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Cerina M, Levers M, Keller JM, Frega M. Neuroprotective role of lactate in a human in vitro model of the ischemic penumbra. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7973. [PMID: 38575687 PMCID: PMC10994928 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58669-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
In patients suffering from cerebral ischemic stroke, there is an urgent need for treatments to protect stressed yet viable brain cells. Recently, treatment strategies that induce neuronal activity have been shown to be neuroprotective. Here, we hypothesized that neuronal activation might maintain or trigger the astrocyte-to-neuron lactate shuttle (ANLS), whereby lactate is released from astrocytes to support the energy requirements of ATP-starved hypoxic neurons, and this leads to the observed neuroprotection. We tested this by using a human cell based in vitro model of the ischemic penumbra and investigating whether lactate might be neuroprotective in this setting. We found that lactate transporters are involved in the neuroprotective effect mediated by neuronal activation. Furthermore, we showed that lactate exogenously administered before hypoxia correlated with neuroprotection in our cellular model. In addition, stimulation of astrocyte with consequent endogenous production of lactate resulted in neuroprotection. To conclude, here we presented evidence that lactate transport into neurons contributes to neuroprotection during hypoxia providing a potential basis for therapeutic approaches in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Cerina
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, 7522 NB, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Marloes Levers
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, 7522 NB, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jason M Keller
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Monica Frega
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, 7522 NB, Enschede, The Netherlands.
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2
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van Hugte EJH, Lewerissa EI, Wu KM, Scheefhals N, Parodi G, van Voorst TW, Puvogel S, Kogo N, Keller JM, Frega M, Schubert D, Schelhaas HJ, Verhoeven J, Majoie M, van Bokhoven H, Nadif Kasri N. SCN1A-deficient excitatory neuronal networks display mutation-specific phenotypes. Brain 2023; 146:5153-5167. [PMID: 37467479 PMCID: PMC10689919 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Dravet syndrome is a severe epileptic encephalopathy, characterized by (febrile) seizures, behavioural problems and developmental delay. Eighty per cent of patients with Dravet syndrome have a mutation in SCN1A, encoding Nav1.1. Milder clinical phenotypes, such as GEFS+ (generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus), can also arise from SCN1A mutations. Predicting the clinical phenotypic outcome based on the type of mutation remains challenging, even when the same mutation is inherited within one family. This clinical and genetic heterogeneity adds to the difficulties of predicting disease progression and tailoring the prescription of anti-seizure medication. Understanding the neuropathology of different SCN1A mutations may help to predict the expected clinical phenotypes and inform the selection of best-fit treatments. Initially, the loss of Na+-current in inhibitory neurons was recognized specifically to result in disinhibition and consequently seizure generation. However, the extent to which excitatory neurons contribute to the pathophysiology is currently debated and might depend on the patient clinical phenotype or the specific SCN1A mutation. To examine the genotype-phenotype correlations of SCN1A mutations in relation to excitatory neurons, we investigated a panel of patient-derived excitatory neuronal networks differentiated on multi-electrode arrays. We included patients with different clinical phenotypes, harbouring various SCN1A mutations, along with a family in which the same mutation led to febrile seizures, GEFS+ or Dravet syndrome. We hitherto describe a previously unidentified functional excitatory neuronal network phenotype in the context of epilepsy, which corresponds to seizurogenic network prediction patterns elicited by proconvulsive compounds. We found that excitatory neuronal networks were affected differently, depending on the type of SCN1A mutation, but did not segregate according to clinical severity. Specifically, loss-of-function mutations could be distinguished from missense mutations, and mutations in the pore domain could be distinguished from mutations in the voltage sensing domain. Furthermore, all patients showed aggravated neuronal network responses at febrile temperatures compared with controls. Finally, retrospective drug screening revealed that anti-seizure medication affected GEFS+ patient- but not Dravet patient-derived neuronal networks in a patient-specific and clinically relevant manner. In conclusion, our results indicate a mutation-specific excitatory neuronal network phenotype, which recapitulates the foremost clinically relevant features, providing future opportunities for precision therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline J H van Hugte
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Epileptology, ACE Kempenhaeghe, 5591 VE Heeze, The Netherlands
| | - Elly I Lewerissa
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ka Man Wu
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicky Scheefhals
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Giulia Parodi
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics, and Systems Engineering (DIBRIS), University of Genova, 16145 GE Genova, Italy
| | - Torben W van Voorst
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sofia Puvogel
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Naoki Kogo
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jason M Keller
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Monica Frega
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Schubert
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Helenius J Schelhaas
- Department of Neurology, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), 2103 SW Heemstede, The Netherlands
| | - Judith Verhoeven
- Department of Epileptology, ACE Kempenhaeghe, 5591 VE Heeze, The Netherlands
| | - Marian Majoie
- Department of Epileptology, ACE Kempenhaeghe, 5591 VE Heeze, The Netherlands
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nael Nadif Kasri
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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3
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Burbelo PD, Olson SW, Keller JM, Joshi M, Schwartz DM, Chuang YJ, Lambeau G, Beck LH, Waldman M. Prediagnostic Appearance of Thrombospondin Type-1 Domain 7A Autoantibodies in Membranous Nephropathy. Kidney360 2023; 4:217-225. [PMID: 36821613 PMCID: PMC10103354 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0005112022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Key Points
The entire extracellular domain of thrombospondin type-1 domain 7A (THSD7A) in the luciferase immunoprecipitation system immunoassay was required to detect autoantibodies with high sensitivity in membranous nephropathy (MN).In THSD7A-seropositive MN patients, changes in antibody levels precede changes in clinical status.Seropositive THSD7A antibodies were detected in some patients with MN considered to be secondary to autoimmunity or cancer.
Background
Pathogenic autoantibodies against thrombospondin type-1 domain 7A (THSD7A) are present in approximately 3% of patients with membranous nephropathy (MN). Compared with PLA2R antibodies, less is known about THSD7A autoantibodies (ABs) because of the relative rarity and the lack of a commercially available quantitative immunoassay.
Methods
In this study, we describe the development and validation of a highly quantitative luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS) assay for detecting THSD7A ABs and used it to study dominant THSD7A epitopes, disease associations, and monitoring disease activity. The Department of Defense Serum Repository (DODSR) was then used to analyze THSD7A AB in 371 longitudinal serum samples collected before clinical diagnosis of MN from 110 PLA2R-negative MN subjects.
Results
LIPS analysis demonstrated that a near full-length THSD7A (amino acids 1–1656) detected robust autoantibody levels in all known seropositive MN patients with 100% sensitivity and specificity compared with ELISA and/or Western blotting. Most of the THSD7A-seropositive subjects in our pilot cohort had evidence of coexisting autoimmunity or cancer. Moreover, three THSD7A-seropositive patients undergoing immunosuppressive therapy showed longitudinal autoantibody levels that tracked clinical status. Additional epitope analysis of two smaller protein THSD7A fragments spanning amino acids 1-416 and 1-671 demonstrated lower sensitivity of 32% and 44%, respectively. In the DODSR cohort, THSD7A seropositivity was detected in 4.5% of PLA2R-negative MN patients. In one primary and in one secondary MN-associated with cancer, THSD7A ABs were detectable <1 month before biopsy-proven diagnosis. In addition, three patients with lupus membranous nephropathy had detectable THSD7A ABs years before hypoalbuminemia and biopsy-proven diagnosis.
Conclusions
Although further studies are needed to explore the significance of THSD7A ABs in lupus membranous nephropathy, this study describes a novel, highly sensitive LIPS immunoassay for detecting THSD7A ABs and adds to the existing literature on THSD7A-associated MN.
Clinical Trial registry name and registration number:
NCT00977977; registration date: September 16, 2009.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Burbelo
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stephen W Olson
- Nephrology Department, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jason M Keller
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Megha Joshi
- Nephrology Department, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Daniella M Schwartz
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yung-Jen Chuang
- School of Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Gérard Lambeau
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Laurence H Beck
- Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Meryl Waldman
- Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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4
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Klein Gunnewiek TM, Van Hugte EJH, Frega M, Guardia GS, Foreman K, Panneman D, Mossink B, Linda K, Keller JM, Schubert D, Cassiman D, Rodenburg R, Vidal Folch N, Oglesbee D, Perales-Clemente E, Nelson TJ, Morava E, Nadif Kasri N, Kozicz T. m.3243A > G-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction Impairs Human Neuronal Development and Reduces Neuronal Network Activity and Synchronicity. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107538. [PMID: 32320658 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy, intellectual and cortical sensory deficits, and psychiatric manifestations are the most frequent manifestations of mitochondrial diseases. How mitochondrial dysfunction affects neural structure and function remains elusive, mostly because of a lack of proper in vitro neuronal model systems with mitochondrial dysfunction. Leveraging induced pluripotent stem cell technology, we differentiated excitatory cortical neurons (iNeurons) with normal (low heteroplasmy) and impaired (high heteroplasmy) mitochondrial function on an isogenic nuclear DNA background from patients with the common pathogenic m.3243A > G variant of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS). iNeurons with high heteroplasmy exhibited mitochondrial dysfunction, delayed neural maturation, reduced dendritic complexity, and fewer excitatory synapses. Micro-electrode array recordings of neuronal networks displayed reduced network activity and decreased synchronous network bursting. Impaired neuronal energy metabolism and compromised structural and functional integrity of neurons and neural networks could be the primary drivers of increased susceptibility to neuropsychiatric manifestations of mitochondrial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teun M Klein Gunnewiek
- Department of Anatomy, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Eline J H Van Hugte
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Monica Frega
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Gemma Solé Guardia
- Department of Anatomy, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Katharina Foreman
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Daan Panneman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Britt Mossink
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Katrin Linda
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jason M Keller
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk Schubert
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - David Cassiman
- Department of Hepatology, UZ Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Richard Rodenburg
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Disorders, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Noemi Vidal Folch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Devin Oglesbee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Timothy J Nelson
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Departments of Medicine, Molecular Pharmacology, and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic Center for Regenerative Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Eva Morava
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Nael Nadif Kasri
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Tamas Kozicz
- Department of Anatomy, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 55905 Rochester, MN, USA.
