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Papasidero ID, Valli G, Marin D, Del Sasso A, De Magistris A, Cennamo E, Casalboni S, De Marco F, Rocchi R, Ndogmo Beumo B, Cusani V, Gaudio M, Hartmann O, Bergman A, Ruggieri MP, Di Somma S. Utility of Measuring Circulating Bio-Adrenomedullin and Proenkephalin for 30-Day Mortality Risk Prediction in Patients with COVID-19 and Non-COVID-19 Interstitial Pneumonia in the Emergency Department. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58121852. [PMID: 36557054 PMCID: PMC9782909 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58121852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: In order to accelerate the risk stratification of patients referred to the Emergency Department (ED) with interstitial pneumonia, it could be useful to provide new and effective laboratory tests for use. The aim of our study was to evaluate the prognostic role of two biomarkers, bio-adrenomedullin (Bio-ADM) and proenkephalin (penKid), in patients with interstitial pneumonia (IP) at ED admission. Materials and Methods: In 153 consecutive patients with IP, both from COVID-19 or non-COVID-19 etiology, we measured, in a prospective observational manner, penKid and Bio-ADM at ED admission and after 24 h. In order to evaluate patient outcomes, 30-day follow-ups were also performed. The endpoints were 24 h, 10-day, and 30-day mortality. Results: Both biomarkers were shown to be good predictors of adverse events at 30 days, with Bio-ADM outperforming penKid. Bio-ADM was linked with 24 h and 10-day patient mortality. Moreover, PenKid was related to parameters defining worsening kidney function. Conclusions: Both in patients with COVID-19 or non-COVID-19 interstitial pneumonia at ED admission, Bio-ADM and penKid were good predictors of patient mortality. To evaluate these two biomarkers could be considered to be useful during the first evaluation in the ED when integrated with clinical scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Dafne Papasidero
- Postgraduate School of Emergency Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Emergency Medicine, San Giovanni Addolorata Hospital, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Valli
- Department of Emergency Medicine, San Giovanni Addolorata Hospital, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Dario Marin
- Postgraduate School of Emergency Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Emergency Medicine, San Giovanni Addolorata Hospital, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Del Sasso
- Postgraduate School of Emergency Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio De Magistris
- Postgraduate School of Emergency Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Cennamo
- Postgraduate School of Emergency Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Casalboni
- Postgraduate School of Emergency Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Emergency Medicine, San Giovanni Addolorata Hospital, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca De Marco
- Department of Emergency Medicine, San Giovanni Addolorata Hospital, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Rocchi
- Postgraduate School of Emergency Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Brice Ndogmo Beumo
- Postgraduate School of Emergency Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Cusani
- Postgraduate School of Emergency Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Emergency Medicine, San Giovanni Addolorata Hospital, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Mariarosa Gaudio
- Department of Clinical Pathology, San Giovanni Addolorata Hospital, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Maria Pia Ruggieri
- Department of Emergency Medicine, San Giovanni Addolorata Hospital, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Di Somma
- Postgraduate School of Emergency Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Global Research on Acute Conditions Team (Great Network), 00191 Rome, Italy
- Department of Medical-Surgery Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
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2
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Kim H, Hur M, Struck J, Bergmann A, Di Somma S. Proenkephalin Predicts Organ Failure, Renal Replacement Therapy, and Mortality in Patients With Sepsis. Ann Lab Med 2020; 40:466-473. [PMID: 32539302 PMCID: PMC7295958 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2020.40.6.466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney failure occurs frequently and is associated with high mortality during sepsis. Proenkephalin (PENK) is an emerging biomarker of kidney function. We explored whether PENK levels could predict severity, organ failure, and mortality in septic patients. METHODS We measured the PENK level in the plasma of 215 septic patients using the sphingotest penKid assay (Sphingotec GmbH, Hennigsdorf, Germany). This was analyzed in terms of sepsis severity, vasopressor use, 30-day mortality, sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) renal subscore, the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration estimated glomerular filtration rate (CKD-EPI eGFR) categories, and renal replacement therapy (RRT) requirement. RESULTS The PENK levels were significantly higher in patients with septic shock, vasopressor use, and non-survivors than in patients with solitary sepsis, no vasopressor use, and survivors, respectively (P=0.02, P=0.007, P<0.001, respectively). The PENK levels were significantly associated with SOFA renal subscore and CKD-EPI eGFR categories (both P<0.001). The distribution of lower eGFR (<60 mL/min/1.73 m2), RRT requirement, SOFA renal subscore, and the number of organ failures differed significantly according to the PENK quartile (P for trend<0.001 or 0.017). The 30-day mortality rate also differed significantly according to the PENK quartile (P for trend<0.001). CONCLUSIONS PENK could be an objective and reliable marker to predict severity, organ failure, and 30-day mortality in septic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanah Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Mina Hur
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | | | | | - Salvatore Di Somma
- Department of Medical-Surgery Sciences and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza–University, Sant’ Andrea Hospital, Rome,
Italy
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3
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Wu AHB, Anand I. The biological variation of plasma proenkephalin: data from a stable heart failure cohort. Clin Chem Lab Med 2020; 57:e105-e107. [PMID: 30332388 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2018-0876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan H B Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Ave., San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Inder Anand
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis and VA Medical Centers, Minneapolis and San Diego, CA, USA
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4
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Mossanen JC, Pracht J, Jansen TU, Buendgens L, Stoppe C, Goetzenich A, Struck J, Autschbach R, Marx G, Tacke F. Elevated Soluble Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor and Proenkephalin Serum Levels Predict the Development of Acute Kidney Injury after Cardiac Surgery. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081662. [PMID: 28758975 PMCID: PMC5578052 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) develops in up to 40% of patients after cardiac surgery. The soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) has been identified as a biomarker for incident chronic kidney disease (CKD). Proenkephalin (proENK) also has been shown to be a biomarker for renal dysfunction. We hypothesized that pre-surgery suPAR and proENK levels might predict AKI in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Consecutive patients (n = 107) undergoing elective cardiac surgery were studied prospectively. Clinical data, laboratory parameters, suPAR and proENK serum levels were assessed before operation, after operation and days one and four post-operatively. A total of 21 (19.6%) patients developed AKI within the first four days after elective surgery. Serum levels of suPAR and proENK, but not of creatinine, were significantly higher before surgery in these patients compared to those patients without AKI. This difference remained significant for suPAR, if patients with or without AKI were matched for risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, CKD). If cardiac surgery patients with pre-existing CKD (n = 10) were excluded, only pre-operative suPAR but not proENK serum levels remained significantly elevated in patients with subsequent AKI. Thus, our findings indicate that suPAR may be a predictive biomarker for AKI in the context of cardiac surgery, even in patients without underlying CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana C Mossanen
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
- Department of Intensive and Intermediate Care, University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Jessica Pracht
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Tobias U Jansen
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Lukas Buendgens
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Christian Stoppe
- Department of Intensive and Intermediate Care, University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Goetzenich
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | | | - Rüdiger Autschbach
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Gernot Marx
- Department of Intensive and Intermediate Care, University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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5
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Arbit B, Marston N, Shah K, Lee EL, Aramin H, Clopton P, Maisel AS. Prognostic Usefulness of Proenkephalin in Stable Ambulatory Patients With Heart Failure. Am J Cardiol 2016; 117:1310-4. [PMID: 26916537 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Patients with heart failure have a poor prognosis, yet outcomes might be improved by early identification of risk. Proenkephalin (proENK), a novel biomarker, is a stable surrogate marker for endogenous enkephalins and is an independent predictor of heart failure and death in patients who had an acute myocardial infarction. This is the first study to evaluate the prognostic utility of this biomarker in stable ambulatory patients. We conducted a 4-year single-center prospective cohort study of 200 patients who were referred for an outpatient echocardiogram. Blood samples were obtained to analyze levels of proENK at the time of the initial echocardiogram. Patients were evaluated for the combined end point cardiovascular-related hospital admission or death. Participants with higher proENK levels were older and had higher serum creatinine and lower estimated glomerular filtration rate, lower ejection fraction, and higher rates of hypertension and diabetes (p ≤0.009). Highest proENK tertile had a hazard ratio of 3.0 (95% confidence interval 1.4 to 6.7) compared with the first tertile (p <0.007) for the primary end point. In conclusion, proENK demonstrated significant prognostic utility for cardiovascular-related hospital admission or death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Arbit
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center, University of California, San Diego, California.
