendrites. In addition, contacts lacking synaptic specializations could also be verified. In the medulla oblongata, with the use of the PAP technique, a large number of cell bodies containing TRH-LI were encountered in the midline raphe nuclei and in nucleus reticularis lateralis. A similar distribution pattern could be found for 5-HT-LI, but no cell bodies containing substance P-LI could be seen in these regions. Chemical analysis of specimens from cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal cord revealed higher concentrations of TRH- and 5-HT-LI in the ventral quadrants, whereas substance P-LI dominated in the dorsal quadrants. Thus, the concentrations of TRH-, 5-HT-, and substance P-LI was in accordance with the observed regional variation in density of IR-fibers and varicosities found in the spinal cord. We have shown that TRH-LI has a distribution in the monkey spinal cord and medulla oblongata similar to that previously demonstrated in other species.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- U Arvidsson
- Department of Anatomy, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Arvidsson U, Cullheim S, Ulfhake B, Ramírez V, Dagerlind A, Luppi PH, Kitahama K, Jouvet M, Terenius L, Aman K. Distribution of enkephalin and its relation to serotonin in cat and monkey spinal cord and brain stem. Synapse 1992; 11:85-104. [PMID: 1626315 DOI: 10.1002/syn.890110202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of enkephalin (ENK)-like immunoreactivity (LI) in spinal cord and medulla oblongata of cat and gray monkey (Macaca fascicularis) was studied by use of immunofluorescence and peroxidase antiperoxidase (PAP) techniques. Possible coexistence between ENK- and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-LI was also analyzed with double labeling immunofluorescence. Furthermore, in situ hybridization was used to demonstrate cell bodies in the brain stem expressing mRNA encoding for ENK. ENK-immunoreactive (IR) axonal varicosities and fibers were demonstrated throughout the spinal cord gray matter, with the highest density in the superficial dorsal horn, the area around the central canal, the intermediolateral cell column, the sacral parasympathetic nucleus, and in Onuf's nucleus. In the monkey ventral horn, ENK-IR varicose fibers could in some cases be demonstrated in very close apposition to cell bodies. A low degree of co-localization between ENK- and 5-HT-LI was seen in the spinal cord of both species. Still, fibers containing both compounds could as a rule be demonstrated in every section studied. The highest degree of coexistence was encountered in the motor nucleus of the ventral horn. Six weeks after a low thoracic spinal cord transection a decreased staining for ENK-LI was demonstrated in the ventral horn motor nucleus, whereas other parts of the spinal cord appeared unaffected. In the brain stem of cats after colchicine treatment, ENK-LI was found in a majority of the 5-HT-IR cell bodies in the raphe nuclei (nucleus raphe magnus, pallidus and obscurus) and in the lateral reticular nucleus (rostroventrolateral reticular nucleus). In cat not pretreated with colchicine, a few weakly stained ENK-IR cell bodies could be found in the midline raphe nuclei and in the lateral reticular nucleus with the PAP technique. In the monkey brain stem without colchicine treatment, using the PAP technique, heavily stained ENK-IR cell bodies could be seen in the lateral reticular nucleus whereas, as in the cat, only a few, weakly stained ENK-IR cell bodies could be seen in the midline raphe nuclei. Using in situ hybridization technique, ENK mRNA expressing cells were demonstrated in the lateral reticular nucleus while no convincing mRNA signal could be found over cell bodies in the raphe nuclei. It is concluded that part of the ENKergic innervation of the cord in both species derives from supraspinal or suprasegmental levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- U Arvidsson
- Department of Anatomy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Nicholas AP, Pieribone VA, Arvidsson U, Hökfelt T. Serotonin-, substance P- and glutamate/aspartate-like immunoreactivities in medullo-spinal pathways of rat and primate. Neuroscience 1992; 48:545-59. [PMID: 1376453 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(92)90401-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Serotonergic neurons of the medulla oblongata have been proposed to play a role in the control of sensory, motor and autonomic cells in the spinal cord. Many of these raphe neurons have been shown to contain the undecapeptide substance P as well as the tripeptide thyrotropin-releasing hormone, but evidence for the presence of an excitatory amino acid in these pathways has not yet been documented. In colchicine-treated rats, we have used a combination of retrograde tracing and tri-color immunohistofluorescence techniques to study co-localization of serotonin- and substance P- with glutamate- or aspartate-like immunoreactivities in medullary neurons and the possible spinal projections of these cells. In addition, the distributions of serotonin-, substance P- and glutamate-immunoreactive terminal fields in the dorsal, ventral and lateral horns of the spinal cord were examined with tri-color immunofluorescence in the rat and the primate Macaca fasciculata. In colchicine-treated rats, glutamate- and aspartate-like immunoreactivity was found in practically all serotonin- and substance P-immunoreactive neurons of the B1, B2 and B3 cell groups. Some of these neurons also contained wheat-germ agglutinin conjugated to inactivated horseradish peroxidase and colloidal gold particles retrogradely transported from the spinal cord. In the spinal cords of non-colchicine-treated monkeys and rats, striking co-localization of serotonin, substance P- and glutamate-like immunoreactivities was seen in large boutons, surrounding the dendrites and cell bodies of large alpha motor neurons in the ventral horn. These observations suggest the existence of spinally projecting serotonin/substance P neurons containing excitatory amino acids such as glutamate or aspartate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Nicholas