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5
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Burbelo PD, Iadarola MJ, Keller JM, Warner BM. Autoantibodies Targeting Intracellular and Extracellular Proteins in Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:548469. [PMID: 33763057 PMCID: PMC7982651 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.548469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Detecting autoantibodies provides foundational information for the diagnosis of most autoimmune diseases. An important pathophysiological distinction is whether autoantibodies are directed against extracellular or intracellular proteins. Autoantibodies targeting extracellular domains of proteins, such as membrane receptors, channels or secreted molecules are often directly pathogenic, whereby autoantibody binding to the autoantigen disrupts the normal function of a critical protein or pathway, and/or triggers antibody-dependent cell surface complement killing. By comparison, autoantibodies directed against intracellular proteins are recognized as useful diagnostic biomarkers of abnormal autoimmune activity, but the link between antigenicity and pathogenicity is less straightforward. Because intracellular autoantigens are generally inaccessible to autoantibody binding, for the most part, they do not directly contribute to pathogenesis. In a few diseases, autoantibodies to intracellular targets cause damage indirectly by immune complex formation, immune activation, and other processes. In this review, the general features of and differences between autoimmune diseases segregated on the basis of intracellular or extracellular autoantigens are explored using over twenty examples. Expression profiles of autoantigens in relation to the tissues targeted by autoimmune disease and the temporal appearance of autoantibodies before clinical diagnosis often correlate with whether the respective autoantibodies mostly recognize either intracellular or extracellular autoantigens. In addition, current therapeutic strategies are discussed from this vantage point. One drug, rituximab, depletes CD20+ B-cells and is highly effective for autoimmune disorders associated with autoantibodies against extracellular autoantigens. In contrast, diseases associated with autoantibodies directed predominately against intracellular autoantigens show much more complex immune cell involvement, such as T-cell mediated tissue damage, and require different strategies for optimal therapeutic benefit. Understanding the clinical ramifications of autoimmunity derived by autoantibodies against either intracellular or extracellular autoantigens, or a spectrum of both, has practical implications for guiding drug development, generating monitoring tools, stratification of patient interventions, and designing trials based on predictive autoantibody profiles for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Burbelo
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Michael J Iadarola
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jason M Keller
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Blake M Warner
- Salivary Disorders Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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6
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Abstract
Over the past century, robust methods were developed that enable the isolation, culture, and dynamic observation of mammalian neuronal networks in vitro. But even if neuronal culture cannot yet fully recapitulate the normal brain, the knowledge that has been acquired from these surrogate in vitro models is invaluable. Indeed, neuronal culture has continued to propel basic neuroscience research, proving that in vitro systems have legitimacy when it comes to studying either the healthy or diseased human brain. Furthermore, scientific advancement typically parallels technical refinements in the field. A pertinent example is that a collective drive in the field of neuroscience to better understand the development, organization, and emergent properties of neuronal networks is being facilitated by progressive advances in micro-electrode array (MEA) technology. In this chapter, we briefly review the emergence of neuronal cell culture as a technique, the current trends in human stem cell-based modeling, and the technologies used to monitor neuronal communication. We conclude by highlighting future prospects that are evolving specifically out of the combination of human neuronal models and MEA technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Keller
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Monica Frega
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
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7
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Sapio MR, Neubert JK, LaPaglia DM, Maric D, Keller JM, Raithel SJ, Rohrs EL, Anderson EM, Butman JA, Caudle RM, Brown DC, Heiss JD, Mannes AJ, Iadarola MJ. Pain control through selective chemo-axotomy of centrally projecting TRPV1+ sensory neurons. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:1657-1670. [PMID: 29408808 DOI: 10.1172/jci94331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Agonists of the vanilloid receptor transient vanilloid potential 1 (TRPV1) are emerging as highly efficacious nonopioid analgesics in preclinical studies. These drugs selectively lesion TRPV1+ primary sensory afferents, which are responsible for the transmission of many noxious stimulus modalities. Resiniferatoxin (RTX) is a very potent and selective TRPV1 agonist and is a promising candidate for treating many types of pain. Recent work establishing intrathecal application of RTX for the treatment of pain resulting from advanced cancer has demonstrated profound analgesia in client-owned dogs with osteosarcoma. The present study uses transcriptomics and histochemistry to examine the molecular mechanism of RTX action in rats, in clinical canine subjects, and in 1 human subject with advanced cancer treated for pain using intrathecal RTX. In all 3 species, we observe a strong analgesic action, yet this was accompanied by limited transcriptional alterations at the level of the dorsal root ganglion. Functional and neuroanatomical studies demonstrated that intrathecal RTX largely spares susceptible neuronal perikarya, which remain active peripherally but unable to transmit signals to the spinal cord. The results demonstrate that central chemo-axotomy of the TRPV1+ afferents underlies RTX analgesia and refine the neurobiology underlying effective clinical use of TRPV1 agonists for pain control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Sapio
- Clinical Center, Department of Perioperative Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John K Neubert
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Danielle M LaPaglia
- Clinical Center, Department of Perioperative Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dragan Maric
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jason M Keller
- Clinical Center, Department of Perioperative Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen J Raithel
- Clinical Center, Department of Perioperative Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric L Rohrs
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ethan M Anderson
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - John A Butman
- Clinical Center, Radiology and Imaging Services, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert M Caudle
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Dorothy C Brown
- Veterinary Clinical Investigations Center, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John D Heiss
- Surgical Neurology Branch, NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew J Mannes
- Clinical Center, Department of Perioperative Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael J Iadarola
- Clinical Center, Department of Perioperative Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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8
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Burbelo PD, Keller JM, Iadarola MJ. Comprehensive antibody profiles as personalized indicators of health and disease. Discov Med 2017; 24:161-168. [PMID: 29272693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive, robust, and inexpensive clinical tools are needed to monitor human health and disease. In this review, we propose how a standardized, high-performance antibody testing platform directed against a broad panel of antigenic targets could fulfill an important niche in personalized medicine. The panel is envisioned to encompass a defined set of diverse protein antigens known to be associated with cancer, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases, including proteins derived from bacterial pathogens and the human virome. Early detection of immunoreactivity to various antigens and autoantigens, before symptoms develop, might inform about evolving autoimmunity, cancer progression, or other health problems and provide unique opportunities for early, more effective clinical intervention. Furthermore, antibody detection for known pathogenic infectious agents, as well as cataloging host responses to seemingly non-pathogenic microbes, could offer treatment options and/or potentially represent novel, early biomarkers for different diseases and immune status. The overarching goal would be to exploit changes in an individual's comprehensive antibody profile longitudinally as a personalized indicator for disease prediction, diagnosis, and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Burbelo
- Dental Clinical Research Core, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Michael J Iadarola
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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9
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Goswami SC, Mishra SK, Maric D, Kaszas K, Gonnella GL, Clokie SJ, Kominsky HD, Gross JR, Keller JM, Mannes AJ, Hoon MA, Iadarola MJ. Molecular signatures of mouse TRPV1-lineage neurons revealed by RNA-Seq transcriptome analysis. J Pain 2014; 15:1338-1359. [PMID: 25281809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Disorders of pain neural systems are frequently chronic and, when recalcitrant to treatment, can severely degrade the quality of life. The pain pathway begins with sensory neurons in dorsal root or trigeminal ganglia, and the neuronal subpopulations that express the transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 1 (TRPV1) ion channel transduce sensations of painful heat and inflammation and play a fundamental role in clinical pain arising from cancer and arthritis. In the present study, we elucidate the complete transcriptomes of neurons from the TRPV1 lineage and a non-TRPV1 neuroglial population in sensory ganglia through the combined application of next-gen deep RNA-Seq, genetic neuronal labeling with fluorescence-activated cell sorting, or neuron-selective chemoablation. RNA-Seq accurately quantitates gene expression, a difficult parameter to determine with most other methods, especially for very low and very high expressed genes. Differentially expressed genes are present at every level of cellular function from the nucleus to the plasma membrane. We identified many ligand receptor pairs in the TRPV1 population, suggesting that autonomous presynaptic regulation may be a major regulatory mechanism in nociceptive neurons. The data define, in a quantitative, cell population-specific fashion, the molecular signature of a distinct and clinically important group of pain-sensing neurons and provide an overall framework for understanding the transcriptome of TRPV1 nociceptive neurons. PERSPECTIVE Next-gen RNA-Seq, combined with molecular genetics, provides a comprehensive and quantitative measurement of transcripts in TRPV1 lineage neurons and a contrasting transcriptome from non-TRPV1 neurons and cells. The transcriptome highlights previously unrecognized protein families, identifies multiple molecular circuits for excitatory or inhibitory autocrine and paracrine signaling, and suggests new combinatorial approaches to pain control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samridhi C Goswami
- Anesthesia Section, Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Santosh K Mishra
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Laboratory of Sensory Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Dragan Maric
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Krisztian Kaszas
- Anesthesia Section, Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gian Luigi Gonnella
- Anesthesia Section, Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Samuel J Clokie
- Anesthesia Section, Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hal D Kominsky
- Anesthesia Section, Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jacklyn R Gross
- Anesthesia Section, Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jason M Keller
- Anesthesia Section, Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Andrew J Mannes
- Anesthesia Section, Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mark A Hoon
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Laboratory of Sensory Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michael J Iadarola
- Anesthesia Section, Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Alexander GL, Wilbik A, Keller JM, Musterman K. Generating sensor data summaries to communicate change in elders' health status. Appl Clin Inform 2014; 5:73-84. [PMID: 24734125 DOI: 10.4338/aci-2013-07-ra-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensor systems detect critical health changes of frail residents in the community. However, sensor systems alone may not allow users to identify data trends fast enough. Linguistic summaries of sensor data describing elder activity in their apartment provide a useful solution so clinicians can respond quicker. OBJECTIVES This paper describes two case studies of independent elders living with sensors in their assisted living apartment. Residents experienced declining health status and activity level over a period of approximately 24 months. Linguistic summaries were assessed iteratively by engineers and nurses working with the sensor system. METHODS We created summaries of activity data collected from sensors located in resident apartments during a period of health status change. Engineers distilled information from heterogeneous data sources including bedroom motion and bed restlessness sensors during the summarization process. Engineers used fuzzy measures to compare two different periods of nighttime activity. Using iterative approaches a registered nurse worked with the team to develop algorithms and short phrases that appropriately capture and describe changes in activity levels. RESULTS Total activity levels captured by sensors were graphed for two elderly residents experiencing health problems over a period of months. In the first case study (resident 3004), an elderly resident had knee surgery and onset of backspasms postoperatively. Graphed dissimilar measures show changes from baseline when backspasms occur. In the second case study (resident 3003), there were increased periods of bed restlessness before and after a resident had a major surgical procedure. During these periods, graphs of dissimilarity measures indicate that there were changes from usual baseline periods of restlessness postoperatively indicating the health problems were persisting. Nurse care coordination notes indicate these episodes were related to poor pain control. CONCLUSIONS Summaries of activity change are useful for care coordinators to detect resident health status for community dwelling residents.
