1
|
Esmaeilzadeh A, Mohammadi V, Elahi R. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) pathway in the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS); molecular approaches. Mol Biol Rep 2023:10.1007/s11033-023-08419-z. [PMID: 37204543 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08419-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an acute demyelinating disease with an autoimmune nature, followed by gradual neurodegeneration and enervating scar formation. Dysregulated immune response is a crucial dilemma contributing to the pathogenesis of MS. The role of chemokines and cytokines, such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), have been recently highlighted regarding their altered expressions in MS. TGF-β has three isoforms, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3, that are structurally similar; however, they can show different functions. RESULTS All three isoforms are known to induce immune tolerance by modifying Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Nevertheless, there are controversial reports concerning the role of TGF-β1 and 2 in the progression of scar formation in MS. At the same time, these proteins also improve oligodendrocyte differentiation and have shown neuroprotective behavior, two cellular processes that suppress the pathogenesis of MS. TGF-β3 shares the same properties but is less likely contributes to scar formation, and its direct role in MS remains elusive. DISCUSSION To develop novel neuroimmunological treatment strategies for MS, the optimal strategy could be the one that causes immune modulation, induces neurogenesis, stimulates remyelination, and prevents excessive scar formation. Therefore, regarding its immunological properties, TGF-β could be an appropriate candidate; however, contradictory results of previous studies have questioned its role and therapeutic potential in MS. In this review article, we provide an overview of the role of TGF-β in immunopathogenesis of MS, related clinical and animal studies, and the treatment potential of TGF-β in MS, emphasizing the role of different TGF-β isoforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdolreza Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
- Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center (CGRC), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Vahid Mohammadi
- School of Medicine, Zanjan University of medical sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Reza Elahi
- School of Medicine, Zanjan University of medical sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gradari S, Herrera A, Tezanos P, Fontán-Lozano Á, Pons S, Trejo JL. The Role of Smad2 in Adult Neuroplasticity as Seen through Hippocampal-Dependent Spatial Learning/Memory and Neurogenesis. J Neurosci 2021; 41:6836-6849. [PMID: 34210778 PMCID: PMC8360684 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2619-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neural plasticity is an important and intriguing phenomenon in the brain, and adult hippocampal neurogenesis is directly involved in modulating neural plasticity by mechanisms that are only partially understood. We have performed gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments to study Smad2, a transcription factor selected from genes that are demethylated after exercise through the analysis of an array of physical activity-induced factors, and their corresponding gene expression, and an efficient inducer of plasticity. In these studies, changes in cell number and morphology were analyzed in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (cell proliferation and survival, including regional distribution, and structural maturation/differentiation, including arborization, dendritic spines, and neurotransmitter-specific vesicles) of sedentary male mice, after evaluation in a battery of behavioral tests. As a result, we reveal a role for Smad2 in the balance of proliferation versus maturation of differentiating immature cells (Smad2 silencing increases both the proliferation and survival of cycling cells in the dentate granule cell layer), and in the plasticity of both newborn and mature neurons in mice (by decreasing dendritic arborization and dendritic spine number). Moreover, Smad2 silencing specifically compromises spatial learning in mice (through impairments of spatial tasks acquisition both in long-term learning and working memory). These data suggest that Smad2 participates in adult neural plasticity by influencing the proliferation and maturation of dentate gyrus neurons.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Smad2 is one of the main components of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathway. The commitment of cell fate in the nervous system is tightly coordinated by SMAD2 signaling, as are further differentiation steps (e.g., dendrite and axon growth, myelination, and synapse formation). However, there are no studies that have directly evaluated the role of Smad2 gene in hippocampus of adult animals. Modulation of these parameters in the adult hippocampus can affect hippocampal-dependent behaviors, which may shed light on the mechanisms that regulate adult neurogenesis and behavior. We demonstrate here a role for Smad2 in the maturation of differentiating immature cells and in the plasticity of mature neurons. Moreover, Smad2 silencing specifically compromises the spatial learning abilities of adult male mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Gradari
- Cajal Institute, Translational Neuroscience Department, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Herrera
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Tezanos
- Cajal Institute, Translational Neuroscience Department, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela Fontán-Lozano
- Cajal Institute, Translational Neuroscience Department, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28002 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physiology, School of Biology, University of Sevilla, 41004 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Sebastián Pons
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Trejo
- Cajal Institute, Translational Neuroscience Department, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rozés-Salvador V, Wilson C, Olmos C, Gonzalez-Billault C, Conde C. Fine-Tuning the TGFβ Signaling Pathway by SARA During Neuronal Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:550267. [PMID: 33015054 PMCID: PMC7494740 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.550267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural development is a complex process that involves critical events, including cytoskeleton dynamics and selective trafficking of proteins to defined cellular destinations. In this regard, Smad Anchor for Receptor Activation (SARA) is an early endosome resident protein, where perform trafficking- associated functions. In addition, SARA is also involved in cell signaling, including the TGFβ-dependent pathway. Accordingly, SARA, and TGFβ signaling are required for proper axonal specification and migration of cortical neurons, unveiling a critical role for neuronal development. However, the cooperative action between the TGFβ pathway and SARA to this process has remained understudied. In this work, we show novel evidence suggesting a cross-talk between SARA and TGFβ pathway needed for proper polarization, axonal specification, growth and cortical migration of central neurons both in vitro and in vivo. Using microscopy tools and cultured hippocampal neurons, we show a local interaction between SARA and TβRI (TGFβ I receptor) at endosomes. In addition, SARA loss of function, induced by the expression of the dominant-negative SARA-F728A, over-activates the TGFβ pathway, most likely by preserving phosphorylated TβRI. Consequently, SARA-mediated activation of TGFβ pathway impacts on neuronal development, promoting axonal growth and cortical migration of neurons during brain development. Moreover, our data suggests that SARA basally prevents the activation of TβRI through the recruitment of the inhibitory complex PP1c/GADD34 in polarizing neurons. Together, these results propose that SARA is a negative regulator of the TGFβ pathway, being critical for a proper orchestration for neuronal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Rozés-Salvador
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra INIMEC-CONICET-UNC, Córdoba, Argentina.,Instituto de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Villa María (UNVM), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carlos Wilson
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra INIMEC-CONICET-UNC, Córdoba, Argentina.,Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Biomédicas de Córdoba (IUCBC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cristina Olmos
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Gonzalez-Billault
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile.,The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, United States
| | - Cecilia Conde
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra INIMEC-CONICET-UNC, Córdoba, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shih TW, Lee LJ, Chang HC, Lin HW, Chang MS. An important role of PHRF1 in dendritic architecture and memory formation by modulating TGF-β signaling. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10857. [PMID: 32616804 PMCID: PMC7331665 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67675-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
PHRF1 is involved in transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling to constrain the formation of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) in mouse APL models. PHRF1 also participates in modulating non-homologous end-joining. However, the role of PHRF1 in mammalian dendrite architecture and synaptic plasticity is unclear. Here, we investigated the role of PHRF1 in dendritic formation in the murine hippocampus using Camk2a promoter driven-iCre recombinase to conduct a PHRF1 conditional knockout, namely PHRF1Δ/Δ, in the forebrain region. PHRF1Δ/Δ mice developed normally, but exhibited anxiety-like behaviors and displayed defective spatial memory. Alterations of dendritic complexity in apical and basal dendrites of pyramidal neurons were noticed in PHRF1Δ/Δ mutants. Furthermore, electrical stimulation in the hippocampal CA1 region after the TGF-β1 treatment showed a reduced synaptic plasticity in PHRF1Δ/Δ mice. Immunoblotting analysis indicated that PHRF1 ablation affected the TGF-β signaling. Collectively, our results demonstrate that PHRF1 is important for the dendritic architecture and required for spatial memory formation in the hippocampus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Wei Shih
