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Govendir MA, Kempe D, Sianati S, Cremasco J, Mazalo JK, Colakoglu F, Golo M, Poole K, Biro M. T cell cytoskeletal forces shape synapse topography for targeted lysis via membrane curvature bias of perforin. Dev Cell 2022; 57:2237-2247.e8. [PMID: 36113483 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) lyse target cells by delivering lytic granules that contain the pore former perforin to the cytotoxic immunological synapse. Here, we establish that opposing cytoskeletal forces drive lytic granule polarization and simultaneously shape T cell synapse topography to enhance target perforation. At the cell rear, actomyosin contractility drives the anterograde movement of lytic granules toward the nucleus. At the synapse, dynein-derived forces induce negatively curved membrane pockets to which granules are transported around the nucleus. These highly concave degranulation pockets are located directly opposite positively curved bulges on the target cell membrane. We identify a curvature bias in the action of perforin, which preferentially perforates positively curved tumor cell membrane. Together, these findings demonstrate murine and human T cell-mediated cytotoxicity to be a highly tuned mechano-biochemical system, in which the forces that polarize lytic granules locally bend the synaptic membrane to favor the unidirectional perforation of the target cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt A Govendir
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Daryan Kempe
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Setareh Sianati
- Cellular and Systems Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - James Cremasco
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jessica K Mazalo
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Feyza Colakoglu
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Matteo Golo
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kate Poole
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Cellular and Systems Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Maté Biro
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Zhao N, Bardine C, Lourenço AL, Wang YH, Huang Y, Cleary SJ, Wilson DM, Oh DY, Fong L, Looney MR, Evans MJ, Craik CS. In Vivo Measurement of Granzyme Proteolysis from Activated Immune Cells with PET. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:1638-1649. [PMID: 34729407 PMCID: PMC8554823 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The biology of human granzymes remains enigmatic in part due to our inability to probe their functions outside of in vitro assays or animal models with divergent granzyme species. We hypothesize that the biology of human granzymes could be better elaborated with a translational imaging technology to reveal the contexts in which granzymes are secreted and biochemically active in vivo. Here, we advance toward this goal by engineering a Granzyme targeting Restricted Interaction Peptide specific to family member B (GRIP B) to measure secreted granzyme B (GZMB) biochemistry with positron emission tomography. A proteolytic cleavage of 64Cu-labeled GRIP B liberates a radiolabeled form of Temporin L, which sequesters the radioisotope by binding to adjacent phospholipid bilayers. Thus, at extended time points postinjection (i.e., hours, not seconds), tissue biodistribution of the radioisotope in vivo reflects relative units of the GZMB activity. As a proof of concept, we show in three syngeneic mouse cancer models that 64Cu-GRIP B detects GZMB from T cells activated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPI). Remarkably, the radiotracer detects the proteolysis within tumors but also in lymphoid tissue, where immune cells are activated by a systemic CPI. Control experiments with an uncleavable analogue of 64Cu-GRIP B and tumor imaging studies in germline GZMB knockout mice were applied to show that 64Cu-GRIP B is specific for GZMB proteolysis. Furthermore, we explored a potential noncytotoxic function for GZMB by applying 64Cu-GRIP B to a model of pulmonary inflammation. In summary, we demonstrate that granzyme biochemistry can be assessed in vivo using an imaging modality that can be scaled vertically into human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhao
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Department of Laboratory
Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Conner Bardine
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Department of Laboratory
Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - André Luiz Lourenço
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Department of Laboratory
Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Yung-hua Wang
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Department of Laboratory
Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Yangjie Huang
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Department of Laboratory
Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Simon J. Cleary
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Department of Laboratory
Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - David M. Wilson
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Department of Laboratory
Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - David Y. Oh
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Department of Laboratory
Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Lawrence Fong
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Department of Laboratory
Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Mark R. Looney
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Department of Laboratory
Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Michael J. Evans
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Department of Laboratory
Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Charles S. Craik
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Department of Laboratory
Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
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Li RS, Gao PF, Zhang HZ, Zheng LL, Li CM, Wang J, Li YF, Liu F, Li N, Huang CZ. Chiral nanoprobes for targeting and long-term imaging of the Golgi apparatus. Chem Sci 2017; 8:6829-6835. [PMID: 29147508 PMCID: PMC5643954 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc01316g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The targeting and long-term imaging of the Golgi apparatus have been realized vial-cysteine functionalized nanoprobes.