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Mitchell K, Lebovitz EE, Keller JM, Mannes AJ, Nemenov MI, Iadarola MJ. Nociception and inflammatory hyperalgesia evaluated in rodents using infrared laser stimulation after Trpv1 gene knockout or resiniferatoxin lesion. Pain 2014; 155:733-745. [PMID: 24434730 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
TRPV1 is expressed in a subpopulation of myelinated Aδ and unmyelinated C-fibers. TRPV1+ fibers are essential for the transmission of nociceptive thermal stimuli and for the establishment and maintenance of inflammatory hyperalgesia. We have previously shown that high-power, short-duration pulses from an infrared diode laser are capable of predominantly activating cutaneous TRPV1+ Aδ-fibers. Here we show that stimulating either subtype of TRPV1+ fiber in the paw during carrageenan-induced inflammation or following hind-paw incision elicits pronounced hyperalgesic responses, including prolonged paw guarding. The ultrapotent TRPV1 agonist resiniferatoxin (RTX) dose-dependently deactivates TRPV1+ fibers and blocks thermal nociceptive responses in baseline or inflamed conditions. Injecting sufficient doses of RTX peripherally renders animals unresponsive to laser stimulation even at the point of acute thermal skin damage. In contrast, Trpv1-/- mice, which are generally unresponsive to noxious thermal stimuli at lower power settings, exhibit withdrawal responses and inflammation-induced sensitization using high-power, short duration Aδ stimuli. In rats, systemic morphine suppresses paw withdrawal, inflammatory guarding, and hyperalgesia in a dose-dependent fashion using the same Aδ stimuli. The qualitative intensity of Aδ responses, the leftward shift of the stimulus-response curve, the increased guarding behaviors during carrageenan inflammation or after incision, and the reduction of Aδ responses with morphine suggest multiple roles for TRPV1+ Aδ fibers in nociceptive processes and their modulation of pathological pain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall Mitchell
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA Lasmed LLC, Mountain View, CA, USA Neurobiology and Pain Therapeutics Section, Laboratory of Sensory Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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12
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Abstract
This prospective study investigates the relationship between Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and thyroid cancer (TC) in patients with thyroid nodules (TNs). We prospectively examined 2100 patients with 2753 TNs between January 5, 2010 and August 15, 2013. A total of 2023 patients with 2669 TNs met the inclusion criteria of TN ≥5 mm and age ≥18 years. Each patient had blood drawn before fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) for the following measurements: TSH, free thyroxine, free tri-iodothyronine, thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), and antithyroglobulin antibody (TgAb). Diagnosis of TC was based on pathology analysis of thyroidectomy tissue. The associations of TC with the independent variables were determined by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis and reported as adjusted odds ratio (OR) with 95% CI. A total of 248 malignant nodules were found in 233 patients. There was an association of TC with both increased serum TgAb concentration and age<45 years. An elevated serum TgAb concentration was found in 10.2% of patients (182 of 1790) with benign nodules as compared with 20.6% of patients (48 of 233) with malignant nodules (P≤0.0001). TgAb (OR=2.24: CI=1.57, 3.19) and TSH ≥1 μIU/ml (OR (95% CI)) OR: 1.49 (1.09, 2.03) were significant predictors of TC in multivariate analysis controlling for age and gender. TC was not associated with serum concentrations of TPOAb. In patients with TN, elevated serum concentration of TgAb and TSH ≥1 μIU/ml are independent predictors for TC. The association between HT and TC is antibody specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Azizi
- Wilmington Endocrinology1717 Shipyard Boulevard, Suite 220, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403, USAWilmington Pathology Associates1915 South 17th Street, Suite 100, Wilmington, North Carolina 28401, USAChildren's Hospital Colorado13123 East 16th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USACarolina Arthritis1710 South 17th Street, Wilmington, North Carolina 28401, USAUniversity of Connecticut Health Center263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
| | - J M Keller
- Wilmington Endocrinology1717 Shipyard Boulevard, Suite 220, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403, USAWilmington Pathology Associates1915 South 17th Street, Suite 100, Wilmington, North Carolina 28401, USAChildren's Hospital Colorado13123 East 16th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USACarolina Arthritis1710 South 17th Street, Wilmington, North Carolina 28401, USAUniversity of Connecticut Health Center263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
| | - M Lewis
- Wilmington Endocrinology1717 Shipyard Boulevard, Suite 220, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403, USAWilmington Pathology Associates1915 South 17th Street, Suite 100, Wilmington, North Carolina 28401, USAChildren's Hospital Colorado13123 East 16th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USACarolina Arthritis1710 South 17th Street, Wilmington, North Carolina 28401, USAUniversity of Connecticut Health Center263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
| | - K Piper
- Wilmington Endocrinology1717 Shipyard Boulevard, Suite 220, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403, USAWilmington Pathology Associates1915 South 17th Street, Suite 100, Wilmington, North Carolina 28401, USAChildren's Hospital Colorado13123 East 16th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USACarolina Arthritis1710 South 17th Street, Wilmington, North Carolina 28401, USAUniversity of Connecticut Health Center263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
| | - D Puett
- Wilmington Endocrinology1717 Shipyard Boulevard, Suite 220, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403, USAWilmington Pathology Associates1915 South 17th Street, Suite 100, Wilmington, North Carolina 28401, USAChildren's Hospital Colorado13123 East 16th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USACarolina Arthritis1710 South 17th Street, Wilmington, North Carolina 28401, USAUniversity of Connecticut Health Center263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
| | - K M Rivenbark
- Wilmington Endocrinology1717 Shipyard Boulevard, Suite 220, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403, USAWilmington Pathology Associates1915 South 17th Street, Suite 100, Wilmington, North Carolina 28401, USAChildren's Hospital Colorado13123 East 16th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USACarolina Arthritis1710 South 17th Street, Wilmington, North Carolina 28401, USAUniversity of Connecticut Health Center263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
| | - C D Malchoff
- Wilmington Endocrinology1717 Shipyard Boulevard, Suite 220, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403, USAWilmington Pathology Associates1915 South 17th Street, Suite 100, Wilmington, North Carolina 28401, USAChildren's Hospital Colorado13123 East 16th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USACarolina Arthritis1710 South 17th Street, Wilmington, North Carolina 28401, USAUniversity of Connecticut Health Center263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
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13
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Zhang H, Yu C, Dai J, Keller JM, Hua A, Sottnik JL, Shelley G, Hall CL, Park SI, Yao Z, Zhang J, McCauley LK, Keller ET. Parathyroid hormone-related protein inhibits DKK1 expression through c-Jun-mediated inhibition of β-catenin activation of the DKK1 promoter in prostate cancer. Oncogene 2013; 33:2464-77. [PMID: 23752183 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa)bone metastases are unique in that majority of them induce excessive mineralized bone matrix, through undefined mechanisms, as opposed to most other cancers that induce bone resorption. Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is produced by PCa cells and intermittent PTHrP exposure has bone anabolic effects, suggesting that PTHrP could contribute to the excess bone mineralization. Wnts are bone-productive factors produced by PCa cells, and the Wnt inhibitor Dickkopfs-1 (DKK1) has been shown to promote PCa progression. These findings, in conjunction with the observation that PTHrP expression increases and DKK1 expression decreases as PCa progresses, led to the hypothesis that PTHrP could be a negative regulator of DKK1 expression in PCa cells and, hence, allow the osteoblastic activity of Wnts to be realized. To test this, we first demonstrated that PTHrP downregulated DKK1 mRNA and protein expression. We then found through multiple mutated DKK1 promoter assays that PTHrP, through c-Jun activation, downregulated the DKK1 promoter through a transcription factor (TCF) response element site. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and re-ChIP assays revealed that PTHrP mediated this effect through inducing c-Jun to bind to a transcriptional activator complex consisting of β-catenin, which binds the most proximal DKK1 promoter, the TCF response element. Together, these results demonstrate a novel signaling linkage between PTHrP and Wnt signaling pathways that results in downregulation of a Wnt inhibitor allowing for Wnt activity that could contribute the osteoblastic nature of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhang
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - C Yu
- 1] Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA [2] Department of Immunology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - J Dai
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J M Keller
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - A Hua
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J L Sottnik
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - G Shelley
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - C L Hall
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - S I Park
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Z Yao
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - J Zhang
- Center for Translational Medical Research, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - L K McCauley
- 1] Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA [2] Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - E T Keller
- 1] Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA [2] Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Lebovitz EE, Keller JM, Kominsky H, Kaszas K, Maric D, Iadarola MJ. Positive allosteric modulation of TRPV1 as a novel analgesic mechanism. Mol Pain 2012; 8:70. [PMID: 22998799 PMCID: PMC3556054 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-8-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of long-term opiate use in treating chronic non-cancer pain is increasing, and prescription opioid abuse and dependence are a major public health concern. To explore alternatives to opioid-based analgesia, the present study investigates a novel allosteric pharmacological approach operating through the cation channel TRPV1. This channel is highly expressed in subpopulations of primary afferent unmyelinated C- and lightly-myelinated Aδ-fibers that detect low and high rates of noxious heating, respectively, and it is also activated by vanilloid agonists and low pH. Sufficient doses of exogenous vanilloid agonists, such as capsaicin or resiniferatoxin, can inactivate/deactivate primary afferent endings due to calcium overload, and we hypothesized that positive allosteric modulation of agonist-activated TRPV1 could produce a selective, temporary inactivation of nociceptive nerve terminals in vivo. We previously identified MRS1477, a 1,4-dihydropyridine that potentiates vanilloid and pH activation of TRPV1 in vitro, but displays no detectable intrinsic agonist activity of its own. To study the in vivo effects of MRS1477, we injected the hind paws of rats with a non-deactivating dose of capsaicin, MRS1477, or the combination. An infrared diode laser was used to stimulate TRPV1-expressing nerve terminals and the latency and intensity of paw withdrawal responses were recorded. qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were performed on dorsal root ganglia to examine changes in gene expression and the cellular specificity of such changes following treatment. Results Withdrawal responses of the capsaicin-only or MRS1477-only treated paws were not significantly different from the untreated, contralateral paws. However, rats treated with the combination of capsaicin and MRS1477 exhibited increased withdrawal latency and decreased response intensity consistent with agonist potentiation and inactivation or lesion of TRPV1-containing nerve terminals. The loss of nerve endings was manifested by an increase in levels of axotomy markers assessed by qRT-PCR and colocalization of ATF3 in TRPV1+ cells visualized via immunohistochemistry. Conclusions The present observations suggest a novel, non-narcotic, selective, long-lasting TRPV1-based approach for analgesia that may be effective in acute, persistent, or chronic pain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan E Lebovitz