| | - Nick Marston
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Kevin Shah
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Elizabeth L Lee
- Department of Medicine, Coronary Care Unit and Heart Failure Program, San Diego Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, California
| | - Hermineh Aramin
- Department of Medicine, Coronary Care Unit and Heart Failure Program, San Diego Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, California
| | - Paul Clopton
- Department of Medicine, Coronary Care Unit and Heart Failure Program, San Diego Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, California
| | - Alan S Maisel
- Department of Medicine, Coronary Care Unit and Heart Failure Program, San Diego Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, California
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6
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van Hateren KJJ, Landman GWD, Arnold JFH, Joosten H, Groenier KH, Navis GJ, Sparwasser A, Bakker SJL, Bilo HJG, Kleefstra N. Serum Proenkephalin A Levels and Mortality After Long-Term Follow-Up in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (ZODIAC-32). PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26218633 PMCID: PMC4517864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two previous studies concluded that proenkephalin A (PENK-A) had predictive capabilities for stroke severity, recurrent myocardial infarction, heart failure and mortality in patients with stroke and myocardial infarction. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the value of PENK-A as a biomarker for predicting mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were included from the prospective observational ZODIAC (Zwolle Outpatient Diabetes project Integrating Available Care) study. The present analysis incorporated two ZODIAC cohorts (1998 and 2001). Since blood was drawn for 1204 out of 1688 patients (71%), and information on relevant confounders was missing in 47 patients, the final sample comprised 1157 patients. Cox proportional hazard models were used for evaluating the relationship between PENK-A and (cardiovascular) mortality. Risk prediction capabilities were assessed with Harrell's C statistics and the integrated discrimination improvement (IDI). RESULTS After a follow-up period of 14 years, 525 (45%) out of 1157 patients had died, of which 224 (43%) were attributable to cardiovascular factors. Higher Log PENK-A levels were not independently associated with increased (cardiovascular) mortality. Patients with PENK-A values in the highest tertile had a 49% (95%CI 1%-121%) higher risk of cardiovascular mortality compared to patients in the reference category (lowest tertile). C-values were not different after removing PENK-A from the Cox models and there were no significant differences in IDI values. CONCLUSIONS The associations between PENK-A and mortality were strongly attenuated after accounting for all traditional risk factors. Furthermore, PENK-A did not seem to have additional value beyond conventional risk factors when predicting all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gijs W. D. Landman
- Diabetes Centre, Isala, Zwolle, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gelre hospital, Apeldoorn, the Netherlands
| | | | - Hanneke Joosten
- Diabetes Centre, Isala, Zwolle, the Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Internal Medicine, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Klaas H. Groenier
- Diabetes Centre, Isala, Zwolle, the Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of General Practice, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerjan J. Navis
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Internal Medicine, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Sparwasser
- Research Department, B.R.A.H.M.S GmbH (Thermo Fisher Scientific), Hennigsdorf/Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan J. L. Bakker
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Internal Medicine, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Henk J. G. Bilo
- Diabetes Centre, Isala, Zwolle, the Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Internal Medicine, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Isala, Zwolle, the Netherlands
| | - Nanne Kleefstra
- Diabetes Centre, Isala, Zwolle, the Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Internal Medicine, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Langerhans Medical Research Group, Zwolle, the Netherlands
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7
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Kraemer WJ, Gordon SE, Fragala MS, Bush JA, Szivak TK, Flanagan SD, Hooper DR, Looney DP, Triplett NT, DuPont WH, Dziados JE, Marchitelli LJ, Patton JF. The effects of exercise training programs on plasma concentrations of proenkephalin Peptide F and catecholamines. Peptides 2015; 64:74-81. [PMID: 25582563 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To determine if exercise training alters the pattern and magnitude of plasma concentrations of proenkephalin Peptide F and epinephrine, plasma proenkephalin [107-140] Peptide F(ir) and catecholamines were examined pre-training (T-1), and after 4- (T-2), 8- (T-3), and 12-weeks (T-4) of training. 26 healthy men were matched and randomly assigned to one of three groups: heavy resistance strength training (Strength, n=9), high intensity endurance training (Endurance, n=8), or both training modalities combined (Combined, n=9). Blood was collected using a syringe with a cannula inserted into a superficial arm vein with samples collected at rest, after each 7 min stage and 5 and 15 min into recovery. With training, all groups observed shifted plasma Peptide F responses to graded exercise, where significant increases were observed at lower exercise intensities. Increases in plasma epinephrine with exercise were observed in all groups. The Combined group saw increases at 25% at T-3 and for 50% at T-2, T-3, and T-4 which was higher than T-1. The Endurance group demonstrated increases for 50% at T-1, T-2, T-3 but not at T-4. The plasma epinephrine response to graded exercise was reduced in the Strength group. Increases in plasma norepinephrine above rest were observed starting at 50% . The Strength group demonstrated a significant reduction in norepinephrine observed at 100% at T-3 and T-4. Peptide F and catecholamines responses to graded exercise can be altered by different types of physical exercise training. Simultaneous high intensity training may produce adrenal medulla exhaustion when compared to single mode training.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Kraemer
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
| | - Scott E Gordon
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, United States
| | - Maren S Fragala
- Athlete Health & Performance, Sports and Human Performance Diagnostics, Quest Diagnostics, Madison, NJ 07940, United States
| | - Jill A Bush
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ 08618, United States
| | - Tunde K Szivak
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Shawn D Flanagan
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - David R Hooper
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - David P Looney
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| | - N Travis Triplett
- Department of Health & Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, United States
| | - William H DuPont
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Joseph E Dziados
- Exercise Physiology Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, United States
| | - Louis J Marchitelli
- Exercise Physiology Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, United States
| | - John F Patton
- Exercise Physiology Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, United States
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8
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Yang XG, An HL, Zhang JM. Neuropeptide proenkephalin A is associated with in-hospital mortality in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Peptides 2014; 58:47-51. [PMID: 24937654 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
High plasma proenkephalin A (PENK-A) levels are associated with poor clinical outcome after ischemic stroke. However, not much is known regarding the change of its level in acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Thus, we sought to determine PENK-A in plasma of patients with acute spontaneous basal ganglia hemorrhage and evaluate its relation with disease severity and in-hospital mortality. One hundred and two patients and 100 healthy controls were recruited. Plasma samples were obtained on admission for patients and at study entry for controls. Its concentration was measured by chemoluminescence sandwich immunoassay. Plasma PENK-A levels were substantially higher in patients than in healthy controls (235.5±85.4 pmol/L vs. 90.1±31.3 pmol/L; P<0.0001). A forward stepwise logistic regression selected plasma PENK-A as an independent predictor for in-hospital mortality of patients (odds ratio 1.080, 95% confidence interval 1.018-1.147, P<0.001). A multivariate linear regression demonstrated that plasma PENK-A level was positively associated with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score (t=6.189, P<0.001) and hematoma volume (t=5.388, P<0.001). A receiver operating characteristic curve identified a plasma PENK-A level>267.1 pmol/L predicted in-hospital mortality of patients with 80.0% sensitivity and 74.7% specificity (area under curve, 0.836; 95% confidence interval, 0.750-0.902). Its predictive value was similar to NIHSS score's and hematoma volume's (both P>0.05). However, it did not statistically significantly improve the predictive values of NIHSS score and hematoma volume (both P>0.05). Thus, increased plasma PENK-A levels are associated with disease severity and in-hospital mortality after acute intracerebral hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Gang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Provincial Corps Jiaxing Hospital, Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, 16 Nanhu Road, Jiaxing 314000, China
| | - Hai-Long An
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Provincial Corps Jiaxing Hospital, Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, 16 Nanhu Road, Jiaxing 314000, China
| | - Jian-Min Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310000, China.