- Department of Histology and Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Pretel S, Piekut DT. Enkephalin, substance P, and serotonin axonal input to c-fos-like immunoreactive neurons of the rat spinal cord. Peptides 1991; 12:1243-50. [PMID: 1726120 DOI: 10.1016/0196-9781(91)90202-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mustard oil, which stimulates small diameter afferents, was used to evoke the expression of the oncogene c-fos in the lumbar spinal cord. C-fos-like immunoreactivity was concentrated in, but not limited to, neuronal nuclei of laminae I and II of the lumbar dorsal horn. Double-label immunocytochemistry was used to determine if neurons which expressed c-fos-like immunoreactivity received axonal input from enkephalin-, substance P- or serotonin-immunoreactive neurons. The analysis of vibratome and semithin plastic-embedded tissue sections demonstrated that the majority of c-fos-like immunoreactive neurons received input from enkephalin-, substance P- or serotonin-immunoreactive axonal varicosities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pretel
- University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Neuroendocrine Unit, NY 14642
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21
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Kachidian P, Poulat P, Marlier L, Privat A. Immunohistochemical evidence for the coexistence of substance P, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, GABA, methionine-enkephalin, and leucin-enkephalin in the serotonergic neurons of the caudal raphe nuclei: a dual labeling in the rat. J Neurosci Res 1991; 30:521-30. [PMID: 1724785 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490300309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
By means of dual immunohistochemical labeling on the same brain section examined with a light microscope, the present study reports the presence with serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), substance P (SP), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), leucin-enkephalin (LEU-enk), or methionine-enkephalin (MET-enk), within the same neuron in the nuclei raphe magnus, raphe obscurus, and raphe pallidus of the rat. On the one hand, peptides or GABA are detected with specific rabbit antibodies by indirect peroxidase labeling using peroxidase-conjugated Fab fragments, and on the other, 5-HT is detected with a rabbit antibody against the BSA-serotonin conjugate by radio-immunocytochemistry using [125I]-labeled protein A. The possible coexistence of TRH and SP in these neurons is also investigated by using peroxidase labeling and radio-immunocytochemical detection, respectively. In the whole caudal raphe nuclei the proportion of each coexisting peptide with 5-HT appears in decreasing order as: TRH greater than SP greater than MET-enk # LEU-enk greater than GABA. In all instances the level of coexistence differs considerably in B1-B2 vs. B3 cell groups. No SP/TRH dually labeled cells have ever been found in any of the serotonergic nuclei of the caudal raphe. Given the evidence that these raphe nuclei project possibly to the spinal cord, these data constitute an anatomical substrate for the several distinct physiological functions presumably subserved by 5-HT in the cord, namely the modulation of nociception, motor, and autonomic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kachidian
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, CNRS, Marseille, France
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22
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Ozaki S, Kudo N, Okado N. Serotonin-positive fibers within the spinal motor nucleus of the newborn rat, with special reference to co-localization of substance P. Neurosci Lett 1991; 130:145-8. [PMID: 1724555 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(91)90383-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Developmental changes of serotonin-positive fibers with special reference to co-localization with substance P was examined immunohistochemically in the ventral horn of rat lumbar spinal cord. Only about 20% of serotonin-positive fibers co-labelled with substance P on postnatal day (P) 0. The ratio of co-localization gradually increased, and reached the adult value by P28 (60-70%). Enkephalin-positive fibers were not co-localized with serotonin at any age examined. Although the densities of serotonin, substance P and enkephalin per unit area of the ventral horn gradually increased with development up to P28, the density of serotonin in the adult was decreased compared to P28 animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ozaki
- Department of Physiology, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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23