- Neurobiology and Pain Therapeutics Section, Laboratory Of Sensory Biology, NIDCR, NIH, Bldg 49 Rm 1C2049 Convent Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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15
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Kaszas K, Keller JM, Coddou C, Mishra SK, Hoon MA, Stojilkovic S, Jacobson KA, Iadarola MJ. Small molecule positive allosteric modulation of TRPV1 activation by vanilloids and acidic pH. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 340:152-60. [PMID: 22005042 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.183053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) is a high-conductance, nonselective cation channel strongly expressed in nociceptive primary afferent neurons of the peripheral nervous system and functions as a multimodal nociceptor gated by temperatures greater than 43°C, protons, and small-molecule vanilloid ligands such as capsaicin. The ability to respond to heat, low pH, vanilloids, and endovanilloids and altered sensitivity and expression in experimental inflammatory and neuropathic pain models made TRPV1 a major target for the development of novel, nonopioid analgesics and resulted in the discovery of potent antagonists. In human clinical trials, observations of hyperthermia and the potential for thermal damage by suppressing the ability to sense noxious heat suggested that full-scale blockade of TRPV1 function can be counterproductive and subtler pharmacological approaches are necessary. Here we show that the dihydropyridine derivative 4,5-diethyl-3-(2-methoxyethylthio)-2-methyl-6-phenyl-1,4-(±)-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate (MRS1477) behaves as a positive allosteric modulator of both proton and vanilloid activation of TRPV1. Under inflammatory-mimetic conditions of low pH (6.0) and protein kinase C phosphorylation, addition of MRS1477 further increased sensitivity of already sensitized TPRV1 toward capsaicin. MRS1477 does not affect inhibition by capsazepine or ruthenium red and remains effective in potentiating activation by pH in the presence of an orthosteric vanilloid antagonist. These results indicate a distinct site on TRPV1 for positive allosteric modulation that may bind endogenous compounds or novel pharmacological agents. Positive modulation of TRPV1 sensitivity suggests that it may be possible to produce a selective analgesia through calcium overload restricted to highly active nociceptive nerve endings at sites of tissue damage and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztian Kaszas
- Laboratory of Sensory Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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16
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Mitchell K, Bates BD, Keller JM, Lopez M, Scholl L, Navarro J, Madian N, Haspel G, Nemenov MI, Iadarola MJ. Ablation of rat TRPV1-expressing Adelta/C-fibers with resiniferatoxin: analysis of withdrawal behaviors, recovery of function and molecular correlates. Mol Pain 2010; 6:94. [PMID: 21167052 PMCID: PMC3019206 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-6-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ablation of TRPV1-expressing nociceptive fibers with the potent capsaicin analog resiniferatoxin (RTX) results in long lasting pain relief. RTX is particularly adaptable to focal application, and the induced chemical axonopathy leads to analgesia with a duration that is influenced by dose, route of administration, and the rate of fiber regeneration. TRPV1 is expressed in a subpopulation of unmyelinated C- and lightly myelinated Adelta fibers that detect changes in skin temperature at low and high rates of noxious heating, respectively. Here we investigate fiber-type specific behaviors, their time course of recovery and molecular correlates of axon damage and nociception using infrared laser stimuli following an RTX-induced peripheral axonopathy. Results RTX was injected into rat hind paws (mid-plantar) to produce thermal hypoalgesia. An infrared diode laser was used to stimulate Adelta fibers in the paw with a small-diameter (1.6 mm), high-energy, 100 msec pulse, or C-fibers with a wide-diameter (5 mm), long-duration, low-energy pulse. We monitored behavioral responses to indicate loss and regeneration of fibers. At the site of injection, responses to C-fiber stimuli were significantly attenuated for two weeks after 5 or 50 ng RTX. Responses to Adelta stimuli were significantly attenuated for two weeks at the highest intensity stimulus, and for 5 weeks to a less intense Adelta stimulus. Stimulation on the toe, a site distal to the injection, showed significant attenuation of Adelta responses for 7- 8 weeks after 5 ng, or 9-10 weeks after 50 ng RTX. In contrast, responses to C-fiber stimuli exhibited basically normal responses at 5 weeks after RTX. During the period of fiber loss and recovery, molecular markers for nerve regeneration (ATF3 and galanin) are upregulated in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) when behavior is maximally attenuated, but markers of nociceptive activity (c-Fos in spinal cord and MCP-1 in DRG), although induced immediately after RTX treatment, returned to normal. Conclusion Behavioral recovery following peripheral RTX treatment is linked to regeneration of TRPV1-expressing Adelta and C-fibers and sustained expression of molecular markers. Infrared laser stimulation is a potentially valuable tool for evaluating the behavioral role of Adelta fibers in pain and pain control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall Mitchell
- Neurobiology and Pain Therapeutics Section, Laboratory of Sensory Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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17
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Bates B, Mitchell K, Keller JM, Chan CC, Swaim WD, Yaskovich R, Mannes AJ, Iadarola MJ. Prolonged analgesic response of cornea to topical resiniferatoxin, a potent TRPV1 agonist. Pain 2010; 149:522-528. [PMID: 20403666 PMCID: PMC2913152 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Analgesics currently available for the treatment of pain following ophthalmic surgery or injury are limited by transient effectiveness and undesirable or adverse side effects. The cornea is primarily innervated by small-diameter C-fiber sensory neurons expressing TRPV1 (transient receptor potential channel, subfamily V, member 1), a sodium/calcium cation channel expressed abundantly by nociceptive neurons and consequently a target for pain control. Resiniferatoxin (RTX), a potent TRPV1 agonist, produces transient analgesia when injected peripherally by inactivating TRPV1-expressing nerve terminals through excessive calcium influx. The aim of the present study was to evaluate topical RTX as a corneal analgesic. In rat cornea, a single application of RTX dose dependently eliminated or reduced the capsaicin eye wipe response for 3-5 days, with normal nociceptive responses returning by 5-7 days. RTX alone produced a brief but intense noxious response, similar to capsaicin, necessitating pretreatment of the cornea with a local anesthetic. Topical lidocaine, applied prior to RTX, blocks acute nociceptive responses to RTX without impairing the subsequent analgesic effect. Importantly, RTX analgesia (a) did not impair epithelial wound healing, (b) left the blink reflex intact and (c) occurred without detectable histological damage to the cornea. Immunohistochemistry showed that loss of CGRP immunoreactivity, a surrogate marker for TRPV1-expressing fibers, extended at least to the corneal-scleral boundary and displayed a progressive return, coincident with the return of capsaicin sensitivity. These data suggest that RTX may be a safe and effective treatment for post-operative or post-injury ophthalmic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Bates
- Neurobiology and Pain Therapeutics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20982
| | - Kendall Mitchell
- Neurobiology and Pain Therapeutics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20982
| | - Jason M. Keller
- Neurobiology and Pain Therapeutics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20982
| | - Chi-Chao Chan
- Immunopathology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20982
| | - William D. Swaim
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20982
| | - Ruth Yaskovich
- Neurobiology and Pain Therapeutics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20982
| | - Andrew J. Mannes
- Neurobiology and Pain Therapeutics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20982
- Division of Anesthesia and Surgical Services, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20982
| | - Michael J. Iadarola
- Neurobiology and Pain Therapeutics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20982
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Roh EJ, Keller JM, Olah Z, Iadarola MJ, Jacobson KA. Structure-activity relationships of 1,4-dihydropyridines that act as enhancers of the vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1). Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:9349-58. [PMID: 18809334 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Revised: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 08/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Vanilloid agonists such as capsaicin activate ion flux through the TRPV1 channel, a heat- and ligand-gated cation channel that transduces painful chemical or thermal stimuli applied to peripheral nerve endings in skin or deep tissues. We have probed the SAR of a variety of 1,4-dihydropyridine (DHP) derivatives as novel 'enhancers' of TRPV1 activity by examining changes in capsaicin-induced elevations in (45)Ca(2+)-uptake in either cells ectopically expressing TRPV1 or in cultured dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. The enhancers increased the maximal capsaicin effect on (45)Ca(2+)-uptake by typically 2- to 3-fold without producing an action when used alone. The DHP enhancers contained 6-aryl substitution and small alkyl groups at the 1 and 4 positions, and a 3-phenylalkylthioester was tolerated. Levels of free intracellular Ca(2+), as measured by calcium imaging, were also increased in DRG neurons when exposed to the combination of capsaicin and the most efficacious enhancer 23 compared to capsaicin alone. Thus, DHPs can modulate TRPV1 channels in a positive fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Joo Roh
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Building 8A, Room B1A-19 LBC, Bethesda, MD 20892-0810, USA
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Delorenzo ME, Keller JM, Arthur CD, Finnegan MC, Harper HE, Winder VL, Zdankiewicz DL. Toxicity of the antimicrobial compound triclosan and formation of the metabolite methyl-triclosan in estuarine systems. Environ Toxicol 2008; 23:224-32. [PMID: 18214910 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan, a commonly used antimicrobial compound, has been measured in aquatic systems worldwide. This study exposed marine species to triclosan to examine effects primarily on survival and to investigate the formation of the degradation product, methyl-triclosan, in the estuarine environment. Acute toxicity was assessed using the bacterium Vibrio fischeri, the phytoplankton species Dunaliella tertiolecta, and three life stages of the grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio. P. pugio larvae were more sensitive to triclosan than adult shrimp or embryos. Acute aqueous toxicity values (96 h LC50) were 305 microg/L for adult shrimp, 154 microg/L for larvae, and 651 microg/L for embryos. The presence of sediment decreased triclosan toxicity in adult shrimp (24 h LC50s were 620 microg/L with sediment, and 482 microg/L without sediment). The bacterium was more sensitive to triclosan than the grass shrimp, with a 15 min aqueous IC50 value of 53 microg/L and a 15 min spiked sediment IC50 value of 616 microg/kg. The phytoplankton species was the most sensitive species tested, with a 96 h EC50 value of 3.55 microg/L. Adult grass shrimp were found to accumulate methyl-triclosan after a 14-day exposure to 100 microg/L triclosan, indicating formation of this metabolite in a seawater environment and its potential to bioaccumulate in higher organisms. Triclosan was detected in limited surface water sampling of Charleston Harbor, SC at a maximum concentration of 0.001 microg/L, substantially lower than the determined toxicity values. These findings suggest triclosan poses low acute toxicity risk to estuarine organisms; however, the potential for chronic, sublethal, and metabolite effects should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Delorenzo
