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Sancho-Balsells A, Borràs-Pernas S, Brito V, Alberch J, Girault JA, Giralt A. Cognitive and Emotional Symptoms Induced by Chronic Stress Are Regulated by EGR1 in a Subpopulation of Hippocampal Pyramidal Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043833. [PMID: 36835243 PMCID: PMC9962724 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress is a core risk factor for developing a myriad of neurological disorders, including major depression. The chronicity of such stress can lead to adaptive responses or, on the contrary, to psychological maladaptation. The hippocampus is one of the most affected brain regions displaying functional changes in chronic stress. Egr1, a transcription factor involved in synaptic plasticity, is a key molecule regulating hippocampal function, but its role in stress-induced sequels has been poorly addressed. Emotional and cognitive symptoms were induced in mice by using the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) protocol. We used inducible double-mutant Egr1-CreERT2 x R26RCE mice to map the formation of Egr1-dependent activated cells. Results show that short- (2 days) or long-term (28 days) stress protocols in mice induce activation or deactivation, respectively, of hippocampal CA1 neural ensembles in an Egr1-activity-dependent fashion, together with an associated dendritic spine pathology. In-depth characterization of these neural ensembles revealed a deep-to-superficial switch in terms of Egr1-dependent activation of CA1 pyramidal neurons. To specifically manipulate deep and superficial pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus, we then used Chrna7-Cre (to express Cre in deep neurons) and Calb1-Cre mice (to express Cre in superficial neurons). We found that specific manipulation of superficial but not deep pyramidal neurons of the CA1 resulted in the amelioration of depressive-like behaviors and the restoration of cognitive impairments induced by chronic stress. In summary, Egr1 might be a core molecule driving the activation/deactivation of hippocampal neuronal subpopulations underlying stress-induced alterations involving emotional and cognitive sequels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sancho-Balsells
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Borràs-Pernas
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Verónica Brito
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Alberch
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jean-Antoine Girault
- Inserm UMR-S 1270, 75005 Paris, France
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Albert Giralt
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-934037980
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Chen S, Chen F, Amin N, Ren Q, Ye S, Hu Z, Tan X, Jiang M, Fang M. Defects of parvalbumin-positive interneurons in the ventral dentate gyrus region are implicated depression-like behavior in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 99:27-42. [PMID: 34562597 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is an increasingly common but extremely serve mood disorder that remains poorly understood and inadequately treated. Fast-spiking parvalbumin-positive interneurons (PVIs), a subpopulation of GABAergic interneurons (GABA, g-aminobutyric acid), exhibit a widespread distribution throughout the hippocampus, and has been reported to play an important role in a variety of mental disorders. However, the relationship between depression and hippocampal PVIs remains unclear. Here in this present study, a series of experiments were conducted to clarify the potential relationship. Here, chronic unpredicted mild stress (CUMS) and Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection were introduced to induce depression-like behavior in mice, and led to a clear decline in PVIs numbers in the ventral hippocampal (vHPC), particularly in the ventral dentate gyrus (vDG) subfield. After a selectively removal of the PVIs in PV-ires-Cre::Ai14 mice, we confirmed that ablation of PVIs from the vDG induced depression-like behavior. Furthermore, we found that the removal of vDG-PVIs induced depression likely to be accounted for upregulation of neuroinflammation. These findings facilitate us better understand the role of hippocampal PVIs in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Chen
- Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fengpei Chen
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Nashwa Amin
- Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Aswan 81521, Egypt
| | - Qiannan Ren
- Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shan Ye
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Zhiying Hu
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Department, Zhejiang Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine Hospital, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiaoning Tan
- Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mizu Jiang
- Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Marong Fang
- Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China.