The Golgi apparatus is an essential subcellular organelle. Targeting and monitoring the Golgi change at the single-cell level over a long time scale are critical but are challenges that have not yet been tackled. Inspired by the precise Golgi positioning ability of galactosyltransferase and protein kinase D, due to their cysteine residues, we developed a method for long-term Golgi imaging. Fluorescent molecules, carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and silica nanoparticles could target the Golgi when they are modified with l-cysteine. l-Cysteine-rich chiral carbon quantum dots (LC-CQDs), which have the benefits of a high Golgi specificity from l-cysteine and excellent photostability and biocompatibility from the CQDs, are proven to be highly suitable for long-term in situ imaging of the Golgi. Investigation of the mechanism showed that free thiol groups and the l-type stereo configuration of LC-CQDs are essential for specific targeting of the Golgi. With the aid of the as-prepared LC-CQDs, the dynamic changes of the Golgi in the early stage of viral infection were visualized. The Golgi targeting and imaging strategy used in this work is beneficial for Golgi-targeted drug delivery and early diagnosis and therapy of Golgi diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Sheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University) , Ministry of Education , College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Southwest University , Chongqing 400716 , China . ;
| | - Peng Fei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University) , Ministry of Education , College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Southwest University , Chongqing 400716 , China . ;
| | - Hong Zhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University) , Ministry of Education , College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Southwest University , Chongqing 400716 , China . ;
| | - Lin Ling Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University) , Ministry of Education , College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Southwest University , Chongqing 400716 , China . ;
| | - Chun Mei Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University) , Ministry of Education , College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Southwest University , Chongqing 400716 , China . ;
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University) , Ministry of Education , College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Southwest University , Chongqing 400716 , China . ;
| | - Yuan Fang Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , China
| | - Feng Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) , Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education , Institute of Analytical Chemistry , College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing , 100871 , China .
| | - Na Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) , Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education , Institute of Analytical Chemistry , College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing , 100871 , China .
| | - Cheng Zhi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University) , Ministry of Education , College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Southwest University , Chongqing 400716 , China . ; .,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , China
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Arkhipov SN, Maly IV. Microtubule appendages mediating T-cell motility and polarity. Integr Biol (Camb) 2015; 7:1143-53. [PMID: 25797390 DOI: 10.1039/c4ib00300d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Polarization of the centrosome and the Golgi apparatus in the T cell (TC) toward the antigen-presenting cell (APC) is essential for the specificity of the immune response on the cellular level. Previously we reported the existence of thin, long processes on the TC surface, which emanated predominantly from the area next to the Golgi apparatus. They appeared to be involved in the orientation of the TC during the initial phases of its attachment, which preceded the formation of the immunological synapse mediated by lamellipodia. Here we improve the visualization of the long, thin protrusions in the cultured TC and demonstrate using cytoskeleton inhibitors and immunofluorescence that microtubules form their cytoskeletal basis. The protrusions are seen prior to the attachment and the development of the broad lamellipodia (within a few minutes). We propose the term "tubulopodia" for this distinct type of cell appendage. Using an established experimental model that replaces the APC surface with a biomimetic substrate coated with antibodies against the TC receptor (TCR), we demonstrate that abrogation of the lamellipodium-mediated synapse formation does not impede the orientation of the TC Golgi apparatus and the centrosome to the contact area. Video microscopy reveals the spreading of the tubulopodia on the TCR-binding substrate, which results in the area of their emanation, and consequently the Golgi apparatus and the centrosome, being closely apposed (polarized) to the TCR-binding surface. Treatment with paclitaxel made the tubulopodia rigid, preventing their attachment to the TCR-binding surface and the reorientation of the cell body with the intracellular structures. We speculate that the motility and polarity of the TC in vivo may be mediated on a large scale by differential adhesion through the long, flexible tubulopodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey N Arkhipov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia.