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, 219 Fort Johnson Rd., Charleston, SC 29412, USA. marie.delorenzo@ noaa.gov
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Mitchell K, Yang HYT, Tessier PA, Muhly WT, Swaim WD, Szalayova I, Keller JM, Mezey E, Iadarola MJ. Localization of S100A8 and S100A9 expressing neutrophils to spinal cord during peripheral tissue inflammation. Pain 2007; 134:216-31. [PMID: 18063312 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2007.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Revised: 09/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of hyperalgesia at the spinal transcriptome level indicated that carrageenan-induced inflammation of rat hind paws leads to a rapid but sustained increase in S100A8 and S100A9 expression, two genes implicated in the pathology of numerous inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis and gout. In situ hybridization revealed that the elevation occurred in neutrophils that migrate to the spinal cord vasculature during peripheral inflammation, not in spinal neurons or glial cells. Immunohistochemical analysis suggests, but does not prove, that these neutrophils abundantly release S100A8 and S100A9. Consistent with this, we detected an increase in ICAM and VCAM, both indicators of endothelial activation, a known trigger for secretion of S100A8 and S100A9. Migration of S100A8- and S100A9-expressing neutrophils to spinal cord is selective, since MCP-1- and CD68-expressing leukocytes do not increase in spinal cord vasculature during hind paw inflammation. Examination of many neutrophil granule mediators in spinal cord indicated that they are not regulated to the same degree as S100A8 and S100A9. Neutrophil migration also occurs in the vasculature of brain and pituitary gland during peripheral inflammation. Together, these findings suggest an interaction between a subpopulation of leukocytes and the CNS during peripheral tissue inflammation, as implied by an apparent release and possible diffusion of S100A8 and S100A9 through the endothelial blood-brain barrier. Although the present findings do not establish the neurophysiological or behavioral relevance of these observations to nociceptive processing, the data raise the possibility that selective populations of leukocytes may communicate the presence of disease or tissue damage from the periphery to cells in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall Mitchell
- Neurobiology and Pain Therapeutics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 49 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
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21
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Yang HYT, Mitchell K, Keller JM, Iadarola MJ. Peripheral inflammation increases Scya2 expression in sensory ganglia and cytokine and endothelial related gene expression in inflamed tissue. J Neurochem 2007; 103:1628-43. [PMID: 17883394 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04874.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The sensation of pain (nociception) is a critical factor in host defense during tissue injury and inflammation and is initiated at the site of injury by activation of primary afferent C-fiber and A- partial differential nerve endings. Inflammation induces tissue alterations that sensitize these nociceptive nerve terminals, contributing to persistent pain. To understand this 'algesic tissue environment' and peripheral nervous signaling to the CNS and immune system, we examined cytokine and endothelial-related gene expression profiles in inflamed rat tissues and corresponding dorsal root ganglia (DRG) by microarray and RT-PCR following hind paw injection of carrageenan. In inflamed tissue, forty-two cytokine and endothelial-related genes exhibited elevated expression. In contrast, in DRG, only Scya2 (chemokine C-C motif ligand 2) mRNA was up-regulated, leading to an increase in its gene product monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Scya2 mRNA was localized by in situ hybridization-immunocytochemical double-labeling to a subpopulation of vanilloid receptor-1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1) containing neurons, and its expression was increased by direct transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 stimulation with the vanilloid agonist resiniferatoxin, indicating sensitivity to nociceptive afferent activity. Our results are consistent with the idea that monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 at the site of peripheral injury and/or in DRG is involved in inflammatory hyperalgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Ying T Yang
- Neurobiology and Pain Therapeutics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Bianchi SL, Tran T, Liu C, Lin S, Li Y, Keller JM, Eckenhoff RG, Eckenhoff MF. Brain and behavior changes in 12-month-old Tg2576 and nontransgenic mice exposed to anesthetics. Neurobiol Aging 2007; 29:1002-10. [PMID: 17346857 PMCID: PMC4899817 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Revised: 01/17/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inhaled anesthetics have been shown to increase the aggregation of amyloid beta in vitro through the stabilization of intermediate toxic oligomers, which are thought to contribute to neurocognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Inhaled anesthetics may escalate cognitive dysfunction through enhancement of these intermediate oligomer concentrations. We intermittently exposed 12-month-old Tg2576 transgenic mice and nontransgenic littermates to isoflurane and halothane for 5 days. Cognitive function was measured before and after anesthetic exposures using the Morris Water Maze; amyloid beta plaque burden and caspase-3 mediated apoptosis were quantified by immunohistochemistry. At 12 months of age, anesthetic exposure did not further enhance cognitive decline in the transgenic mice. Immunohistochemistry, however, revealed that the halothane-exposed Tg2576 mice had more amyloidopathy than the isoflurane treated mice or the nonexposed transgenic mice. Isoflurane exposure impaired cognitive function in the nontransgenic mice, implying an alternative pathway for neurodegeneration. These findings indicate that inhaled anesthetics influence cognition and amyloidogenesis, but that the mechanistic relationship remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L Bianchi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 305 John Morgan, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Keller JM, Allen DE, Davis CR, Leamy LJ. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin affects fluctuating asymmetry of molar shape in mice, and an epistatic interaction of two genes for molar size. Heredity (Edinb) 2007; 98:259-67. [PMID: 17213866 DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluctuating asymmetry (FA), random variation between left and right sides in a bilaterally symmetrical character, is a commonly used measure of developmental instability that is expected to increase with increasing environmental stress. One potential stressor is 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a powerful toxicant known to disturb tooth development. In this study, mice in the F(2) generation produced from an intercross between two inbred strains (C57BL/6J and AKR/J) were exposed in utero to TCDD. We hypothesized that TCDD would increase FA in the molars of exposed mice over that of the control mice. In addition, we hypothesized that we would discover genes for molar size, shape or asymmetry whose expression would be affected by TCDD. We detected a very small, but significant, increase in FA of molar shape (but not size) in the TCDD-exposed mice compared to the control mice, although molar size and shape did not differ between these groups. Although we did not uncover any genes that acted differently in the TCDD exposed and control groups, we did identify two genes whose dominance by additive epistatic effect on molar size was affected by TCDD. We concluded that although TCDD may be affecting the expression of some genes governing the development of molars in our population of mice, FA of molar size and shape is not a particularly sensitive indicator of this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Keller
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
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Keller JM, Huet-Hudson YM, Leamy LJ. Qualitative effects of dioxin on molars vary among inbred mouse strains. Arch Oral Biol 2006; 52:450-4. [PMID: 17141729 PMCID: PMC1916485 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2006.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2006] [Revised: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 10/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We evaluated the effects of different levels of the potent environmental toxicant and teratogen, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), on molar development in mice in six inbred strains, all with TCDD responsive Ahr alleles. DESIGN Pregnant females were exposed on gestation day 13 to 4 different levels of TCDD (control, 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 microg/kg) and their offspring were examined for the frequency of missing third molars (M3s) and for differences in first mandibular molar (M1) cuspal morphology. RESULTS Missing M3s were prevalent only in mice in two strains, C3H/HeJ and CBA/J, and their frequency significantly increased with increasing TCDD exposure. The frequency of the M1 variant was high in mice in only one strain, C57BL/10J, and was significantly higher in the treated compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS Inbred mice strains exhibited differential responses to TCDD suggesting that there is a genetic component, beyond Ahr differences, mediating the effects of TCDD on molar development.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Animals
- Anodontia/chemically induced
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors
- Environmental Exposure
- Environmental Pollutants/toxicity
- Female
- Gestational Age
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred A
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Molar/abnormalities
- Molar/drug effects
- Molar, Third/abnormalities
- Molar, Third/drug effects
- Odontogenesis/drug effects
- Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins/toxicity
- Pregnancy
- Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/drug effects
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/genetics
- Teratogens/toxicity
- Tooth Crown/abnormalities
- Tooth Crown/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Keller
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223-0001, USA.
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Eckenhoff RG, Johansson JS, Wei H, Carnini A, Kang B, Wei W, Pidikiti R, Keller JM, Eckenhoff MF. Inhaled anesthetic enhancement of amyloid-beta oligomerization and cytotoxicity. Anesthesiology 2004; 101:703-9. [PMID: 15329595 DOI: 10.1097/00000542-200409000-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of surgical patients receive inhaled anesthetics, principally small haloalkanes and haloethers. Long-term cognitive problems occur in the elderly subsequent to anesthesia and surgery, and previous surgery might also be a risk factor for neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer and Parkinson disease. The authors hypothesize that inhaled anesthetics contribute to these effects through a durable enhancement of peptide oligomerization. METHODS Light scattering, filtration assays, electron microscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and size-exclusion chromatography was used to characterize the concentration-dependent effects of halothane, isoflurane, propofol, and ethanol on amyloid beta peptide oligomerization. Pheochromocytoma cells were used to characterize cytotoxicity of amyloid oligomers with and without the above anesthetics. RESULTS Halothane and isoflurane enhanced amyloid beta oligomerization rates and pheochromocytoma cytotoxicity in vitro through a preference for binding small oligomeric species. Ethanol and propofol inhibited oligomerization at low concentration but enhanced modestly at very high concentration. Neither ethanol nor propofol enhanced amyloid beta toxicity in pheochromocytoma cells. CONCLUSIONS Inhaled anesthetics enhance oligomerization and cytotoxicity of Alzheimer disease-associated peptides. In addition to the possibility of a general mechanism for anesthetic neurotoxicity, these results call for further evaluation of the interaction between neurodegenerative disorders, dementia, and inhalational anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderic G Eckenhoff
- Department of Anesthesia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4283, USA.