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Li-Jen Lee
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Ching Chang
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Wei Lin
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Mau-Sun Chang
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan. .,Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Han KH, Mun SK, Sohn S, Piao XY, Park I, Chang M. Axonal sprouting in the dorsal cochlear nucleus affects gap‑prepulse inhibition following noise exposure. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:1473-1483. [PMID: 31432095 PMCID: PMC6713418 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the primary theories of the pathogenesis of tinnitus involves maladaptive auditory-somatosensory plasticity in the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN), which is assumed to be due to axonal sprouting. Although a disrupted balance between auditory and somatosensory inputs may occur following hearing damage and may induce tinnitus, examination of this phenomenon employed a model of hearing damage that does not account for the causal relationship between these changes and tinnitus. The present study aimed to investigate changes in auditory-somatosensory innervation and the role that axonal sprouting serves in this process by comparing results between animals with and without tinnitus. Rats were exposed to a noise-inducing temporary threshold shift and were subsequently divided into tinnitus and non-tinnitus groups based on the results of gap prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex. DCNs were collected from rats divided into three sub-groups according to the number of weeks (1, 2 or 3) following noise exposure, and the protein levels of vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1), which is associated with auditory input to the DCN, and VGLUT2, which is in turn primarily associated with somatosensory inputs, were assessed. In addition, factors related to axonal sprouting, including growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43), postsynaptic density protein 95, synaptophysin, α-thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X-linked homolog (ATRX), growth differentiation factor 10 (GDF10), and leucine-rich repeat and immunoglobulin domain-containing 1, were measured by western blot analyses. Compared to the non-tinnitus group, the tinnitus group exhibited a significant decrease in VGLUT1 at 1 week and a significant increase in VGLUT2 at 3 weeks post-exposure. In addition, rats in the tinnitus group exhibited significant increases in GAP43 and GDF10 protein expression levels in their DCN at 3 weeks following noise exposure. Results from the present study provided further evidence that changes in the neural input distribution to the DCN may cause tinnitus and that axonal sprouting underlies these alterations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Hee Han
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, National Medical Center, Seoul 04564, Republic of Korea
| | - Seog-Kyun Mun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology‑Head and Neck Surgery, Chung‑Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonyong Sohn
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology‑Head and Neck Surgery, Chung‑Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Xian-Yu Piao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology‑Head and Neck Surgery, Chung‑Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilyong Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Munyoung Chang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology‑Head and Neck Surgery, Chung‑Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Raffo-Romero A, Arab T, Van Camp C, Lemaire Q, Wisztorski M, Franck J, Aboulouard S, Le Marrec-Croq F, Sautiere PE, Vizioli J, Salzet M, Lefebvre C. ALK4/5-dependent TGF-β signaling contributes to the crosstalk between neurons and microglia following axonal lesion. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6896. [PMID: 31053759 PMCID: PMC6499822 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43328-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal activity is closely influenced by glia, especially microglia which are the resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia in medicinal leech are the only cells able to migrate to the injury site within the 24 hours post-lesion. The microglia-neuron interactions constitute an important mechanism as there is neither astrocyte nor oligodendrocyte in the leech CNS. Given that axonal sprouting is impaired when microglia recruitment is inhibited, the crosstalk between microglia and neurons plays a crucial role in neuroprotection. The present results show that neurons and microglia both use ALK4/5 (a type of TGF-β receptor) signaling in order to maintain mutual exchanges in an adult brain following an axonal injury. Indeed, a TGF-β family member (nGDF) is immediately released by injured axons contributing to the early recruitment of ALK4/5+ microglia to the lesion site. Surprisingly, within the following hours, nGDF from microglia activates ALK4/5+ neurons to maintain a later microglia accumulation in lesion. Taken together, the results demonstrate that ALK4/5 signaling is essential throughout the response to the lesion in the leech CNS and gives a new insight in the understanding of this pathway. This latter is an important signal contributing to a correct sequential mobilization over time of microglia recruitment leading to axon regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Raffo-Romero
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tanina Arab
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Christelle Van Camp
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Quentin Lemaire
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Maxence Wisztorski
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Julien Franck
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Soulaimane Aboulouard
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Francoise Le Marrec-Croq
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pierre-Eric Sautiere
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacopo Vizioli
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Salzet
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Christophe Lefebvre
- University Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France.
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fuchs C, Medici G, Trazzi S, Gennaccaro L, Galvani G, Berteotti C, Ren E, Loi M, Ciani E. CDKL5 deficiency predisposes neurons to cell death through the deregulation of SMAD3 signaling. Brain Pathol 2019; 29:658-674. [PMID: 30793413 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CDKL5 deficiency disorder (CDD) is a rare encephalopathy characterized by early onset epilepsy and severe intellectual disability. CDD is caused by mutations in the X-linked cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) gene, a member of a highly conserved family of serine-threonine kinases. Only a few physiological substrates of CDKL5 are currently known, which hampers the discovery of therapeutic strategies for CDD. Here, we show that SMAD3, a primary mediator of TGF-β action, is a direct phosphorylation target of CDKL5 and that CDKL5-dependent phosphorylation promotes SMAD3 protein stability. Importantly, we found that restoration of the SMAD3 signaling through TGF-β1 treatment normalized defective neuronal survival and maturation in Cdkl5 knockout (KO) neurons. Moreover, we demonstrate that Cdkl5 KO neurons are more vulnerable to neurotoxic/excitotoxic stimuli. In vivo treatment with TGF-β1 prevents increased NMDA-induced cell death in hippocampal neurons from Cdkl5 KO mice, suggesting an involvement of the SMAD3 signaling deregulation in the neuronal susceptibility to excitotoxic injury of Cdkl5 KO mice. Our finding reveals a new function for CDKL5 in maintaining neuronal survival that could have important implications for susceptibility to neurodegeneration in patients with CDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Fuchs
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgio Medici
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefania Trazzi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Gennaccaro
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Galvani
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Berteotti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Ren
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Manuela Loi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ciani
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Influence of passage number on the impact of the secretome of adipose tissue stem cells on neural survival, neurodifferentiation and axonal growth. Biochimie 2018; 155:119-128. [PMID: 30342112 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and within them adipose tissue derived stem cells (ASCs), have been shown to have therapeutic effects on central nervous system (CNS) cell populations. Such effects have been mostly attributed to soluble factors, as well as vesicles, present in their secretome. Yet, little is known about the impact that MSC passaging might have in the secretion therapeutic profile. Our aim was to show how human ASCs (hASCs) passage number influences the effect of their secretome in neuronal survival, differentiation and axonal growth. For this purpose, post-natal rat hippocampal primary cultures, human neural progenitor cell (hNPCs) cultures and dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) explants were incubated with secretome, collected as conditioned media (CM), obtained from hASCs in P3, P6, P9 and P12. Results showed no differences when comparing percentages of MAP-2 positive cells (a mature neuronal marker) in neuronal cultures or hNPCs, after incubation with hASCs secretome from different passages. The same was observed regarding DRG neurite outgrowth. In order to characterize the secretomes obtained from different passages, a proteomic analysis was performed, revealing that its composition did not vary significantly with passage number P3 to P12. Results allowed us to identify several key proteins, such as pigment epithelium derived factor (PEDF), DJ-1, interleucin-6 (IL-6) and galectin, all of which have already proven to play neuroprotective and neurodifferentiating roles. Proteins that promote neurite outgrowth were also found present, such as semaphorin 7A and glypican-1. We conclude that cellular passaging does not influence significantly hASCs's secretome properties especially their ability to support post-natal neuronal survival, induce neurodifferentiation and promote axonal growth.