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9
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Gao JB, Tang WD, Wang X, Shen J. Prognostic value of neuropeptide proenkephalin A in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Peptides 2014; 58:42-6. [PMID: 24937655 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
High plasma proenkephalin A levels have been associated with poor clinical outcome of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. This prospective observatory study was designed to investigate the relationship between plasma proenkephalin A levels and 1-week mortality, 6-month mortality and 6-month unfavorable outcome (defined as Glasgow Outcome Scale score of 1-3) in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. This study recruited 128 patients and 128 sex- and age-matched healthy controls. Plasma proenkephalin A levels, as measured by chemoluminescence sandwich immunoassay, were statistically significantly higher in patients than in healthy controls (239.1±93.0 pmol/L vs.81.3±22.1 pmol/L; P<0.001) and were correlated with Glasgow Coma Scale scores (r=-0.540, P<0.001). It was identified as an independent prognostic predictor of 1-week mortality [odds ratio (OR), 1.214; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.103-1.425; P<0.001], 6-month mortality (OR, 1.162; 95% CI, 1.101-1.372; P<0.001) and 6-month unfavorable outcome (OR, 1.116; 95% CI, 1.097-1.281; P<0.001). Moreover, it had high predictive value for 1-week mortality [area under curve (AUC), 0.852; 95% CI, 0.778-0.908], 6-month mortality (AUC, 0.841; 95% CI, 0.766-0.899) and 6-month unfavorable outcome (AUC, 0.830; 95% CI, 0.754-0.891). Furthermore, its predictive value was similar to Glasgow Coma Scale score's (all P>0.05). Yet, a combined logistic-regression model did not show that it statistically significantly improved the predictive value of Glasgow Coma Scale score (all P>0.05). Thus, it was proposed that enhanced plasma proenkephalin A could be a useful, complementary tool to predict short- or long-term clinical outcome after severe traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Bo Gao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Fuyang People's Hospital, 2-4 Guihua Road, Fuyang 311400, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Wei-Dong Tang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Fuyang People's Hospital, 2-4 Guihua Road, Fuyang 311400, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Fuyang People's Hospital, 2-4 Guihua Road, Fuyang 311400, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jia Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fuyang People's Hospital, 2-4 Guihua Road, Fuyang 311400, Zhejiang Province, China
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10
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Chen XL, Yu BJ, Chen MH. Circulating levels of neuropeptide proenkephalin A predict outcome in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Peptides 2014; 56:111-5. [PMID: 24727154 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
High plasma proenkephalin A level has been associated with ischemic stroke severity and clinical outcomes. This study aimed to assess the relationship between proenkephalin A and disease severity as well as to investigate its ability to predict long-term clinical outcome in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Plasma proenkephalin A concentrations of one hundred and eighty patients and 180 sex- and age-matched healthy controls were measured by chemoluminescence sandwich immunoassay. Plasma proenkephalin A level was substantially higher in patients than in healthy controls (205.5±41.6 pmol/L vs. 90.8±21.1 pmol/L, P<0.001), was highly associated with World Federation of Neurological Surgeons (WFNS) score (r=0.470, P<0.001) and Fisher score (r=0.488, P<0.001), was an independent predictor for 6-month mortality [odds ratio (OR), 1.183; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.067-1.339; P=0.004] and unfavorable outcome (Glasgow Outcome Scale score of 1-3) (OR, 1.119; 95% CI, 1.046-1.332; P=0.005) using multivariate analysis, and had high area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for prediction of 6-month mortality (AUC, 0.831; 95% CI, 0.768-0.883) and unfavorable outcome (AUC, 0.821; 95% CI, 0.757-0.874). The predictive value of the plasma proenkephalin A concentration was also similar to those of WFNS score and Fisher score (both P>0.05). In a combined logistic-regression model, proenkephalin A improved the AUCs of WFNS score and Fisher score, but the differences were not significant (both P>0.05). Thus, proenkephalin A level may be a useful, complementary tool to predict mortality and functional outcome at 6 months after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Lin Chen
- The Second Zone, Department of Brain, The People's Hospital of Qingyuan, The Affiliated Qingyuan Hospital of Jinan University, B24 Xinchengyinquan Road, Qingcheng District, Qingyuan 511518, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bing-Jian Yu
- The Second Zone, Department of Brain, The People's Hospital of Qingyuan, The Affiliated Qingyuan Hospital of Jinan University, B24 Xinchengyinquan Road, Qingcheng District, Qingyuan 511518, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mao-Hua Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Central Hospital of Wenzhou City, 32 Dajian Lane, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China.
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11
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Ng LL, Sandhu JK, Narayan H, Quinn PA, Squire IB, Davies JE, Bergmann A, Maisel A, Jones DJL. Proenkephalin and prognosis after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 63:280-9. [PMID: 24140658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The goal of this research was to assess the prognostic value of proenkephalin (PENK) levels in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) by using N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) scores as comparators and to identify levels that might be valuable in clinical decision making. BACKGROUND PENK is a stable analyte of labile enkephalins. Few biomarkers predict recurrent AMI. METHODS We measured PENK in 1,141 patients (820 male subjects; mean age 66.2 ± 12.8 years) with AMI. Endpoints were major adverse events (composite of death, myocardial infarction [MI], and heart failure [HF] hospitalization) and recurrent MI at 2 years. GRACE scoring was used for comparisons with PENK for the death and/or MI endpoint at 6 months. RESULTS During follow-up, 139 patients died, and there were 112 HF hospitalizations and 149 recurrent AMIs. PENK levels were highest on admission and were related to estimated glomerular filtration rate, left ventricular wall motion index, sex, blood pressure, and age. Multivariable Cox regression models found that the PENK level was a predictor of major adverse events (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.52 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.19 to 1.94]), death and/or AMI (HR: 1.76 [95% CI: 1.34 to 2.30]), and death and/or HF (HR: 1.67 [95% CI: 1.24 to 2.25]) (all comparisons p < 0.001), as well as recurrent AMI (HR: 1.43 [95% CI: 1.07 to 1.91]; p < 0.01). PENK levels were independent predictors of 6-month death and/or MI compared with GRACE scores. PENK-adjusted GRACE scores reclassified patients significantly (overall category-free net reclassification improvement [>0] of 21.9 [95% CI: 4.5 to 39.4]; p < 0.014). PENK levels <48.3 pmol/l and >91 pmol/l detected low- and high-risk patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS PENK levels reflect cardiorenal status post-AMI and are prognostic for death, recurrent AMI, or HF. Cutoff values define low- and high-risk groups and improve risk prediction of GRACE scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leong L Ng
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and National Institute for Health Research, Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
| | - Jatinderpal K Sandhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and National Institute for Health Research, Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Hafid Narayan
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and National Institute for Health Research, Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Paulene A Quinn
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and National Institute for Health Research, Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Iain B Squire
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and National Institute for Health Research, Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Joan E Davies
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and National Institute for Health Research, Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Bergmann
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Maisel
- San Diego VA Medical Center, San Diego, California
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12
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Zozulia AA, Neznamov GG, Siuniakov TS, Kost NV, Gabaeva MV, Sokolov OI, Serebriakova EV, Siranchieva OA, Andriushenko AV, Telesheva ES, Siuniakov SA, Smulevich AB, Miasoedov NF, Seredenin SB. [Efficacy and possible mechanisms of action of a new peptide anxiolytic selank in the therapy of generalized anxiety disorders and neurasthenia]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2008; 108:38-48. [PMID: 18454096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Sixty-two patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and neurasthenia were studied. The effect of selank (30 patients) was compared to that of medazepam (32 patients). Patient's state was assessed with psychometric scales (Hamilton, Zung, CGI). Enkephalin activity in the blood serum was measured as well. The anxiolytic effects of both drugs were similar but selank had also antiasthenic and psychostimulant effects. The clinical-biological study revealed that patients with GAD and neurasthenia had the decreased level of tau(1/2) leu-enkephalin which was correlated with disease duration, severity of symptoms related to anxiety and asthenia and autonomic disorders. The increase of this parameter and stronger positive correlations with anxiety level were observed during the treatment with selank mostly in patients with GAD.
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13
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive motor disorder, but frequently is accompanied by autonomic symptoms such as hypotension. Together with the decrease of dopamine, significant decreases in aminopeptidase activities have been reported in PD brains. However, up to date there are no studies about changes of aminopeptidase activities in plasma of PD patients. We studied plasma activities of alanyl-, aspartyl-(AspAP), cystinyl-(CysAP) and glutamyl-aminopeptidase (GluAP) in two groups of subjects: control (n=41) and PD (n=48). Plasma activities of AspAP, CysAP, and GluAP showed significant decreases of 24.9% (p<0.05), 39.4% (p<0.01) and 33.3% (p<0.01), respectively, in PD group. These aminopeptidases are involved in the metabolism of circulating peptides such as the ones of the renin-angiotensin system. The importance of aminopeptidases in striatal dopamine content and in neuroendocrine system in PD is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Banegas
- Unit of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Spain
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14
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Ernst A, Köhrle J, Bergmann A. Proenkephalin A 119-159, a stable proenkephalin A precursor fragment identified in human circulation. Peptides 2006; 27:1835-40. [PMID: 16621157 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2006.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2006] [Revised: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we describe a newly developed sandwich immunoassay using antibodies against the proenkephalin A 119-159 peptide (PENK A 119-159). PENK A 119-159 immunoreactivity was detectable in the circulation of human blood donors and in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients without a neurologic disorder. The concentration was about 100 times higher in CSF than in serum. Analytical reversed phase HPLC revealed that PENK A 119-159 is the main immunoreactivity in human circulation and CSF. Moreover, PENK A 119-159 is stable in vitro for at least 48 h at room temperature as compared to the low stability of the peptides methionine- and leucine-enkephalin. This suggests the use of PENK A 119-159 measurement as surrogate molecule for the release of the mature peptides derived from proenkephalin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ernst
- SphingoTec GmbH, Tulpenweg 6, D-16556 Borgsdorf, Germany.