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Perlman G, Tanti A, Mechawar N. Parvalbumin interneuron alterations in stress-related mood disorders: A systematic review. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 15:100380. [PMID: 34557569 PMCID: PMC8446799 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress-related psychiatric disorders including depression involve complex cellular and molecular changes in the brain, and GABAergic signaling dysfunction is increasingly implicated in the etiology of mood disorders. Parvalbumin (PV)-expressing neurons are fast-spiking interneurons that, among other roles, coordinate synchronous neuronal firing. Mounting evidence suggests that the PV neuron phenotype is altered by stress and in mood disorders. In this systematic review, we assessed PV interneuron alterations in psychiatric disorders as reported in human postmortem brain studies and animal models of environmental stress. This review aims to 1) comprehensively catalog evidence of PV cell function in mood disorders (humans) and stress models of mood disorders (animals); 2) analyze the strength of evidence of PV interneuron alterations in various brain regions in humans and rodents; 3) determine whether the modulating effect of antidepressant treatment, physical exercise, and environmental enrichment on stress in animals associates with particular effects on PV function; and 4) use this information to guide future research avenues. Its principal findings, derived mainly from rodent studies, are that stress-related changes in PV cells are only reported in a minority of studies, that positive findings are region-, age-, sex-, and stress recency-dependent, and that antidepressants protect from stress-induced apparent PV cell loss. These observations do not currently translate well to humans, although the postmortem literature on the topic remains limited.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arnaud Tanti
- Corresponding author. McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Department of Psychiaty, McGill University, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 LaSalle blvd, Verdun, Qc, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Naguib Mechawar
- Corresponding author. McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Department of Psychiaty, McGill University, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 LaSalle blvd, Verdun, Qc, H4H 1R3, Canada
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Ortiz JB, Newbern J, Conrad CD. Chronic stress has different immediate and delayed effects on hippocampal calretinin- and somatostatin-positive cells. Hippocampus 2021; 31:221-231. [PMID: 33241879 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Past studies find that chronic stress alters inhibitory, GABAergic circuitry of neurons in distinct hippocampal subregions. Less clear is whether these effects persist weeks after chronic stress ends, and whether these effects involve changes in the total number of hippocampal GABAergic neurons or modulates the function of specific GABAergic subtypes. A transgenic mouse line (VGAT:Cre Ai9) containing an indelible marker for GABAergic neurons (tdTomato) throughout the brain was used to determine whether chronic stress alters total GABAergic neuronal number or the expression of two key GABAergic cell subtypes, calretinin expressing (CR+) and somatostatin expressing (SOM+) neurons, and whether these changes endure weeks later. Male and female mice were chronically stressed in wire mesh restrainers for 6h/d/21d (Str) or not (Con), and then allowed a 3 week rest period (Str-Rest) and compared to those without a rest period (Str-NoRest). Epifluorescent microscope images of immunohistochemistry-processed brains were quantified to estimate the total number of fluorescently-labeled hippocampal GABAergic neurons and the proportion that were CR+ or SOM+. Neither chronic stress nor sex altered the total number of GABAergic cells. In contrast, chronic stress reduced the expression of CR+ in the CA3 region of the hippocampus in both males and females, with robust reductions in the DG region of males, but not females, and these changes reversed following a rest period. Chronic stress also reduced the proportion of hippocampal SOM+ neurons and this reduction persisted even with a rest period. These results show chronic stress dynamically reduced CR expression without changing total inhibitory neuronal number and point to CR as a potential new lead to understand mechanisms by which chronic stress alters hippocampal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bryce Ortiz
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Jason Newbern
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Cheryl D Conrad
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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Albrecht A, Redavide E, Regev-Tsur S, Stork O, Richter-Levin G. Hippocampal GABAergic interneurons and their co-localized neuropeptides in stress vulnerability and resilience. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 122:229-244. [PMID: 33188820 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Studies in humans and rodents suggest a critical role for the hippocampal formation in cognition and emotion, but also in the adaptation to stressful events. Successful stress adaptation promotes resilience, while its failure may lead to stress-induced psychopathologies such as depression and anxiety disorders. Hippocampal architecture and physiology is shaped by its strong control of activity via diverse classes of inhibitory interneurons that express typical calcium binding proteins and neuropeptides. Celltype-specific opto- and chemogenetic intervention strategies that take advantage of these biochemical markers have bolstered our understanding of the distinct role of different interneurons in anxiety, fear and stress adaptation. Moreover, some of the signature proteins of GABAergic interneurons have a potent impact on emotion and cognition on their own, making them attractive targets for interventions. In particular, neuropeptide Y is a promising endogenous agent for mediating resilience against severe stress. In this review, we evaluate the role of the major types of interneurons across hippocampal subregions in the adaptation to chronic and acute stress and to emotional memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Albrecht
- Institute of Anatomy, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Science, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Elisa Redavide
- Institute of Anatomy, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Science, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Genetics & Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Stav Regev-Tsur
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, 199 Aba-Hushi Avenue, 3498838 Haifa, Israel; The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBR), University of Haifa, 199 Aba-Hushi Avenue, 3498838 Haifa, Israel.
| | - Oliver Stork
- Center for Behavioral Brain Science, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Genetics & Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Gal Richter-Levin
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, 199 Aba-Hushi Avenue, 3498838 Haifa, Israel; The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBR), University of Haifa, 199 Aba-Hushi Avenue, 3498838 Haifa, Israel; Psychology Department, University of Haifa199 Aba-Hushi Avenue, 3498838 Haifa, Israel.
