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Cerebrospinal fluid levels of proenkephalin and prodynorphin are differentially altered in Huntington's and Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 2022; 269:5136-5143. [PMID: 35737109 PMCID: PMC9363351 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11187-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Proenkephalin (PENK) and prodynorphin (PDYN) are peptides mainly produced by the striatal medium spiny projection neurons (MSNs) under dopaminergic signaling. Therefore, they may represent candidate biomarkers in Huntington’s disease (HD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), two neurodegenerative diseases characterized by striatal atrophy and/or dysfunction. Methods Using an in-house established liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method in multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM) we measured cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of PENK- and PDYN- derived peptides in patients with HD (n = 47), PD (n = 61), Alzheimer’s disease (n = 11), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (n = 14) and in 92 control subjects. Moreover, we investigated the possible associations between biomarkers and disease severity scales in HD and PD and the effect of dopaminergic therapy on biomarker levels in PD. Results In HD, CSF PENK- and PDYN-derived peptide levels were significantly decreased compared to all other groups and were associated with disease severity scores. In PD, both biomarkers were within the normal range, but higher PDYN levels were found in dopamine-treated compared to untreated patients. In PD, both CSF PENK and PDYN did not correlate with clinical severity scales. Conclusions CSF PENK- and PDYN-derived peptides appeared to be promising pathogenetic and disease severity markers in HD, reflecting the ongoing striatal neurodegeneration along with the loss of MSNs. In PD patients, CSF PDYN showed a limitative role as a possible pharmacodynamic marker during dopaminergic therapy, but further investigations are needed. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00415-022-11187-8.
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Niemela V, Landtblom AM, Nyholm D, Kneider M, Constantinescu R, Paucar M, Svenningsson P, Abujrais S, Burman J, Shevchenko G, Bergquist J, Sundblom J. Proenkephalin Decreases in Cerebrospinal Fluid with Symptom Progression of Huntington's Disease. Mov Disord 2020; 36:481-491. [PMID: 33247616 PMCID: PMC7984171 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Identifying molecular changes that contribute to the onset and progression of Huntington's disease (HD) is of importance for the development and evaluation of potential therapies. METHODS We conducted an unbiased mass-spectrometry proteomic analysis on the cerebrospinal fluid of 12 manifest HD patients (ManHD), 13 pre-manifest (preHD), and 38 controls. A biologically plausible and significant possible biomarker was validated in samples from a separate cohort of patients and controls consisting of 23 ManHD patients and 23 controls. RESULTS In ManHD compared to preHD, 10 proteins were downregulated and 43 upregulated. Decreased levels of proenkephalin (PENK) and transthyretin were closely linked to HD symptom severity, whereas levels of 15 upregulated proteins were associated with symptom severity. The decreased PENK levels were replicated in the separate cohort where absolute quantitation was performed. CONCLUSIONS We hypothesize that declining PENK levels reflect the degeneration of medium spiny neurons (MSNs) that produce PENK and that assays for PENK may serve as a surrogate marker for the state of MSNs in HD. © 2020 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valter Niemela
- Department of Neuroscience; Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Dag Nyholm
- Department of Neuroscience; Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Kneider
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Clinical Neuroscience, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Radu Constantinescu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Clinical Neuroscience, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Paucar
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sandy Abujrais
- Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joachim Burman
- Department of Neuroscience; Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ganna Shevchenko
- Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergquist
- Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jimmy Sundblom
- Department of Neuroscience; Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Al Shweiki MHDR, Oeckl P, Pachollek A, Steinacker P, Barschke P, Halbgebauer S, Anderl‐Straub S, Lewerenz J, Ludolph AC, Bernhard Landwehrmeyer G, Otto M. Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of Prodynorphin‐Derived Peptides are Decreased in Huntington's Disease. Mov Disord 2020; 36:492-497. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.28300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Oeckl
- Department of Neurology Ulm University Hospital Ulm Germany
| | | | | | - Peggy Barschke
- Department of Neurology Ulm University Hospital Ulm Germany
| | | | | | - Jan Lewerenz
- Department of Neurology Ulm University Hospital Ulm Germany
| | - Albert C. Ludolph
- Department of Neurology Ulm University Hospital Ulm Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ulm Germany
| | | | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology Ulm University Hospital Ulm Germany