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Keller JM, Kucklick JR, McClellan-Green PD. Organochlorine contaminants in loggerhead sea turtle blood: extraction techniques and distribution among plasma and red blood cells. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2004; 46:254-264. [PMID: 15106678 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-003-2262-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have described the organochlorine (OC) contaminant concentrations found in sea turtle tissues. These studies have relied on the opportunistic sampling of either eggs or tissues from stranded carcasses. In this study, the use of whole blood samples as well as both blood components (plasma and red blood cells) were examined as a non-destructive alternative for monitoring OCs in free-ranging loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta). Blood samples were collected from juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (n = 12) captured in Core Sound, North Carolina, USA and analyzed for 55 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners and 24 OC pesticides by gas chromatography with electron capture detection and mass spectrometry. Using pooled loggerhead sea turtle whole blood, three different liquid:liquid extraction techniques were compared. Results were similar in terms of recovery of internal standards, lipids, and OC concentrations. An extraction technique, employing formic acid and 1:1 methyl-tert-butyl-ether: hexane, was found to be satisfactory. This method was applied to the extraction of OCs from whole blood, plasma, and red blood cell (RBC) samples from five loggerhead sea turtles. Plasma contained the highest OC concentrations on a wet mass basis, followed by whole blood and RBCs. The majority of each OC compound was found in the plasma rather than the RBCs, suggesting that OC compounds preferentially partition into the plasma. On average (SD), 89.4% (3.1 %) of total PCBs, 83.4% (11.9%) of total chlordanes, 74.3% (15.1%) of mirex, 72.6% (4.8%) of total DDTs, and 80.1% (16.6%) of dieldrin were found in the plasma. The concentrations of total PCBs, mirex, total chlordanes, and total DDTs measured in both components of the blood significantly correlated to those in whole blood. These are the first reported OC concentrations in sea turtle blood. They were found to be similar to previously reported levels in blood components of humans and of reptiles from relatively clean sites, but lower than those measured in blood of fish-eating birds and marine mammals. The results indicate that blood, preferably plasma, can be used to detect and monitor OC contaminants in loggerhead sea turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Keller
- Integrated Toxicology Program, Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, Division of Costal Systems Science and Policy, 135 Duke Marine Lab Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
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Keller JM, Brusseau ML. In-situ characterization of soil-water content using gas-phase partitioning tracer tests: field-scale evaluation. Environ Sci Technol 2003; 37:3141-3144. [PMID: 12901662 DOI: 10.1021/es0340329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Field-scale tests were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the gas-phase partitioning tracer method for in-situ measurement of soil-water content. The tracer tests were conducted before and after a controlled infiltration event to evaluate performance at two water contents. Nonpartitioning (sulfur hexafluoride) and water-partitioning (difluoromethane) tracers were injected into the test zone, and their effluent breakthrough curves were analyzed using the method of moments to calculate retardation factors for difluoromethane. Soil-water contents estimated using the tracer data were compared to soil-water contents obtained independently using gravimetric core analysis, neutron scattering, and bore-hole ground penetrating radar. For the test conducted under drier soil conditions, the soil-water content estimated from the tracer test was identical to the independently measured values of 8.6% (equivalent to water saturation of 23%). For the test conducted under wetter soil conditions, the tracer test derived soil-water content was 81% of the independently measured values of 12.2% (equivalent to water saturation of 32%). The reduced efficacy at the higher soil-water content may reflectthe impact of advective and/ or diffusive mass transfer constraints on gas-phase transport. The results presented herein indicate that the partitioning tracer method is an effective technique to measure soil-water content at the field scale, especially for sites with moderate to low soil-water contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Keller
- Department of Soil, Water, & Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, 429 Shantz Building, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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Abstract
Through a process of subtraction cloning and differential hybridization, we previously identified several new genes whose expression was induced by peripheral inflammation. One of these coded for cystatin C, a secreted cysteine protease inhibitor in the cystatin superfamily. We hypothesized that, concurrent with increased expression in dorsal horn, increased secretion would elevate the cystatin C content in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during active pain states. Alterations were assessed by immunoassay and by surface enhanced laser desorption ionization (SELDI) mass spectrometry with either reverse phase or immobilized anti-cystatin C antibody surfaces using CSF from ten age-matched obstetrical patients at term. Five control subjects were scheduled for an elective caesarian section and were not in pain. Another five subjects were in labor for 8.9+/-1h and were in severe pain as assessed with a visual analog scale and the McGill short form questionnaire. The level of cystatin C as measured by immunoassay in the non-pain patients was 2.77+/-0.75 microg/ml and in the pain patients 5.36+/-0.92 microg/ml (P<0.02). The elevation occurred without significant change in total CSF protein or beta-endorphin content. The cystatin C increase also was detectable by SELDI with either raw CSF or after antibody capture. These data are consistent with our previous animal study and the idea that persistent pain induces the synthesis and release of cystatin C in dorsal spinal cord, the surplus of which overflows into the CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Mannes
- Pain and Neurosensory Mechanisms Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA Pain and Palliative Care Service, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA Laboratory of Neurotoxicology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Abstract
The positions of nucleosomes in the proximal 5' regions of the coordinately regulated murine entactin/nidogen and laminin gamma1 genes have been identified in four different transcriptional states--constitutively off, basal, induced, and constitutively induced. In the entactin gene a 450 base pair (bp) region of open chromatin is present between three positioned nucleosomes and the transcriptional start site in the basal, induced, and constitutively induced states. Additionally there is a 200 bp open chromatin region at approximately -2.1 kbp that is only present in the induced and constitutively induced states. In the laminin gamma1 gene, a 650 bp region of nucleosome-free chromatin is present between nucleosomes positioned at approximately -750 and +120 in all transcriptionally active states. These results suggest that basal co-expression of these genes requires sites present in these near upstream regions. The induction to high levels appears to involve additional sites and possibly the production of new and/or the modification of existing trans-acting factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Finch University of Health Sciences/The Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
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Mitchell K, Karikó K, Harris VA, Rangel Y, Keller JM, Welsh FA. Preconditioning with cortical spreading depression does not upregulate Cu/Zn-SOD or Mn-SOD in the cerebral cortex of rats. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 2001; 96:50-8. [PMID: 11731008 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(01)00266-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that preconditioning the brain with cortical spreading depression (CSD) induces tolerance to a subsequent episode of ischemia. In other models of preconditioning, induction of ischemic tolerance has been associated with increased expression of the antioxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase (SOD). The objective of the present study was to determine whether CSD upregulates Cu/Zn-SOD or Mn-SOD. CSD was induced in one hemisphere by applying 2 M KCl to the frontal cortex in Wistar rats. After 2 or 24 h of recovery, Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD mRNA levels were determined in both hemispheres using Northern blot analysis. In separate rats, Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD protein levels were determined 24 and 72 h after CSD using Western blot analysis. In addition, total SOD, Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD enzymatic activities were measured 24 and 72 h after CSD using spectrophotometric and zymographic assays. At the times investigated, no significant differences in mRNA or protein levels for Cu/Zn-SOD or Mn-SOD were observed between the ipsilateral and contralateral cortex. Further, there were no significant differences in Cu/Zn-SOD or Mn-SOD enzymatic activities between the two hemispheres at 24 or 72 h after CSD. In addition, CSD did not alter the activities of Cu/Zn-SOD or Mn-SOD in either hemisphere, relative to those in unoperated animals. Taken together, these results fail to support the hypothesis that CSD-induced tolerance is mediated through the upregulation of Cu/Zn-SOD or Mn-SOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mitchell
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 371 Stemmler Hall, 36th and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6070, USA
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Abstract
The expression of proteins after local mRNA delivery has a great potential for analysis of protein function in vivo. To explore the feasibility of such a technique within the central nervous system (CNS), we delivered luciferase-encoding mRNA into the rat brain. The tissue distribution and stability of injected mRNA were analyzed using in situ detection and Northern hybridization, while luciferase expression was measured by enzymatic assay. Following intracerebral injection of lipofectin-complexed mRNA, expression of luciferase was detectable as early as 1 h, was maximal at 2-3 h, but was below the level of detection by 24 h. The extent of luciferase expression correlated with the amount of mRNA delivered. Luciferase expression was higher when lipofectin-complexed rather than naked mRNA was injected. In addition, the luciferase expression increased significantly by adding a 50 nt-long poly(A) tail to the 3'-end of the mRNA. Delivering mRNA to the cerebral cortex or hippocampus resulted in measurable luciferase activity at the injection sites but not in adjacent areas. Accordingly, the luciferase mRNA was also localized to the injection site, and the amount of intact transcript was significantly higher at 3 h compared to 24 h after injection. These results demonstrate that in vivo mRNA delivery is a feasible technique for immediate, transient overexpression of desired proteins in the CNS and, therefore, can serve as a model system to study the neurobiological effects of specific proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Karikó
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Room 371 Stemmler Hall, 36th and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6070, USA.
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Keller JM, Collet P, Bianchi A, Huin C, Bouillaud-Kremarik P, Becuwe P, Schohn H, Domenjoud L, Dauça M. Implications of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARS) in development, cell life status and disease. Int J Dev Biol 2000; 44:429-42. [PMID: 11032176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The past several years have seen an increasing interest in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). These transcriptional factors belong to the superfamily of the steroid/thyroid/retinoid receptors. They are activated by fatty acids or their metabolites as well as by different xenobiotic peroxisome proliferators. These receptors are expressed in both the embryo and the adult organism. They have been implicated in cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. In this review, we will attempt to point out some of the more salient features of this expression pattern during development and the different steps of cell life. The current understanding of how PPARs are involved in some human diseases will also be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Keller
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire du Développement, UPRES 2402 Proliférateurs de Peroxysomes, Université Henri Poincaré-Nancy I, Faculté des Sciences, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
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Harms CA, Keller JM, Kennedy-Stoskopf S. Use of a two-step Percoll gradient for separation of loggerhead sea turtle peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Wildl Dis 2000; 36:535-40. [PMID: 10941740 DOI: 10.7589/0090-3558-36.3.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In order to determine a suitable procedure for isolating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta), blood was collected using three different anticoagulants (sodium heparin, sodium citrate or potassium EDTA) and separated using a single step commercially-prepared arabinogalactan gradient of 1.077 g/ml density or multiple step Percoll gradients between 1.053 and 1.076 g/ml density (40-60% stock isotonic Percoll suspension). Heparinized blood centrifuged over a two-step 45/55% (1.059/1.070 g/ml) Percoll gradient yielded 99 to 100% mononuclear cells at the 45/55% interface. Mononuclear cell viability ranged from 85 to 97% with cell yields up to 9.2 x 10(6) cells/mL. An unexpected finding was a population of low density granulocytes migrating to 40% (1.053 g/ml) and 45% Percoll layers in the multiple step gradients. These granulocytes could be eliminated from the PBMC preparation by use of the two-step 45/55% Percoll gradient. Isolated PBMCs can be used for cellular immunology and toxicology studies on these threatened marine organisms for which other tissues can usually be obtained only sporadically from post-mortem specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Harms
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27606, USA.