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Zaletel I, Filipović D, Puškaš N. Chronic stress, hippocampus and parvalbumin-positive interneurons: what do we know so far? Rev Neurosci 2016; 27:397-409. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2015-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe hippocampus is a brain structure involved in the regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and stress response. It plays an important role in the formation of declarative, spatial and contextual memory, as well as in the processing of emotional information. As a part of the limbic system, it is a very susceptible structure towards the effects of various stressors. The molecular mechanisms of structural and functional alternations that occur in the hippocampus under chronic stress imply an increased level of circulating glucocorticoids (GCs), which is an HPA axis response to stress. Certain data show that changes induced by chronic stress may be independent from the GCs levels, opening the possibility of existence of other poorly explored mechanisms and pathways through which stressors act. The hippocampal GABAergic parvalbumin-positive (PV+) interneurons represent an especially vulnerable population of neurons in chronic stress, which may be of key importance in the development of mood disorders. However, cellular and molecular hippocampal changes that arise as a consequence of chronic stress still represent a large and unexplored area. This review discusses the current knowledge about the PV+ interneurons of the hippocampus and the influence of chronic stress on this intriguing population of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Zaletel
- 1Institute of Histology and Embryology “Aleksandar Đ. Kostić”, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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de Medeiros Silva A, de Santana MAD, de Góis Morais PLA, de Sousa TB, Januário Engelberth RCG, de Souza Lucena EE, Campêlo CLDC, Sousa Cavalcante J, Cavalcante JC, de Oliveira Costa MSM, Nascimento ESD. Serotonergic fibers distribution in the midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei in the rock cavy (Kerodon rupestris). Brain Res 2014; 1586:99-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Pascual R, Zamora-León P, Bustamante C. Selegiline (deprenyl) decreases calbindin-D28k expression in cortical neurons of rats socially deprived during the post-weaning period. Int J Dev Neurosci 2012; 31:145-9. [PMID: 23253375 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical studies indicate that selegiline (deprenyl), frequently used in some neurodegenerative diseases, exert protective effects on central nervous system neurons of individuals exposed to social isolation (SI). Furthermore, it has been suggested that SI produces neuronal dysfunction due in part to an excessive intracellular Ca(2+) overload. Since the main intracellular Ca(2+) buffering mechanism involves changes in the calcium-binding protein calbindin-D28k (CB), and that CB neuronal expression can increase in response to Ca(2+) transients, we hypothesized that chronic selegiline administration in early socially isolated animals could minimize cell CB expression as an indirect indicator of protective mechanism against Ca(2+) overload. In the present study male rats were weaned at postnatal day 21 (P21) and randomly assigned to social deprivation (SI) or control (SC) environments for 30 days (P21-51). SI animals were further subdivided in two experimental groups: socially deprived-saline (SI-SAL) and socially isolated-selegiline (SI-SEL) for additional 30 days (P52-82). Medial frontal CB immunoreactivity (CB-ir) neurons were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed. The results obtained indicate that neocortical cells of adult rats submitted to early SI show a significant increase in the number of CB-ir neurons per cortical field, while selegiline treatment significantly reduces this parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Pascual
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile.
