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Wrangle JM, Patterson A, Johnson CB, Neitzke DJ, Mehrotra S, Denlinger CE, Paulos CM, Li Z, Cole DJ, Rubinstein MP. IL-2 and Beyond in Cancer Immunotherapy. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2018; 38:45-68. [PMID: 29443657 PMCID: PMC5815463 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2017.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the T- and natural killer (NK) cell growth factor IL-2 has been a sentinel force ushering in the era of immunotherapy in cancer. With the advent of clinical grade recombinant IL-2 in the mid-1980s, oncologists could for the first time directly manipulate lymphocyte populations with systemic therapy. By itself, recombinant IL-2 can induce clinical responses in up to 15% of patients with metastatic cancer or renal cell carcinoma. When administered with adoptively transferred tumor-reactive lymphocytes, IL-2 promotes T cell engraftment and response rates of up to 50% in metastatic melanoma patients. Importantly, these IL-2-driven responses can yield complete and durable responses in a subset of patients. However, the use of IL-2 is limited by toxicity and concern of the expansion of T regulatory cells. To overcome these limitations and improve response rates, other T cell growth factors, including IL-15 and modified forms of IL-2, are in clinical development. Administering T cell growth factors in combination with other agents, such as immune checkpoint pathway inhibitors, may also improve efficacy. In this study, we review the development of T- and NK cell growth factors and highlight current combinatorial approaches based on these reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Wrangle
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Alicia Patterson
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - C. Bryce Johnson
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Daniel J. Neitzke
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Shikhar Mehrotra
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Chadrick E. Denlinger
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Chrystal M. Paulos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Zihai Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - David J. Cole
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Mark P. Rubinstein
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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Bladder Cancer Immunotherapy: BCG and Beyond. Adv Urol 2012; 2012:181987. [PMID: 22778725 PMCID: PMC3388311 DOI: 10.1155/2012/181987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has become the predominant conservative treatment for nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. Its mechanism of action continues to be defined but has been shown to involve a T helper type 1 (Th1) immunomodulatory response. While BCG treatment is the current standard of care, a significant proportion of patients fails or do not tolerate treatment. Therefore, many efforts have been made to identify other intravesical and immunomodulating therapeutics to use alone or in conjunction with BCG. This paper reviews the progress of basic science and clinical experience with several immunotherapeutic agents including IFN-α, IL-2, IL-12, and IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost J Oppenheim
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21701-1201, USA.
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Kirsner JB. Historical origins of current IBD concepts. World J Gastroenterol 2001; 7:175-84. [PMID: 11819757 PMCID: PMC4723519 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v7.i2.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2001] [Revised: 03/19/2001] [Accepted: 03/20/2001] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J B Kirsner
- The Louis Block Distinguished Service Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, USA
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Abstract
Along with the nervous and the endocrine systems, the immune system is one of the three major integrative systems in higher organisms. Growing evidence demonstrates an intimate relationship between the immune system and the endocrine and nervous systems: The psychoneuroendocrine system can influence the immune response and thereby the capacity of the organism to cope with illness, and the immune system can have an impact on neuroendocrine function. Such cross-talk among systems is dependent upon feedback loops working to maintain homeostatic equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Scapagnini
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Catania School of Medicine, Italy
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Abstract
In the immune system, amidst the bewildering array of cytokine functions, it is sometimes difficult to discern the relative physiological importance of functions that have been determined in tissue culture. Cytokine functions are indeed complex, but the analysis of relatively simple regulatory networks suggests that activities determined in vitro are highly relevant to genuine physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Mosmann
- Department of Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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9