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15
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Psurek A, Matysik FM, Scriba GKE. Determination of enkephalin peptides by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:1199-208. [PMID: 16523458 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection (NACE-ED) was applied to the analysis of enkephalin peptides. The effect of different buffer compositions on the electrophoretic behavior of methionine enkephalin, leucine enkephalin, and [D-Ala2]-leucine enkephalin was studied. Separation of the protonated and the deprotonated peptides was obtained using ACN/methanol-based electrolyte systems. The electrochemical behavior of the enkephalins was studied by the capillary batch injection analysis technique. NACE-ED yielded well-defined signals in the oxidation mode only for the negatively charged analytes. The optimized BGE for the counterelectroosmotic separation consisted of 10 mM ammonium acetate in ACN/methanol (3:1 v/v). Using a platinum microdisk electrode set to an actual potential of +0.65 V detection limits in the submicromolar range were observed which are about one order of magnitude lower compared to UV detection. Problems concerning EOF instability and electrode fouling caused by water and other neutral sample impurities transported by the EOF can be avoided in the EOF-inverted mode using poly(ethylene glycol)-coated capillaries and an actual working electrode potential of +1.0 V. For the quantification of the enkephalins [D-Ala2]leucine enkephalin was used as internal standard. The practical utility for the determination of enkephalins in spiked plasma samples after SPE was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arndt Psurek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Jena, Jena, Germany
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16
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Zolotarev IA, Dadaian AK, Dolotov OV, Kozik VS, Kost NV, Sokolov OI, Dorokhova EM, Meshavkin VK, Inozemtseva LS, Gabaeva MV, Andreeva LA, Alfeeva LI, Pavlov TS, Badmaeva KE, Badmaeva SE, Bakaeva ZV, Kopylova GN, Samonina GE, Vas'kovskiĭ BV, Grivennikov IA, Zozulia AA, Miasoedov NF. [Evenly tritium-labeled peptides and their in vivo and in vitro biodegradation]. Bioorg Khim 2006; 32:183-91. [PMID: 16637290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Biologically active peptides evenly labeled with tritium were used for studying the in vitro and in vivo biodegradation of the peptides. Tritium-labeled peptides with a specific radioactivity of 50-150 Ci/mmol were obtained by high temperature solid phase catalytic isotope exchange (HSCIE) with spillover tritium. The distribution of the isotope label among all amino acid residues of these peptides allows the simultaneous determination of practically all possible products of their enzymatic hydrolysis. The developed analytical method includes extraction of tritium-labeled peptides from organism tissues and chromatographic isolation of individual labeled peptides from the mixture of degradation products. The concentrations of a peptide under study and the products of its biodegradation were calculated from the results of liquid scintillation counting. This approach was used for studying the pathways of biodegradation of the heptapeptide TKPRPGP (Selank) and the tripeptide PGP in blood plasma. The pharmacokinetics of Selank, an anxiolytic peptide, was also studied in brain tissues using the intranasal in vivo administration of this peptide. The concentrations of labeled peptides were determined, and the pentapeptide TKPRP, tripeptide TKP, and dipeptides RP and GP were shown to be the major products of Selank biodegradation. The study of the biodegradation of the heptapeptide MEHFPGP (Semax) in the presence of nerve cells showed that the major products of its biodegradation are the pentapeptide HFPGP and tripeptide PGP. The enkephalinase activity of blood plasma was studied with the use of evenly tritium-labeled [Leu]enkephalin. A high inhibitory effect of Semax on blood plasma enkephalinases was shown to arise from its action on aminopeptidases. The method, based on the use of evenly tritium-labeled peptides, allows the determination of peptide concentrations and the activity of enzymes involved in their degradation on a tg scale of biological samples both in vitro and in vivo.
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17
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Balog T, Marotti T, Sverko V, Marotti M, Krolo I, Rocic B, Karapanda N. Enkephalin degradating enzymes in pheochromocytoma patients. Oncol Rep 2003; 10:253-8. [PMID: 12469178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Adrenal gland as a major source of enkephalins on the periphery can be affected by a rare adrenal gland tumor, adrenal pheochromocytoma. It has been demonstrated that this tumor might be associated with altered concentration of enkephalin-like peptides. The effect of these peptides can be either prolonged or abbreviated by two neutrophil membrane bound enzymes; aminopeptidase N (APN) and neutral endopeptidase (NEP). We assumed that altered enkephalin level in pheochromocytoma patients (but not in patients with non-functional adenomas or tumors of different origin) might result in differently regulated APN and/or NEP activity. We measured APN and NEP activity on surface of neutrophils, level of lipid peroxidation (LPO) in plasma and enkephalin concentration in plasma in patients with pheochromocytomas, non-functional adenomas, malignant renal tumors and healthy controls. Catheholamines and vanyllmandelic acid (VMA) were measured in 24-h urine of pheochromocytoma patients. NEP and APN activity on neutrophils from all pheochromocytoma patients was significantly increased as compared with healthy controls, non-functional adenomas and malignant renal tumors. In all pheochromocytoma patients NEP activity was reduced almost to the control level after surgery. At the same time APN activity was in some patients up- and in others down-regulated. In comparison, elevated levels of cateholamines and VMA were found after multiple determinations in 6 out of 10 pheochromocytoma patients. Although preliminary, this study has shown specifically and consistently up-regulated NEP activity on neutrophils from pheochromocytoma patients, and uniformly decreased NEP activity in these patients after adrenalectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tihomir Balog
- Institute Ruder Boskovic, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia.
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18
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Figuerola MDL, Levin G, Bertotti A, Ferreiro J, Barontini M. Normal sympathetic nervous system response in reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Funct Neurol 2002; 17:77-81. [PMID: 12224794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated sympathetic nervous system activity by sympathetic skin response (SSR) recording and we further investigated sympathetic and opioid outflow indirectly in patients with features of reflex sympathetic dystrophy by measuring concentrations of plasma catecholamines (CAs) and their metabolites and plasma metenkephalin (ME), before and after corticoid treatment. Six patients were studied. Basal SSR latencies, morphologies and amplitudes were normal in five patients. In one woman, latency and amplitude were also normal but the morphology was disturbed. Basal plasma ME, CA and metabolite levels were similar in the affected and non-affected limbs and a significant increase in plasma ME concentrations was observed in both affected and non-affected limbs after two weeks of steroid treatment. Altogether these results point to an adaptive supersensitivity rather than a sympathetic hyperactivity in this syndrome; also, they indicate that the therapeutic effect of steroids adds, to their known anti-inflammatory action, a stimulatory action on the endogenous opioid system.