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Maly IV. Systems biomechanics of centrosome positioning: A conserved complexity. Commun Integr Biol 2011; 4:230-5. [PMID: 21655449 DOI: 10.4161/cib.4.2.14548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Positioning of centrosomes within cells determines the directionality of cell division, as well as directionality of cellular activities in the interphase. This brief review focuses on similarities (and differences) of centrosome positioning during early divisions in the Caenorhabditis embryo and during the interaction of T lymphocytes with other cells in the course of immune response. In the study of the two phenomena, a synergy of experimentation and numerical mechanical analysis has recently been achieved. The picture that emerges from these studies is one in which simple physical forces under the constraints of the basic cell structure lead to complex, "life-like" mechanical behavior. This behavior includes instability of equilibria, irreversibility of structural transitions and multidimensional, multiperiodic oscillations. This new picture of cell mechanics may form an interesting paradigm for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan V Maly
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh, PA USA
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Hoves S, Trapani JA, Voskoboinik I. The battlefield of perforin/granzyme cell death pathways. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 87:237-43. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0909608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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An experimental and computational study of effects of microtubule stabilization on T-cell polarity. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3861. [PMID: 19060950 PMCID: PMC2586653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T-killer cells eliminate infected and cancerous cells with precision by positioning their centrosome near the interface (immunological synapse) with the target cell. The mechanism of centrosome positioning has remained controversial, in particular the role of microtubule dynamics in it. We re-examined the issue in the experimental model of Jurkat cells presented with a T cell receptor-binding artificial substrate, which permits controlled stimulation and reproducible measurements. Neither 1-µM taxol nor 100-nM nocodazole inhibited the centrosome positioning at the “synapse” with the biomimetic substrate. At the same time, in micromolar taxol but not in nanomolar nocodazole the centrosome adopted a distinct peripheral rather than the normally central position within the synapse. This effect was reproduced in a computational energy-minimization model that assumed no microtubule dynamics, but only a taxol-induced increase in the length of the microtubules. Together, the experimental and computational results indicate that microtubule dynamics are not essential for the centrosome positioning, but that the fit of the microtubule array in the deformed body of the conjugated T cell is a major factor. The possibility of modulating the T-cell centrosome position with well-studied drugs and of predicting their effects in silico appears attractive for designing anti-cancer and antiviral therapies.
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Arkhipov SN, Maly IV. Retractile processes in T lymphocyte orientation on a stimulatory substrate: morphology and dynamics. Phys Biol 2008; 5:016006. [PMID: 18379018 PMCID: PMC2699454 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/5/1/016006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
T cells of the immune system target infected and tumor cells in crowded tissues with high precision by coming into direct contact with the intended target and orienting the intracellular Golgi apparatus and the associated organelles to the area of the cell-cell contact. The mechanism of this orientation remains largely unknown. To further elucidate it we used three-dimensional microscopy of living T cells presented with an artificial substrate mimicking the target cell surface. The data indicate that long, finger-like processes emanate from the T cell surface next to the intracellular Golgi apparatus. These processes come in contact with the substrate and retract. The retraction accompanies the reorientation of the T cell body which brings the Golgi apparatus closer to the stimulatory substrate. Numerical modeling indicates that considering the forces involved the retraction of a process attached with one end to the cell body near the Golgi apparatus and with the other end to the substrate can bring the Golgi apparatus to the substrate by moving the entire cell body. The dynamic scenarios that are predicted by the quantitative model explain features of the reorientation movements that we measured but could not explain previously. We propose that retraction of the surface processes is a force-generating mechanism contributing to the functional orientation of T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey N Arkhipov
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Suite 3064, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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Bykovskaja SN, Sergeev AV, Rauschenbach MO, Bykovsky AF. The ultrastructure of the tubular complex in the cytoplasm of cytolytic T lymphocytes. Scand J Immunol 1998; 11:261-70. [PMID: 9537054 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1980.tb00234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The DNA synthesis, the cytolytic activity, and the ultrastructure of cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) derived from mixed mouse thymocyte culture on day 5 were studied. CTL of thymic origin were absorbed by centrifugation on the surface of target cell (TC) monolayers. At different time intervals after absorption, single tubular structures (TS) and complex of tubular structures (CTS) linked with ergastoplasmic reticulum, secretory granules, Golgi apparatus, coated vesicles, and multivesicular bodies were detected in the CTL cytoplasm. The linkage of CTS with ergastoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, and secretory lymphocyte mechanism suggests the possibility of a secretory-receptor mechanism of TC cytolysis. The release of numerous secretory vacuoles was accompanied by the enlargement of the cytoplasmatic lymphocyte membrane surface, which seemed to cause its shedding. 'Membranosomas' were observed on CTL membrane; their role is still obscure and awaits further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Bykovskaja