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Oeckl P, Steinacker P, Feneberg E, Otto M. Cerebrospinal fluid proteomics and protein biomarkers in frontotemporal lobar degeneration: Current status and future perspectives. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1854:757-68. [PMID: 25526887 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) comprises a spectrum of rare neurodegenerative diseases with an estimated prevalence of 15-22 cases per 100,000 persons including the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), progressive non-fluent aphasia (PNFA), semantic dementia (SD), FTD with motor neuron disease (FTD-MND), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal syndrome (CBS). The pathogenesis of the diseases is still unclear and clinical diagnosis of FTLD is hampered by overlapping symptoms within the FTLD subtypes and with other neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Intracellular protein aggregates in the brain are a major hallmark of FTLD and implicate alterations in protein metabolism or function in the disease's pathogenesis. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) which surrounds the brain can be used to study changes in neurodegenerative diseases and to identify disease-related mechanisms or neurochemical biomarkers for diagnosis. In the present review, we will give an overview of the current literature on proteomic studies in CSF of FTLD patients. Reports of targeted and unbiased proteomic approaches are included and the results are discussed in regard of their informative value about disease pathology and the suitability to be used as diagnostic biomarkers. Finally, we will give some future perspectives on CSF proteomics and a list of candidate biomarkers which might be interesting for validation in further studies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Neuroproteomics: Applications in neuroscience and neurology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Oeckl
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Petra Steinacker
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Emily Feneberg
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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Suzuki K, Zhou J, Sato T, Takao K, Miyagawa T, Oyake M, Yamada M, Takahashi H, Takahashi Y, Goto J, Tsuji S. DRPLA transgenic mouse substrains carrying single copy of full-length mutant human DRPLA gene with variable sizes of expanded CAG repeats exhibit CAG repeat length- and age-dependent changes in behavioral abnormalities and gene expression profiles. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 46:336-50. [PMID: 22342974 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 12/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) is an autosomal dominant progressive neurodegenerative disorder with intellectual deterioration and various motor deficits including ataxia, choreoathetosis, and myoclonus, caused by an abnormal expansion of CAG repeats in the DRPLA gene. Longer expanded CAG repeats contribute to an earlier age of onset, faster progression, and more severe neurological symptoms in DRPLA patients. In this study, we have established DRPLA transgenic mouse lines (sublines) harboring a single copy of the full-length mutant human DRPLA gene carrying various lengths of expanded CAG repeats (Q76, Q96, Q113, and Q129), which have clearly shown motor deficits and memory disturbance whose severity increases with the length of expanded CAG repeats and age, and successfully replicated the CAG repeat length- and age-dependent features of DRPLA patients. Neuronal intranuclear accumulation of the mutant DRPLA protein has been suggested to cause transcriptional dysregulation, leading to alteration in gene expression and neuronal dysfunction. In this study, we have conducted a comprehensive analysis of gene expression profiles in the cerebrum and cerebellum of transgenic mouse lines at 4, 8, and 12 weeks using multiple microarray platforms, and demonstrated that both the number and expression levels of the altered genes are highly dependent on CAG repeat length and age in both brain regions. Specific groups of genes and their function categories were identified by further agglomerative cluster analysis and gene functional annotation analysis. Calcium signaling and neuropeptide signaling, among others, were implicated in the pathophysiology of DRPLA. Our study provides unprecedented CAG-repeat-length-dependent mouse models of DRPLA, which are highly valuable not only for elucidating the CAG-repeat-length-dependent pathophysiology of DRPLA but also for developing therapeutic strategies for DRPLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushi Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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Duran R, Barrero FJ, Morales B, Luna JD, Ramirez M, Vives F. Oxidative stress and plasma aminopeptidase activity in Huntington’s disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2010; 117:325-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-009-0364-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ernst A, Köhrle J, Bergmann A. Proenkephalin A 119-159, a stable proenkephalin A precursor fragment identified in human circulation. Peptides 2006; 27:1835-40. [PMID: 16621157 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2006.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2006] [Revised: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we describe a newly developed sandwich immunoassay using antibodies against the proenkephalin A 119-159 peptide (PENK A 119-159). PENK A 119-159 immunoreactivity was detectable in the circulation of human blood donors and in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients without a neurologic disorder. The concentration was about 100 times higher in CSF than in serum. Analytical reversed phase HPLC revealed that PENK A 119-159 is the main immunoreactivity in human circulation and CSF. Moreover, PENK A 119-159 is stable in vitro for at least 48 h at room temperature as compared to the low stability of the peptides methionine- and leucine-enkephalin. This suggests the use of PENK A 119-159 measurement as surrogate molecule for the release of the mature peptides derived from proenkephalin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ernst
- SphingoTec GmbH, Tulpenweg 6, D-16556 Borgsdorf, Germany.