Collapse
|
9
|
Meyers EA, Kessler JA. TGF-β Family Signaling in Neural and Neuronal Differentiation, Development, and Function. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a022244. [PMID: 28130363 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Signaling by the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family is necessary for proper neural development and function throughout life. Sequential waves of activation, inhibition, and reactivation of TGF-β family members regulate numerous elements of the nervous system from the earliest stages of embryogenesis through adulthood. This review discusses the expression, regulation, and function of TGF-β family members in the central nervous system at various developmental stages, beginning with induction and patterning of the nervous system to their importance in the adult as modulators of inflammatory response and involvement in degenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Meyers
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - John A Kessler
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li S, Nie EH, Yin Y, Benowitz LI, Tung S, Vinters HV, Bahjat FR, Stenzel-Poore MP, Kawaguchi R, Coppola G, Carmichael ST. GDF10 is a signal for axonal sprouting and functional recovery after stroke. Nat Neurosci 2015; 18:1737-45. [PMID: 26502261 PMCID: PMC4790086 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Stroke produces a limited process of neural repair. Axonal sprouting in cortex adjacent to the infarct is part of this recovery process, but the signal that initiates axonal sprouting is not known. Growth and differentiation factor 10 (GDF10) is induced in peri-infarct neurons in mice, non-human primates and humans. GDF10 promotes axonal outgrowth in vitro in mouse, rat and human neurons through TGFβRI and TGFβRII signaling. Using pharmacogenetic gain- and loss-of-function studies, we found that GDF10 produced axonal sprouting and enhanced functional recovery after stroke; knocking down GDF10 blocked axonal sprouting and reduced recovery. RNA sequencing from peri-infarct cortical neurons revealed that GDF10 downregulated PTEN, upregulated PI3 kinase signaling and induced specific axonal guidance molecules. Using unsupervised genome-wide association analysis of the GDF10 transcriptome, we found that it was not related to neurodevelopment, but may partially overlap with other CNS injury patterns. Thus, GDF10 is a stroke-induced signal for axonal sprouting and functional recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Li
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - EH Nie
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Y Yin
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery, Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - LI Benowitz
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery, Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - S Tung
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Neuropathology), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - HV Vinters
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Neuropathology), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - FR Bahjat
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - MP Stenzel-Poore
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - R Kawaguchi
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology and Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA
| | - G Coppola
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology and Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA
| | - ST Carmichael
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
He Y, Zhang H, Yung A, Villeda SA, Jaeger PA, Olayiwola O, Fainberg N, Wyss-Coray T. ALK5-dependent TGF-β signaling is a major determinant of late-stage adult neurogenesis. Nat Neurosci 2014; 17:943-52. [PMID: 24859199 PMCID: PMC4096284 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway serves critical functions in central nervous system (CNS) development, but apart from its proposed neuroprotective actions, its physiological role in the adult brain is unclear. We observed a prominent activation of TGF-β signaling in the adult dentate gyrus and expression of downstream Smad proteins in this neurogenic zone. Consistent with a function of TGF-β signaling in adult neurogenesis, genetic deletion of the TGF-β receptor ALK5 reduced the number, migration, and dendritic arborization of newborn neurons. Conversely, constitutive activation of neuronal ALK5 in forebrain caused a striking increase in these aspects of neurogenesis and was associated with higher expression of c-fos in newborn neurons and with stronger memory function. Our findings describe a new and unexpected role for ALK5-dependent TGF-β signaling as a regulator of the late stages of adult hippocampal neurogenesis which may have implications for changes in neurogenesis during aging and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingbo He
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Andrea Yung
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Saul A Villeda
- Present address: The Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA (S.A.V.), Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA, and Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA (P.A.J.)
| | - Philipp A Jaeger
- Present address: The Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA (S.A.V.), Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA, and Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA (P.A.J.)
| | - Oluwatobi Olayiwola
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Nina Fainberg
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- 1] Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA. [2] Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Rehabilitation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yu CY, Gui W, He HY, Wang XS, Zuo J, Huang L, Zhou N, Wang K, Wang Y. Neuronal and astroglial TGFβ-Smad3 signaling pathways differentially regulate dendrite growth and synaptogenesis. Neuromolecular Med 2014; 16:457-72. [PMID: 24519742 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-014-8293-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To address the role of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ)-Smad3 signaling pathway in dendrite growth and associated synaptogenesis, we used small inhibitory RNA to knockdown the Smad3 gene in either cultured neurons and or primary astrocytes. We found that TGFβ1 treatment of primary neurons increased dendrite extensions and the number of synapsin-1-positive synapses. When Smad3 was knockdown in primary neurons, dendrite growth was inhibited and the number of synapsin-1-positive synapses reduced even with TGFβ1 treatment. When astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM), collected from TGFβ1-treated astrocytes (TGFβ1-stimulated ACM), was added to cultured neurons, dendritic growth was inhibited and the number of synapsin-1-positive puncta reduced. When TGFβ1-stimulated ACM was collected from astrocytes with Smad3 knocked down, this conditioned media promoted the growth of dendrites and the number of synapsin-1-positive puncta in cultured neurons. We further found that TGFβ1 signaling through Smad3 increased the expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, neurocan, and phosphacan in ACM. Application of chondroitinase ABC to the TGFβ1-stimulated ACM reversed its inhibitory effects on the dendrite growth and the number of synapsin-1-positive puncta. On the other hand, we found that TGFβ1 treatment caused a facilitation of Smad3 phosphorylation and translocation to the nucleus induced by status epilepticus (SE) in wild-type (Smad3(+/+)) mice, and this treatment also caused a promotion of γ-aminobutyric acid-ergic synaptogenesis impaired by SE in Smad3(+/+) as well as in Smad3(-/-) mice, but more dramatic promotion in Smad3(+/+) mice. Thus, we provide evidence for the first time that TGFβ-Smad3 signaling pathways within neuron and astrocyte differentially regulate dendrite growth and synaptogenesis, and this pathway may be involved in the pathogenesis of some central nervous system diseases, such as epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Yong Yu
- Epilepsy and Headache Group, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, 230022, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kraus S, Lehner B, Reichhart N, Couillard-Despres S, Wagner K, Bogdahn U, Aigner L, Strauß O. Transforming growth factor-β1 primes proliferating adult neural progenitor cells to electrophysiological functionality. Glia 2013; 61:1767-83. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Kraus
- Department of Experimental Ophthalmology, Eye Clinic; University Medical Center Regensburg; Regensburg Germany
| | - Bernadette Lehner
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center Regensburg; Regensburg Germany
| | - Nadine Reichhart
- Department of Experimental Ophthalmology, Eye Clinic; University Medical Center Regensburg; Regensburg Germany
- Department of Experimental Ophthalmology, Ophthalmology; Charite Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Sebastien Couillard-Despres
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg Austria
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg Austria
| | - Katrin Wagner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg Austria
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg Austria
| | - Ulrich Bogdahn
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center Regensburg; Regensburg Germany
| | - Ludwig Aigner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg Austria
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg Austria
| | - Olaf Strauß
- Department of Experimental Ophthalmology, Eye Clinic; University Medical Center Regensburg; Regensburg Germany
- Department of Experimental Ophthalmology, Ophthalmology; Charite Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Loss of Usp9x disrupts cortical architecture, hippocampal development and TGFβ-mediated axonogenesis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68287. [PMID: 23861879 PMCID: PMC3702552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The deubiquitylating enzyme Usp9x is highly expressed in the developing mouse brain, and increased Usp9x expression enhances the self-renewal of neural progenitors in vitro. USP9X is a candidate gene for human neurodevelopmental disorders, including lissencephaly, epilepsy and X-linked intellectual disability. To determine if Usp9x is critical to mammalian brain development we conditionally deleted the gene from neural progenitors, and their subsequent progeny. Mating Usp9xloxP/loxP mice with mice expressing Cre recombinase from the Nestin promoter deleted Usp9x throughout the entire brain, and resulted in early postnatal lethality. Although the overall brain architecture was intact, loss of Usp9x disrupted the cellular organization of the ventricular and sub-ventricular zones, and cortical plate. Usp9x absence also led to dramatic reductions in axonal length, in vivo and in vitro, which could in part be explained by a failure in Tgf-β signaling. Deletion of Usp9x from the dorsal telencephalon only, by mating with Emx1-cre mice, was compatible with survival to adulthood but resulted in reduction or loss of the corpus callosum, a dramatic decrease in hippocampal size, and disorganization of the hippocampal CA3 region. This latter phenotypic aspect resembled that observed in Doublecortin knock-out mice, which is an Usp9x interacting protein. This study establishes that Usp9x is critical for several aspects of CNS development, and suggests that its regulation of Tgf-β signaling extends to neurons.