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Zadrożna M, Nowak B, Łasoń-Tyburkiewicz M, Wolak M, Sowa-Kućma M, Papp M, Ossowska G, Pilc A, Nowak G. Different pattern of changes in calcium binding proteins immunoreactivity in the medial prefrontal cortex of rats exposed to stress models of depression. Pharmacol Rep 2012; 63:1539-46. [PMID: 22358102 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(11)70718-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Reductions in the number and size of neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) have been documented in many post-mortem studies of depressed patients and animals exposed to stress. Here, we examined the effect of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) and chronic mild stress (CMS) on specific populations of neurons in the rat mPFC. Antibodies directed against parvalbumin (PV), calbindin D-28K (CB) and active caspase-3 have been used to quantify the numerical density of PV-immunoreactive (PV-ir), CB-ir and active caspase-3-ir cells, and to measure the relative optical density of neuropil. CUS decreased the density of CB-ir neurons and the optical density of CB-ir neuropil. In turn, CMS increased the densities of both CB-ir neurons and neuropil, while PV-ir neurons and PV-ir neuropil were not changed. The frequency distribution of neuronal surface areas was significantly different only for PV-ir neurons, and only between the control and CUS group. CMS reduced the density of active caspase-3-ir cells while CUS did not. We concluded that the mPFC reveals a different pattern of changes in neurons containing calcium binding proteins and active caspase-3 immunoreactivity in response to CUS and CMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Zadrożna
- Chair of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Kraków, Poland.
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Contreras-García JI, Rodríguez-Castañeda L, Gómez-Lira G, Ramírez-Hernández R, Villafán H, Granados-Rojas L, Gutiérrez-Ospina G, Mendoza Torreblanca JG. The age-dependent change in olfactory periglomerular neuronal populations is not affected by interrupting subventricular neuroblast migration in adult rats. Neurosci Lett 2012; 522:6-11. [PMID: 22634627 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory bulb (OB) is rich in the number and variety of neurotransmitter and neuropeptide containing cells, in particular in the glomerular layer. Several reports suggest that numbers of some periglomerular phenotypes could change depending on age. However, it is unclear whether the different classes of periglomerular interneurons are modified or are maintained stable throughout life. Thus, our first objective was to obtain the absolute number of cells belonging to the different periglomerular phenotypes at adulthood. On the other hand, the olfactory bulb is continously supplied with newly generated periglomerular neurons produced by stem cells located in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and rostral migratory stream. Previously, we demonstrated that the implantation of a physical barrier completely prevents SVZ neuroblast migration towards the OB. Then, another objective of this study was to evaluate whether stopping the continuous supply of SVZ neuroblasts modified the different periglomerular populations throughout time. In summary, we estimated the total number of TH-IR, CalB-IR, CalR-IR and GAD-IR cells in the OB glomerular layer at several time points in control and barrier implanted adult rats. In addition, we estimated the volume of glomerular, granular and complete OB. Our main finding was that the number of the four main periglomerular populations is age-dependent, even after impairment of subventricular neuroblast migration. Furthermore, we established that these changes do not correlate with changes in the volume of glomerular layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatziri I Contreras-García
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas and Grupo de Investigación en Células Troncales IMPULSA 02, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 México, DF, Mexico
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Soontornniyomkij V, Risbrough VB, Young JW, Soontornniyomkij B, Jeste DV, Achim CL. Hippocampal calbindin-1 immunoreactivity correlate of recognition memory performance in aged mice. Neurosci Lett 2012; 516:161-5. [PMID: 22503902 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.03.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Aging-related dysregulation of neuronal calcium metabolism, which not only involves the control of calcium fluxes but also the cytosolic calcium buffering system such as calbindin-1 (Calb1), may disturb synaptic plasticity and thereby memory functioning. Calb1 expression has been shown to affect hippocampal long-term potentiation and learning and to play a neuroprotective role in animal models of ischemic brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. We hypothesize that memory performance in aged mice correlates with neuronal Calb1 protein expression in the hippocampal formation. We studied a set of 18 aged and 22 young male C57BL/6N mice, in which the aged group performed poorer than the young in single-trial novel object recognition testing (two-tailed p=0.005, U test). Apparent decreases in the Calb1 immunoreactivity (measured by quantitative immunohistochemistry) in aged mice compared to that in young mice were not statistically significant either in the hippocampal CA1 subfield or dentate gyrus. In the aged mouse group, levels of Calb1 immunoreactivity both in the CA1 subfield and dentate gyrus correlated directly with the measure of recognition memory performance (Spearman rank correlation r(s)=0.47 and 0.48, two-tailed p=0.047 and 0.044, respectively). Our results suggest that hippocampal Calb1 expression affects memory performance in aged mice probably via its role in maintaining neuronal calcium homeostasis. Alternatively, our finding of lower Calb1 immunoreactivity with poorer memory performance in aged mice might be attributed to saturation of Calb1 protein by higher levels of intracellular calcium, due to aging-related dysregulation of neuronal calcium fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virawudh Soontornniyomkij
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0603, USA.