- Laboratory of Systemic Blood Diseases, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, USSR
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Kägi D, Ledermann B, Bürki K, Zinkernagel RM, Hengartner H. Molecular mechanisms of lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity and their role in immunological protection and pathogenesis in vivo. Annu Rev Immunol 1996; 14:207-32. [PMID: 8717513 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.14.1.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Studies with perforin-deficient mice have demonstrated that two independent mechanisms account for T cell-mediated cytotoxicity: A main pathway is mediated by the secretion of the pore-forming protein perforin by the cytotoxic T cell, whereas an alternative nonsecretory pathway relies on the interaction of the Fas ligand that is upregulated during T cell activation with the apoptosis-inducing Fas molecule on the target cell. NK cells use the former pathway exclusively. The protective role of the perforin-dependent pathway has been shown for infection with the noncytopathic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, for infection with Listeria monocytogenes, and for the elimination of tumor cells by T cells and NK cells. In contrast, perforin-dependent cytotoxicity is not involved in protection against the cytopathic vaccinia virus and vesicular stomatitis virus. LCMV-induced immunopathology and autoimmune diabetes have been found to require perforin-expression. A contribution of perforin-dependent cytotoxicity to the rejection of MHC class I-disparate heart grafts has also been observed. Its absence is efficiently compensated in rejection of fully allogeneic organ or skin grafts. So far, evidence for a role of Fas-dependent cytotoxicity as a T cell effector mechanism in vivo is lacking. Current data suggest that the main function of Fas may be in regulation of the immune response and apparently less at the level of an effector mechanism in host defense. Further analysis is necessary, however, to settle this point finally.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kägi
- Department of Pathology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
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Kägi D, Ledermann B, Bürki K, Zinkernagel RM, Hengartner H. Lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo: mechanisms and significance. Immunol Rev 1995; 146:95-115. [PMID: 7493763 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1995.tb00686.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Kägi
- Department of Pathology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
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Abstract
Lytic granules are specialized secretory organelles which appear after activation of CTLs and NK cells. The lytic granules contain a series of proteins that mediate target cell destruction after secretion from the cell. In addition, these organelles serve as the lysosomes of these lymphocytes. At the EM level three types of granules with distinct regions are distinguished. Intriguingly, lytic and lysosomal proteins are localized in distinct regions. This is particularly interesting because lysosomal and lytic proteins can use the same sorting mechanisms to be targeted to this compartment. We favor the idea that a combination of sorting mechanisms result in this final segregation: the MPR receptor sorts both lysosomal proteins and granzymes from the Golgi complex, but a second event, such as selective aggregation with proteoglycans, then results in the segregation of lytic and lysosomal proteins in the granule. Lytic granules provide a way to store and simultaneously secrete the lytic proteins in a highly specific fashion. The granules are able to move along microtubules using a kinesin-like motor, and thus can cluster at the site of membrane contact with a target cell. Once polarized, the granules exocytose their contents, using a molecular machinery that is as yet poorly defined. Understanding the machinery involved in both functions of the lytic granules will provide ways to control the action of cytotoxic lymphocytes, ultimately in clinical situations.
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Liu L, Pohajdak B. Cloning and sequencing of a human cDNA from cytolytic NK/T cells with homology to yeast SEC7. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1132:75-8. [PMID: 1511013 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(92)90055-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Using the technique of subtractive hybridization (natural killer (NK) minus T helper cell line Jurkat), a human cDNA clone named B2-1 was isolated and sequenced. B2-1 transcripts are highly expressed in NK and peripheral T cells, but not in the T helper cell line used in the subtraction. Two overlapping cDNA clones contained 3309 bp, in agreement with a predicted size of 3.2 kb obtained by Northern blot analysis. The cDNA contained a 5' open reading frame encoding a 398 amino acid (aa) protein with a calculated M(r) of 46,383. The protein contains N-linked glycosylation sites and a site for phosphorylation by protein kinase C. Database homology searches show that the deduced protein is novel and has three discrete domains with significant homology to several structural proteins. The most striking homology was to yeast SEC7 in the central domain of the gene (57% identical over 466 bp) and also the protein level (42% identical amino acids; 39% conserved amino acids). SEC7 is a large protein (2008 amino acids) found on Golgi vesicles that plays a role in protein transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Liu
