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Tian X, Wang WT, Zhang MM, Yang QQ, Xu YL, Wu JB, Xie XX, Wang JY, Wang JY. Red nucleus mGluR1 and mGluR5 facilitate the development of neuropathic pain through stimulating the expressions of TNF-α and IL-1β. Neurochem Int 2024; 178:105786. [PMID: 38843952 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Our previous study has identified that glutamate in the red nucleus (RN) facilitates the development of neuropathic pain through metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR). Here, we further explored the actions and possible molecular mechanisms of red nucleus mGluR Ⅰ (mGluR1 and mGluR5) in the development of neuropathic pain induced by spared nerve injury (SNI). Our data indicated that both mGluR1 and mGluR5 were constitutively expressed in the RN of normal rats. Two weeks after SNI, the expressions of mGluR1 and mGluR5 were significantly boosted in the RN contralateral to the nerve injury. Administration of mGluR1 antagonist LY367385 or mGluR5 antagonist MTEP to the RN contralateral to the nerve injury at 2 weeks post-SNI significantly ameliorated SNI-induced neuropathic pain. However, unilateral administration of mGluRⅠ agonist DHPG to the RN of normal rats provoked a significant mechanical allodynia, this effect could be blocked by LY367385 or MTEP. Further studies indicated that the expressions of TNF-α and IL-1β in the RN were also elevated at 2 weeks post-SNI. Administration of mGluR1 antagonist LY367385 or mGluR5 antagonist MTEP to the RN at 2 weeks post-SNI significantly inhibited the elevations of TNF-α and IL-1β. However, administration of mGluR Ⅰ agonist DHPG to the RN of normal rats significantly enhanced the expressions of TNF-α and IL-1β, these effects were blocked by LY367385 or MTEP. These results suggest that activation of red nucleus mGluR1 and mGluR5 facilitate the development of neuropathic pain by stimulating the expressions of TNF-α and IL-1β. mGluR Ⅰ maybe potential targets for drug development and clinical treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Tian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Blood Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen-Tao Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Miao-Miao Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qing-Qing Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ya-Li Xu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ji-Bo Wu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin-Xin Xie
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun-Yang Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jing-Yuan Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
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Chen B, Li F, Jia B, So KF, Wei JA, Liu Y, Qu Y, Zhou L. Celsr3 Inactivation in the Brainstem Impairs Rubrospinal Tract Development and Mouse Behaviors in Motor Coordination and Mechanic-Induced Response. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5179-5192. [PMID: 35678978 PMCID: PMC9363480 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02910-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation of Celsr3 in the forebrain results in defects of longitudinal axonal tracts such as the corticospinal tract. In this study, we inactivated Celsr3 in the brainstem using En1-Cre mice (Celsr3 cKO) and analyzed axonal and behavioral phenotypes. Celsr3 cKO animals showed an 83% reduction of rubrospinal axons and 30% decrease of corticospinal axons in spinal segments, associated with increased branching of dopaminergic fibers in the ventral horn. Decreases of spinal motoneurons, neuromuscular junctions, and electromyographic signal amplitude of the biceps were also found in mutant animals. Mutant mice had impaired motor coordination and defective response to heavy mechanical stimulation, but no disability in walking and food pellet handling. Transsynaptic tracing demonstrated that rubrospinal axons synapse on spinal neurons in the deep layer of the dorsal horn, and mechanical stimulation of hindpaws induced strong calcium signal of red nuclei in control mice, which was less prominent in mutant mice. In conclusion, Celsr3 regulates development of spinal descending axons and the motor network in cell and non-cell autonomous manners, and the maturation of the rubrospinal system is required for motor coordination and response to mechanical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boli Chen
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau CNS Regeneration Institute of Jinan University, Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Jinan University)-Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Huangpu Avenue West 601, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuxiang Li
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau CNS Regeneration Institute of Jinan University, Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Jinan University)-Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Huangpu Avenue West 601, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Jia
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau CNS Regeneration Institute of Jinan University, Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Jinan University)-Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Huangpu Avenue West 601, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau CNS Regeneration Institute of Jinan University, Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Jinan University)-Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Huangpu Avenue West 601, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
- Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation Institute, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital & Clinical, Neuroscience Institute of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, 510005, People's Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-An Wei
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuchu Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yibo Qu
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau CNS Regeneration Institute of Jinan University, Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Jinan University)-Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Huangpu Avenue West 601, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Libing Zhou
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau CNS Regeneration Institute of Jinan University, Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Jinan University)-Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Huangpu Avenue West 601, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China.
- Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation Institute, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital & Clinical, Neuroscience Institute of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China.
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, 510005, People's Republic of China.