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Marlier L, Sandillon F, Poulat P, Rajaofetra N, Geffard M, Privat A. Serotonergic innervation of the dorsal horn of rat spinal cord: light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical study. JOURNAL OF NEUROCYTOLOGY 1991; 20:310-22. [PMID: 2051177 DOI: 10.1007/bf01235548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The ultrastructure of serotonergic projections to the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord has been investigated, using a highly specific polyclonal antiserum. The highest concentrations of immunoreactive profiles were found in lamina I and the outer part of lamina II (IIo). Intermediate concentrations were found in laminae III and IV, while the inner part of lamina II (IIi) was almost devoid of immunoreactivity. Whereas 60% of the profiles show at least one varicosity studded with synaptic vesicles, only one-fifth of the latter contributes to classical synapses, the remaining profiles being devoid of a facing postsynaptic density. The results are compared with those in the literature and our own results relative to other regions of the cord. It is concluded that the pauci-synaptic projections to the dorsal horn could correspond to a diffuse influence of serotonin, the targets for which are determined by the corresponding serotonergic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Marlier
- Inserm U-336, U.S.T.L. CASE COURRIER 106, Montpellier, France
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24
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Lindå H, Cullheim S, Risling M, Arvidsson U, Mossberg K, Ulfhake B, Terenius L, Hökfelt T. Enkephalin-like immunoreactivity levels increase in the motor nucleus after an intramedullar axotomy of motoneurons in the adult cat spinal cord. Brain Res 1990; 534:352-6. [PMID: 2073600 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(90)90157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide- and serotonin-like immunoreactivities were studied in the lumbar spinal cord of the cat after a longitudinal incision in the ventral funiculus. This lesion, which accomplishes a central axotomy of motoneurons, was accompanied by increased level of Met-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in nerve endings in those parts of the motor nucleus (lamina IX) which harbored severed motoneurons. This increase, which was evident in the fluorescence microscope, could be verified photometrically by use of a confocal scanning laser microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lindå
- Department of Anatomy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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Sakanaka M, Magari S, Inoue N, Lederis K. Co-localization of arginine vasopressin- and enkephalin-like immunoreactivities in nerve cells of the rat hypothalamus. Cell Tissue Res 1990; 260:549-54. [PMID: 2372812 DOI: 10.1007/bf00297235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The co-localization of arginine vasopressin- and enkephalin-like immunoreactivities in nerve cells of the rat paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus and adjacent areas was investigated by the simultaneous application of immuno-beta-galactosidase staining and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method to sections. Arginine vasopressin-like immunoreactive cells were stained blue with immuno-beta-galactosidase staining and enkephalin-like immunoreactive cells brown with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. Double-labeled cells with overlap of blue and brown immunoreaction products were identified in the anterior, medial, and lateral parvocellular parts of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus as well as in the previously indicated posterior magnocellular part. Other regions that contained double-labeled cells were the lateral hypothalamic area, anterior hypothalamic nucleus, area between the lateral hypothalamic area and anterior hypothalamic nucleus, suprachiasmatic nucleus, and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial division, posterolateral part. These findings suggest that nerve cells with both arginine vasopressin- and enkephalin-like immunoreactivities may be more actively involved in neuroendocrine regulation and neural transmission than previously considered. They may provide a morphological basis for an increase in enkephalin-like immunoreactivity within the anterior pituitary in cases of hemorrhagic shock which is presumably accompanied by arginine vasopressin hypersecretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sakanaka
- Department of Anatomy, Osaka Medical College, Japan
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26
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Reddy VK, Cassini P, Ho RH, Martin GF. Origins and terminations of bulbospinal axons that contain serotonin and either enkephalin or substance-P in the North American opossum. J Comp Neurol 1990; 294:96-108. [PMID: 1691216 DOI: 10.1002/cne.902940108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have shown previously that some enkephalin, substance-P, and serotoninergic neurons in the medullary raphe and adjacent reticular formation project to the spinal cord in the opossum. In the present study we have combined the retrograde transport of True Blue and immunofluorescence histochemistry to determine whether methionine enkephalin or substance-P containing bulbospinal neurons are serotoninergic. Furthermore, we have used the same immunofluorescence protocol to determine whether spinal axons contain the same substances. Neurons that immunostained for both enkephalin and serotonin were observed in many brainstem nuclei. However, those that projected to the spinal cord were limited to the nuclei raphe magnus and obscurus, and the ventral part of nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis, pars ventralis. Neurons that immunostained for both substance P and serotonin were fewer in number, but some of the ones in the above nuclei and within the nucleus raphe pallidus, projected to the spinal cord. Spinal axons exhibiting both enkephalin- and serotonin-like immunoreactivity were observed in the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn, lamina X, and the intermediolateral cell column, whereas those showing both substance-P and serotonin-like immunoreactivity were seen primarily in lamina X, the intermediolateral cell column, and the ventral horn. Some of the axons in the ventral horn were in close apposition to presumed motoneurons. Comparison of the above results with those obtained from previous studies of bulbospinal projections has allowed us to infer the origins of axons that innervate different spinal targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- V K Reddy
- Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman 99164
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27
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Tashiro T, Satoda T, Matsushima R, Mizuno N. Distribution of axons showing both enkephalin- and serotonin-like immunoreactivities in the lumbar cord segments of the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata). Brain Res 1990; 512:143-6. [PMID: 2337801 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(90)91183-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Axons exhibiting both enkephalin- and serotonin-like immunoreactivities were observed by the double immunofluorescence method in the lumbar cord segments of the Japanese monkey. Double-labeled axons were seen almost exclusively in the dorsal horn, particularly in lamina I, lamina IIa and the lateral part of lamina V. After thoracic cordotomy, almost all of the double-labeled axons disappeared from the lumbar cord segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tashiro
- Department of Oral Anatomy (2nd division), School of Dentistry Hiroshima University, Japan
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28
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Arvidsson U, Cullheim S, Ulfhake B, Bennett GW, Fone KC, Cuello AC, Verhofstad AA, Visser TJ, Hökfelt T. 5-Hydroxytryptamine, substance P, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone in the adult cat spinal cord segment L7: immunohistochemical and chemical studies. Synapse 1990; 6:237-70. [PMID: 1700485 DOI: 10.1002/syn.890060305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The terminal projections of the descending 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) bulbospinal pathway and the coexistence among 5-HT-, substance P (SP)-, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-like immunoreactivities (LI) in fibers innervating the L7 segment in the cat spinal cord were studied quantitatively and semiquantitatively by use of the indirect double-staining immunofluorescence technique. The content of 5-HT, SP, and TRH in different parts of the spinal cord was determined by use of radioimmunoassay (RIA) (SP and TRH) and high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD) (5-HT). For all three substances studied, immunoreactive (IR) axon terminals were found in all parts of the gray matter, but with clear regional variation in the density of innervation. Thus, all three substances showed a dense innervation in the motor nucleus, particularly in the ventral part of the nucleus, while the superficial dorsal horn was very densely innervated by SP-IR fibers (laminae I and II) and TRH-IR fibers (laminae II and III). In the motor nucleus, the studied substances coexisted to a very high degree, but some 5-HT-IR fibers (about 10%) lacked peptide-LI and some SP-IR fibers (about 10%) lacked 5-HT-LI while virtually all TRH-IR fibers also contained 5-HT-LI. In the superficial dorsal horn (laminae I-III), no coexistence was detected, while other parts of the gray matter displayed various degrees of coexistence in between those found in the motor nucleus and laminae I-III. The quantitative analysis of IR varicosities in the motor nucleus suggested that the unilateral L7 motor nucleus is innervated by about 55-110 x 10(6) 5-HT-IR nerve terminals, which may indicate as many as 4,000 boutons per descending 5-HT cell body in the brain stem only with this restricted projection. When combing these results with the biochemical data, it could be calculated that the concentration of 5-HT in IR varicosities is about 3-6 x 10(-3) M, while the corresponding figures for SP and TRH was 0.3-0.5 x 10(-3) M and 0.1-0.2 x 10(-3) M, respectively. In cats subjected to spinal cord transection at the lower thoracic level, all 5-HT-IR fibers in the L7 segment had disappeared 44 days after the lesion, indicating a strict suprasegmental origin of 5-HT-IR fibers in this segment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- U Arvidsson
- Department of Anatomy, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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29
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Tashiro T, Satoda T, Matsushima R, Mizuno N. Possible origins of substance P-like immunoreactive axons within Onuf's nucleus of the cat. Brain Res 1989; 497:177-82. [PMID: 2477111 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(89)90985-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The double immunofluorescence method revealed that 30-50% of substance P-like immunoreactive (SP-LI) axons within Onuf's nucleus of cats exhibited enkephalin (ENK)-LI, and that about 5% of SP-LI axons within the nucleus showed serotonin (5-HT)-LI. After hemicordotomy, axons with both SP- and 5-HT-LI, as well as those with only 5-HT-LI, were profoundly depleted in Onuf's nucleus ipsilateral to the lesion, but no changes were detectable in axons with SP-LI and/or ENK-LI in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tashiro
- Department of Oral Anatomy (2nd Division), School of Dentistry, Hiroshima University, Japan
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30