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S., Canada
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Ono N, Ko KK, Hosaka Y. Ultrastructural changes during lysis of L929 target cells by class II-restricted influenza virus-specific murine cytotoxic T-lymphocyte clones. J Virol 1990; 64:2442-7. [PMID: 2109102 PMCID: PMC249413 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.64.5.2442-2447.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysis of virus-infected L929 target cells transfected with the H-2 class II IAk gene by class II-restricted influenza virus-specific murine cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones was studied by electron microscopy and compared with lysis of L929 cells by class I-restricted CTL clones. T lymphocytes predominantly approached the basal surface of target cells grown on a plastic dish and also approached uninfected L929 target cells, although virus maturation exhibited no polarity with respect to the cell surface site. After incubation for 30 min, the target cell nuclei began to change: chromatin became irregularly redistributed and aggregated, and the nuclei appeared swollen. Later, electron-dense and -light areas of nuclei became segregated, and the cytoplasm became disorganized with many vacuoles. The ultrastructural changes of target cells during lysis by class I- and class II-restricted CTL clones appeared to be similar. These findings and other cytotoxicity data of class I and class II CTLs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ono
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Osaka University, Japan
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Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells use multiple mechanisms to destroy their target cells. Pore formation resulting in osmotic lysis of the target is one mechanism; the pore-forming protein (perforin) responsible for this activity has been purified. Antigenically and functionally it resembles proteins of the membrane attack complex of complement. The other known mediators of cytotoxicity appear to be closely interrelated. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), lymphotoxin (LT), and leukalexin are the three members of this group that have been purified, although their mechanisms of action are still unknown. CTLs fragment the DNA of target cells, as do TNF, LT, and leukalexin; this may be one of the mechanisms of action of these mediators. CTLs and NK cells do not self lyse. The basis of this phenomenon is unclear, although recent advances have shed some light on the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Joag
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021
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Abstract
While the binding step of cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) target cell interaction resulting in conjugate formation is a well-characterized event, there seems to be more than one mechanism whereby lymphocytes kill the target. In recent years, infliction of complement (C)-like "holes" (I.D. 10-20 nm) on the target cell membrane, believed to be produced by the Ca2+-dependent lytic protein(s) perforin/cytolysin of secretory lytic granule origin has been proposed to be the mechanism of lymphocytotoxicity. More recent evidence, however, suggests that Ca2+-dependent exocytosis of lytic granules (where detectable) is not involved in lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis. Furthermore, neither formation of C-like "holes" in targets exposed to CTL, nor higher-than-background levels of lytic granules, perforin or BLT-esterases, have been detected in highly potent, peritoneal exudate CTL (PEL) derived directly from the animal or in cytocidal PEL-hybridomas. Hence exocytosis of perforin and formation of the above pores may apply to certain effector cells, particularly those grown in vitro in IL-2, but not to in vivo primed CTL such as PEL. On the other hand, work from this laboratory with Ca2+ probes has shown that lysis induced by CTL such as PEL-not involving lytic granules, perforin or formation of the above "holes"-is preceded by a marked prelytic elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ in the target. CTL-induced target cell membrane perturbation--a direct result of receptor-mediated effector-to-target interaction or through a membrane-bound or secreted effector component(s)--may be responsible for triggering the prelytic influx of Ca2+ from external sources, or its mobilization from internal stores in the target. We propose that CTL-induced, persistent elevation of cytosolic Ca2+, above a critical level, rather than formation of 10-20 nm pores, is responsible for the catastrophic prelytic events observed in the target, such as bleb formation, metabolic exhaustion and DNA degradation, ultimately leading to lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Berke
- Department of Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Young JD, Liu CC, Persechini PM, Cohn ZA. Perforin-dependent and -independent pathways of cytotoxicity mediated by lymphocytes. Immunol Rev 1988; 103:161-202. [PMID: 3292393 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1988.tb00755.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