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Yang QQ, Li HN, Xia YT, Tian X, Feng F, Yang J, Xu YL, Guo J, Li XQ, Wang JY, Zeng XY. Red Nucleus Interleukin-6 Evokes Tactile Allodynia in Male Rats Through Modulating Spinal Pro-inflammatory and Anti-inflammatory Cytokines. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:820664. [PMID: 35465093 PMCID: PMC9026175 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.820664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies have clarified that red nucleus (RN) interleukin (IL)-6 is involved in the maintenance of neuropathic pain and produces a facilitatory effect by activating JAK2/STAT3 and ERK pathways. In this study, we further explored the immune molecular mechanisms of rubral IL-6-mediated descending facilitation at the spinal cord level. IL-6-evoked tactile allodynia was established by injecting recombinant IL-6 into the unilateral RN of naive male rats. Following intrarubral administration of IL-6, obvious tactile allodynia was evoked in the contralateral hindpaw of rats. Meanwhile, the expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-1β, and IL-6 were elevated in the contralateral spinal dorsal horn (L4–L6), blocking spinal TNF-α, IL-1β, or IL-6 with neutralizing antibodies relieved IL-6-evoked tactile allodynia. Conversely, the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and IL-10 were reduced in the contralateral spinal dorsal horn (L4–L6), an intrathecal supplement of exogenous TGF-β, or IL-10 attenuated IL-6-evoked tactile allodynia. Further studies demonstrated that intrarubral pretreatment with JAK2/STAT3 inhibitor AG490 suppressed the elevations of spinal TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 and promoted the expressions of TGF-β and IL-10 in IL-6-evoked tactile allodynia rats. However, intrarubral pretreatment with ERK inhibitor PD98059 only restrained the increase in spinal TNF-α and enhanced the expression of spinal IL-10. These findings imply that rubral IL-6 plays descending facilitation and produces algesic effect through upregulating the expressions of spinal pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 and downregulating the expressions of spinal anti-inflammatory cytokines TGF-β and IL-10 by activating JAK2/STAT3 and/or ERK pathways, which provides potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of pathological pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Hao-Nan Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Yu-Tong Xia
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Xue Tian
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Fan Feng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Ya-Li Xu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Juan Guo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiao-Qi Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Jun-Yang Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Jun-Yang Wang,
| | - Xiao-Yan Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Xiao-Yan Zeng,
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4
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Li HN, Yang QQ, Wang WT, Tian X, Feng F, Zhang ST, Xia YT, Wang JX, Zou YW, Wang JY, Zeng XY. Red nucleus IL-33 facilitates the early development of mononeuropathic pain in male rats by inducing TNF-α through activating ERK, p38 MAPK, and JAK2/STAT3. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:150. [PMID: 34225736 PMCID: PMC8258957 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02198-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Our recent studies have identified that the red nucleus (RN) dual-directionally modulates the development and maintenance of mononeuropathic pain through secreting proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Here, we further explored the action of red nucleus IL-33 in the early development of mononeuropathic pain. Methods In this study, male rats with spared nerve injury (SNI) were used as mononeuropathic pain model. Immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and behavioral testing were used to assess the expressions, cellular distributions, and actions of red nucleus IL-33 and its related downstream signaling molecules. Results IL-33 and its receptor ST2 were constitutively expressed in the RN in naive rats. After SNI, both IL-33 and ST2 were upregulated significantly at 3 days and peaked at 1 week post-injury, especially in RN neurons, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. Blockade of red nucleus IL-33 with anti-IL-33 neutralizing antibody attenuated SNI-induced mononeuropathic pain, while intrarubral administration of exogenous IL-33 evoked mechanical hypersensitivity in naive rats. Red nucleus IL-33 generated an algesic effect in the early development of SNI-induced mononeuropathic pain through activating NF-κB, ERK, p38 MAPK, and JAK2/STAT3, suppression of NF-κB, ERK, p38 MAPK, and JAK2/STAT3 with corresponding inhibitors markedly attenuated SNI-induced mononeuropathic pain or IL-33-evoked mechanical hypersensitivity in naive rats. Red nucleus IL-33 contributed to SNI-induced mononeuropathic pain by stimulating TNF-α expression, which could be abolished by administration of inhibitors against ERK, p38 MAPK, and JAK2/STAT3, but not NF-κB. Conclusions These results suggest that red nucleus IL-33 facilitates the early development of mononeuropathic pain through activating NF-κB, ERK, p38 MAPK, and JAK2/STAT3. IL-33 mediates algesic effect partly by inducing TNF-α through activating ERK, p38 MAPK and JAK2/STAT3. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02198-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Nan Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Qing-Qing Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Wen-Tao Wang
- Biological Science BSc, Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.,Biochemistry BSc, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Xue Tian
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Fan Feng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Shu-Ting Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu-Tong Xia
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Jia-Xue Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan-Wu Zou
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun-Yang Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China. .,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, China.
| | - Xiao-Yan Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China. .,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, China.