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Huin C, Corriveau L, Bianchi A, Keller JM, Collet P, Krémarik-Bouillaud P, Domenjoud L, Bécuwe P, Schohn H, Ménard D, Dauça M. Differential expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in the developing human fetal digestive tract. J Histochem Cytochem 2000; 48:603-11. [PMID: 10769044 DOI: 10.1177/002215540004800504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the spatiotemporal distributions of the different peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) isotypes (alpha, beta, and gamma) during development (Week 7 to Week 22 of gestation) of the human fetal digestive tract by immunohistochemistry using specific polyclonal antibodies. The PPAR subtypes, including PPARgamma, are expressed as early as 7 weeks of development in cell types of endodermal and mesodermal origin. The presence of PPARgamma was also found by Western blotting and nuclease-S1 protection assay, confirming that this subtype is not adipocyte-specific. PPARalpha, PPARbeta, and PPARgamma exhibit different patterns of expression during morphogenesis of the digestive tract. Whatever the stage and the gut region (except the stomach) examined, PPARgamma is expressed at a high level, suggesting some fundamental role for this receptor in development and/or physiology of the human digestive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Huin
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire du Développement, EA 2402 "Proliférateurs de Peroxysomes," Faculté des Sciences, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
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35
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Bordji K, Grillasca JP, Gouze JN, Magdalou J, Schohn H, Keller JM, Bianchi A, Dauça M, Netter P, Terlain B. Evidence for the presence of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha and gamma and retinoid Z receptor in cartilage. PPARgamma activation modulates the effects of interleukin-1beta on rat chondrocytes. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:12243-50. [PMID: 10766862 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.16.12243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha, PPARgamma, and retinoid acid receptor-related orphan receptor (ROR) alpha are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors. Although they play a key role in adipocyte differentiation, lipid metabolism, or glucose homeostasis regulation, recent studies suggested that they might be involved in the inflammation control and especially in the modulation of the cytokine production. This strongly suggests that these transcriptional factors could modulate the deleterious effects of interleukin-1 (IL-1) on cartilage. However, to date, their presence in cartilage has never been investigated. By quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunocytochemistry analysis, we demonstrated, for the first time, the presence of PPARalpha, PPARgamma, and RORalpha in rat cartilage, at both mRNA and protein levels. Comparatively, the PPARalpha mRNA content in cartilage was much lower than in the liver but not significantly different to that of the adipose tissue. PPARgamma mRNA expression in cartilage was weak, when compared with adipose tissue, but similar to that found in the liver. RORalpha mRNA levels were similar in the three tissues. mRNA expression of the three nuclear receptors was very differently modulated by IL-1 or mono-iodoacetate treatments. This indicates that they should be unequally involved in the effects of IL-1 on chondrocyte, which is in accordance with results obtained in other cell types. Indeed, we showed that 15d-PGJ2 mainly, but also the drug troglitazone, that are ligands of PPARgamma could significantly counteract the decrease in proteoglycan synthesis and NO production induced by IL-1. By contrast, PPARalpha ligands such as Wy-14,643 or clofibrate had no effect on this process. Therefore, the presence of PPARgamma in chondrocytes opens up new perspectives to modulate the effects of cytokines on cartilage by the use of specific ligands. The function of the two other transcription factors, PPARalpha and RORalpha identified in chondrocytes remains to be explored.
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MESH Headings
- Alginates
- Animals
- Cartilage, Articular/chemistry
- Cartilage, Articular/metabolism
- Chondrocytes/chemistry
- Chondrocytes/metabolism
- Clofibrate/metabolism
- Endothelial Growth Factors/metabolism
- Glucuronic Acid
- Hexuronic Acids
- Interleukin-1/metabolism
- Ligands
- Male
- Melatonin/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Pyrimidines/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Cell Surface/analysis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/analysis
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Melatonin
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid
- Trans-Activators
- Transcription Factors/analysis
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bordji
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Unite Mixte de Recherche 7561 CNRS-Université Henri Poincaré Nancy I, Faculté de Médecine, 54505 Vandouvre-lès-Nancy, France
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36
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Bécuwe P, Bianchi A, Keller JM, Dauça M. Effects of the peroxisome proliferator clofibric acid on superoxide dismutase expression in the human HepG2 hepatoma cell line. Biochem Pharmacol 1999; 58:1025-33. [PMID: 10509755 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(99)00174-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of clofibric acid, a peroxisome proliferator, on the production of superoxide radicals, on the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), and on the expression of superoxide dismutases (SODs) in the human HepG2 hepatoma cell line. To this end, HepG2 cells were treated for 1 or 5 days with 0.25, 0.50, or 0.75 mM clofibric acid. The production of superoxide radicals was only enhanced in HepG2 cells exposed for 5 days to the different clofibric acid concentrations. However, this overproduction of superoxide radicals was not accompanied by increased rates of lipid peroxidation, as the MDA and 4-HNE levels did not change significantly. Manganese (Mn) SOD activity was increased when HepG2 cells were treated for 1 day with 0.50 or 0.75 mM clofibric acid. For this duration of treatment, no change was observed in total SOD and copper/zinc (Cu/Zn) SOD activities. For a 5-day treatment, total SOD and MnSOD activities as well as the enzyme apoprotein and MnSOD mRNA levels increased whatever the clofibric acid concentration used. This transcriptional induction of the MnSOD gene was correlated with an activation of the activator protein-1 transcription factor for 1 and 5 days of treatment, but was independent of nuclear factor-kappa B and of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor. On the other hand, the PP exerted very little effect if any on Cu,ZnSOD expression. In contrast to rodent data, PP treatment of human hepatoma cells induces MnSOD expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bécuwe
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire du Developpement, Upres 2402 Proliferateurs de Peroxysomes, Universite Henri Poincare Nancy I, Faculte des Sciences, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France.
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37
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Abstract
Male rats were treated daily with an intraperitoneal injection of 15 mg aluminum (Al chloride)/kg body weight for 17 d, in order to study the effects on superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in the brain (cortex). No significant difference between control and treated animals was registered in the Cu/Zn and Mn SOD activities in the gray matter of the cortex. High Al levels were found in the plasma, the spleen, and the liver of the treated animals in comparison to the controls, but not in the cortex homogenates (gray matter). In addition, Al induced a significant decrease in food ingestion and weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Atienzar
- University of Plymouth, Plymouth Environmental Research Centre, Biological Sciences, Devon, UK
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38
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Abstract
Karyotyping involves the visualization and classification of chromosomes into standard classes. In "normal" human metaphase spreads, chromosomes occur in homologous pairs for the autosomal classes 1-22, and X chromosome for females. Many existing approaches for performing automated human chromosome image analysis presuppose cell normalcy, containing 46 chromosomes within a metaphase spread with two chromosomes per class. This is an acceptable assumption for routine automated chromosome image analysis. However, many genetic abnormalities are directly linked to structural or numerical aberrations of chromosomes within the metaphase spread. Thus, two chromosomes per class cannot be assumed for anomaly analysis. This paper presents the development of image analysis techniques which are extendible to detecting numerical aberrations evolving from structural abnormalities. Specifically, an approach to identifying "normal" chromosomes from selected class(es) within a metaphase spread is presented. Chromosome assignment to a specific class is initially based on neural networks, followed by banding pattern and centromeric index criteria checking, and concluding with homologue matching. Experimental results are presented comparing neural networks as the sole classifier to our homologue matcher for identifying class 17 within normal and abnormal metaphase spreads.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Stanley
- University of Missouri, Department of Health Management and Informatics, Columbia 65211, USA
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39
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Balghonaim AS, Keller JM. A maximum likelihood estimate for two-variable fractal surface. IEEE Trans Image Process 1998; 7:1746-1753. [PMID: 18276244 DOI: 10.1109/83.730389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The fractal dimension estimate for two-variable fractional Brownian motion using the maximum likelihood estimate (MLE) is developed. We formulate a model to describe the two-variable fractional Brownian motion, then derive the likelihood function for that model and estimate the fractal dimension by maximizing the likelihood function. We then compare the MLE with the box-dimension estimation method.
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40
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Keller JM, Maize JC. The clinical and histological differential diagnosis of malignant melanoma. Semin Oncol 1996; 23:693-702. [PMID: 8970589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J M Keller
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA
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41
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Dauca M, Cable S, Calvert R, Colin S, Schilt J, Leheup B, Keller JM, Ménard D. Peroxisomes and peroxisomal enzymes in the human fetal small intestine. Biol Neonate 1996; 69:12-21. [PMID: 8777244 DOI: 10.1159/000244273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The appearance and development of peroxisomes and the expression of their enzymes in the human fetal intestine have been investigated between 11 and 22 weeks of gestation. In the youngest samples (11-16 weeks of age), cytochemistry at the ultrastructural level revealed the presence of rare, mostly circular peroxisomes. From 16 weeks of gestation onwards, an increase was noted in the number of peroxisomes. Two peroxisomal types were distinguished: round to oval forms and elongated and/or tailed organelles. Biochemical assays revealed that total and specific intestinal catalase activities increased gradually between 11 and 20 weeks of gestation. The activity of fatty acylCoA oxidase, the first enzyme of the peroxisomal beta-oxidation system, was detectable as early as 11 weeks of gestation. Thereafter, total and specific activities of the enzyme increased steadily. Activities of other peroxisomal oxidases (D-amino acid oxidase, L-alpha-hydroxyacid oxidase) appeared more slowly in the fetal intestine during the period studied. This investigation establishes the presence and the morphological changes that occur in intestinal peroxisomes during human fetal development as well as the developmental patterns of associated enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dauca
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire du Développement, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Nancy I, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
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42
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Carson CA, Keller JM, McAdoo KK, Wang D, Higgins B, Bailey CW, Thorne JG, Payne BJ, Skala M, Hahn AW. Escherichia coli O157:H7 restriction pattern recognition by artificial neural network. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33:2894-8. [PMID: 8576341 PMCID: PMC228602 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.33.11.2894-2898.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
An artificial neural network model for the recognition of Escherichia coli O157:H7 restriction patterns was designed. In the training phase, images of two classes of E. coli isolates (O157:H7 and non-O157:H7) were digitized and transmitted to the neural network. The system was then tested for recognition of images not included in the training set. Promising results were achieved with the designed network configuration, providing a basis for further study. This application of a new generation of computation technology serves as an example of its usefulness in microbiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Carson
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, USA
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43