There is little doubt at the present time that both perforin-dependent and -independent pathways are important in mediating the cytotoxicity associated with lymphocytes. The cell distribution of perforin, initially thought to include both CTL and NK cells, now must be viewed with caution because all previous biochemical studies on CTL have been conducted with cell lines propagated in long-term cultures in the presence of T cell growth factors (IL-2 and perhaps some still undefined factors). Under these conditions, CTL are known to assume a broader, NK-like specificity in target cell killing and may thus differ significantly from primary CTL generated in the body. Accordingly, perforin does not seem to be present in primary CTL activated directly through mixed lymphocyte reactions. It remains to be shown how primary CTL lyse target cells in vivo. Initial studies conducted in several laboratories have already provided some clues. It now seems that even in cultured, perforin-containing CTL, the perforin pathway is not an obligatory mechanism required for target cell killing. Other pathways, possibly involving TNF/lymphotoxin-like molecules, may play a direct role in this type of cytotoxicity. Other still unidentified factors now also need to be sought, including membrane polypeptides that may develop cytotoxicity directly upon cell contact and binding. Although from the studies reviewed here it is clear now that perforin has a more limited role in cell killing than originally proposed, it is still intriguing that it should share structural and functional homologies with complement proteins, drawing paradoxical analogies between two systems (the cellular and the humoral immune systems) which have evolved to become specialized to carry out separate immunological tasks. The cloning of the genes for perforin and for all the C proteins that comprise the MAC should reveal important information on how these genes originated and then diverged during evolution. The cellular distribution of other granule products, such as serine esterases, also must be viewed with caution. A serine esterase activity was initially thought to be CTL-specific. This information stimulated an intensive research activity in many laboratories that resulted in both the purification of a serine esterase family and the cloning of several serine esterase transcripts. It is becoming clear from recent evidence that this group of enzymes is not truly CTL-specific and therefore would not be expected to develop any function rendered absolutely necessary for cytolysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Young
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, N.Y. 10021
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Young JD, Cohn ZA. Cellular and humoral mechanisms of cytotoxicity: structural and functional analogies. Adv Immunol 1987; 41:269-332. [PMID: 2891261 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/physiology
- CD3 Complex
- Cell Line
- Cell Membrane/physiology
- Colloids
- Complement Membrane Attack Complex
- Complement System Proteins/immunology
- Cytoplasmic Granules/physiology
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Cytotoxins/metabolism
- Entamoeba histolytica/physiology
- Enzymes/physiology
- Exocytosis
- Graft Rejection
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunologic Surveillance
- Ion Channels
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lymphotoxin-alpha/physiology
- Membrane Glycoproteins
- Membrane Proteins/physiology
- Osmotic Pressure
- Peptides/physiology
- Perforin
- Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins
- Protozoan Proteins
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Young
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021
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21
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Sung KL, Sung LA, Crimmins M, Burakoff SJ, Chien S. Determination of junction avidity of cytolytic T cell and target cell. Science 1986; 234:1405-8. [PMID: 3491426 DOI: 10.1126/science.3491426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A direct measurement of the avidity of the junction between a cytotoxic T lymphocyte and its target cell was achieved by using a biophysical approach. A micromanipulation technique was used to determine the force required to separate a cytotoxic T cell (human clone F1, with specificity for HLA-DRw6) from its specific target cell (JY: HLA-A2, -B7, -DR4, w6) prior to delivery of the lethal hit. The force required to separate the F1-JY pair is 1.5 X 10(4) dynes per square centimeter. This junction avidity for F1-JY pairs is 6 to 13 times greater than that for F1-F1 and JY-JY pairs; the F1-JY conjugate requires a stronger separating force and is more easily rejoined than the homologous cell pairs. This study provides an estimate of the avidity of cytotoxic T cells for their target cells and insights into the biophysical correlates of the molecular complexes formed in the interaction of cytotoxic T cells and their targets during the cytotoxic process.
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Tirosh R, Berke G. Immune cytolysis viewed as a stimulatory process of the target. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1985; 184:473-92. [PMID: 3898757 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-8326-0_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Humoral and cellular mechanisms of immune cytolysis, as effected by antibody and complement (Ab + C') or by cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL), have traditionally been considered the end result of early but terminal membrane damage, in turn causing colloid-osmotic lysis of the target cell. A comprehensive theory explaining and relating known prelytic cellular events to subsequent membrane damage is lacking, nor is there a specific picture as to the role and mode of action of Ca2+, which appears to be involved in both complement- and cell-mediated cytolysis (C'MC and CMC, respectively). Recent studies are in support of the view that both Ab + C' and CTL induce a comparable series of prelytic events, in the TC, initiated by membrane depolarization, which in turn bring about voltage-dependent Ca2+ influx or its intracellular release. Persistent elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ can induce massive stimulation of cellular ATPases (actomyosin, Ca2+) and cause exhaustive depletion of ATP. Consequently, Na+-pumping is slowed down and colloid-osmotic lysis ensues. Hence, in our view, membrane damage in immune cytolysis is the result rather than the cause of intracellular events culminating in lysis.