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5
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Red nucleus structure and function: from anatomy to clinical neurosciences. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 226:69-91. [PMID: 33180142 PMCID: PMC7817566 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02171-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The red nucleus (RN) is a large subcortical structure located in the ventral midbrain. Although it originated as a primitive relay between the cerebellum and the spinal cord, during its phylogenesis the RN shows a progressive segregation between a magnocellular part, involved in the rubrospinal system, and a parvocellular part, involved in the olivocerebellar system. Despite exhibiting distinct evolutionary trajectories, these two regions are strictly tied together and play a prominent role in motor and non-motor behavior in different animal species. However, little is known about their function in the human brain. This lack of knowledge may have been conditioned both by the notable differences between human and non-human RN and by inherent difficulties in studying this structure directly in the human brain, leading to a general decrease of interest in the last decades. In the present review, we identify the crucial issues in the current knowledge and summarize the results of several decades of research about the RN, ranging from animal models to human diseases. Connecting the dots between morphology, experimental physiology and neuroimaging, we try to draw a comprehensive overview on RN functional anatomy and bridge the gap between basic and translational research.
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Yang QQ, Li HN, Zhang ST, Yu YL, Wei W, Zhang X, Wang JY, Zeng XY. Red nucleus IL-6 mediates the maintenance of neuropathic pain by inducing the productions of TNF-α and IL-1β through the JAK2/STAT3 and ERK signaling pathways. Neuropathology 2020; 40:347-357. [PMID: 32380573 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that interleukin (IL)-6 in the red nucleus (RN) is involved in the maintenance of neuropathic pain induced by spared nerve injury (SNI), and exerts a facilitatory effect via Janus-activated kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signal transduction pathways. The present study aimed at investigating the roles of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IL-1β in RN IL-6-mediated maintenance of neuropathic pain and related signal transduction pathways. Being similar to the elevation of RN IL-6 three weeks after SNI, increased protein levels of both TNF-α and IL-1β were also observed in the contralateral RN three weeks after the nerve injury. The upregulations of TNF-α and IL-1β were closely correlative with IL-6 and suppressed by intrarubral injection of a neutralizing antibody against IL-6. Administration of either the JAK2 antagonist AG490 or the ERK antagonist PD98059 to the RN of rats with SNI remarkably increased the paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) and inhibited the up-regulations of local TNF-α and IL-1β. Further experiments indicated that intrarubral injection of exogenous IL-6 in naive rats apparently lowered the PWT of the contralateral hindpaw and boosted the local expressions of TNF-α and IL-1β. Pretreatment with AG490 could block IL-6-induced tactile hypersensitivity and suppress the up-regulations of both TNF-α and IL-1β. However, injection of PD98059 in advance only inhibited the upregulation of IL-1β, but not TNF-α. These findings indicate that RN IL-6 mediates the maintenance of neuropathic pain by inducing the productions of TNF-α and IL-1β. IL-6 induces the expression of TNF-α through the JAK2/STAT3 pathway, and the production of IL-1β through the JAK2/STAT3 and ERK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Hao-Nan Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Shu-Ting Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan-Li Yu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun-Yang Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Guo YJ, Li HN, Ding CP, Han SP, Wang JY. Red nucleus interleukin-1β evokes tactile allodynia through activation of JAK/STAT3 and JNK signaling pathways. J Neurosci Res 2018; 96:1847-1861. [PMID: 30216497 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the red nucleus (RN) is involved in pain modulation and exerts a facilitatory effect in the development of neuropathic pain. Here, we explored the actions of signaling pathways, including the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK/STAT3), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathways, on RN IL-1β-mediated pain modulation. After a single dose of recombinant rat IL-1β (rrIL-1β, 10 ng) injected into the RN in normal rats, a tactile allodynia was evoked in the contralateral but not ipsilateral hindpaw, commencing 75 min and peaking 120 min postinjection. Up-regulated protein levels of phospho-STAT3 (p-STAT3) and p-JNK were observed in the RN 120 min after rrIL-1β injection, the increases of p-STAT3 and p-JNK were blocked by anti-IL-1β antibody. However, the expression levels of p-ERK, p-p38 MAPK, and NF-κB in the RN were not affected by rrIL-1β injection. RN neurons and astrocytes contributed to IL-1β-evoked up-regulation of p-STAT3 and p-JNK. Further studies demonstrated that injection of the JAK2 antagonist AG490 or JNK antagonist SP600125 into the RN 30 min prior to the administration of rrIL-1β could completely prevent IL-1β-evoked tactile allodynia, while injection of the ERK antagonist PD98059, p38 MAPK antagonist SB203580, or NF-κB antagonist PDTC did not affect IL-1β-evoked tactile allodynia. In conclusion, our data provide additional evidence that RN IL-1β is involved in pain modulation, and that it exerts a facilitatory effect by activating the JAK/STAT3 and JNK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jie Guo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Hao-Nan Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Cui-Ping Ding