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Wrutniak C, Cassar-Malek I, Marchal S, Rascle A, Heusser S, Keller JM, Fléchon J, Dauça M, Samarut J, Ghysdael J. A 43-kDa protein related to c-Erb A alpha 1 is located in the mitochondrial matrix of rat liver. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:16347-54. [PMID: 7608204 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.27.16347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to characterize Sterling's triiodothyronine (T3) mitochondrial receptor using photoaffinity labeling, we observed two specific T3-binding proteins in the inner membrane (28 kDa) and in the matrix (43 kDa) of rat liver mitochondria. Western blots and immunoprecipitation using antibodies raised against the T3-binding domain of the T3 nuclear receptor c-Erb A alpha 1 indicated that at least the 43-kDa protein was c-Erb A alpha 1-related. In addition, gel mobility shift assays demonstrated the occurrence of a c-Erb A alpha 1-related mitochondrial protein that specifically binds to a natural or a palindromic thyroid-responsive element. Moreover, this protein specifically binds to a direct repeat 2 sequence located in the D-loop of the mitochondrial genome. Furthermore, electron microscopy studies allowed the direct observation of a c-Erb A-related protein in mitochondria. Lastly, the relative amounts of the 43-kDa protein related to c-Erb A alpha 1 were in good correlation with the known mitochondrial mass in three typical tissues. Interestingly, expression of a truncated form of the c-Erb A alpha 1 nuclear receptor in CV1 cells was associated with a mitochondrial localization and a stimulation of mitochondrial activity. These results supply evidence of the localization of a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily in the mitochondrial matrix involved in the regulation of mitochondrial activity that could act as a mitochondrial T3-dependent transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wrutniak
- Laboratoire de Différenciation Cellulaire et Croissance, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Montpellier, France
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44
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Scotto C, Keller JM, Schohn H, Dauça M. Comparative effects of clofibrate on peroxisomal enzymes of human (Hep EBNA2) and rat (FaO) hepatoma cell lines. Eur J Cell Biol 1995; 66:375-81. [PMID: 7656903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We compared the responses of the human Hep EBNA2 and rat FaO hepatoma lines to the peroxisome proliferator, clofibrate. Using spectrophotometrical assays performed with peroxisome-enriched fractions, the dose- and time-dependent increase of catalase and acyl-CoA oxidase activities were determined. For catalase activity a maximum stimulation of 1.2-fold for Hep EBNA2 and 1.7-fold for FaO lines was obtained. This increase was neither dose- nor time-dependent. The activity of the initial enzyme of the peroxisomal beta-oxidation system, acyl-CoA oxidase, was tested using two different biochemical assays. The maximum stimulation of acyl-CoA oxidase was 2.4 to 3-fold for human Hep EBNA2 and 6 to 11-fold for rat FaO lines. The specific activity of acyl-CoA oxidase increased with the concentration of clofibrate and with the length of the treatment. Dot blot analyses carried out using mRNAs from FaO and Hep EBNA2 cells treated with 0.5 mM clofibrate for 5 days and from control cells, confirmed the increase in the level of acyl-CoA oxidase mRNAs from the clofibrate-treated cells. In the human cell line, the level of mRNA encoding for the peroxisomal bifunctional enzyme which is involved in the second and the third step of the beta-oxidation system, was also increased by clofibrate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Scotto
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire du Développement, Faculté des Sciences, Université Henri Poincaré, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
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45
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Abstract
The etiology and pathogenesis of Crohn's disease, a chronic inflammatory bowel pathology, have not been elucidated yet. In particular, the behavior of peroxisomes in inflamed colonic mucosa has not been investigated despite their important role in cellular oxidative metabolism. Using cytochemistry at the ultrastructural level, we have observed these catalase-positive organelles. In addition, biochemical analyses have revealed the specific activities of catalase and cyanide-insensitive acyl-CoA oxidase. Mucosal biopsy specimens from inflamed and noninflamed areas of Crohn's patients were compared to control biopsies. We found that Crohn's disease was marked by an important diminution in the peroxisomal frequency per cell unit area. If catalase activity was not affected by this pathology, cyanide-insensitive acyl-CoA oxidase, an enzyme of the peroxisomal beta-oxidation system, was found diminished in inflamed and in noninflamed areas. In conclusion, our results showed that Crohn's disease is accompanied by peroxisomal modifications but the number and the enzyme activities of colonic peroxisomes are less deeply altered in Crohn's disease than during neoplasia. This fact suggests that a relation may exist between the degree of peroxisomal deficiency and the clinical severity of colonic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Aimone-Gastin
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire du Développement, Université de Nancy I, Faculté des Sciences, France
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46
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47
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Cherry JR, Hondred D, Walker JM, Keller JM, Hershey HP, Vierstra RD. Carboxy-terminal deletion analysis of oat phytochrome A reveals the presence of separate domains required for structure and biological activity. Plant Cell 1993; 5:565-75. [PMID: 8518556 PMCID: PMC160294 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.5.5.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A series of seven carboxy-terminal deletion mutants of oat phytochrome A were stably expressed in transgenic tobacco to localize phytochrome domains involved in chromophore attachment, spectral integrity, photoreversibility between the red light (Pr)- and far-red light (Pfr)-absorbing forms, dimerization, and biological activity. Amino acids necessary for chromophore attachment in vivo were localized to the amino-terminal 398 residues because mutant proteins this small had covalently bound chromophore. Deletion mutants from the carboxy terminus to residue 653 were spectrally indistinguishable from the full-length chromoprotein. In contrast, further truncation to residue 399 resulted in a chromoprotein with a bleached Pfr absorbance spectrum, Pr and Pfr absorbance maxima shifted toward shorter wavelengths, and reduced Pfr to Pr phototransformation efficiency. Thus, residues between 399 ad 652 are required for spectral integrity but are not essential for chromophore attachment. The sequence(s) between residues 919 and 1093 appears to be necessary for dimerization. Carboxy-terminal mutants containing this region behaved as dimers under nondenaturing conditions in vitro, whereas truncations without this region behaved as monomers. None of the plants expressing high levels of deletion mutants lacking the 35 carboxy-terminal amino acids displayed the light-exaggerated phenotype characteristic of plants expressing biologically active phytochrome A, even when the truncated phytochromes were expressed at levels 6- to 15-fold greater than that effective for the full-length chromoprotein. Collectively, these data show that the phytochrome protein contains several separable carboxy-terminal domains required for structure/function and identify a domain within 35 residues of the carboxy terminus that is critical for the biological activity of the photoreceptor in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Cherry
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706
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48
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Keller JM, Cablé S, el Bouhtoury F, Heusser S, Scotto C, Armbruster L, Ciolek E, Colin S, Schilt J, Dauça M. Peroxisome through cell differentiation and neoplasia. Biol Cell 1993; 77:77-88. [PMID: 8518747 DOI: 10.1016/s0248-4900(05)80177-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are essential in cellular metabolism as their dysgenesis or defects in single enzymes or impairment of multiple peroxisomal enzymatic functions have been found in several inherited metabolic diseases with serious clinical sequelae. The assembly and formation of these cytoplasmic organelles constitute a major and intriguing research topic. In the present study the biogenesis of peroxisomes and the developmental patterns of their enzymes have been reviewed during embryonic and/or post-embryonic ontogenesis of lower (amphibians) and higher (avians, mammals) vertebrates. In developing vertebrates, epithelial cell differentiation is accompanied by increases in frequency and size of peroxisomes. The tissue-specific expression of peroxisomal enzymes contributes substantially to the biochemical maturation of epithelial cells. The relationship between biogenesis of peroxisomes, expression of peroxisomal enzymes and structural and functional cellular phenotype has also been investigated in differentiating epithelial cells along the crypt-villus axis of the adult rat intestine. Cytochemical studies at the ultrastructural level have provided evidence that peroxisomes are already present in proliferating cells of the intestinal crypt region before they begin to differentiate. Migration and differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells from crypt to villus compartments are marked by significant increases in number and size of catalase-positive structures. Increasing activity gradients from crypt to surface areas are found for the peroxisomal oxidases examined (enzymes of the peroxisomal beta-oxidation system, D-amino acid oxidase and polyamine oxidase). Thus, peroxisomes are more and more involved in oxidative metabolic pathways as intestinal epithelial cells differentiate. Finally, we have analyzed the peroxisomal behaviour in human neoplastic epithelial cells. The presence of peroxisomes has been cytochemically revealed in human breast and colon carcinomas. Peroxisomal enzyme specific activities are significantly lower in human breast and colon carcinomas than in the adjacent healthy mucosa. Furthermore, a relationship is found between the specific activities of some peroxisomal enzymes and the histological tumour grades.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Keller
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire du Développement, Faculté des Sciences, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
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49
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Cablé S, Keller JM, Colin S, Haffen K, Kédinger M, Parache RM, Dauça M. Peroxisomes in human colon carcinomas. A cytochemical and biochemical study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992; 62:221-6. [PMID: 1359694 DOI: 10.1007/bf02899685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The presence of peroxisomes and their enzymic content were investigated and compared in healthy and neoplastic human colon epithelial cells using cytochemical studies at the ultrastructural level as well as biochemical analyses. Catalase-positive organelles were found to be more numerous in normal than in colonic neoplastic cells. Biochemical assays revealed that no D-aminoacid oxidase or L-alpha-hydroxyacid oxidase activity was detected in normal or tumor tissues. The specific activities of catalase, fatty-acyl CoA oxidase and enoyl-CoA hydratase/3 hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (the so-called peroxisomal bifunctional enzyme of the beta-oxidation system) were found to be diminished in carcinoma cells compared with the control tissue. The fall in catalase activity correlated well with tumor stage according to Dukes, suggesting that this peroxisomal enzyme could be used as a potential prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cablé
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire du Développement-Université de Nancy I, Faculté des Sciences, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
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50
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Heusser S, Colin S, Figiel A, Huet C, Keller JM, Pornet P, Robine S, Vandamme J, Vandekerckhove J, Dauça M. Amphibian intestinal villin: isolation and expression during embryonic and larval development. J Cell Sci 1992; 103 ( Pt 3):699-708. [PMID: 1478966 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.103.3.699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An actin-binding protein of M(r) 105,000 has been isolated from anuran amphibian intestinal mucosa. Polyclonal antibodies directed against chicken and pig intestinal villins and anti-porcine villin headpiece monoclonal antibody crossreact with the amphibian M(r) 105,000 protein. Furthermore, the latter possesses an NH2-terminal sequence that is very homologous to those of avian and mammalian villins. In addition, polyclonal antibodies directed against amphibian intestinal M(r) 105,000 protein crossreact with chicken and mouse intestinal epithelial cell villins. These data indicate that the amphibian intestinal M(r) 105,000 protein is immunologically and structurally related to villin, an actin-binding protein expressed in specific epithelial tissues in vertebrates. Morphological, immunocytochemical and immunoblotting techniques were then used to investigate the expression of villin during embryonic and larval intestinal development of Xenopus laevis. Villin is not found in the egg or the endoderm of the early embryo. It is first detected just before hatching in the apical domain of endodermal cells at a time when few surface microvilli are visible by transmission electron microscopy. In the newly hatched larva, villin accumulates as these cells differentiate. These results provide a detailed developmental profile of Xenopus intestinal villin expression and demonstrate that this protein is a useful marker for the presumptive intestinal endoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Heusser
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire du Développement, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Nancy I, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
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