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Dennert G, Kupfer A, Anderson CG, Singer SJ. Reorientation of the Golgi apparatus and the microtubule organizing center: is it a means to polarize cell-mediated cytotoxicity? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1985; 184:83-97. [PMID: 3875978 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-8326-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Gregory CD, Atkinson ME, White FH. Quantitative ultrastructure of cytolytic lymphocytes mediating allograft rejection in the mouse. I. Cellular alterations in T lymphocytes during specific target cell lysis. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. B, CELL PATHOLOGY INCLUDING MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY 1984; 47:329-45. [PMID: 6151313 DOI: 10.1007/bf02890215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative ultrastructural analysis of cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) is presented which allows both the distinction of these cells from normal T lymphocytes and permits the demonstration of ultrastructural alterations of putative CTL following interaction with target cells (TC). Alloreactive CTL were generated in C57BL/10 mice receiving intraperitoneal fibroblastic allografts and target-binding splenic lymphocytes (TBSL) were concentrated by specific immunoadsorption on fibroblast monolayers. TBSL were subjected to ultrastructural quantification either at the onset of TC interaction or following 30 or 60 min incubation at 37 degrees C. By means of simple stereological relationships it was shown that, in comparison with normal, non-cytolytic splenic T lymphocytes, TBSL were slightly larger cells, displaying around 60% more cytoplasm, a similarly-sized nucleus and approximately triple the volume of Golgi apparatus. During the first 30 min of interaction with TC, the target binding surface of the TBSL plasma membrane decreased in area. This change was accompanied by a polarization of the TBSL towards the target. Incubation of lymphocytes with TC for a further 30 min resulted in a general polarization of lymphocytic cellular constituents away from the TC. These results were only attainable by objective quantitative analysis and are discussed in relation to possible mechanisms of CTL-mediated lysis.
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25
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Shevelev AA, Bykovskaya SN. Exocytosis of cytotoxic T lymphocytes studied by freeze-fracturing and stereophotogrammetry. Bull Exp Biol Med 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00808207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Scanning electron-microscopic study of the surface of cytolytic T lymphocytes. Bull Exp Biol Med 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00804172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Lagarde AE. Neoplastic cells as targets of spontaneously cytotoxic lymphocytes: studies with natural killer-like cell lines. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1984; 3:143-69. [PMID: 6386143 DOI: 10.1007/bf00047661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Native natural killer (NK) cells comprise a heterogeneous family of lymphocytes distributed among several organs, which display spontaneous cytotoxic reactions directed against a broad range of tumor targets. In these studies, murine cell lines have been established in vitro following the selective expansion of bone marrow- and spleen-derived killer progenitors in culture medium supplemented with interleukin-2. Several clones of independent origin have been characterized in order to determine the extent of their phenotypic and functional diversity. With few exceptions most of them were found to be highly effective in lysing a variety of tumor cell lines, to share common cell surface alloantigens, lectin-binding receptors, and cytochemical markers. The presence of prominent azurophilic cytoplasmic granules is the most characteristic ultrastructural feature of these cells. In attempting to elucidate the nature of membrane components specifically recognized by NK cells we compared several isogenic tumor cell variants selected on the basis of their differential NK susceptibility, immunogenicity, metastatic potential or resistance to cytotoxic plant lectins. Sialylated glycoconjugates exposed on the external face of the tumor cell membrane appear to be essential determinants in the interaction between NK cells and their targets. Permanent cell lines retaining most of the functional attributes of endogenous NK cells may prove instrumental in understanding their role during tumor progression.
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Abstract
The central theme of this work has been the roles of the CTL receptor and of MHC-proteins in CTL recognition and lysis. A major conclusion that may be deduced from the work presented here is that one CTL receptor is responsible for both target cell recognition and lysis. Although their function as recognitive structures is well established, involvement of MHC-proteins in the events that follow recognition has not been investigated in detail. We have proposed that MHC-proteins are molecular mediators whereby CTL receptors transmit signals ultimately leading to lysis of the target cell. I see future work on CTL-mediated lysis proceeding in the following directions: 1. Verification and analysis of the precise role of MHC proteins in CTL recognition and lysis by use of cell and vesicle systems of defined composition and structure. 2. Study of CTL-mediated 'lethal hit' in systems enabling analysis of early events (millisecond level) preceding lysis. 3. Grafting of CTL receptor(s) activity onto naive cells, using liposomes or other vehicles, and 4. Production of idiotypic reagents such as monoclonal antibodies specific for the combining site/effector mechanism of CTL.