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Nowak B, Zadrożna M, Ossowska G, Sowa-Kućma M, Gruca P, Papp M, Dybała M, Pilc A, Nowak G. Alterations in hippocampal calcium-binding neurons induced by stress models of depression: a preliminary assessment. Pharmacol Rep 2011; 62:1204-10. [PMID: 21273679 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(10)70383-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the neuropathological changes induced by chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) and chronic mild stress (CMS) in calbindin D-28K (CB) and parvalbumin (PV) immunoreactive neurons in the rat hippocampus were demonstrated. We used immunohistochemical techniques to quantify the numerical density and morphological changes of PV immunoreactive and CB immunoreactive neurons in the dentate gyrus (DG) and the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus. We also assessed cell proliferation (Ki-67) and apoptotic processes (active caspase-3) in the DG. We found a significant decrease (16.6% for CUS and 13.3% for CMS) in the numerical density of granule cells (GC), alterations in the CB immunoreactive cells of the GC in the DG and an impairment of mossy fiber CB immunolabelling in the CA3. These changes were not accompanied by a decrease in Ki-67 labeling or the level of caspase-3 in the DG. These data indicate a stress-induced reduction of calcium binding neuron parameters, which may be related to the behavioral paradigms exhibited in these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Nowak
- Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Kraków, Poland.
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Arakawa H. Changes in the pattern of exploratory behavior are associated with the emergence of social dominance relationships in male rats. Dev Psychobiol 2005; 48:39-47. [PMID: 16381035 DOI: 10.1002/dev.20114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of the establishment of dominance relationships and subordination on exploratory behavior for both postpubertal and adult male rats. Prior to an open field test, subjects were housed either in isolation (IS) or in littermate pairs (PS) with mild dominance relationships without overt victory or defeat, or in pairs with clear hierarchical relationships as dominants (DOM) or subordinates (SUB). Stretch-attend postures and entries into the center area of the open-field were measured as an index of passive and active exploratory behavior, respectively, and crossings in the peripheral area were counted as activity. SUB rats, both postpubertal and adult, displayed less activity and lower levels of active exploratory behavior, whereas adult IS rats showed higher levels of active exploratory behavior compared to the other groups. Furthermore, both DOM and PS rats exhibited a more passive pattern of exploratory behavior in adulthood than in postpuberty. Thus the results show that an increase in the active exploratory pattern is inhibited by the establishment of social relationships among adult rats, while a decrease in activity is a primarily effect of subordination. The capacity to change exploratory patterns following subordination is found even in the postpubertal stage when adultlike social relationships have not yet appeared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Arakawa
- School of Psychology, Chukyo University, 101-2 Yagoto-honcho, Nagoya 466-8666, Japan.
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Gabriel Frank M. Sleep, Synaptic Plasticity, and the Developing Brain. Sleep 2004. [DOI: 10.1201/9780203496732.ch10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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15
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Mulholland PJ, Self RL, Harris BR, Littleton JM, Prendergast MA. (−)-nicotine ameliorates corticosterone's potentiation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-mediated cornu ammonis 1 toxicity. Neuroscience 2004; 125:671-82. [PMID: 15099681 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypercortisolemia, long-term exposure of the brain to high concentrations of stress hormones (i.e. cortisol), may occur in patients suffering from depression, alcoholism, and other disorders. This has been suggested to produce neuropathological effects, in part, via increased function or sensitivity of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptors. Given that cigarette smoking is highly prevalent in some of these patient groups and nicotine has been shown to reduce toxic consequences of NMDA receptor function, it may be suggested that nicotine intake may attenuate the neurotoxic effects of hypercortisolemia. To investigate this possibility, organotypic hippocampal slice cultures derived from rat were pre-treated with corticosterone (0.001-1 microM) alone or in combination with selective glucocorticoid receptor antagonists for 72-h prior to a brief (1-h) NMDA exposure (5 microM). Pre-treatment with corticosterone (0.001-1 microM) alone did not cause hippocampal damage, while NMDA exposure produced significant cellular damage in the cornu ammonis (CA)1 subregion. No significant damage was observed in the dentate gyrus or CA3 regions following NMDA exposure. Pre-treatment of cultures with corticosterone (0.1-1 microM) markedly exacerbated NMDA-induced CA1 and dentate gyrus region damage. This effect in the CA1 region was prevented by co-administration of the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU486 (>or=1 microM), but not spironolactone (1-10 microM), a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist. In a second series of studies, both acute and pre-exposure of cultures to (-)-nicotine (1-10 microM) significantly reduced NMDA toxicity in the CA1 region. Co-administration of cultures to (-)-nicotine (1-10 microM) with 100 nM corticosterone prevented corticosterone's exacerbation of subsequent CA1 insult. This protective effect of (-)-nicotine was not altered by co-exposure of cultures to 10 microM dihydro-beta-erythroidine but was blocked by co-exposure to 100 nM methyllycaconitine, suggesting the involvement of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors possessing the alpha7* subunit. The present studies suggest a role for hypercortisolemia in sensitizing the hippocampal NMDA receptor system to pathological activation and indicate that prolonged nicotine exposure attenuates this sensitization. Thus, it is possible that one consequence of heavy smoking in those suffering from hypercortisolemia may be a reduction of neuronal injury and sparing of cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Mulholland
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 115 Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA
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Abstract
The hypothesis that sleep promotes learning and memory has long been a subject of active investigation. This hypothesis implies that sleep must facilitate synaptic plasticity in some way, and recent studies have provided evidence for such a function. Our knowledge of both the cellular neurophysiology of sleep states and of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying synaptic plasticity has expanded considerably in recent years. In this article, we review findings in these areas and discuss possible mechanisms whereby the neurophysiological processes characteristic of sleep states may serve to facilitate synaptic plasticity. We address this issue first on the cellular level, considering how activation of T-type Ca(2+) channels in nonREM sleep may promote either long-term depression or long-term potentiation, as well as how cellular events of REM sleep may influence these processes. We then consider how synchronization of neuronal activity in thalamocortical and hippocampal-neocortical networks in nonREM sleep and REM sleep could promote differential strengthening of synapses according to the degree to which activity in one neuron is synchronized with activity in other neurons in the network. Rather than advocating one specific cellular hypothesis, we have intentionally taken a broad approach, describing a range of possible mechanisms whereby sleep may facilitate synaptic plasticity on the cellular and/or network levels. We have also provided a general review of evidence for and against the hypothesis that sleep does indeed facilitate learning, memory, and synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel H Benington
- Department of Biology, St. Bonaventure University, St. Bonaventure, NY 14778, USA
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Stamp JA, Herbert J. Multiple immediate-early gene expression during physiological and endocrine adaptation to repeated stress. Neuroscience 2000; 94:1313-22. [PMID: 10625069 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(99)00368-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study had three objectives: (i) to determine whether there were individual differences in the activation and adaptation of a range of immediate-early genes to repeated restraint stress, (ii) to monitor physiological responses (endocrine, cardiovascular and core temperature) and their adaptation with repeated presentations of the stressor, and (iii) to determine whether any of these indices were altered by dehydroepiandrosterone, an anti-glucocorticoid steroid known to be reduced in humans by stress. Four groups of male rats were implanted subcutaneously with either dehydroepiandrosterone or control (paraffin) pellets. They were then subjected to either a single or 14 days of restraint (60 min/day) or transferred to the testing room (unstressed). Repeatedly stressed animals and their controls were also implanted with intra-abdominal telemetric transmitters to record heart rate and core temperature. Protein products for c-fos,fos-b, c-jun and jun-b were displayed by immunocytochemistry. Areas examined included the ventrolateral septum, hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, amygdala, locus coeruleus and nucleus of the solitary tract. Acute restraint increased Fos immunoreactivity in all of the areas examined, with the exception of the medial amygdala. The pattern of induction for Fos-B and Jun-B was similar, while c-Jun was only increased in the septum (though constitutive levels were high in most structures compared to the other proteins examined). After 14 days of restraint, immediate-early gene immunostaining was reduced in all of the areas examined, though the extent of adaptation depended on the area and immediate-early gene. In the forebrain, Fos expression adapted in the paraventricular nucleus, amygdala and septum, whereas Fos-B and c-Jun adapted incompletely in the septum. In contrast, Jun-B behaved like Fos. In the brainstem, Fos, Fos-B and Jun-B expression adapted in the nucleus of the solitary tract (but not the locus coeruleus). Corticosterone levels were still raised above baseline, but the response was blunted compared to acute stress. There was marked stress-induced hypothermia which did not adapt during the restraint session, but this returned to baseline during restraint after about five days. In contrast, stress-induced tachycardia did not change during repeated restraint. Dehydroepiandrosterone implants had no clear-cut effects on any immunostaining following acute stress, though there was a trend towards lessened adaptation of the Fos response in the septum after steroid treatment. Dehydroepiandrosterone also did not affect the cardiovascular or endocrine responses to repeated restraint. These experiments show that adaptation of the expression of multiple immediate-early genes occurs during repeated restraint, but in a site-specific pattern in the brains of male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Stamp