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Tashiro T, Ruda MA, Satoda T, Matsushima R, Mizuno N. Convergence of serotonin-, enkephalin- and substance P-like immunoreactive afferent fibers onto cat medullary dorsal horn projection neurons: a triple immunocytochemical staining technique combined with the retrograde HRP-tracing method. Brain Res 1989; 491:360-5. [PMID: 2475211 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(89)90071-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Convergence of serotonin (5-HT)-, enkephalin (ENK)-, and substance P (SP)-like immunoreactive (LI) afferent fibers onto cat medullary dorsal horn projection neurons was examined by retrogradely labeling trigeminothalamic neurons and immunocytochemically labeling 5-HT, ENK and SP fibers in the same tissue section using distinct chromogens. Convergence of 5-HT-, ENK- and SP-LI fibers upon single projection neurons was often observed in laminae I and V.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tashiro
- Department of Oral Anatomy (2nd Division), School of Dentistry, Hiroshima University, Japan
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31
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Sakanaka M, Magari S, Shibasaki T, Inoue N. Co-localization of corticotropin-releasing factor- and enkephalin-like immunoreactivities in nerve cells of the rat hypothalamus and adjacent areas. Brain Res 1989; 487:357-62. [PMID: 2786446 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(89)90840-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The co-localization of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)- and enkephalin (ENK)-like immunoreactivities in nerve cells of the rat hypothalamus and adjacent areas was investigated by the simultaneous application of immuno-beta-galactosidase staining and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method to the same sections. CRF-like immunoreactive cells were stained blue with immuno-beta-galactosidase staining and ENK-like immunoreactive cells brown with the PAP method. Double-labeled cells with overlap of blue and brown immunoreaction products were identified in all subregions of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH), in contrast to previous studies showing the occurrence of double-labeled cells only in the parvocellular part of the PVH. Other areas that contained double-labeled cells were: the medial preoptic area, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, periventricular hypothalamic nucleus, lateral hypothalamic area, dorsal hypothalamic area and subincertal nucleus. These findings suggest that nerve cells with both CRF- and ENK-like immunoreactivities may be more actively involved in neuroendocrine regulation and neural transmission than previously considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sakanaka
- Department of Anatomy, Osaka Medical College, Japan
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32
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Tashiro T, Satoda T, Matsushima R, Mizuno N. Convergence of serotonin-, enkephalin- and substance P-like immunoreactive afferent fibers on single pudendal motoneurons in Onuf's nucleus of the cat: a light microscope study combining the triple immunocytochemical staining technique with the retrograde HRP-tracing method. Brain Res 1989; 481:392-8. [PMID: 2470468 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(89)90821-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Convergence of serotonin (5-HT)-, enkephalin (ENK)-, and substance P (SP)-like immunoreactive (LI) afferent fibers on single pudendal motoneurons within Onuf's nucleus was demonstrated: pudendal motoneurons were retrogradely labeled with horseradish peroxidase applied to the pudendal nerve. Subsequently, 5-HT-LI fibers were stained by the immunoperoxidase method, and then ENK- and SP-LI fibers were stained by the double immunofluorescence method.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tashiro
- Department of Oral Anatomy (2nd Division), School of Dentistry, Hiroshima University, Japan
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33
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Newton BW, Hamill RW. Immunohistochemical distribution of serotonin in spinal autonomic nuclei: I. Fiber patterns in the adult rat. J Comp Neurol 1989; 279:68-81. [PMID: 2913062 DOI: 10.1002/cne.902790107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The differential distribution of serotonin (5HT) fibers in spinal laminae VII and X is described for the adult rat. The results indicate that descending 5HT fibers preferentially innervate those regions of lamina VII that contain sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons. In lamina X, especially the dorsal commissural nucleus, large numbers of 5HT fibers are observed throughout the spinal cord. Moreover, sympathetic nuclei are more richly innervated with 5HT than the spinal parasympathetic nuclei. Spinal cord hemisections reveal that spinal autonomic nuclei are differentially innervated: ipsilateral serotoninergic projections to the intermediolateral cell column are preferentially interrupted. In addition, a large crossed 5HT projection exists throughout the length of the spinal cord that decussates five to six spinal segments rostral to its termination. Both crossed and uncrossed 5HT fibers span many spinal segments and have large numbers of collaterals. Spinal cord transections show that the vast majority of spinal 5HT descends from the brainstem but that some 5HT fibers are of intrinsic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W Newton
- Neurology Unit, Monroe Community Hospital, Rochester, New York
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