Collapse
|
15
|
Hagl C, Schäfer KH, Hellwig I, Barrenschee M, Harde J, Holtmann M, Porschek S, Egberts JH, Becker T, Wedel T, Böttner M. Expression and function of the Transforming Growth Factor-b system in the human and rat enteric nervous system. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 25:601-e464. [PMID: 23534441 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transforming growth factor-betas (TGF-bs) are pleiotropic growth factors exerting neurotrophic functions upon various neuronal populations of the central nervous system. In contrast, the role of TGF-b isoforms in the enteric nervous system (ENS) is largely unknown. We therefore analyzed the gene expression pattern of the TGF-b system in the human colon and in rat myenteric plexus, and smooth muscle cell cultures and determined the effect of TGF-b isoforms on neuronal differentiation. METHODS Human colonic samples as well as cultured rat myenteric plexus, and smooth muscle cells were assessed for mRNA expression levels of the TGF-b system (TGF-b1-3, TbR-1-3) by qPCR. The colonic wall was separated into mucosa and tunica muscularis and enteric ganglia were isolated by laser microdissection (LMD) to allow site-specific gene expression analysis. Effects of TGF-b isoforms on neurite outgrowth and branching pattern of cultured myenteric neurons were monitored. KEY RESULTS mRNA expression of the TGF-b system was detected in all compartments of the human colonic wall as well as in LMD-isolated myenteric ganglia. Cultured myenteric neurons and smooth muscle cells of rat intestine also showed mRNA expression of all ligands and receptors. Transforming growth factor-b2 treatment increased neurite length and branching pattern in cultured myenteric neurons. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES The TGF-b system is abundantly expressed in the human and rat ENS arguing for an auto-/paracrine function of this system on enteric neurons. Transforming growth factor-b2 promotes neuronal differentiation and plasticity characterizing this molecule as a relevant neurotrophic factor for the ENS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Hagl
- Department of Informatics and Microsystems Technology, University of Applied Sciences, Kaiserslautern/Zweibrücken, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chang YJ, Tsai CJ, Tseng FG, Chen TJ, Wang TW. Micropatterned stretching system for the investigation of mechanical tension on neural stem cells behavior. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2012; 9:345-55. [PMID: 22922570 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In this study, we developed a feasible and reliable stretching platform combined with photolithography and microfluidic techniques to investigate the effect of directional tensile force and guiding microchannel on neural stem cell (NSC) behavior. Different stretching modes and culture conditions were conducted to investigate the mechanoresponse of NSCs on micropatterned substrate and to verify the effects of tension on NSCs maturation, axon sprouting, neurite outgrowth and orientation. From the results, we found that neurite extension and axon elongation were significantly enhanced and neurites were more directional orientated to parallel direction as stretching was experienced. The mechanical tension apparently influenced NSCs differentiation toward neuronal cells under stretching condition. The neuronal maturity also showed a significant difference when compared with parallel and vertical micropatterned channels. It is suggested that mechanical tension not only can guide neurites orientation and direction, but also promote their elongation length and trigger neural stem cells differentiation into mature neuronal cells. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR This group of investigators report the development of a feasible and reliable stretching platform combined with photolithography and microfluidic techniques to investigate the effects of directional tensile force and guiding microchannel on neural stem cell behavior. They demonstrate that neurite extension and axon elongation could be significantly enhanced, and neuronal maturity can also be improved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ju Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-lin Cheng
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan;
| | - Mu-ming Poo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gene expression of axon growth promoting factors in the deer antler. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15706. [PMID: 21187928 PMCID: PMC3004953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The annual regeneration cycle of deer (Cervidae, Artiodactyla) antlers represents a unique model of epimorphic regeneration and rapid growth in adult mammals. Regenerating antlers are innervated by trigeminal sensory axons growing through the velvet, the modified form of skin that envelopes the antler, at elongation velocities that reach one centimetre per day in the common deer (Cervus elaphus). Several axon growth promoters like NT-3, NGF or IGF-1 have been described in the antler. To increase the knowledge on the axon growth environment, we have combined different gene-expression techniques to identify and characterize the expression of promoting molecules not previously described in the antler velvet. Cross-species microarray analyses of deer samples on human arrays allowed us to build up a list of 90 extracellular or membrane molecules involved in axon growth that were potentially being expressed in the antler. Fifteen of these genes were analysed using PCR and sequencing techniques to confirm their expression in the velvet and to compare it with the expression in other antler and skin samples. Expression of 8 axon growth promoters was confirmed in the velvet, 5 of them not previously described in the antler. In conclusion, our work shows that antler velvet provides growing axons with a variety of promoters of axon growth, sharing many of them with deer's normal and pedicle skin.
Collapse
|
19
|
Yi JJ, Barnes AP, Hand R, Polleux F, Ehlers MD. TGF-beta signaling specifies axons during brain development. Cell 2010; 142:144-57. [PMID: 20603020 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In the mammalian brain, the specification of a single axon and multiple dendrites occurs early in the differentiation of most neuron types. Numerous intracellular signaling events for axon specification have been described in detail. However, the identity of the extracellular factor(s) that initiate neuronal polarity in vivo is unknown. Here, we report that transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) initiates signaling pathways both in vivo and in vitro to fate naive neurites into axons. Neocortical neurons lacking the type II TGF-beta receptor (TbetaR2) fail to initiate axons during development. Exogenous TGF-beta is sufficient to direct the rapid growth and differentiation of an axon, and genetic enhancement of receptor activity promotes the formation of multiple axons. Finally, we show that the bulk of these TGF-beta-dependent events are mediated by site-specific phosphorylation of Par6. These results define an extrinsic cue for neuronal polarity in vivo that patterns neural circuits in the developing brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Yi
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Uebing-Czipura AU, Dawson HD, Rutherford MS, Scherba G. Transcriptome profile and cytogenetic analysis of immortalized neuronally restricted progenitor cells derived from the porcine olfactory bulb. Anim Biotechnol 2010; 20:186-215. [PMID: 19937495 DOI: 10.1080/10495390903139950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we established and phenotypically characterized an immortalized porcine olfactory bulb neuroblast cell line, OBGF400 (1). To facilitate the future application of these cells in studies of neurological dysfunctions and neuronal pathogen interactions, a comprehensive knowledge of their genomic variability and overall gene expression capacity was pursued. Accordingly, the OBGF400 cells were subjected to karyotyping and more extensive transcriptome analyses. Cytogenetic characterization of these cells revealed a genetic mosaicism of neuronal hyperdiploidy. A direct comparison of the OBGF400 cell transcriptome pattern, generated by utilizing the Affymetrix GeneChip(R) Porcine Genome Array, to that of a non-neural, porcine epithelial cell line facilitated the identification of 831 probe sets preferentially hybridized by the neuroblast transcripts. Subsequent functional annotation of these OBGF400 RNAs using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery 2008 enabled their allocation to the corresponding gene ontology biological process term, thereby assisting the recognition of key elements involved in the regulation of neuronal signal transduction and neurogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A U Uebing-Czipura
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hatch MN, Schaumburg CS, Lane TE, Keirstead HS. Endogenous remyelination is induced by transplant rejection in a viral model of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2009; 212:74-81. [PMID: 19477025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte progenitors (OPCs) were transplanted into mice persistently infected with the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus with established demyelination. Engrafted cells did not survive past 2 weeks following transplantation despite treatment with high dose cyclosporine A. While T cell infiltration into the CNS was dampened, elevated numbers of macrophage/microglia and endogenous OPCs were evident surrounding the implantation site and this was associated with increased remyelination. These data suggest that remyelination was initiated by the local response to xenograft transplantation. These findings illustrate the complexities of OPC transplantation into areas of robust immune-mediated pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maya N Hatch
- Reeve-Irvine Research Center, Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4292, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Electroacupuncture Induced Spinal Plasticity is Linked to Multiple Gene Expressions in Dorsal Root Deafferented Rats. J Mol Neurosci 2008; 37:97-110. [PMID: 18581269 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-008-9095-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
23
|
Li XL, Liu J, Wang XY, Li LY, Ni W, Zheng RY, Yang HJ, Lu YC, Qi JG, Wang TH. Temporal changes in the expression of TGF-beta 1 and EGF in the ventral horn of the spinal cord and associated precentral gyrus in adult Rhesus monkeys subjected to cord hemisection. J Neurol Sci 2008; 268:163-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2007.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2007] [Revised: 12/01/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
24
|
Endogenous transforming growth factor beta 1 suppresses inflammation and promotes survival in adult CNS. J Neurosci 2007; 27:11201-13. [PMID: 17942715 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2255-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1) is a pleiotropic cytokine with potent neurotrophic and immunosuppressive properties that is upregulated after injury, but also expressed in the normal nervous system. In the current study, we examined the regulation of TGFbeta1 and the effects of TGFbeta1 deletion on cellular response in the uninjured adult brain and in the injured and regenerating facial motor nucleus. To avoid lethal autoimmune inflammation within 3 weeks after birth in TGFbeta1-deficient mice, this study was performed on a T- and B-cell-deficient RAG2-/- background. Compared with wild-type siblings, homozygous deletion of TGFbeta1 resulted in an extensive inflammatory response in otherwise uninjured brain parenchyma. Astrocytes increased in GFAP and CD44 immunoreactivity; microglia showed proliferative activity, expression of phagocytosis-associated markers [alphaXbeta2, B7.2, and MHC1 (major histocompatibility complex type 1)], and reduced branching. Ultrastructural analysis revealed focal blockade of axonal transport, perinodal damming of axonal organelles, focal demyelination, and myelin debris in granule-rich, phagocytic microglia. After facial axotomy, absence of TGFbeta1 led to a fourfold increase in neuronal cell death (52 vs 13%), decreased central axonal sprouting, and significant delay in functional recovery. It also interfered with the microglial response, resulting in a diminished expression of early activation markers [ICAM1 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1), alpha6beta1, and alphaMbeta2] and reduced proliferation. In line with axonal and glial findings in the otherwise uninjured CNS, absence of endogenous TGFbeta1 also caused an approximately 10% reduction in the number of normal motoneurons, pointing to an ongoing and potent trophic role of this anti-inflammatory cytokine in the normal as well as in the injured brain.