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Wustrow TP, Kabelitz D. Interleukin-2 release from lymphocytes of patients with head and neck cancer. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1989; 98:179-84. [PMID: 2784298 DOI: 10.1177/000348948909800303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) plays a central role in cellular immune regulation. In vitro this cytokine is secreted after mitogenic stimulation with phorbolester (PMA), phytohemagglutinin A (PHA), or the monoclonal T cell antibody OKT3. In our experiments the IL-2 concentration was measured in a biologic system using an IL-2-dependent murine cytotoxic T cell line. Control subjects who were age-matched to patients with head and neck cancers did not show an altered IL-2 production in vitro, irrespective of whether they were accustomed to high alcohol consumption or cigarette smoking. Patients with cancer of the larynx did not differ significantly from control subjects. Most prominent was the significant reduction in IL-2 release of patients with cancer of the oropharynx and in patients with positive lymph nodes in the neck. Impaired IL-2 secretion in head and neck cancer patients may therefore be an additional prognostic indicator worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Wustrow
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Clinic, University of Munich, Wustrow, Federal Republic of Germany
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Thompson LP, Di Sabato G. Purification and characterization of two forms of rat interleukin-2. Cell Immunol 1988; 114:12-26. [PMID: 2967110 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(88)90251-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Rat IL-2 produced by spleen cells in culture with concanavalin A was purified using gel filtration, hydrophobic chromatography, and ion-exchange chromatography. At least two forms of rat IL-2 were found to be separable by ion-exchange chromatography. These two forms have been designated form I and form II. Form I of rat IL-2 was purified by a factor of 1297 and found to have a pI of 6.4. Form II was purified by a factor of 669 and found to have a pI between 5.4 and 6.1. Lectin chromatography was used to demonstrate that these two forms most likely differ in the extent of glycosylation. In the presence of tunicamycin the production of form II was significantly reduced. The two forms of rat IL-2 differ in their abilities to promote a mixed-lymphocyte reaction. Their differences in glycosylation may be the reason for these differences in activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Thompson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
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Saffran DC, Puchalski SA, Singhal SK. The immunoregulatory role of bone marrow. IV. Role of an immunoenhancing glycoprotein derived from murine bone marrow. Cell Immunol 1986; 101:168-80. [PMID: 2427208 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(86)90195-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow-enhancing factor (B-EF) is the spontaneous product of whole bone marrow cells cultured in serum-free medium for a short term (24-48 hr). The factor is prepared by ultrafiltration of BMC supernates to yield a preparation with a MW of greater than 10,000. Production of the factor is not dependent upon antigenic or mitogenic stimulation of BMC, but is inhibited by treatment of BMC with cycloheximide. B-EF augments the in vitro primary PFC response to SRBC, as well as in vitro secondary IgM and IgG PFC responses to SRBC. Enhancement by B-EF is antigen dependent, genetically nonrestricted, and maximal when present at the initiation of culture. B-EF cannot induce a polyclonal antibody response like the polyclonal activator LPS. B-EF is directly mitogenic for thymocytes, bone marrow, and whole spleen cells, but fails to act as a costimulator of thymocyte proliferation in the presence of Con A. B-EF cannot support the growth of the IL-2-dependent cell line CTLL-2. Since B-EF has not been purified, the supernatant may contain more than one activity. The factor is heat labile at 65 degrees C and is sensitive to enzymatic digestion with trypsin and neuraminidase; this implies that B-EF may be a glycoprotein.
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Kashima N, Nishi-Takaoka C, Fujita T, Taki S, Yamada G, Hamuro J, Taniguchi T. Unique structure of murine interleukin-2 as deduced from cloned cDNAs. Nature 1985; 313:402-4. [PMID: 2578624 DOI: 10.1038/313402a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a lymphokine originally described as a humoral factor required for the continued proliferation of activated T-cell clones. It also seems to be involved in the mitogenic response of thymocytes, in augmenting natural killer cell activity, in the generation of cytotoxic T cells and in the induction of other lymphokines such as gamma-interferon and a B-cell growth factor (BCGF-1). More recently, there has been evidence for the involvement of IL-2 per se in the stimulation of B-cell growth (ref. 10 and T. Kishimoto and J. Vilcek, personal communications). We have reported previously the cloning and expression of a human IL-2 complementary DNA. The cDNA encodes biologically active IL-2 which would consist of 153 amino acids, including a signal sequence. Because so much of the work on IL-2 has been done in the human and mouse, we sought to obtain cDNA encoding murine IL-2, and we now report the cloning, expression and sequence analysis of murine IL-2 cDNAs. The longest cDNA insert encodes a polypeptide of 169 amino acids, containing unique repeats of a CAG sequence which would encode 12 consecutive glutamine residues within the active IL-2 molecule.