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Shui-Ping Han
- Department of Pathology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun-Yang Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, China
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8
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Ding CP, Guo YJ, Li HN, Wang JY, Zeng XY. Red nucleus interleukin-6 participates in the maintenance of neuropathic pain through JAK/STAT3 and ERK signaling pathways. Exp Neurol 2017; 300:212-221. [PMID: 29183675 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the red nucleus (RN) is up-regulated at 3weeks after spared nerve injury (SNI), and plays facilitated role in the later maintenance of neuropathic pain. The current study aimed to reveal the roles of different signaling pathways, including Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK/STAT3), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT), in RN IL-6-mediated pain modulation. In accord with the increase of IL-6 in the RN following SNI, the protein levels of phospho-STAT3 (p-STAT3), p-ERK and p-JNK were also up-regulated in the RN contralateral to the nerve injury side at 3weeks after SNI. The increases of p-STAT3 and p-ERK (but not p-JNK) were associated with IL-6 and could be blocked by anti-IL-6 antibody. Microinjection of JAK2 inhibitor AG490, ERK inhibitor PD98059 and also JNK inhibitor SP600125 into the RN significantly increased the paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) and alleviated SNI-induced mechanical allodynia. Further studies showed that microinjection of recombinant rat IL-6 (rrIL-6, 20ng) into the RN of normal rats significantly decreased the PWT of rats and increased the local protein levels of p-STAT3 and p-ERK, but not p-JNK. Pre-treatment with AG490 and PD98059 could prevent IL-6-induced mechanical allodynia. Whereas, p-p38 MAPK and p-AKT did not show any expression changes in the RN of rats with SNI or rats treated with rrIL-6. These results suggest that RN IL-6 participates in the later maintenance of SNI-induced neuropathic pain and plays facilitated role through activating JAK/STAT3 and ERK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Ping Ding
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Yi-Jie Guo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Hao-Nan Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Jun-Yang Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
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Yu J, Ding CP, Wang J, Wang T, Zhang T, Zeng XY, Wang JY. Red nucleus glutamate facilitates neuropathic allodynia induced by spared nerve injury through non-NMDA and metabotropic glutamate receptors. J Neurosci Res 2015; 93:1839-48. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology; Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Cui-Ping Ding
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology; Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology; Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology; Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Ankang City Center Hospital; Ankang Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology; Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Ankang City Center Hospital; Ankang Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital; Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Yang Wang
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology; Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
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Liu Z, Li Y, Qian J, Cui Y, Chopp M. Plasminogen deficiency causes reduced corticospinal axonal plasticity and functional recovery after stroke in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94505. [PMID: 24732409 PMCID: PMC3986098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) has been implicated in neurite outgrowth and neurological recovery post stroke. tPA converts the zymogen plasminogen (Plg) into plasmin. In this study, using plasminogen knockout (Plg-/-) mice and their Plg-native littermates (Plg+/+), we investigated the role of Plg in axonal remodeling and neurological recovery after stroke. Plg+/+ and Plg-/- mice (n = 10/group) were subjected to permanent intraluminal monofilament middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). A foot-fault test and a single pellet reaching test were performed prior to and on day 3 after stroke, and weekly thereafter to monitor functional deficit and recovery. Biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was injected into the left motor cortex to anterogradely label the corticospinal tract (CST). Animals were euthanized 4 weeks after stroke. Neurite outgrowth was also measured in primary cultured cortical neurons harvested from Plg+/+ and Plg-/- embryos. In Plg+/+ mice, the motor functional deficiency after stroke progressively recovered with time. In contrast, recovery in Plg-/- mice was significantly impaired compared to Plg+/+ mice (p<0.01). BDA-positive axonal density of the CST originating from the contralesional cortex in the denervated side of the cervical gray matter was significantly reduced in Plg-/- mice compared with Plg+/+ mice (p<0.05). The behavioral outcome was highly correlated with the midline-crossing CST axonal density (R2>0.82, p<0.01). Plg-/- neurons exhibited significantly reduced neurite outgrowth. Our data suggest that plasminogen-dependent proteolysis has a beneficial effect during neurological recovery after stroke, at least in part, by promoting axonal remodeling in the denervated spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jianyong Qian