- Department of Anatomy and MRC Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, UK
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Dassesse D, Cuvelier L, Krebs C, Streppel M, Guntinas-Lichius O, Neiss WF, Pochet R. Differential expression of calbindin and calmodulin in motoneurons after hypoglossal axotomy. Brain Res 1998; 786:181-8. [PMID: 9555004 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(97)01458-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Axotomy induces a profound modification of Ca2+ homeostasis in injured neurons which may lead to neuronal death. Remarkably, after axotomy and resection of the hypoglossal nerve, 65-75% of the hypoglossal motoneurons survive in the long term and this suggests some adaptive mechanisms compensating the massive calcium influx. As potential components of this adaptation, we have examined calmodulin and calbindin-D28k by in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry in motoneurons of the rat after hypoglossal nerve transection. Neuronal calbindin mRNA and protein content was low in normal state, transiently increased to 200% of the basal expression at 8 days post-operation (dpo), then declined to normal again until 28 dpo. Calmodulin mRNA was highly expressed in normal hypoglossal motoneurons and remained constant after axotomy. Calmodulin protein immunoreactivity, however, was transiently decreased in axotomised motoneurons suggesting post-transcriptional modification. The upregulation of calbindin expression may facilitate the survival of injured motoneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dassesse
- Laboratory of Histology, Fac. de Médecine, U.L.B., 808 route de Lennik, B-1070 Bruxelles, Belgium
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Martinez M, Calvo-Torrent A, Pico-Alfonso MA. Social defeat and subordination as models of social stress in laboratory rodents: A review. Aggress Behav 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2337(1998)24:4<241::aid-ab1>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Krugers HJ, Douma BR, Andringa G, Bohus B, Korf J, Luiten PG. Exposure to chronic psychosocial stress and corticosterone in the rat: effects on spatial discrimination learning and hippocampal protein kinase Cgamma immunoreactivity. Hippocampus 1997; 7:427-36. [PMID: 9287082 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1063(1997)7:4<427::aid-hipo8>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous reports have demonstrated a striking increase of the immunoreactivity of the gamma-isoform of protein kinase C (PKCgamma-ir) in Ammon's horn and dentate gyrus (DG) of rodent hippocampus after training in a spatial orientation task. In the present study, we investigated how 8 days of psychosocial stress affects spatial discrimination learning in a hole board and influences PKCgamma-ir in the hippocampal formation. The acquisition of both reference memory and working memory was significantly delayed in the stressed animals during the entire training period. With respect to cellular plasticity, the training experience in both nonstressed and stressed groups yielded enhanced PKCgamma-ir in the CA1 and CA3 regions of the posterior hippocampus but not in subfields of the anterior hippocampus. Stress enhanced PKCgamma-ir in the DG and CA3 pyramidal cells of the anterior hippocampus. In stressed animals that were subsequently trained, the PKCgamma-ir was increased in the posterior CA1 region to the same level as that found in nonstressed trained animals. Stress apparently abrogated the PKCgamma-ir training response in the CA3 region. In a second experiment, the elevation of plasma corticosterone levels to values that are found during stress did not significantly influence reference memory scores but slightly and temporarily affected working memory. The training-induced enhancement of PKCgamma-ir in the CA1 region was similar in trained and corticosterone-treated trained animals, but the learning-induced PKCgamma-ir response in the posterior CA3 area was absent after corticosterone pretreatment. These results reveal that prolonged psychosocial stress causes spatial learning deficits, whereas artificial elevation of corticosterone levels to the levels that occur during stress only mildly affects spatial memory performance. The spatial learning deficits following stress are reflected only in part in the redistribution of hippocampal PKCgamma-ir following training.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Krugers
- Department of Biological Psychiatry, Graduate School for Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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