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Abstract
During the course of evolution invertebrates and vertebrates have maintained common signaling molecules, such as neuropeptides. For example, complete hormonal-enzymatic systems for the biosynthesis of opioid peptides have been found in both the CNS and immune systems of these animals. These signaling molecules have been found in the blood circulation and act as immunomodulators. In vertebrates, release of the signaling molecules occurs during stress (cognitive or pathogens), which triggers the hypothalamo-hypophysial-adrenal axis. Similarly, these neuropeptides are used as messengers to initiate and stimulate the innate immune response in invertebrates. Thus, the crosstalk between nervous and immune systems has an ancient evolutionary origin and the messengers used have been conserved during the course of evolution reflecting their vital importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salzet
- The Laboratoire d'Endocrinologie des Annélides, UPRES-A CNRS 8017, SN3, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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20
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Tasiemski A, Salzet M, Benson H, Fricchione GL, Bilfinger TV, Goumon Y, Metz-Boutigue MH, Aunis D, Stefano GB. The presence of antibacterial and opioid peptides in human plasma during coronary artery bypass surgery. J Neuroimmunol 2000; 109:228-35. [PMID: 10996225 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(00)00314-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Antibacterial peptides, found in both invertebrates and vertebrates, represent a potential innate defense mechanism against microbial infections. However, it is unknown whether this process occurs in humans during surgery. We looked for evidence of release of antibacterial peptides during coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). We used immunological techniques and antibacterial assays combined with high-performance gel-permeation chromatography, reverse-phase HPLC, N-terminal sequencing and comparison with synthetic standards to characterize the peptide B/enkelytin. We show the presence of anionic antibacterial peptide, the peptide B/enkelytin which correspond to the C-terminal part of proenkephalin A, from the plasma of patients undergoing CABG. Our studies show that peptide B/enkelytin is initially present at low levels in plasma and is then released in increased amounts just after skin incision. Antibacterial assays confirmed that the peptides specifically target gram-positive bacteria. We also demonstrate that peptide B/enkelytin is metabolized in vivo to the opioid peptides methionine-enkephalin-Arg-Phe and methionine-enkephalin, peptides that we show have granulocyte chemotactic activity. These findings suggest that in humans, surgical incision leads to the release of antibacterial peptides. Furthermore, these antibacterial peptides can be metabolized into compounds that have immune-activating properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tasiemski
- Laboratoire d'Endocrinologie des Annélides, UPRESA CNRS 8017, SN3, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, F-59655 Cédex, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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21
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Abstract
A major challenge in the development of sustained-release formulations for protein and peptide drugs is to achieve high drug loading sufficient for prolonged therapeutic effect coupled with a high recovery of the protein/peptide. This challenge has been successfully met in the formulation of several peptide and protein drugs using the DepoFoam, multivesicular lipid-based drug delivery system. DepoFoam technology consists of novel multivesicular liposomes characterized by their unique structure of multiple non-concentric aqueous chambers surrounded by a network of lipid membranes. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate that DepoFoam technology can be used to develop sustained-release formulations of therapeutic proteins and peptides with high loading. DepoFoam formulations of a protein such as insulin, and peptides such as leuprolide, enkephalin and octreotide have been developed and characterized. The data show that these formulations have high drug loading, high encapsulation efficiency, low content of free drug in the suspension, little chemical change in the drug caused by the formulation process, narrow particle size distribution, and spherical particle morphology. Drug release assays conducted in vitro in biological suspending media such as human plasma indicate that these formulations provide sustained release of encapsulated drug over a period from a few days to several weeks, and that the rate of release can be modulated. In vivo pharmacodynamic studies in rats also show a sustained therapeutic effect over a prolonged period. These results demonstrate that the DepoFoam system is capable of efficiently encapsulating therapeutic proteins and peptides and effectively providing controlled delivery of these biologically active macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Ye
- DepoTech Corporation, 10450 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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22
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Kolesnikov Y, Pasternak GW. Topical opioids in mice: analgesia and reversal of tolerance by a topical N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999; 290:247-52. [PMID: 10381783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to its central actions, morphine has important peripheral effects. To examine peripheral analgesic mechanisms, we developed a topical opioid paradigm in which the tail was immersed in a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution containing various drugs. Alone, DMSO was inactive in the tail-flick assay in mice. DMSO solutions containing morphine and peptides such as [D-Ala2,MePhe4, Gly(ol)5]enkephalin (DAMGO) produced a potent, dose-dependent analgesia with the radiant heat tail-flick assay. The actions of the drugs were local. Analgesia was observed only in regions of the tail exposed to the solution and not in more proximal unexposed portions of the tail. Immersion of the tail in a solution containing either 125I-labeled morphine or 125I-labeled DAMGO revealed no detectable uptake of radioactivity into the brain, spinal cord, or blood. In the tail, radioactivity was limited only to the regions actually immersed in the solutions. The topical drugs potentiated systemic agents, similar to the previously established synergy between peripheral and central sites of action. Local tolerance was rapidly produced by repeated daily exposure of the tail to morphine. Topical morphine tolerance was effectively blocked by the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist MK801 given either systemically or topically but not intrathecally. The ability of a topical NMDA antagonist to block local morphine tolerance suggests that peripheral NMDA receptors mediate topical morphine tolerance. Morphine was cross-tolerant to DAMGO, but not to morphine-6beta-glucuronide, implying different mechanisms of action. These observations are significant in the design and use of opioids clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kolesnikov
- Department of Anesthesiology, New York, New York, USA
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Bush JA, Kraemer WJ, Mastro AM, Triplett-McBride NT, Volek JS, Putukian M, Sebastianelli WJ, Knuttgen HG. Exercise and recovery responses of adrenal medullary neurohormones to heavy resistance exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31:554-9. [PMID: 10211851 DOI: 10.1097/00005768-199904000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of dynamic resistance exercise on the response patterns of adrenal medullary neurohormones in strength-trained men. METHODS Ten strength-trained men (21.7+/-0.58 yr) gave informed consent and performed two resistance exercise protocols, high force and high power, of equal total work in a randomized order separated by 1 wk. Blood samples were obtained pre-exercise (baseline), 0 (R-0), 15 (R-15), and 240 (R-240) min postexercise and under resting control conditions for each time point. RESULTS There were no significant differences in control concentrations for each time point and no difference in pre-exercise values between the two resistance exercise protocols for plasma lactate, epinephrine, plasma peptide F (P-F), or norepinephrine (NE). Plasma lactate significantly (P< or = 0.05) increased from baseline for both protocols; however, concentrations were higher in response to the high force protocol. Plasma epinephrine was significantly increased from baseline at R-0 and returned to baseline at R-15 for both protocols. In contrast, plasma P-F was significantly decreased at R-0 from baseline; however, at R-240 P-F had significantly increased to >80% baseline for both protocols. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the adrenal medulla was activated in response to the acute stress of both types of heavy resistance exercise. Furthermore, during longer recovery periods, the adrenal medulla was also active above baseline conditions as increased concentrations of proenkephalin fragments (i.e., P-F) were detected in the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Bush
- Department of Kinesiology, Center for Sports Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
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24
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Abstract
PURPOSE This study was conducted to examine the influence of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) modulation on the pharmacodynamics of the model opioid peptide DPDPE. METHODS Mice (n = 5-7/group) were pretreated with a single oral dose of the P-gp inhibitor GF120918 (25 or 250 mg/kg) or vehicle. 3H-DPDPE (10 mg/kg) or saline was administered 2.5 hr after pretreatment. Antinociception was determined, and blood and brain tissue were obtained, 10 min after DPDPE administration. RESULTS A significant difference (p < 0.001) in DPDPE-associated antinociception was observed among mice pretreated with a 25- (83 +/- 16% MPR) or 250- (95 +/- 5% MPR) mg/kg dose of GF120918 in comparison to mice pretreated with vehicle (24 +/- 14% MPR) or mice receiving GF120918 without DPDPE (12 +/- 8% MPR). A significant difference (p < 0.01) in brain tissue DPDPE concentration also was observed among treatment groups [25 +/- 6 ng/g (vehicle), 37 +/- 11 ng/g (25 mg/kg GF120918), 70 +/- 8 ng/g (250 mg/kg GF120918)]. In contrast, blood DPDPE concentrations were not statistically different between groups (678 +/- 66, 677 +/- 130, and 818 +/- 236 ng/ml for vehicle, GF120918 [25 mg/kg], and GF120918 [250 mg/kg], respectively). A single 100-mg/kg i.p. dose of (+)verapamil increased the brain:blood DPDPE concentration ratio by approximately 70% relative to saline-treated control mice (0.139 +/- 0.021 vs. 0.0814 +/- 0.0130, p < 0.01), a change in partitioning similar to that observed with the low dose of GF120918. These data provide further support for a P-gp-based mechanism of brain:blood DPDPE distribution. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates that GF120918 modulates blood-brain disposition and antinociception of DPDPE. Coadministration of a P-gp inhibitor with DPDPE may improve the pharmacologic activity of this opioid peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chen
- Division of Drug Delivery and Disposition, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 27599-7360, USA
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25
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Naloxone enhances bladder activity in patients with chronic spinal cord injury. However, there are few reports on naloxone for bladder morbidity in acute spinal cord injury. METHODS We performed a prospective, controlled study of the effects of naloxone on bladder function in rabbits with and without surgical transection of the spinal cord at the 10th thoracic vertebra. Acute and chronic stages of injury were defined according to bladder function. Naloxone was given intravenously at both stages, and intrathecally at the acute stage. Bladder activity was monitored by cystometry. Blood concentrations of methionine-enkephalin were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS Spinal cord injuries were acute 1 or 2 days after surgery, and chronic after 1 or 2 weeks. Bladder capacity significantly decreased after 0.01 mg of intravenous naloxone in uninjured control rabbits, and after 0.03 mg of intravenous naloxone in rabbits with chronic-phase injuries. During the acute-injury phase, 0.3 mg of intravenous naloxone, or 0.02 mg of intrathecal naloxone, was necessary to evoke the micturition reflex. No significant changes in blood enkephalin levels were seen before or after spinal cord injury. CONCLUSION In rabbits with acute spinal cord injury, intrathecal naloxone evoked the micturition reflex at a much lower dose than did intravenous naloxone. Intrathecal naloxone promises to become a new therapy for the acute stage of spinal cord injury for active recovery of bladder function, and could replace current therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kameoka
- Department of Urology, Jyusendo General Hospital, Koriyama, Fukushima, Japan
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26
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Abstract
We have characterized a prodynorphin (prodyn) molecule in hemocytes and hemolymph of the bivalve mollusk Mytilus edulis. The ca. 16-kDa protein was purified by cut-off filtration prepurification, anti-leucine-enkephalin affinity column separation followed by reversed-phase HPLC. Its primary sequence was determined by Edman degradation, endoproteinase Glu-C digestion and CNBr treatment. Mytilus prodyn contains, alpha-neo-endorphin, dynorphin-A and dynorphin-B at the C-terminus, exhibiting 100, 70.5 and 85% of identity with the rat prodyn-derived counterparts, respectively. The number of leucine-enkephalins in this precursor is identical to that found in vertebrates. Mytilus prodyn is distinguished from that found in leeches in that the N-terminus is longer. Additionally, by sequence comparison, the presence of an orphanin FQ-like peptide, exhibiting 50% sequence similarity with that found in mammals, is demonstrated. This report constitutes the first complete biochemical characterization of a prodyn in a non-parasitic invertebrate and mollusk.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Stefano
- Multidisciplinary Center for the Study of Aging, State University of New York, College at Old Westbury, 11568-0210, USA
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27
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Dzampaeva ET. [Hearing loss correction by endogenous opioid stimulation]. Vestn Otorinolaringol 1998:13-6. [PMID: 9662969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Radioimmunoassay of beta-endorphine (RIA) in plasma was performed in patients with acute, subacute and chronic neurosensory hypoacusis. The RIA and audiological examination were made before treatment and after combined therapy consisting of pharmacopuncture and following low-frequency electrostimulation using negative polarity current. The above treatment elevated beta-endorphine levels in blood plasma. Positive results of the treatment correlated with elevated beta-endorphine levels in the end of the treatment.