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhang YW, Denham J, Thies RS. Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells derived from human embryonic stem cells express neurotrophic factors. Stem Cells Dev 2007; 15:943-52. [PMID: 17253955 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2006.15.943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) derived from human embryonic stem (hES) cells have been reported to remyelinate axons and improve locomotor function in a rodent model of spinal cord injury. Although remyelination would be expected to have a beneficial effect in spinal cord injury, neurotrophic factor expression may also contribute to functional recovery. Neurotrophic factors could impact the survival of axotomized neurons, as well as promote axonal regeneration in interrupted conduction pathways. This study demonstrates that hES cell-derived OPCs express functional levels of midkine, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), activin A, transforming growth factor-beta2 (TGF-beta2), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), proteins with reported trophic effects on neurons. The neurotrophic activity of hES cell-derived OPCs is further demonstrated by stimulatory effects on neurite outgrowth of adult rat sensory neurons in vitro.
Collapse
|
26
|
Miller MW, Mooney SM, Middleton FA. Transforming growth factor beta1 and ethanol affect transcription and translation of genes and proteins for cell adhesion molecules in B104 neuroblastoma cells. J Neurochem 2006; 97:1182-90. [PMID: 16686695 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03858.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF) beta1 and ethanol retard the migration of young, post-mitotic neurons to the developing cerebral cortex. The coordination of this migration depends upon cell adhesion proteins (CAPs). We examined the effects of TGFbeta1 and ethanol on genes related to both TGF and CAPs. Rat B104 neuroblastoma cells were treated with TGFbeta1 (0 or 10 ng/mL) and ethanol (0 or 400 mg/dL) for 6-48 h. Total RNA was purified from each sample and analyzed using the Rat U34A GeneChip (Affymetrix). Candidate genes were those up- or down-regulated by either TGFbeta1 or ethanol. Twenty transcripts of CAPs were identified as being expressed by B104 cells and as being affected by treatment with TGFbeta1 or ethanol. The expression was verified for five representative genes (neural cell adhesion molecule, L1, and integrins alpha1, alpha7, and beta1) using assays with real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions. Each of these genes showed time-dependent changes. The changes were reflected in increases in protein expression that appeared within 24 or 48 h. Thus, the effects of TGFbeta1 and ethanol on CAPs parallel changes described in vivo and likely underlie changes associated with ethanol-induced alterations in neuronal migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Miller
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Tsuchimoto M, Yasuo S, Funada M, Aoki M, Sasagawa H, Yoshimura T, Tadauchi O, Cameron SA, Kitagawa Y, Kadowaki T. Conservation of novel Mahya genes shows the existence of neural functions common between Hymenoptera and Deuterostome. Dev Genes Evol 2005; 215:564-74. [PMID: 16193321 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-005-0021-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2005] [Accepted: 08/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Honeybees have been shown to exhibit cognitive performances that were thought to be specific to some vertebrates. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of such cognitive abilities of the bees have not been understood. We have identified a novel gene, Mahya, expressed in the brain of the honeybee, Apis mellifera, and other Hymenoptera. Mahya orthologues are present in Deuterostomes but are absent or highly diverged in nematodes and, intriguingly, in two dipteran insects (fruit fly and mosquito) and Lepidoptera (silk moth). Mahya genes encode novel secretory proteins with a follistatin-like domain (Kazal-type serine/threonine protease inhibitor domain and EF-hand calcium-binding domain), two immunoglobulin domains, and a C-terminal novel domain. Honeybee Mahya is expressed in the mushroom bodies and antennal lobes of the brain. Zebra fish Mahya orthologues are expressed in the olfactory bulb, telencephalon, habenula, optic tectum, and cerebellum of the brain. Mouse Mahya orthologues are expressed in the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, and cerebellum of the brain. These results suggest that Mahya may be involved in learning and memory and in processing of sensory information in Hymenoptera and vertebrates. Furthermore, the limited existence of Mahya in the genomes of Hymenoptera and Deuterostomes supports the hypothesis that the genes typically represented by Mahya were lost or highly diverged during the evolution of the central nervous system of specific Bilaterian branches under the specific selection and subsequent adaptation associated with different ecologies and life histories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Tsuchimoto
- Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lu J, Wu Y, Sousa N, Almeida OFX. SMAD pathway mediation of BDNF and TGFβ2 regulation of proliferation and differentiation of hippocampal granule neurons. Development 2005; 132:3231-42. [PMID: 15958511 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Hippocampal granule cells self-renew throughout life, whereas their cerebellar counterparts become post-mitotic during early postnatal development, suggesting that locally acting, tissue-specific factors may regulate the proliferative potential of each cell type. Confirming this, we show that conditioned medium from hippocampal cells (CMHippocampus)stimulates proliferation in cerebellar cultures and, vice versa, that mitosis in hippocampal cells is inhibited by CMCerebellum. The anti-proliferative effects of CMCerebellum were accompanied by increased expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p27, as well as markers of neuronal maturity/differentiation. CMCerebellumwas found to contain peptide-like factors with distinct anti-proliferative/differentiating and neuroprotective activities with differing chromatographic properties. Preadsorption of CMCerebellumwith antisera against candidate cytokines showed that TGFβ2 and BDNF could account for the major part of the anti-proliferative and pro-differentiating activities, an interpretation strengthened by studies involving treatment with purified TGFβ2 and BDNF. Interference with signaling pathways downstream of TGFβ and BDNF using dominant-negative forms of their respective receptors (TGFβ2-RII and TRKB) or of dominant-negative forms of SMAD3 and co-SMAD4 negated the anti-proliferative/differentiating actions of CMCerebellum. Treatment with CMCerebellum caused nuclear translocation of SMAD2 and SMAD4, and also transactivated a TGFβ2-responsive gene. BDNF actions were shown to depend on activation of ERK1/2 and to converge on the SMAD signaling cascade, possibly after stimulation of TGFβ2 synthesis/secretion. In conclusion, our results show that the regulation of hippocampal cell fate in vitro is regulated through an interplay between the actions of BDNF and TGFβ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lu
- NeuroAdaptations Group, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, D-80804 Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bryan B, Cai Y, Wrighton K, Wu G, Feng XH, Liu M. Ubiquitination of RhoA by Smurf1 promotes neurite outgrowth. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:1015-9. [PMID: 15710384 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.12.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2004] [Revised: 12/02/2004] [Accepted: 12/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Rho-family of small GTPases consists of essential regulators of neurite outgrowth, axonal pathfinding, and dendritic arborization. Previous work has demonstrated in non-neuronal cell types that Smurf1, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, regulates cell polarity and protrusive activity via PKCzeta-dependent recruitment to cellular protrusion sites, and subsequent ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of RhoA. In this study, we show that Smurf1 enhances neurite outgrowth in Neuro2a neuroblastoma cells. We demonstrate that RhoA is ubiquitinated, and that Smurf1 and RhoA physically interact in vivo. Interestingly, Smurf1 overexpression in Neuro2a cells dramatically reduces RhoA protein levels during dibutyric cyclic AMP, but not retinoic acid induced neurite outgrowth. This Smurf1-dependent reduction in RhoA protein levels was abrogated using the general proteasome inhibitor MG132, suggesting that RhoA is targeted for ubiquitination and degradation via Smurf1. Together, our data suggest that localized regulation of different subsets of Rho GTPases by specific guidance signals results in an intracellular asymmetry of RhoA activity, which could regulate neurite outgrowth and guidance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brad Bryan
- Alkek Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Molin DGM, Poelmann RE, DeRuiter MC, Azhar M, Doetschman T, Gittenberger-de Groot AC. Transforming Growth Factor β–SMAD2 Signaling Regulates Aortic Arch Innervation and Development. Circ Res 2004; 95:1109-17. [PMID: 15528466 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000150047.16909.ab] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aortic arch interruptions in humans and animal models are mainly caused by aberrant development of the fourth pharyngeal arch artery. Little is known about the maturation of this vessel during normal and abnormal development, which is the subject of this study. Tgfbeta2 knockout mice that present with fourth artery defects have been associated with defective neural crest cell migration. In this study, we concentrated on pharyngeal arch artery development during developmental days 12.5 to 18.5, focusing on neural crest cell migration using a Wnt1-Cre by R26R neural crest cell reporter mouse. Fourth arch artery maturation was studied with antibodies directed against smooth muscle alpha-actin and neural NCAM-1 and RMO-270. For diminished transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) signaling, SMAD2 and fibronectin have been analyzed. Neural crest migration and differentiation into smooth muscle cells is unaltered in mutants, regardless of the cardiovascular defect found; however, innervation of the fourth arch artery is affected. Absent staining for nuclear SMAD2, NCAM-1, and RMO-270 in the fourth artery in mutant coincides with severe defects of this segment. Likewise, fibronectin expression is diminished in these cases. From these data we conclude the following: (1) neural crest cell migration is not a common denominator in cardiovascular defects of Tgfbeta2-/- mice; (2) fourth arch artery maturation is a complex process involving innervation; and (3) TGF-beta2 depletion diminishes SMAD2-signaling in the fourth arch artery and coincides with reduced vascular NCAM-1 expression and neural innervation of this artery. We hypothesize that disturbed maturation of the fourth pharyngeal arch artery, and especially abrogated vascular innervation, will result in fourth arch interruptions.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Abnormalities, Multiple/embryology