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yisheng Cui
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
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Satoh Y, Yajima E, Ishizuka K, Nagamine Y, Iwasaki SI. Modulation of two types of jaw-opening reflex by stimulation of the red nucleus. Brain Res Bull 2013; 97:24-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Suppression of the nociceptive jaw-opening reflex by stimulation of the red nucleus. Brain Res 2012; 1473:124-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Finocchietti S, Andresen T, Arendt‐Nielsen L, Graven‐Nielsen T. Pain evoked by pressure stimulation on the tibia bone –
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nfluence of probe diameter on tissue stress and strain. Eur J Pain 2012; 16:534-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Finocchietti
- Laboratory for Musculoskeletal Pain and Motor ControlCenter for Sensory‐Motor Interaction (SMI)Department of Health Science and TechnologyFaculty of Medicine, Aalborg University Denmark
| | - T. Andresen
- Laboratory for Musculoskeletal Pain and Motor ControlCenter for Sensory‐Motor Interaction (SMI)Department of Health Science and TechnologyFaculty of Medicine, Aalborg University Denmark
- Mech‐Sense, Department of GastroenterologyAalborg Hospital, Aarhus University Denmark
| | - L. Arendt‐Nielsen
- Laboratory for Musculoskeletal Pain and Motor ControlCenter for Sensory‐Motor Interaction (SMI)Department of Health Science and TechnologyFaculty of Medicine, Aalborg University Denmark
| | - T. Graven‐Nielsen
- Laboratory for Musculoskeletal Pain and Motor ControlCenter for Sensory‐Motor Interaction (SMI)Department of Health Science and TechnologyFaculty of Medicine, Aalborg University Denmark
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Aderjan D, Stankewitz A, May A. Neuronal mechanisms during repetitive trigemino-nociceptive stimulation in migraine patients. Pain 2010; 151:97-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Matharu MS, Cohen AS, Frackowiak RSJ, Goadsby PJ. Posterior hypothalamic activation in paroxysmal hemicrania. Ann Neurol 2006; 59:535-45. [PMID: 16489610 DOI: 10.1002/ana.20763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Paroxysmal hemicrania (PH) is a severe, strictly unilateral headache that lasts 2 to 30 minutes, occurs more than five times daily, is associated with trigeminal autonomic symptoms, and is exquisitely responsive to indomethacin. The purpose of the study was to determine the brain structures active in PH. METHODS Seven PH patients were studied using positron emission tomography (PET). Each patient was scanned in three states: (1) acute PH attack-off indomethacin; (2) pain-free-off indomethacin; and (3) pain-free after administration of intramuscular indomethacin 100 mg. The scan images were processed and analyzed using SPM99. RESULTS The study showed no significant activations during state 1 compared with state 2, but there was relative activation of the pain neuromatrix in both states 1 and 2 compared with state 3. This suggests that there is persistent activation of the pain neuromatrix during acute PH attacks and during interictal pain-free states off indomethacin that is deactivated by the administration of indomethacin. In addition, the untreated PH state was associated with significant activation of the contralateral posterior hypothalamus and contralateral ventral midbrain, which extended over the red nucleus and the substantia nigra. INTERPRETATION These activated subcortical structures may play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjit S Matharu
- Headache Group, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
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16
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Matharu MS, Goadsby PJ. Functional brain imaging in hemicrania continua: implications for nosology and pathophysiology. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2005; 9:281-8. [PMID: 16004846 DOI: 10.1007/s11916-005-0038-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hemicrania continua is a strictly unilateral, continuous headache of mild to moderate intensity, with superimposed exacerbations of moderate to severe intensity that are accompanied by trigeminal autonomic features and migrainous symptoms. The syndrome is exquisitely responsive to indomethacin. Its clinical phenotype overlaps with that of the trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias and migraine, in which the hypothalamus and the brain stem, respectively, have been postulated to play central pathophysiologic roles. A recent positron-emission tomography study of a cohort of patients with hemicrania continua demonstrated significant activation of the contralateral posterior hypothalamus and ipsilateral dorsal rostral pons in association with the headache of hemicrania continua. In addition, there was activation of the ipsilateral ventrolateral midbrain, which extended over the red nucleus and the substantia nigra and bilateral pontomedullary junction. No intracranial vessel dilatation was obvious.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Matharu
- Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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Matharu MS, Cohen AS, McGonigle DJ, Ward N, Frackowiak RS, Goadsby PJ. Posterior hypothalamic and brainstem activation in hemicrania continua. Headache 2004; 44:747-61. [PMID: 15330820 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2004.04141.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the brain structures involved in mediating the pain of hemicrania continua using positron emission tomography. BACKGROUND Hemicrania continua is a strictly unilateral, continuous headache of moderate intensity, with superimposed exacerbations of severe intensity that are accompanied by trigeminal autonomic features and migrainous symptoms. The syndrome is exquisitely responsive to indomethacin. Its clinical phenotype overlaps with that of the trigeminal autonomic headaches and migraine in which the hypothalamus and the brainstem, respectively, have been postulated to play central pathophysiologic roles. We hypothesized, based on the clinical phenotype, that hemicrania continua may involve activations in the hypothalamus, or dorsal rostral pons, or both. METHODS Seven patients with hemicrania continua were studied in two sessions each. In one session, the patients were scanned during baseline pain and when rendered completely pain free after being administered indomethacin 100 mg intramuscularly. In the other session, the patients were scanned during baseline pain and when still in pain after being administered placebo intramuscularly. Seven age- and sex-matched nonheadache subjects acted as the control group. The scan images were processed and analyzed using SPM99. RESULTS There was a significant activation of the contralateral posterior hypothalamus and ipsilateral dorsal rostral pons in association with the headache of hemicrania continua. In addition, there was activation of the ipsilateral ventrolateral midbrain, which extended over the red nucleus and the substantia nigra, and bilateral pontomedullary junction. No intracranial vessel dilatation was obvious. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated activations of various subcortical structures, in particular the posterior hypothalamus and the dorsal rostral pons. If posterior hypothalamic and brainstem activation are considered as markers of trigeminal autonomic headaches and migrainous syndromes, respectively, then the activation pattern demonstrated in hemicrania continua mirrors the clinical phenotype, with its overlap with trigeminal autonomic headaches and migraine.
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18
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Mileykovskiy BY, Kiyashchenko LI, Siegel JM. Cessation of activity in red nucleus neurons during stimulation of the medial medulla in decerebrate rats. J Physiol 2002; 545:997-1006. [PMID: 12482902 PMCID: PMC2290716 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2002.028985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The pontine oral reticular nucleus, gigantocellular reticular nucleus (Gi) and dorsal paragigantocellular nucleus (DPGi) of the medulla are key elements of a brainstem-reticulospinal inhibitory system that participates in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep atonia. Our recent study has shown that excitation of these brainstem nuclei in decerebrate rats inhibits locus coeruleus cells and the midbrain locomotor region neurons related to muscle tone facilitation. In the present study we have examined the influences of electrical and chemical stimulation of Gi and DPGi inhibitory sites on the activity of neurons located in the magnocellular part of the red nucleus (RMC), a cell group that participates in both the tonic and phasic regulation of motor output. A total of 192 RMC neurons were recorded in precollicular-premammillary decerebrate rats with muscle rigidity and induced locomotion. Thirty-three RMC neurons were identified antidromically as rubrospinal (RMC-spinal) cells by stimulation of the contralateral dorsolateral funiculus at the L2 level. A total of 141 RMC neurons (88.7 %) and all RMC-spinal neurons were inhibited during electrical stimulation of Gi and DPGi inhibitory sites. This cessation of activity was correlated with bilateral muscle atonia or blockage of locomotion. Six RMC cells (3.8 %) were excited (224 +/- 50 %, n = 6, minimum = 98, maximum = 410, P < 0.05) and 11 cells (7 %) gave no response to Gi and DPGi stimulation. Microinjections of kainic acid (100 microM, 0.2 microl) into Gi and DPGi inhibitory sites, previously identified by electrical stimulation, produced a short-latency (35 +/- 3.5 s, n = 11) decrease of rigid hindlimb muscle tone and inhibition of all tested RMC (n = 7) and RMC-spinal (n = 5) neurons. These results, combined with our recent published data, suggest that inhibition of motor function during activation of the brainstem inhibitory system is related to both the descending inhibition of spinal motoneurons and suppression of activity in supraspinal motor facilitatory systems. These two mechanisms acting synergistically may cause generalized motor inhibition during REM sleep and cataplexy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Y Mileykovskiy
- Veterans Administration, Greater Los Angeles Health System, Sepulveda, California, USA
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Bingel U, Quante M, Knab R, Bromm B, Weiller C, Büchel C. Subcortical structures involved in pain processing: evidence from single-trial fMRI. Pain 2002; 99:313-21. [PMID: 12237210 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3959(02)00157-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Pain is processed in multiple cortical and subcortical brain areas. Subcortical structures are substantially involved in different processes that are closely linked to pain processing, e.g. motor preparation, autonomic responses, affective components and learning. However, it is unclear to which extent nociceptive information is relayed to and processed in subcortical structures. We used single-trial functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to identify subcortical regions displaying hemodynamic responses to painful stimulation. Thulium-YAG (yttrium-aluminum-granate) laser evoked pain stimuli, which have no concomitant tactile component, were applied to either hand of healthy volunteers in a randomized order. This procedure allowed identification of areas displaying differential fMRI responses to right- and left-sided stimuli. Hippocampal complex, amygdala, red nucleus, brainstem and cerebellum were activated in response to painful stimuli. Structures related to the affective processing of pain showed bilateral activation, whereas structures involved in the generation of withdrawal behavior, namely red nucleus, putamen and cerebellum displayed differential (i.e. asymmetric) responses according to the side of stimulation. This suggests that spatial information about the nociceptive stimulus is made available in these structures for the guidance of defensive and withdrawal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Bingel