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28
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Kamphuis S, Kavelaars A, Brooimans R, Kuis W, Zegers BJ, Heijnen CJ. T helper 2 cytokines induce preproenkephalin mRNA expression and proenkephalin A in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Neuroimmunol 1997; 79:91-9. [PMID: 9357452 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(97)00113-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the regulatory influence of several cytokines on the expression of preproenkephalin (PPE) mRNA in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). By use of a quantitative reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we demonstrate that the T helper 2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 are more potent in upregulating PPE mRNA expression in human PBMC than the T helper 1 cytokines IL-2 and gamma-IFN. In addition, TGF-beta is also an effective inducer of PPE mRNA. TGF-beta, IL-4 and IL-10 increase the cytoplasmatic concentration of met-enkephalin in PBMC. Secretion of met-enkephalin in the culture supernatant of IL-4- or IL-10-stimulated PBMC could not be observed, but proenkephalin A-derived met-enkephalin containing peptides could be demonstrated. IL-4 and IL-10 do not induce PPE mRNA via the same pathways. We could observe that PKA is involved in IL-4 mediated PPE mRNA induction, whereas IL-10 apparently uses another route.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kamphuis
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital for Children and Youth, Het Wilhelmina Kinderziekenhuis, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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29
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Chen C, Jeffery D, Jorgenson JW, Moseley MA, Pollack GM. Sensitive analysis of [D-Pen2,5]enkephalin in rat serum by capillary electrophoresis and laser-induced fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 1997; 697:149-62. [PMID: 9342665 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00062-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive analytical method based on capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) coupled with a laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detector was explored for the analysis of [D-Pen2,5]enkephalin (DPDPE) in rat serum. DPDPE and the internal standard Phe-Leu-Glu-Glu-Ile (P9396) were extracted from serum samples with C18 solid-phase extraction disk cartridges, followed by derivatization with tetramethylrhodamine-5-isothiocyanate (TRITC) isomer G before introduction onto the capillary column. Complete resolution of DPDPE and the internal standard from other serum components was achieved within 20 min on a 140 cm x 50 microns I.D. capillary column with borate buffer (25 mM. pH 8.3). With the current method, it is possible to detect 1.3E-18 mol of DPDPE on column. The results suggest that CZE-LIF is a promising method for the sensitive and specific quantitation of therapeutic peptides in biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chen
- Division of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 27599, USA
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- I C McMillen
- Department of Physiology, The University of Adelaide, Australia
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31
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Abstract
The interindividual variability of the hydrolysis of leucine enkephalin, and of the formation of its hydrolysis by-products has been studied in human plasma. In agreement with known data, the data obtained indicate that Leu-enkephalin is degraded by several enzymes, belonging to three classes: aminopeptidases, dipeptidylaminopeptidases, and dipeptidylcarboxypeptidases. The relative ratio of the substrate degraded by each enzyme class-as well as the expression of the single enzyme species within each class-appears to be individually determined. Interindividual variability observed seems controlled by two main factors: the pattern of enkephalin-degrading enzymes and, more notably, the low molecular weight plasma inhibitors. Both these factors appear to be partially specific of each donor. Possibly because of the composition of these factors, the hydrolysis pattern of the substrate is characteristic of each donor, and constant in blood obtained from successive drawings, at least within a relatively short period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Marini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Universitá degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Italy
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32
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Chen C, Pollack GM. Development of a capillary zone electrophoresis assay to examine the disposition of [D-pen2,5]enkephalin in rats. J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl 1996; 681:363-73. [PMID: 8811448 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(95)00558-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) assay method was developed to evaluate the systemic disposition of [D-pen2,5]enkephalin (DPDPE) in rats. DPDPE was recovered from serum samples (200 microliters) by solid-phase extraction. Complete resolution of DPDPE and the internal standard ([D-ser2]leucine-enkephalin; DSLET) from other serum components was achieved within 15 min on a 50-microns I.D. capillary column with borate buffer (25 mM, pH 8.3). The peak-height ratio (DPDPE to DSLET) was linear through 100 micrograms/ml, with a detection limit of 250 ng/ml in serum, when absorbance of the column eluent was monitored at 210 nm. Serum samples obtained from rats after a 10 mg/kg intravenous bolus dose of DPDPE were analyzed with the present CZE method. The results suggest that CZE is a useful technique for quantitating therapeutic peptides in biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chen
- Division of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 27599-7360, USA
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33
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Williams SA, Abbruscato TJ, Hruby VJ, Davis TP. Passage of a delta-opioid receptor selective enkephalin, [D-penicillamine2,5] enkephalin, across the blood-brain and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers. J Neurochem 1996; 66:1289-99. [PMID: 8769896 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.66031289.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
[D-Penicillamine2,5] enkephalin (DPDPE) is an enzymatically stable, delta-opioid receptor-selective peptide, which produces analgesia when given intracerebroventricularly. However, because only modest analgesic effects were seen after subcutaneous administration of DPDPE, it has been inferred that it does not cross the blood-brain barrier well. In this present study, a vascular brain perfusion technique in anesthetized rats was used to measure directly whether [3H]DPDPE could cross the blood-brain and/or the blood-CSF barriers. The results indicated that the brain uptake of [3H]DPDPE was significantly greater than that of [14C]sucrose, a vascular marker (p < 0.01), and than that of [3H]DPDPE into the CSF (p < 0.01). Furthermore, HPLC analysis confirmed the integrity of the 3H to DPDPE and demonstrated that intact [3H]DPDPE entered the brain. Although 1 mM leucine-enkephalin failed to inhibit uptake of [3H]DPDPE, unlabeled DPDPE (100 microM) caused a significant inhibition of the brain uptake (p < 0.01) but not the CSF uptake of [3H]DPDPE. These data provide evidence that intact [3H]DPDPE enters the CNS of anesthetized rats by saturable and nonsaturable mechanisms. In addition, the saturable mechanism is likely to be found at the blood-brain barrier, with the blood-CSF barrier playing only a minor role in the brain uptake of this peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Williams
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson 85724, USA
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34
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Mateo Z, Napier L, Gaugl JF, Barron BA, Caffrey JL. Hemorrhage alters plasma and cardiac enkephalins and catecholamines in anesthetized dogs. Am J Physiol 1995; 269:H2082-9. [PMID: 8594920 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.1995.269.6.h2082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsic cardiac enkephalins participate in circulatory regulation either through the modification of vagal control or vasomotor sympathetic control. We extracted, chromatographed, and assayed plasma and myocardial enkephalins from anesthetized dogs under control conditions and during hemorrhagic hypotension (2 h at 40 mmHg). Blood samples were collected at intervals during the experiment. Blood gases were stable, pH declined to 7.1, and heart rate rose. Plasma catecholamines increased and remained high throughout hypotension. Catecholamine and enkephalin immunoreactivities (ir) were unchanged in time controls. Plasma methionine-enkephalin (ME) and peptide F increased twofold and methionine-enkephalin-arginine-phenylalanine (MEAP) and peptide B increased 10- to 30-fold during hypotension. Plasma proenkephalin (ProEnk) and other large enkephalins were unchanged during hypotension. Myocardial norepinephrine was greater in the atria and both atrial and ventricular contents were decreased after hypotension. ProEnk and peptide B accounted for > 60% of the cardiac enkephalins, and their ventricular concentrations were three to four times atrial concentrations. Myocardial MEAP concentrations were 15-25 times the ME concentrations in the same tissue extracts. Hypotension increased myocardial peptide B and ProEnk, and ME, MEAP, and peptide F were unchanged. The data demonstrate a preferential processing to or retention of MEAP rather than ME-ir enkephalins in the heart. The data also indicate that myocardial MEAP-ir enkephalins respond to changes in the circulatory environment and appear in the plasma during hemorrhagic hypotension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Mateo
- Department of Physiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth 76107, USA
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35