- Abnormalities, Multiple/genetics
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/abnormalities
- Aorta, Thoracic/embryology
- Aorta, Thoracic/innervation
- Biomarkers
- CD56 Antigen/biosynthesis
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Lineage
- Cell Movement
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Double Outlet Right Ventricle/embryology
- Double Outlet Right Ventricle/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Neural Crest/cytology
- Neurons, Afferent/cytology
- Signal Transduction
- Smad2 Protein
- Subclavian Artery/abnormalities
- Subclavian Artery/embryology
- Trans-Activators/physiology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/deficiency
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/physiology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta2
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G M Molin
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9602, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Birge RB, Wadsworth S, Akakura R, Abeysinghe H, Kanojia R, MacIelag M, Desbarats J, Escalante M, Singh K, Sundarababu S, Parris K, Childs G, August A, Siekierka J, Weinstein DE. A role for schwann cells in the neuroregenerative effects of a non-immunosuppressive fk506 derivative, jnj460. Neuroscience 2004; 124:351-66. [PMID: 14980385 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED FK506 and its non-immunosuppressive derivatives represent a class of pharmacological agents referred to as immunophilin ligands that have been reported to promote neuroregeneration and survival in several experimental models; however their cellular and molecular mechanisms of action have not been well established. Here we characterize a new immunophilin ligand that interacts with both FK506 binding protein 12 (FKBP12) and FKBP52, and demonstrate that JNJ460 induces neurite outgrowth from freshly explanted dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in a Schwann cell-dependent manner. Purified cultures of neurons fail to respond to these drugs, but cultures containing Schwann cells and neurons respond with neurite outgrowth, as do neurons grown in conditioned medium from JNJ460-treated Schwann cells. Using microarray analysis and a transcription reporter assay, we show that JNJ460 induces a series of transcriptional changes that occur in a temporal cascade. Among the Schwann cell-expressed genes upregulated following JNJ460 treatment is the POU transcription factor SCIP, which has been shown to regulate Schwann cell gene transcription and differentiation. JNJ460 potentiated transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta)-induced transcriptional activation and SCIP induction in Schwann cells, by altering the interaction between FKBP12 and the TGF-beta type I receptor, TbetaR1. Finally, to test whether JNJ460 enhances neurite regeneration in vivo, we treated animals with JNJ460 for 30 days following mechanical transection of the sciatic nerve and demonstrated myelin and axonal hypertrophy at the ultrastructural level. Collectively, these data suggest that Schwann cells play an important role in the biological effects of immunophilin ligands by affecting neuron-glial signaling during regeneration. SUMMARY The cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the regenerative effects of immunophilin ligands are not well understood. Here we show that the neuritogenic effects of JNJ460 in a DRG model depend on interactions between neurons and Schwann cells. Treatment of purified Schwann cells with JNJ460 alters Schwann cell gene expression, and promotes the generation of factors that act on neurons. These data indicate that Schwann cells play an important role in the actions of immunophilin ligands.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Axons/drug effects
- Axons/ultrastructure
- Blotting, Northern/methods
- Blotting, Western/methods
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques/methods
- Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Interactions
- Enzyme Induction
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique/methods
- Ganglia, Spinal/cytology
- Immunophilins/pharmacology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microscopy, Electron/methods
- Models, Molecular
- Nerve Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Nerve Regeneration/drug effects
- Octamer Transcription Factor-6
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis/methods
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Schwann Cells/drug effects
- Schwann Cells/physiology
- Schwann Cells/ultrastructure
- Sciatic Neuropathy/drug therapy
- Tacrolimus/analogs & derivatives
- Tacrolimus/pharmacology
- Tacrolimus/therapeutic use
- Tacrolimus Binding Proteins/chemistry
- Tacrolimus Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transfection/methods
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Tryptophan/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R B Birge
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhou YX, Zhao M, Li D, Shimazu K, Sakata K, Deng CX, Lu B. Cerebellar deficits and hyperactivity in mice lacking Smad4. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:42313-20. [PMID: 12896967 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m308287200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Smad4 is a central mediator of TGF-beta signals, which are known to play essential roles in many biological processes. Using a Cre-loxP approach to overcome early embryonic lethality, we have studied functions of TGF-beta/Smad4 signals in the central nervous system (CNS). No obvious deficits were detected in mice carrying the targeted disruption of Smad4 in the CNS. The overall morphology of the hippocampus appeared normal. There was no change in the proliferation of neuronal precursor cells, nor in several forms of synaptic plasticity. In contrast, deletion of Smad4 resulted in a marked decrease in the number of cerebellar Purkinje cells and parvalbumin-positive interneurons. Accompanied by the abnormality in the cerebellum, mutant mice also exhibited significantly increased vertical activity. Thus, our study reveals an unexpected role for Smad4 in cerebellar development and in the control of motor function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Xing Zhou
- Mammalian Genetics Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Unsicker K, Krieglstein K. TGF-betas and their roles in the regulation of neuron survival. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 513:353-74. [PMID: 12575828 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0123-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-betas (TGF-betas) are a still growing superfamily of cytokines with widespread distribution and diverse biological functions. They fall into several subfamilies including the TGF-betas 1, 2, and 3, the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), the growth/differentiation factors (GDFs), activins and inhibins, and the members of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family. Following a brief description of their general roles and signaling in development, maintenance of homeostasis, and disease, we shall focus on their distribution in the CNS and their involvement in regulating neuron survival and death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Unsicker
- Neuroanatomy and Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, 2. OG, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Steinhäuser C, Seifert G. Glial membrane channels and receptors in epilepsy: impact for generation and spread of seizure activity. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 447:227-37. [PMID: 12151014 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(02)01846-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a condition in the brain characterized by repetitively occurring seizures. While various changes in neuronal properties have been reported to accompany or induce seizure activity in human or experimental epilepsy, other studies suggested that glial cells might be involved in epileptogenesis. Recent findings demonstrate that in the course of the disease, glial cells not only undergo structural alterations but also display distinct functional properties. Several studies identified reduced inwardly rectifying K(+) currents in astrocytes of epileptic tissue, which probably results in disturbances of the K(+) homeostasis. Other data hinted at an abnormal increase in [Ca(2+)](i) in astrocytes through enhanced activity of glial glutamate receptors. This review summarizes current knowledge of alterations of plasma membrane channels and receptors of macroglial cells in epilepsy and discusses the putative importance of these changes for the generation and spread of seizure activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Steinhäuser
- Experimental Neurobiology, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53125 Bonn, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Arai M, Yamazaki H, Inoue K, Fushiki T. Effects of intracranial injection of transforming growth factor-beta relevant to central fatigue on the waking electroencephalogram of rats: comparison with effects of exercise. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2002; 26:307-12. [PMID: 11817509 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-5846(01)00272-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the detailed actions of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) in the brain, which increase accompanied with continuity of exercise, the authors performed electroencephalogram (EEG) spectral analysis for 2 h after intracranial injection of TGF-beta in rats and compared with the effects of swimming exercise. Relative power values (power percent) of the theta frequency band (4-7 Hz) increased and power percent of the alpha frequency band (7-13 Hz) decreased after intracranial injection of TGF-beta. The directions of these changes of EEG after intracranial injection of TGF-beta were consistent with those after exercise. The EEG pattern produced by leucine-enkephalin (Leu-enk), a typical brain peptide related to exercise, was completely different from that after exercise. The results suggested that the increase in TGF-beta concentration in the brain is, at least partly, relevant to the change of neuronal activity after exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masanao Arai