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Paetkau V, Bleackley RC, Riendeau D, Harnish DG, Holowachuk EW. Toward the molecular biology of IL-2. CONTEMPORARY TOPICS IN MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY 1985; 10:35-61. [PMID: 3884258 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-4838-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Fuse A, Fujita T, Yasumitsu H, Kashima N, Hasegawa K, Taniguchi T. Organization and structure of the mouse interleukin-2 gene. Nucleic Acids Res 1984; 12:9323-31. [PMID: 6240025 PMCID: PMC320464 DOI: 10.1093/nar/12.24.9323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We have cloned a chromosomal DNA segment which covers the entire sequence for the murine interleukin-2 gene and analysed the structure of the gene. The coding regions are separated into four blocks by three introns each of which is located similarly to the corresponding human gene. The exon sequences can be aligned perfectly with the previously cloned cDNA sequence. Of particular interests is the presence of sequences within the 5'-flanking region which are highly conserved between mouse and man. The conserved region which spans more than 400 base pairs may play a role in the regulation of IL-2 gene expression.
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Shows T, Eddy R, Haley L, Byers M, Henry M, Fujita T, Matsui H, Taniguchi T. Interleukin 2 (IL2) is assigned to human chromosome 4. SOMATIC CELL AND MOLECULAR GENETICS 1984; 10:315-8. [PMID: 6609441 DOI: 10.1007/bf01535253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The human gene for interleukin 2 (IL2) was assigned to chromosome 4 using human-mouse somatic cell hybrids and Southern filter hybridization of cell hybrid DNA. To identify IL2, a recombinant DNA probe ( pIL2 - 50A ) was used which contained a human interleukin 2 cDNA insert which hybridized to a 3.5-kb fragment in human DNA when cleaved with the restriction enzyme EcoRI.
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17
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Wood DD. Antigen-Nonspecific Factors Elaborated by Macrophages Which Stimulate Lymphocytes. Immunology 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-6784-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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18
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Fujita T, Takaoka C, Matsui H, Taniguchi T. Structure of the human interleukin 2 gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1983; 80:7437-41. [PMID: 6324170 PMCID: PMC389966 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.80.24.7437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We have cloned two species of EcoRI-cleaved DNA segments that together cover the entire sequence for the human interleukin 2 gene and have determined the nucleotide sequence of the gene and its flanking regions. The gene contains three introns and the exon sequences can be aligned with the previously reported cDNA sequence almost perfectly except for a few nucleotides in the 3' nontranslated region. The promoter region contains a prototype "TATA" sequence as well as a notable palindromic sequence. Particularly interesting is the presence of sequences in this region that are homologous to the promoter region of the human interferon-gamma gene. In addition, a sequence that closely resembles the core sequence for the viral enhancer elements has been found in the second intron. Such sequences may play a role in the expression of the interleukin 2 gene in lectin- or antigen-stimulated T lymphocytes.
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Abstract
Strain AS rats respond with two populations of cytotoxic T lymphocytes to stimulation in vitro by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-incompatible strain HL rat tumor (HL-A2T2). One is specific for MHC alloantigens present on both HL-A2T2 and normal HL targets, the other is tumor specific. The activation of these killer cells requires helper T lymphocytes. The tumor-specific helper cells depend on syngeneic radioresistant accessory cells to present the tumor antigens in an immunogenic form. The appropriate helper-accessory cell interaction results in the production of soluble factors which then induce the maturation of precursor cells into effective killer cells. Studies with a procedure for inducing negative selection of T cells in vivo showed that short-term exposure to HL-A2T2 tumor induced selection only for TH but not cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursors (CTLp). Simultaneous injection of supernatants from concanavalin A-activated spleen cell cultures, however, did produce selection of CTLp. These and other findings suggest that under normal circumstances in vivo, both signals (recognition of antigen and acceptance of maturation factors) are provided in the vicinity of an antigen presenting macrophage-like accessory cell.