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Maslov LN, Lishmanov YB. Change in opioid peptide level in the heart and blood plasma during acute myocardial ischaemia complicated by ventricular fibrillation. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1995; 22:812-6. [PMID: 8593735 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.1995.tb01940.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
1. The influence of acute myocardial ischaemia (AMI) complicated by ventricular fibrillation (VF) on opioid peptide level in myocardium and blood plasma of rats has been studied. 2. Leu-enkephalin level in myocardium of rats with AMI and VF has been found to be significantly lower than in animals with AMI but without VF. 3. Met-enkephalin level has been found to be significantly increased in both animals with VF and without it. We have not found a significant difference in met-enkephalin level in myocardium of animals with VF and without it. 4. AMI was induced to increase the enkephalin and beta-endorphin level in blood plasma of all the animals, whether VF had occurred or not. 5. Preliminary administration of D-Ala2,Leu5,Arg6-enkephalin, a synthetic analogue of leu-enkephalin, has prevented a decrease of ventricular fibrillation threshold in experimental coronary occlusion. 6. The obtained results allow us to conclude that enkephalins of myocardium but not opioid peptides of blood plasma play an important role in VF occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- L N Maslov
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Institute of Cardiology, Tomsk, Russia
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36
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Kato Y. [Enkephalin]. Nihon Rinsho 1995; 53 Su Pt 2:329-32. [PMID: 8753247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Kato
- Department of Medicine, Shimane Medical University
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37
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Figuerola ML, Vindrola O, Leston J, Barontini M. Peripheral opioid systems in cluster headache. Cephalalgia 1994; 14:248-9. [PMID: 7954749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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38
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Figuerola MDL, Guadalupe Pallotta M, Levin G, Vindrola O, Leston J, Barontini M. Lack of response of proenkephalin A and sympathetic nervous system in chronic pain associated with lung cancer. Funct Neurol 1994; 9:23-8. [PMID: 8082850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the link between peripheral endogenous opioid peptides and pain regulation, these substances have been studied in relation to certain pain conditions. In order to elucidate the effect of chronic pain on both peripheral opioid system and sympathetic nervous activity, we assayed plasma met-enkephalin (ME), neutrophil met-enkephalin containing peptides (NMECP) and plasma free and conjugated catecholamines (CA) in lung cancer patients with chronic pain related to bone metastases and without pain. No significant difference was found in ME levels when the pain cancer group (0.36 +/- 0.06 pmol/ml) was compared to the pain-free group (0.37 +/- 0.04 pmol/ml); results were similar for NMECP levels (14.1 +/- 1.66 pmol/mg prot and 18.41 +/- 1.93 pmol/mg prot, respectively). CA levels in both groups were also similar. These results differ from those we have reported previously for acute pain, suggesting that a non-permanent painful stimulus may be necessary for peripheral opioid system stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M de L Figuerola
- CEDIE, Argentine National Research Council, Ricardo Gutiérrez, Children's Hospital Buenos Aires
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39
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Coulter CL, Young IR, Simonetta G, McMillen IC. Effect of hypophysectomy on plasma catecholamines and enkephalins in fetal sheep. Am J Physiol 1993; 265:E203-9. [PMID: 8368289 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1993.265.2.e203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of fetal hypophysectomy on the plasma concentrations of catecholamines and enkephalins in the fetal sheep between 120 and 140 days gestation under basal and hypoxic conditions. During basal conditions, there was no difference in the plasma concentrations of norepinephrine and epinephrine between intact and hypophysectomized groups. Fetal plasma norepinephrine concentrations were significantly increased during hypoxia in intact fetal sheep (7.2 +/- 2.2 pmol/ml, -15 min; 20.2 +/- 7.7 pmol/ml, 30 min) between 130 and 140 days, but after fetal hypophysectomy there was no significant norepinephrine response to hypoxia at this gestational age (4.7 +/- 1.3 pmol/ml, -15 min; 8.8 +/- 2.8 pmol/ml, 30 min). In contrast, fetal plasma epinephrine concentrations were significantly increased during hypoxia in both the intact (1.5 +/- 0.5 pmol/ml, -15 min; 3.3 +/- 1.7 pmol/ml, 30 min) and hypophysectomized groups (1.8 +/- 0.6 pmol/ml, -15 min; 6.8 +/- 4.1 pmol/ml, 30 min) between 130 and 140 days. During basal conditions, plasma concentrations of free Met-Enk were significantly less in hypophysectomized fetal sheep (170.8 +/- 34.3 pg/ml; 120-140 days) than in intact fetal sheep (305.6 +/- 47.3 pg/ml). There were no differences, however, in the fetal plasma concentrations of total Met-Enk between the intact (18.0 +/- 1.9 ng/ml) and hypophysectomized (16.9 +/- 2.6 ng/ml) groups. During hypoxia, there were no changes in the fetal plasma concentrations of either free or total Met-Enk in the intact or hypophysectomized groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Coulter
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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40
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Simonetta G, Young IR, Coulter CL, Hey NJ, McMillen IC. Fetal adrenalectomy does not affect circulating enkephalins in the sheep fetus during late gestation. Neuroendocrinology 1993; 57:408-15. [PMID: 8321412 DOI: 10.1159/000126386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We have measured circulating catecholamines and enkephalins in intact and bilaterally adrenalectomised fetal sheep between 115 and 144 days of gestation using specific radioimmunoassays for total Met-enk-containing peptides (total Met-Enk), free Met-Enk and Met-Enk-arg6-phe7 (MERF). In the intact group fetal plasma concentrations of noradrenaline increased from 1.7 +/- 0.4 (115-124 days) to a peak of 3.7 +/- 0.6 pmol/ml (135-144 days; all results expressed as means +/- standard error of the mean). The mean plasma concentration and the gestational age profile of noradrenaline were the same in the intact and adrenalectomised fetal sheep. We observed no change in the fetal plasma concentrations of adrenaline between 115 and 144 days of gestation and there was also no effect of removal of both fetal adrenal glands on plasma adrenaline concentrations. In the intact fetal sheep there was a significant increase in the circulating concentration of free Met-Enk between 115-119 (497.7 +/- 128.4 pmol/l) and 125-129 days of gestation (647.8 +/- 59.5 pmol/l). There was a similar increase in plasma MERF concentrations between 115-119 (850.4 +/- 170.4 pmol/l) and 130-134 days (1,525.1 +/- 227.0 pmol/l). There was no change, however, in the plasma concentrations of total Met-Enk across this gestational age range. The mean circulating concentrations and the gestational age profiles of plasma total and free Met-Enk and MERF were the same in the intact and adrenalectomised fetal sheep across the age range studied. We have demonstrated therefore that during unstressed conditions the fetal adrenal medulla is not the major source of circulating enkephalins.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- G Simonetta
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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41
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Abstract
The role of catecholamines in regulating the neuroendocrine stress response is controversial. We have investigated the effects of unilateral ventral noradrenergic bundle (VNAB) lesions on corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) and proenkephalin A mRNA responses in the parvocellular paraventricular nucleus (pPVN) to both physical and psychological stresses. We have also determined the effects of direct bilateral PVN lesions on CRF mRNA, plasma ACTH and corticosterone responses to psychological stress. 6-OHDA lesions whether to the VNAB or direct to the PVN did not result in any change in basal levels of CRF mRNA. Depletion of endogenous noradrenaline following unilateral lesions of the VNAB did not affect the CRF mRNA or the proenkephalin A mRNA response to stress. These data suggest that noradrenergic pathways are not involved in maintaining basal levels of CRF mRNA and that the noradrenergic input through the VNAB does not mediate the accumulation of CRF and proenkephalin A mRNAs in response to these stressors. Direct bilateral lesions to the PVN prevented the accumulation of CRF mRNA but not the ACTH and corticosterone responses to restraint stress. This suggests that monoamines are involved in the regulation of CRF mRNA through a mechanism independent of CRF-41 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Harbuz
- Neuroendocrinology Unit, Charing Cross Hospital, London, U.K
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42
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Yaksh TL, Sabbe MB, Lucas D, Mjanger E, Chipkin RE. Effects of [N-(L-(1-carboxy-2-phenyl)ethyl]-L-phenylalanyl-beta-alanine (SCH32615), a neutral endopeptidase (enkephalinase) inhibitor, on levels of enkephalin, encrypted enkephalins and substance P in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of primates. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1991; 256:1033-41. [PMID: 1706428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In halothane-anesthetized and -ventilated cynomologus macaque monkeys, the effects of administering vehicle (n = 3) or the neutral endopeptidase inhibitor N-[L-(1-carboxy-2-phenyl)ethyl]-L-phenylalanyl-beta-alanine (16 mg/kg, n = 5; or 100 mg/kg, n = 3, intravenously) was examined. Cisternal CSF aliquots were examined by radioimmunoassay: 1) for Met enkephalin; 2) after trypsin and carboxypeptidase B treatment for encrypted enkephalin (X-ENK); 3) for substance P; and 4) for unmetabolized drug. Similar measures were carried out in femoral artery and femoral venous plasma, except that substance P was not assayed. In CSF, prior to drug, low, but measurable levels of enkephalin (61 pg/ml), X-ENK (285 pg/ml) and substance P (16 pg/ml) were observed. Vehicle-injected animals showed no change from baseline levels over a 4-hr sampling period in either plasma or CSF levels. In contrast, following 16 mg/kg, in CSF, there was a significant 9-fold increase in MET and 11-fold increase in X-ENK at 30 min. CSF-substance P levels rose also by a factor of 2, with the peak effect observed at 60 min. All levels displayed a significant reduction by 4 hr. There was no statistical difference between the maximum effects observed with either the 16- or 100-mg/kg dose. Plasma peptide levels of enkephalin and X-ENK were not altered by drug. CSF displayed significant drug levels by 30 min, which were between 0.1 and 1% of levels observed concurrently in plasma.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093