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Hamburg University Medical School, Hamburg, Germany
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20
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Licata F, Li Volsi G, Di Mauro M, Fretto G, Ciranna L, Santangelo F. Serotonin modifies the neuronal inhibitory responses to gamma-aminobutyric acid in the red nucleus: a microiontophoretic study in the rat. Exp Neurol 2001; 167:95-107. [PMID: 11161597 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.2001.7533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on the inhibitory responses evoked by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in neurons of the red nucleus (RN) were studied using a microiontophoretic technique. Extracellular unitary recordings performed in anesthetized rats demonstrated that 5-HT ejection influenced GABA-evoked inhibition in 94% of RN neurons, enhancing them in 52% and depressing them in 46% of cases. Both effects were specific and dose-dependent,although enhancements or depressions of the GABA responses were respectively inversely and directly related to the doses of 5-HT applied. The type of modulation exerted by 5-HT on the GABA responses was independent of the action of the amine on background firing. In fact, 5-HT induced an enhancement of the GABA responses in neurons mostly located in the rostral RN and a depression in those in the caudal RN. The application of 8-hydroxy-2(di-n-propylamino)tetralin, a specific 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist, enhanced GABA responses, whereas alpha-methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine, a 5-HT(2A) receptor agonist, depressed them. Both the 5-HT(2) antagonist methysergide and the 5-HT(2A) selective antagonist ketanserin were able to block partially or totally the depressive action of 5-HT on GABA responses. In contrast, the same 5-HT antagonists mimicked the enhancing action of 5-HT on the GABA responses or were ineffective. Application of bicuculline, a GABA(A) receptor antagonist, enhanced the excitatory action of 5-HT on the background firing and slightly reduced the inhibitory action. It is concluded that 5-HT is able to modulate GABA-evoked responses in RN neurons by acting on both 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(2A) receptors. The functional significance of a serotonergic control on GABAergic inhibitory effects in RN is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Licata
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, 95125, Italy
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Matsumoto RR, Pouw B. Correlation between neuroleptic binding to sigma(1) and sigma(2) receptors and acute dystonic reactions. Eur J Pharmacol 2000; 401:155-60. [PMID: 10924920 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(00)00430-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute dystonic reactions are motor side effects that occur soon after the initiation of neuroleptic treatment. Although earlier studies indicate that these abnormal movements can be induced in animals and humans via activation of sigma receptors, the relative contribution of the different sigma receptor subtypes is unknown. Since sigma(1) and sigma(2) receptor are differentially represented in motor regions of the brain, the affinities of 17 neuroleptics for these sigma receptor subtypes were determined using competition binding studies. The results revealed that most neuroleptics do not exhibit selectivity for either of the sigma receptor subtypes, as reflected by a significant correlation between the affinities of the neuroleptics for sigma(1) vs. sigma(2) receptors. Moreover, when the sigma binding affinities of the neuroleptics were correlated with the tendency of the drugs to produce acute dystonic reactions in humans, there was a significant correlation for both subtypes. Together with earlier studies in animals, the data suggest that neuroleptic-induced motor side effects can be mediated through both sigma(1) and sigma(2) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Matsumoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, P.O. Box 26901, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, USA