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Mannes AJ, Martin BM, Yang HYT, Keller JM, Lewin S, Gaiser RR, Iadarola MJ. Cystatin C as a cerebrospinal fluid biomarker for pain in humans. Pain 2003; 102:251-256. [PMID: 12670666 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3959(02)00403-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Through a process of subtraction cloning and differential hybridization, we previously identified several new genes whose expression was induced by peripheral inflammation. One of these coded for cystatin C, a secreted cysteine protease inhibitor in the cystatin superfamily. We hypothesized that, concurrent with increased expression in dorsal horn, increased secretion would elevate the cystatin C content in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during active pain states. Alterations were assessed by immunoassay and by surface enhanced laser desorption ionization (SELDI) mass spectrometry with either reverse phase or immobilized anti-cystatin C antibody surfaces using CSF from ten age-matched obstetrical patients at term. Five control subjects were scheduled for an elective caesarian section and were not in pain. Another five subjects were in labor for 8.9+/-1h and were in severe pain as assessed with a visual analog scale and the McGill short form questionnaire. The level of cystatin C as measured by immunoassay in the non-pain patients was 2.77+/-0.75 microg/ml and in the pain patients 5.36+/-0.92 microg/ml (P<0.02). The elevation occurred without significant change in total CSF protein or beta-endorphin content. The cystatin C increase also was detectable by SELDI with either raw CSF or after antibody capture. These data are consistent with our previous animal study and the idea that persistent pain induces the synthesis and release of cystatin C in dorsal spinal cord, the surplus of which overflows into the CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Mannes
- Pain and Neurosensory Mechanisms Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA Pain and Palliative Care Service, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA Laboratory of Neurotoxicology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Baronti F, Conant KE, Giuffra M, Davis TL, Brughitta G, Iadarola MJ, Berrettini WH, Chase TN, Mouradian MM. Opioid peptides in Parkinson's disease: effects of dopamine repletion. Brain Res 1991; 560:92-6. [PMID: 1684735 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(91)91219-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters other than dopamine, including neuropeptides, could have important pathophysiologic and therapeutic roles in Parkinson's disease. Both Met-enkephalin, the main transmitter of the striatopallidal pathway, and dynorphin, one of the co-transmitters of the striatonigral pathway display complex anatomic and biochemical interactions with the basal ganglionic dopamine system. In this study, the cerebrospinal fluid content of a proenkephalin derivative, Met5 enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 (MERGL), was found in significantly low concentrations in parkinsonian patients following overnight withdrawal of all medications compared with control subjects, and failed to change after at least 16 h of steady-state, optimal doses of levodopa infusion intravenously. MERGL levels increased with advancing age among normal individuals but not among patients with Parkinson's disease. In contrast dynorphin A(1-8) levels were not different between the two study groups, did not change with levodopa therapy, and failed to correlate with age or any indices of disease progression. These observations, consistent with post-mortem studies on Parkinson brains and contrary to findings in animal models of Parkinsonism, suggest that abnormality of the enkephalin system in this disease is due to involvement of these striatal neurons in the primary pathologic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Baronti
- Experimental Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Eisenach JC, Dobson CE, Inturrisi CE, Hood DD, Agner PB. Effect of pregnancy and pain on cerebrospinal fluid immunoreactive enkephalins and norepinephrine in healthy humans. Pain 1990; 43:149-154. [PMID: 2087327 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3959(90)91067-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous spinal opioid or noradrenergic system activation may increase pain threshold during pregnancy and following a painful stress. Variation in spinal antinociceptive activity is also postulated to explain in part the large variability in postoperative opioid analgesic requirements. In this study, spinal noradrenergic and opioid activity, as reflected by the CSF concentrations of norepinephrine and immunoreactive enkephalins (total enkephalin-containing peptides), was determined in 58 women prior to surgery. The CSF concentration of these substances did not differ between pregnant and non-pregnant women. CSF norepinephrine tended to be greater in pregnant women who had experienced painful labor than in those who had not (1240 +/- 300 vs. 570 +/- 160 pmol/l; P = 0.056) and these women self-administered less morphine following cesarean section than those without labor pain (64 +/- 4 vs. 86 +/- 7 mg/24 h; P less than 0.01). However, CSF concentration of norepinephrine or immunoreactive enkephalins did not correlate with postoperative morphine use. These results suggest that spinal immunoreactive enkephalin and noradrenergic activity are not increased during pregnancy. However, pain may activate spinal noradrenergic pathways affecting pain sensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Eisenach
- Department of Anesthesia, Wake Forest University Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27103 U.S.A. Department of Pharmacology, Cornell University Medical Center, New York, NY U.S.A. Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27103 U.S.A
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