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), initially identified as mitogens with prominent angiogenic properties, is now recognized as multifunctional growth factors with notable actions on neuronal cells. bFGF promotes the survival and neurite growth of brain neurons in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that it functions as a neurotrophic factor. This effect of bFGF could be beneficial for improving the survival of grafted neurons in transplantation. Furthermore, bFGF acutely modulates synaptic transmission in the hippocampus, suggesting that it has a role like a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator. In this article, we make a brief review of multiple biological activities of bFGF for brain neurons and discuss its potential usefulness for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Abe
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Growth/differentiation factor-15/macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 is a novel trophic factor for midbrain dopaminergic neurons in vivo. J Neurosci 2001. [PMID: 11102463 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.20-23-08597.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-betas (TGF-betas) constitute an expanding family of multifunctional cytokines with prominent roles in development, cell proliferation, differentiation, and repair. We have cloned, expressed, and raised antibodies against a distant member of the TGF-betas, growth/differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15). GDF-15 is identical to macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1). GDF-15/MIC-1 mRNA and protein are widely distributed in the developing and adult CNS and peripheral nervous systems, including choroid plexus and CSF. GDF-15/MIC-1 is a potent survival promoting and protective factor for cultured and iron-intoxicated dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons cultured from the embryonic rat midbrain floor. The trophic effect of GDF-15/MIC-1 was not accompanied by an increase in cell proliferation and astroglial maturation, suggesting that GDF-15/MIC-1 probably acts directly on neurons. GDF-15/MIC-1 also protects 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned nigrostriatal DAergic neurons in vivo. Unilateral injections of GDF-15/MIC-1 into the medial forebrain bundle just above the substantia nigra (SN) and into the left ventricle (20 microgram each) immediately before a 6-OHDA injection (8 microgram) prevented 6-OHDA-induced rotational behavior and significantly reduced losses of DAergic neurons in the SN. This protection was evident for at least 1 month. Administration of 5 microgram of GDF-15/MIC-1 in the same paradigm also provided significant neuroprotection. GDF-15/MIC-1 also promoted the serotonergic phenotype of cultured raphe neurons but did not support survival of rat motoneurons. Thus, GDF-15/MIC-1 is a novel neurotrophic factor with prominent effects on DAergic and serotonergic neurons. GDF-15/MIC-1 may therefore have a potential for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and disorders of the serotonergic system.
Collapse
|
38
|
Vitkovic L, Maeda S, Sternberg E. Anti-inflammatory cytokines: expression and action in the brain. Neuroimmunomodulation 2001; 9:295-312. [PMID: 12045357 DOI: 10.1159/000059387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)) and interleukin (IL)-10 gene expression is equivocal in normal brain and upregulated in over a dozen central and peripheral diseases/disorders. The patterns of specific expression of cytokines differ in these diseases. Published data indicate that these cytokines are produced by and act on both neurons and glial cells. Although their actions are commonly viewed as 'anti-inflammatory', they protect neurons and downregulate the responses of glial cells to diseases/disorders in the absence of inflammation. Their actions counterbalance the actions of elevated IL-1 and/or tumor necrosis factor-alpha to maintain homeostasis. Their therapeutic potential will be realized by improving our understanding of their place in neural cytokine networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Vitkovic
- Integrative Neural Immune Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Unsicker K, Strelau J. Functions of transforming growth factor-beta isoforms in the nervous system. Cues based on localization and experimental in vitro and in vivo evidence. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2000; 267:6972-5. [PMID: 11106405 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01824.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This review briefly describes the cellular distribution and documented roles of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta isoforms TGF-beta2 and -beta3 in the central and peripheral nervous system. TGF-beta2 and -beta3 are coexpressed in developing radial glial and mature astroglial and Schwann cells, as well as in subpopulations of differentiated neurons, most prominently in cortical, hippocampal, and brainstem/spinal cord motor neurons. In vitro studies have suggested a number of potential, physiologically relevant functions for TGF-betas including regulation of astroglial cell proliferation, expression of adhesion molecules, survival promoting roles for neurons in combination with established neurotrophic factors, and differentiative actions on neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Unsicker
- Neuroanatomy and Interdisciplinary Center for Neuroscience (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Böttner M, Krieglstein K, Unsicker K. The transforming growth factor-betas: structure, signaling, and roles in nervous system development and functions. J Neurochem 2000; 75:2227-40. [PMID: 11080174 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0752227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-betas (TGF-betas) are among the most widespread and versatile cytokines. Here, we first provide a brief overview of their molecular biology, biochemistry, and signaling. We then review distribution and functions of the three mammalian TGF-beta isoforms, beta1, beta2, and beta3, and their receptors in the developing and adult nervous system. Roles of TGF-betas in the regulation of radial glia, astroglia, oligodendroglia, and microglia are addressed. Finally, we review the current state of knowledge concerning the roles of TGF-betas in controlling neuronal performances, including the regulation of proliferation of neuronal precursors, survival/death decisions, and neuronal differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Böttner
- Neuroanatomy and Center for Neuroscience, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
McTigue DM, Popovich PG, Morgan TE, Stokes BT. Localization of transforming growth factor-beta1 and receptor mRNA after experimental spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2000; 163:220-30. [PMID: 10785461 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.2000.7372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGFbeta1) is a cytokine/growth factor found within the pathological central nervous system. TGFbeta1 has been shown to inhibit the release of cytotoxic molecules from microglia and macrophages, decrease astrocyte proliferation, and promote neuron survival. Because of the relevance of these actions to spinal cord injury, we examined TGFbeta1 and its receptors betaRI and betaRII mRNA levels and localization within the contused rat spinal cord using in situ hybridization. At the lesion site, TGFbeta1 mRNA peaked at 7 days postinjury and declined thereafter. Temporal and spatial localization of the betaRI and betaRII receptor mRNA closely mimicked that for TGFbeta1 in the epicenter. TGFbeta1, betaRI, and betaRII mRNAs also were elevated rostral and caudal to the injury, especially in regions known to contain activated microglia and degenerating axon profiles. Immunohistochemical staining of nearby sections confirmed that the highest levels of TGFbeta1 and receptor mRNA corresponded to regions filled with activated microglia and macrophages. The similar expression pattern of TGFbeta1, betaRI, and betaRII mRNA within the injured spinal cord suggests a local site of action. Since TGFbeta1 can act as an immunosuppressant as well as a stimulant for growth factors and neurite sprouting, it likely plays an important role, both temporally and spatially, in orchestrating postinjury events within the spinal cord.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M McTigue
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Le Roux P, Behar S, Higgins D, Charette M. OP-1 enhances dendritic growth from cerebral cortical neurons in vitro. Exp Neurol 1999; 160:151-63. [PMID: 10630200 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.1999.7194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1), a member of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily, has been demonstrated to stimulate dendrite growth from sympathetic neurons in culture. However, it is not known whether OP-1 affects dendrite growth from central nervous system neurons. Therefore we quantified axon and primary, secondary, and total dendritic growth from embryonic mouse cortical neurons (E 18) grown in vitro in a chemically defined medium. Morphology and double immunolabeling (MAP2, NF-H) were used to identify cortical dendrites and axons after 3 days in vitro. Cell morphology, neuron survival, and axon length were similar under all experimental conditions. The number of primary dendrites also was similar; however, the length of primary dendrites and the length and number of secondary dendrites were significantly increased by the addition of OP-1 to the culture medium. This increase in dendrite growth was dose-dependent; maximal dendritic growth was observed after the addition of 30-100 ng/ml of OP-1 to the culture medium. Specific support of dendrite growth was not observed when neurons were exposed to other members of the TGF-beta superfamily. These findings demonstrate that OP-1 selectively increases dendrite growth from cerebral cortical neurons in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Le Roux
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University, New York 10016, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
|
44
|
Abstract