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Schwartz G, Lund JP. Modification of rhythmical jaw movements by noxious pressure applied to the periosteum of the zygoma in decerebrate rabbits. Pain 1995; 63:153-161. [PMID: 8628580 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3959(95)00028-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to describe and quantify changes in the movement and EMG patterns caused by tonic noxious pressure on the periosteum of the zygoma during electrically induced rhythmic jaw movements in the decerebrate rabbit. Eight New Zealand rabbits were anesthetized with urethane. EMG electrodes were placed in the masseter and digastric muscles and a light was attached to the mandibular symphysis to track jaw movements. The animals were decerebrated and the anesthetic was discontinued. Rhythmic jaw movements were evoked by electrically stimulating the corticobulbar tracts (1-msec rectangular pulses, 50 Hz), in the absence and presence of tonic noxious pressure applied bilaterally to the zygomatic periosteum (range: 400-1500 kPa). The overall response to tonic noxious pressure was a statistically significant decrease in the frequency and amplitude of the rhythmic jaw movements and in the mandibular velocity during opening and closing. The slowing of the frequency was associated with a significant increase in the duration between muscle bursts. In those animals in which the jaw closing muscles were most active, there was a significant decrease in the area of the masseter muscle bursts during jaw closure. The changes in motor activity in response to the application of tonic noxious pressure are similar to those that have been reported for patients experiencing musculoskeletal pain, suggesting that pain modifies motor programs at the segmental level. Our data support the pain-adaptation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Schwartz
- Département de stornatologie, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire et Centre de Recherche en Sciences Neurologiques, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal H3C 3J7 Canada
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Abstract
Iontophoretic application of the sigma ligands, 1,3-di-o-tolylguanidine (DTG), dextrallorphan, and (+)-pentazocine reliably inhibited the firing rate of rubral neurons. Dextrallorphan inhibited 87% of the neurons tested, DTG inhibited 76%, and (+)-pentazocine inhibited 50%. These inhibitions were current dependent and occurred without significant changes in spike amplitude or duration, suggesting that local anesthetic effects were not involved. In contrast to the other sigma ligands, iontophoretic application of (+)-3-PPP in the rat red nucleus resulted in very few inhibitions and tended to elicit weak excitations instead. Only 14% of rubral neurons were inhibited by (+)-3PPP, while 36% were excited. Although unusual, (+)-3-PPP has atypical effects when compared to other sigma ligands in numerous functional assays for sigma receptor activity. (+)-3-PPP, therefore, appears to have complex effects and may act through nonsigma mechanisms or through a different type of sigma binding site than the other compounds. The inhibition of firing rate produced by the more typical sigma ligands may contribute to the postural changes produced by microinjection of sigma ligands into the rat red nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Matsumoto
- Brown University, Schrier Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Providence, RI 02912
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Ralston DD, Milroy AM. Inhibitory synaptic input to identified rubrospinal neurons in Macaca fascicularis: an electron microscopic study using a combined immuno-GABA-gold technique and the retrograde transport of WGA-HRP. J Comp Neurol 1992; 320:97-109. [PMID: 1383282 DOI: 10.1002/cne.903200107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Rubrospinal neurons of the magnocellular division of the red nucleus of Macaca fascicularis were retrogradely labeled following spinal cord microinjections of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase, as demonstrated by the chromagen tetramethylbenzidine, identifying the mesencephalic cells of origin of this descending motor pathway. The tissue was processed for electron microscopy and subsequently tested on the electron microscope grid for immunoreactivity of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) in presumed local circuit neuronal somata, in dendrites, and in axonal terminals. Results demonstrate the presence of retrogradely labeled rubrospinal neurons of medium and large diameters (30-90 microns) and immunoreactive neurons of small size (less than 20 microns in diameter) within the nucleus. In addition, there are substantial numbers of GABAergic, presumably inhibitory, synaptic structures contacting somata and primary, medium, and small sized dendrites, as well as spineheads of rubrospinal neurons. The immunoreactive presynaptic profiles exhibit two different morphological appearances: one axonal and the other dendritic. Axonal terminals contain densely packed pleomorphic to flattened vesicles and form primarily symmetrical synapses with somata and all regions of the dendritic arbor. GABAergic profiles resembling presynaptic dendrites (PSDs) are also present. These profiles possess scattered flattened to pleomorphic synaptic vesicles in a translucent cytoplasm and are often postsynaptic to axonal terminals of unknown origin, or to GABAergic profiles. GABAergic local circuit neurons (LCNs), the neurites of which remain within the confines of the nucleus, appear to be contacted primarily by cortical and cerebellar afferents. These LCNs may or may not possess axons and thus may represent both the source of the GABAergic axonal terminals as well as that of the PSDs. Inhibitory afferents from other sources, such as the mesencephalic reticular formation, may also account for GABAergic terminals involved in this inhibition. We propose that the level of excitability of rubrospinal neurons and their subsequent activation of spinal motor neurons and interneurons is significantly regulated by the local circuit GABAergic inhibitory interneuronal population of the nucleus proper and probably by axons entering the nucleus from an extranuclear source.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Ralston
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0452
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