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Taniguchi T, Matsui H, Fujita T, Takaoka C, Kashima N, Yoshimoto R, Hamuro J. Structure and expression of a cloned cDNA for human interleukin-2. Nature 1983; 302:305-10. [PMID: 6403867 DOI: 10.1038/302305a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 818] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA coding for human interleukin-2 (IL-2) has been cloned from a cDNA library prepared from partially purified IL-2 mRNA. The DNA sequence codes for a polypeptide which consists of 153 amino acids including a putative signal sequence. A biologically active polypeptide, characteristic of human IL-2, was produced when the cDNA was fused to a simian virus 40 promoter sequence and used to transfect cultured monkey COS cells.
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Abstract
With the sequential use of dialysis, chromatography on Sephadex G-100, reactive red 120-agarose, p-hydroxymercuribenzoate-agarose, phenyl-Sepharose, poly(L-lysine)-agarose, and isoelectrofocusing, the thymocyte stimulatory factor activity of interleukin 2 from rat spleen was purified about 8,000-fold. By the same procedures, the T cell growth factor activity of interleukin 2 was purified about 6,000-fold. The major peaks of thymocyte stimulatory factor activity and T cell growth factor activity cochromatographed in the various systems used, but T cell growth factor activity without significant thymocyte stimulatory factor activity was sometimes present. Both activities were found to have a pI between pH 5.50 and 6.30. Detectable thymocyte stimulatory factor activity was found at concentrations as low as 0.1-0.2 ng of protein per 0.2 ml. Dose--response plots were linear up to at least 1 ng of protein. Preparations of interleukin 2 labeled with 125I-containing Bolton--Hunter reagent and purified by the procedure mentioned above were electrophoresed on a polyacrylamide gel under denaturing and reducing conditions. The 125I-labeled material migrated in one major band with a molecular weight under 20,000 and three smaller bands with molecular weights of about 20,000, 60,000, and 90,000. Material with thymocyte stimulatory factor activity did not bind to a number of lectin-gels.
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Farrar JJ, Benjamin WR, Hilfiker ML, Howard M, Farrar WL, Fuller-Farrar J. The biochemistry, biology, and role of interleukin 2 in the induction of cytotoxic T cell and antibody-forming B cell responses. Immunol Rev 1982; 63:129-66. [PMID: 7042543 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1982.tb00414.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Howard M, Farrar J, Hilfiker M, Johnson B, Takatsu K, Hamaoka T, Paul WE. Identification of a T cell-derived b cell growth factor distinct from interleukin 2. J Exp Med 1982; 155:914-23. [PMID: 6977612 PMCID: PMC2186613 DOI: 10.1084/jem.155.3.914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 828] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We report here a factor (B cell growth factor) found in induced supernatants of the mouse thymoma EL4 that co-stimulates with anti-IgM antibodies in short-term cultures of purified B lymphocytes to induce polyclonal B cell proliferation but not antibody-forming cell production. The factor is not mitogenic for resting B cells and interacts with anti-IgM-activated B cells in a non-H-2-restricted manner. Absorption studies and molecular weight analysis reveal the factor is distinct from interleukin 2. This factor synergises with antigen, interleukin 2, and an interleukin 2-free, B cell growth factor-free T cell supernatant that contains T cell-replacing factor to produce erythrocyte-specific plaque-forming cells in cultures of highly purified B cells.
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Crispens CG. Detection and characterization of a lymphocyte proliferating factor (LPF) in plasma of SJL/J mice infected with the LDH virus. Arch Virol 1982; 72:67-74. [PMID: 6980638 DOI: 10.1007/bf01314451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Infection of 25- to 30-week-old SJL/J mice with the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) virus resulted in a transitory T-cell lymphocytopenia. However, in 40- to 45-week-old animals, the initial lymphocytopenia was followed by persistent elevations in the peripheral leukocyte counts (B and T lymphocytes). Studies indicated that this difference had its basis in a plasma factor, termed lymphocyte proliferating factor (LPF), which was induced by infection of older SJL/J mice with the LDH virus. Further experimentation revealed that plasma LPF was sensitive to storage at -60 degrees C, to heating at 90 degrees C, and to treatment with DNase. These results suggested an identification of LPF as DNA. This possibility was supported by the demonstration of LPF activity in association with DNA extracts (blood, spleen and lymph nodes from LDH virus-infected mice) which was inactivated by DNase.