Cytokines and chemokines have been implicated in contributing to the initiation, propagation and regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. Also, these soluble mediators have important roles in contributing to a wide array of neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis, AIDS Dementia Complex, stroke and Alzheimer's disease. Cytokines and chemokines are synthesized within the central nervous system by glial cells and neurons, and have modulatory functions on these same cells via interactions with specific cell-surface receptors. In this article, I will discuss the ability of glial cells and neurons to both respond to, and synthesize, a variety of cytokines. The emphasize will be on three select cytokines; interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), a cytokine with predominantly proinflammatory effects; interleukin-6 (IL-6), a cytokine with both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties; and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), a cytokine with predominantly immunosuppressive actions. The significance of these cytokines to neurological diseases with an immunological component will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E N Benveniste
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294-0005, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Jones LL, Kreutzberg GW, Raivich G. Transforming growth factor beta's 1, 2 and 3 inhibit proliferation of ramified microglia on an astrocyte monolayer. Brain Res 1998; 795:301-6. [PMID: 9622658 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(98)00325-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor beta's (TGFbeta) are a multipotent family of cytokines with strong immunosuppressive and neurotrophic effects. In the current study, we examined the effect of the TGFbeta's 1, 2 and 3 on the proliferation of ramified microglia cultured on top of a confluent astrocyte monolayer. All three TGFbeta isoforms inhibited proliferation. PCR analysis also showed the presence of mRNA for the TGFbeta receptors type I and II and for all 3 TGFbeta isoforms in microglia, astrocytes and in co-cultures. Moreover, removal of this endogenous TGFbeta activity with antibodies against TGFbeta1 and TGFbeta3 strongly stimulated microglial proliferation. These inhibitory effects on the proliferation of ramified microglia suggest that TGFbeta's may play an important role in the regulation of the microglial population under normal conditions and after injury or disease in the central nervous system.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Activin Receptors, Type I
- Animals
- Antibodies
- Astrocytes/chemistry
- Astrocytes/cytology
- Autoradiography
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cerebral Cortex/cytology
- DNA Primers
- Microglia/chemistry
- Microglia/cytology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/analysis
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/immunology
- Proteoglycans/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/analysis
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/immunology
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/physiology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/pharmacology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L L Jones
- Department of Neuromorphology, Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18a, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Pratt BM, McPherson JM. TGF-beta in the central nervous system: potential roles in ischemic injury and neurodegenerative diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 1997; 8:267-92. [PMID: 9620642 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6101(97)00018-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Transforming Growth Factor-betas (TGF-beta) are a group of multifunctional proteins whose cellular sites of production and action are widely distributed throughout the body, including the central nervous system (CNS). Within the CNS, various isoforms of TGF-beta are produced by both glial and neural cells. When evaluated in either cell culture or in vivo models, the various isoforms of TGF-beta have been shown to have potent effects on the proliferation, function, or survival of both neurons and all three glial cell types, astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes. TGF-beta has also been shown to play a role in several forms of acute CNS pathology including ischemia, excitotoxicity and several forms of neurodegenerative diseases including multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, AIDS dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B M Pratt
- Protein and Cell Therapeutics Development Group, Genzyme Tissue Repair Division, Genzyme Corporation, Framingham, MA 01701-9322, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Pousset F, Fournier J, Keane PE. Expression of cytokine genes during ontogenesis of the central nervous system. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997; 814:97-107. [PMID: 9160963 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb46149.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Pousset
- Department of Neuropsychiatry Research, Sanofi Recherche, Toulouse, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Mattson MP, Barger SW, Furukawa K, Bruce AJ, Wyss-Coray T, Mark RJ, Mucke L. Cellular signaling roles of TGF beta, TNF alpha and beta APP in brain injury responses and Alzheimer's disease. BRAIN RESEARCH. BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS 1997; 23:47-61. [PMID: 9063586 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0173(96)00014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
beta-Amyloid precursor protein (beta APP), transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) are remarkably pleiotropic neural cytokines/neurotrophic factors that orchestrate intricate injury-related cellular and molecular interactions. The links between these three factors include: their responses to injury; their interactive effects on astrocytes, microglia and neurons; their ability to induce cytoprotective responses in neurons; and their association with cytopathological alterations in Alzheimer's disease. Astrocytes and microglia each produce and respond to TGF beta and TNF alpha in characteristic ways when the brain is injured. TGF beta, TNF alpha and secreted forms of beta APP (sAPP) can protect neurons against excitotoxic, metabolic and oxidative insults and may thereby serve neuroprotective roles. On the other hand, under certain conditions TNF alpha and the fibrillogenic amyloid beta-peptide (A beta) derivative of beta APP can promote damage of neuronal and glial cells, and may play roles in neurodegenerative disorders. Studies of genetically manipulated mice in which TGF beta, TNF alpha or beta APP ligand or receptor levels are altered suggest important roles for each factor in cellular responses to brain injury and indicate that mediators of neural injury responses also have the potential to enhance amyloidogenesis and/or to interfere with neuroregeneration if expressed at abnormal levels or modified by strategic point mutations. Recent studies have elucidated signal transduction pathways of TGF beta (serine/threonine kinase cascades), TNF alpha (p55 receptor linked to a sphingomyelin-ceramide-NF kappa B pathway), and secreted forms of beta APP (sAPP; receptor guanylate cyclase-cGMP-cGMP-dependent kinase-K+ channel activation). Knowledge of these signaling pathways is revealing novel molecular targets on which to focus neuroprotective therapeutic strategies in disorders ranging from stroke to Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M P Mattson
- Sanders-Brown Research Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536-0230, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
The regulation of programmed cell death in the developing nervous system involves target-derived survival factors, afferent synaptic activity, and hormone- and cytokine-dependent signaling. Cultured immature cerebellar granule neurons die by apoptosis within several days in vitro unless maintained in depolarizing (high) concentrations of potassium (25 mM K+). Here we report that transforming growth factors (TGF)-beta1, -beta2, and -beta3 accelerate apoptosis of these neurons when maintained in physiological (low) K+ medium (5mM K+) as assessed by measures of viability, quantitative DNA fragmentation, and nuclear morphology. TGF-beta-induced apoptosis of these neurons is not blocked by CNTF and LIF, cytokines that enhance neuronal survival when applied alone, or by IGF-I, which prevents apoptosis upon potassium withdrawal. In contrast, neurons that differentiate in high K+ medium for several days in vitro acquire resistance to TGF-beta-mediated cell death. Granule neurons maintained in either low or high K+ medium produce latent, but not bioactive, TGF-beta1 and -beta2. Because neutralizing TGF-beta antibodies fail to augment survival of low K+ neurons, the cerebellar neurons are apparently unable to activate latent TGF-beta. Thus, apoptosis of low K+ neurons is not attributable to endogenous production of TGF-beta. Taken together, our data suggest that TGF-beta may limit the expansion of postmitotic neuronal precursor populations by promoting their apoptosis but may support survival of those neurons that have maturated, differentiated, and established supportive synaptic connectivity.
Collapse
|
50
|
Kane CJ, Brown GJ, Phelan KD. Transforming growth factor-beta 2 both stimulates and inhibits neurogenesis of rat cerebellar granule cells in culture. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 1996; 96:46-51. [PMID: 8922667 DOI: 10.1016/0165-3806(96)00092-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF beta 2) is expressed in the developing cerebellar cortex during the period of granule cell proliferation and maturation. However, the role of TGF beta 2 in granule cell development is confused by conflicting observations regarding TGF beta 2 control of neurogenesis. To resolve these conflicts and determine the effect of TGF beta 2 on neurogenesis, rat cerebellar granule cell cultures were treated with TGF beta 2 (0.1-100 ng/ml, 24 h) in the presence or absence of exogenous serum. Neuroblast proliferation was quantified by bromodeoxyuridine and [3H]thymidine incorporation. TGF beta 2 stimulated proliferation to 220% of controls in the presence of serum (ED50 = 0.4 ng/ml) based on bromodeoxyuridine labeled granule cell counts. In contrast, in serum free medium, TGF beta 2 inhibited proliferation 75% (ED50 = 0.7 ng/ml). DNA synthesis measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation was increased to 122% in the presence of serum factors, but inhibited 70% in serum free medium, as a result of TGF beta 2 activity. Thus, TGF beta 2 differentially regulates neurogenesis of cerebellar granule cells depending on the presence of exogenous, undefined regulatory factors derived from serum. This suggests that TGF beta 2 activity in cerebellar neurogenesis is complex as it may be modulated by the repertoire of other endogenous regulatory factors in the developing cerebellar cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J Kane
- Department of Anatomy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock 72205, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|