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Bykovskaya SN, Blokhina NG, Vasil'eva ER, Agafonov VA, Raushenbakh MO. Lectin-Dependent Cytological activity of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Bull Exp Biol Med 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00830175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Dvorak AM, Galli SJ, Marcum JA, Nabel G, der Simonian H, Goldin J, Monahan RA, Pyne K, Cantor H, Rosenberg RD, Dvorak HF. Cloned mouse cells with natural killer function and cloned suppressor T cells express ultrastructural and biochemical features not shared by cloned inducer T cells. J Exp Med 1983; 157:843-61. [PMID: 6220105 PMCID: PMC2186969 DOI: 10.1084/jem.157.3.843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We have examined the morphology, cytochemistry, and biochemistry of mouse leukocyte subsets by analyzing cloned leukocyte populations specialized to perform different immunologic functions. Cloned cells expressing high-affinity plasma membrane receptors for IgE and mediating natural killer (NK) lysis and cloned antigen-specific suppressor T cells contained prominent osmiophilic cytoplasmic granules similar by ultrastructure to those of mouse basophils. Both clones also incorporated 35SO4 into granule-associated sulfated glycosaminoglycans, expressed a characteristic ultrastructural pattern of nonspecific esterase activity, incorporated exogenous [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine, and contained cytoplasmic deposits of particulate glycogen. By contrast, cloned inducer T cells lacked cytoplasmic granules and glycogen, incorporated neither 35SO4 nor [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine, and differed from the other clones in pattern of nonspecific esterase activity. These findings establish that certain cloned cells with NK activity and cloned suppressor T cells express morphologic and biochemical characteristics heretofore associated with basophilic granulocytes. However, these clones differ in surface glycoprotein expression and immunologic function, and the full extent of the similarities and differences among these populations and basophils remains to be determined.
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31
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Geiger B, Rosen D, Berke G. Spatial relationships of microtubule-organizing centers and the contact area of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and target cells. J Cell Biol 1982; 95:137-43. [PMID: 6982900 PMCID: PMC2112358 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.95.1.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Specific binding (conjugation) of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) to target cells (TC) is the first step in a multistage process ultimately resulting in dissolution of the TC and recycling of the CTL. We examined the position of the microtubule organizing center (MTOC) of immune CTL bound to specific TC. Immunofluorescence labeling of freshly prepared CTL-TC conjugates with tubulin antibodies indicated that the MTOC in essentially all conjugated CTL but not in the conjugated TC were oriented towards the intercellular contact site. This finding was corroborated by electron microscopy examination of CTL-TC conjugates fixed either immediately after conjugation or during the lytic process. Antibody-induced caps of membrane antigens of CTL such as H-2 and Thy 1, did not show a similar relationship to the MTOC. Incubation of CTL-TC conjugates, 10-15 min at room temperature, resulted in an apparent deterioration of the microtubular system of conjugated CTL. It is proposed that the CTL plasma membrane proximal to the MTOC is particularly active in forming stable intercellular contacts, resulting in CTL-TC conjugation, and that subsequent modulation of the microtubular system of the CTL may be related to the cytolytic response and to detachment of the effector cell.
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32
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Hackett CJ, Sullivan K, Lin YL. Ultrastructure of an influenza virus-specific cytotoxic T-cell clone and its interaction with P815 and macrophage targets. Cell Immunol 1982; 68:276-86. [PMID: 6980057 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(82)90112-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Syrjänen KJ, Soimakallio S. Tumor-host cell interactions in rats bearing Shay chloroma--ultrastructural observations in animals receiving specific and nonspecific cancer immunotherapy. EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 1981; 20:135-45. [PMID: 6950906 DOI: 10.1016/s0232-1513(81)80030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Tumors of the rats bearing Shay chloroma treated with specific (polymerised tumor particles) and nonspecific (PPD tuberculin) cancer immunotherapy were assessed on electron microscopy with special emphasis on the interactions between the host's effector cells and the tumor targets. Attempt was made to cast light on the differences previously found in the effects of these two immunotherapy models on this particular tumor. Lymphocytes were found apposited to the tumor cells in all animals, but the nature of this contact varied from intimate in series B and C (animals receiving PPD) to extremely loose in series A (specific mode of therapy instituted). The same was true with the cells of the MPS (mononuclear phagocyte system), which sometimes seemed to wrap the tumor cells by their slender cytoplasmic processes. A prominent hypertrophy and orientation of the Golgi complex of a small lymphocyte, recently shown to be characteristic of cytolytic T-cells in vitro, was visualized in one case of series C. The observations were interpreted to lend support to the idea that blocking activity due to the polymerised strong tumor antigens could be responsible for the adverse effects of the active specific cancer immunotherapy in this particular system.
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Grimm E, Price Z, Bonavida B. Studies on the induction and expression of T cell-mediated immunity. VIII. Effector-target junctions and target cell membrane disruption during cytolysis. Cell Immunol 1979; 46:77-99. [PMID: 314849 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(79)90247-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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36
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Bykovskaja SN, Rytenko AN, Rauschenbach MO, Bykovsky AF. Ultrastructural alteration of cytolytic T lymphocytes following their interaction with target cells. III. Plasmalemma, "membranosomas". Cell Immunol 1979; 42:197-207. [PMID: 312145 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(79)90235-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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