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Schauenstein K, Globerson A, Wick G. Avian lymphokines: 1. Thymic cell growth factor in supernatants of mitogen stimulated chicken spleen cells. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 1982; 6:533-540. [PMID: 6982181 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(82)80039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The present study provides first evidence for the presence of a thymic cell growth factor (TCGF) in supernatants (20 hrs) of mitogen (Con A) stimulated chicken spleen cells. 2 out of 3 batches of supernatant prepared according to a procedure originally described for the mouse system (10) induced a vigorous proliferative response of Con A prestimulated chicken spleen cells without significant mitogenic effect on unstimulated lymphocytes. No crossreactivity of this chicken-TCGF was observed with prestimulated murine lymphocytes, nor did potent mouse-TCGF preparations exhibit any proliferative effect on chicken cells. The implications of these data for both phylogenetic as well as practical experimental aspects are discussed.
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Thuillier L, Garreau F, Cartier P. Inability of immunocompetent thymocytes to produce T-cell growth factor under adenosine deaminase deficiency conditions. Cell Immunol 1981; 63:81-90. [PMID: 6974051 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(81)90030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Lipsick JS, Kaplan NO. Interleukin 2 is mitogenic for nu/nu and nu/+ murine spleen cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1981; 78:2398-402. [PMID: 6787601 PMCID: PMC319353 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.78.4.2398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 2 (IL-2), a product of activated T lymphocytes but not of T-cell-deficient spleen cells of congenitally athymic (nu/nu) mice, is shown to be strongly mitogenic for spleen cells from both nu/nu and nu/+ mice in the absence of serum. This response does not depend on the presence of additional mitogen or antigen as has been previously reported and is dose dependent with respect to IL-2. Plots of the logarithm of cell number versus logarithm of response indicate that IL-2-induced mitogenesis of nu/nu spleen cells is a one-cell event (slope = 1.28 +/- 0.21, mean +/- SD), whereas the response of nu/+ spleen cells to concanavalin A is a three-cell event (slope = 3.18 +/- 0.16). The nu/nu spleen cells proliferating in response to IL-2 are at least 80% T lymphocytes by the third day of culture, as demontrated by lysis with monoclonal anti-Thy-1 antibody and complement. These results suggest that one of the major roles of the thymus may be to induce IL-2 production in a subpopulation of lymphocytes that is then persistent.
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Unanue ER. The regulatory role of macrophages in antigenic stimulation. Part Two: symbiotic relationship between lymphocytes and macrophages. Adv Immunol 1981; 31:1-136. [PMID: 6797272 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60919-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Abstract
Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is a class of T cell growth factors produced by T cells of a number of species. The unique growth-promoting properties of these molecules allow the development of antigen-specific effector T cell lines which can be used to analyze the molecular basis of lymphocyte interactions. A murine T cell tumor line has been identified as a source of IL-2. The purification and biochemical properties of murine IL-2 are described, and compared with rat and human Il-2.
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Henriksen O, Alvarez VL, Barnes M, Bächtold H, Frey JR, Hansson E, Howie S, Lefkovits I, Roitsch CA, Söderberg A, Young P. Heterogeneity of mouse interleukins. FEBS Lett 1980; 121:157-60. [PMID: 6780374 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(80)81287-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Altin M, Di Sabato G. Purification of murine thymocyte-stimulating factor from supernatants of mixed lymphocyte cultures. Cell Immunol 1980; 54:455-61. [PMID: 6448096 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(80)90225-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Bödeker BG, van Eijk RV, Mühlradt PF. Mitogenic effects of partially purified interleukin 2 on thymocyte subpopulations and spleen t cells of the mouse. Eur J Immunol 1980; 10:702-7. [PMID: 6968268 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830100909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Partially purified interleukin 2 (IL-2) promotes proliferation of mouse spleen T, but not B cells, and of peanut-agglutinin-negative (PNA-), and cortisone-resistant "mature" thymocytes, but not of PNA+ "immature" thymocytes. Within the cortisone-resistant thymocyte population, IL-2-responsive cells were found in the blast cell fraction. Proliferation was measured by [3H] thymidine incorporation and subsequent increase in viable cells. The mitogenic effect of IL-2 could not be inhibited by 50 mM methyl-alpha-D-mannoside which excludes contaminating concanavalin A (Con A) as a cause of mitogenicity. The relative increase in viable cells in IL-2 vs. control cultures was abrogated by 1.5 mM hydroxyurea. A possible effect of IL-2 on cell survival is thus ruled out. IL-2, when acting as comitogen with Con A, affected only PNA- and cortisone-resistant thymocytes. These cells also showed high intrinsic IL-2 release when stimulated with Con A such that a comitogenic effect of externally added IL-2 was only seen at low cell concentrations. PNA+ thymocytes could neither be induced to release IL-2 nor did these cells become Con A-responsive under the influence of IL-2, thereby excluding an IL-2-mediated maturation.