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43
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Shibanoki S, Weinberger SB, Ishikawa K, Martinez JL. Sensitive method for measuring hydrolysis of enkephalins in plasma, using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr 1990; 532:249-59. [PMID: 2084123 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)83776-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a simple and sensitive method for detection of [Leu]- and [Met]enkephalin and their N-terminal tyrosine-containing metabolic fragments (Tyr, Tyr-Gly, Tyr-Gly-Gly, and Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe), using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The method employs a carbon graphite working electrode with increased working electrode surface area (40 mm2). The procedures were applied to assay of the activities of enkephalin-degrading enzymes in whole plasma collected from rats, mice, and chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shibanoki
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
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44
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Klein RL, Duncan RW, Selva TJ, Kong JY, Thureson-Klein A. Neuronal and adrenal enkephalins and catecholamines in response to acute CNS ischemia and reserpine in pig. J Auton Nerv Syst 1990; 30:37-62. [PMID: 2348053 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1838(90)90162-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Co-storage of enkephalins and catecholamines in coronary artery, mesenteric artery and vein, middle cerebral artery, vas deferens and adrenal medulla was studied in domestic pig (Sus scrofa). Responses to acute CNS ischemia were correlated with time to peak plasma levels of central venous and adrenal vein outflow samples in controls, during reserpine treatment and after drug withdrawal. Endogenous enkephalins are co-stored in chromaffin granules of adrenal epinephrine-type cells and large dense cored vesicles of noradrenergic terminals. After a lag period, reserpine at near 'therapeutic' doses caused an apparent induction of opioid peptide precursor synthesis accompanied by processing to enkephalins in adrenal medulla up to 8-fold by 30 days and in mesenteric vein up to 4.5-fold by 14 days. Upon 14 days recovery from reserpine, elevated adrenal enkephalins were maintained and depleted catecholamines were largely replenished. Acute CNS ischemia produced rises in MAP (approx. 80 mmHg), marked net depletions of noradrenergic enkephalin stores, and net increases in adrenal vein outflow and central venous levels of enkephalins and catecholamines. Noradrenergic terminals contributed significantly to circulating enkephalins as well as norepinephrine. Reserpine for 7 days nearly abolished all tested responses to acute CNS ischemia, but immediate net 200-400% elevations of endogenous enkephalin stores occurred in coronary artery and mesenteric artery and vein (apparent processing of reserpine-induced neuronal precursor stores). Thus, induction of new synthesis of precursor opioid peptides by reserpine, with or without parallel processing to enkephalins, occurs in noradrenergic terminals in many tissues. All effects of reserpine on endogenous enkephalins implicate a central mechanism to inhibit sympathoadrenal outflow to the periphery. At 14 days recovery from reserpine, when near normal cardiovascular responses to acute CNS ischemia were regained, there was increased net release of the elevated adrenal enkephalins, exaggerated peak plasma enkephalin concentrations, but only minimal depletions of enkephalins from noradrenergic terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Klein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson 39216
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Sheps
- Division of Cardiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill 27514
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46
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Matsak VV. [Enkephalins and endorphins in unstable stenocardia]. Vrach Delo 1990:59-61. [PMID: 2330714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A study is presented of the blood plasma level of opioid peptides in patients with progressive stenocardia. Results indicate non-homogeneity of the patients concerning the content of neuropeptides. Two subgroups were singled out: 1. patients with progressive stenocardia of exertion in which beta-endorphin and leucin-enkephalin were above normal; 2. patients with a severe course of ischemic heart disease. Here the content of same peptides was lower than in the compared group. Similar dependence of changes of the content of methionine-enkephalin was not revealed.
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Abstract
Seven groups of enkephalin-degrading enzymes and three groups of inhibitors active on these enzymes were separated from human plasma. The activity of the enzymes in hydrolyzing enkephalins and of the inhibitors in protecting enkephalins from proteolysis was measured. Results obtained with the endogenous inhibitors were compared to those relative to synthetic inhibitors. Data obtained indicate that all enkephalin-degrading enzymes found in plasma are significantly inhibited by the endogenous substances present in this tissue. The inhibition of the different classes of plasma enzymes by two of the three groups of endogenous substances is quite uniform, while one group of inhibitors appears specific to dipeptidylpeptidases. Results obtained are discussed in terms of the functional role of the inhibitory substances and of the possible pharmacological implication of their presence in human plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Marini
- Dipartimento di Medicine Sperimentale e Scienze Biochimiche, II Universita' degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Italy
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48
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Nakajima S, Komuro T, Shimamura M, Hazato T. Enkephalin-binding protein in human blood. Biochem Int 1989; 19:529-36. [PMID: 2818610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
An enkephalin-binding protein was found in human plasma and serum. The protein was partially purified by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The binding of [3H]leucine-enkephalin to this protein was competitively inhibited by unlabeled leucine- and methionine-enkephalin and various peptide hormones such as beta-endorphin and glucagon, but not by Leu-enkephalin-amide. The fact that amide derivatives of leucine-enkephalin and methionine-enkephalin did not inhibit the binding suggests that c-terminuses of enkephalins might have an important part in binding the protein. From these results, physiological roles of the enkephalin-binding protein are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nakajima
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
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Zoloev GK. [Function of the endogenous opioid system in hypoxic hypoxia]. Fiziol Zh SSSR Im I M Sechenova 1989; 75:575-8. [PMID: 2527170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
MESH Headings
- Adrenal Glands/metabolism
- Animals
- Brain/metabolism
- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-
- Enkephalin, Leucine/analogs & derivatives
- Enkephalin, Leucine/blood
- Enkephalin, Leucine/metabolism
- Enkephalin, Leucine/physiology
- Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine/analogs & derivatives
- Enkephalin, Methionine/blood
- Enkephalin, Methionine/metabolism
- Enkephalin, Methionine/physiology
- Enkephalins/blood
- Enkephalins/metabolism
- Enkephalins/physiology
- Hypoxia/blood
- Hypoxia/metabolism
- Hypoxia/physiopathology
- Lactates/blood
- Male
- Mice
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Strains
- beta-Endorphin/blood
- beta-Endorphin/metabolism
- beta-Endorphin/physiology
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Padrós MR, Vindrola O, Zunszain P, Fainboin L, Finkielman S, Nahmod VE. Mitogenic activation of the human lymphocytes induce the release of proenkephalin derived peptides. Life Sci 1989; 45:1805-11. [PMID: 2593769 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(89)90521-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Several reports indicate that enkephalins participate in lymphocyte proliferation and several events of the immune response. It has been proposed that peptides involved in these processes may originate in the nervous system or endocrine glands. We have found that human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) activated with a mitogenic agent contain and release proenkephalin derived peptides. The kinetics of met-enkephalin and cryptic products of proenkephalin in PBL activated with phytohemaglutinin (PHA) were studied. Peptides were released to the supernatant of stimulated PBL, reaching the highest values after 18 to 24 hours. The material secreted corresponds to high, intermediate and low molecular weight peptides derived from proenkephalin, displaying met-enkephalin and synenkephalin (proenkephalin 1-70) immunoreactivity. Therefore, an intrinsic lymphocytic proenkephalin system is induced by PHA and may play an important role in the regulation of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Padrós
- Laboratorio de Inmunogenética, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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