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Klinkert WE, LaBadie JH, O'Brien JP, Beyer CF, Bowers WE. Rat dendritic cells function as accessory cells and control the production of a soluble factor required for mitogenic responses of T lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980; 77:5414-8. [PMID: 6968911 PMCID: PMC350069 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.77.9.5414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Transformation of T lymphocytes, induced by treatment with periodate or with neuraminidase plus galactose oxidase, requires the participation of accessory cells. Procedures were developed for the fractionation of rat lymph node cells, by which most of the lymphocytes can be recovered as a major population of cells that do not respond to mitogenic stimulation unless accessory cells from a separated minor population are added. Further purification led to a 1000-fold overall increase in accessory activity per cell, with a 50-70% yield. The purest preparations were virtually free of macrophages and contained more than 90% typical dendritic cells. Maximum responses occurred at a ratio of only one dendritic cell per 200 periodate-treated lymphocytes. This evidence thus indicates strongly that in rats, dendritic cells--not macrophages--function as accessory cells. Further, the number of dendritic cells in a preparation governed the magnitude of the mitogenic response and was limiting in the case of unfractionated lymph node cells. In addition, when oxidized with periodate or with neuraminidase plus galactose oxidase, the dendritic cell served as a very potent indirect stimulator of untreated responder lymphocytes. Both functions of the dendritic cell appeared to lack species specificity, since mouse dendritic cells were very active when tested with rat responder lymphocytes. A soluble factor (accessory cell-replacing factor), produced by cultures of lymph node or spleen cells subjected to oxidative mitogenesis, enabled otherwise unresponsive mitogen-treated lymphocytes to respond. Dendritic cells were required for the production of this factor but may not be solely responsible for its production.
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Mizel SB, Farrar JJ. Revised nomenclature for antigen-nonspecific T-cell proliferation and helper factors. Cell Immunol 1979; 48:433-6. [PMID: 92371 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(79)90139-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Farrar JJ, Simon PL, Farrar WL, Koopman WJ, Fuller-Bonar J. Role of mitogenic factor, lymphocyte-activating factor and immune interferon in the induction of humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1979; 332:303-15. [PMID: 161151 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1979.tb47125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Di Sabato G, Moraes EK, Altin M. Effect of thymocyte-stimulating factor-containing supernatants on the surface antigens of murine thymocytes. Cell Immunol 1979; 44:252-61. [PMID: 36986 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(79)90003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Leikin SL, Esber E, Oppenheim J. Impaired production of T-lymphocyte mitogens in pediatric malignant disease. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1978; 10:251-7. [PMID: 208809 DOI: 10.1016/0090-1229(78)90178-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Di Sabato G, Chen DM, Altin M. Production of thymocyte-stimulating factor by murine spleen lymphocytes: cellular and biochemical mechanisms. Cell Immunol 1978; 35:340-52. [PMID: 340057 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(78)90154-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Lachman LB, Hacker MP, Blyden GT, Handschumacher RE. Preparation of lymphocyte-activating factor from continuous murine macrophage cell lines. Cell Immunol 1977; 34:416-9. [PMID: 563294 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(77)90263-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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