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Lopomo A, Berrih-Aknin S. Autoimmune Thyroiditis and Myasthenia Gravis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:169. [PMID: 28751878 PMCID: PMC5508005 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) are the result of specific immune responses directed against structures of the self. In normal conditions, the molecules recognized as "self" are tolerated by immune system, but when the self-tolerance is lost, the immune system could react against molecules from the body, causing the loss of self-tolerance, and subsequently the onset of AID that differs for organ target and etiology. Autoimmune thyroid disease (ATD) is caused by the development of autoimmunity against thyroid antigens and comprises Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves disease. They are frequently associated with other organ or non-organ specific AIDs, such as myasthenia gravis (MG). In fact, ATD seems to be the most associated pathology to MG. The etiology of both diseases is multifactorial and it is due to genetic and environmental factors, and each of them has specific characteristics. The two pathologies show many commonalities, such as the organ-specificity with a clear pathogenic effect of antibodies, the pathological mechanisms, such as deregulation of the immune system and the implication of the genetic predisposition. They also show some differences, such as the mode of action of the antibodies and therapies. In this review that focuses on ATD and MG, the common features and the differences between the two diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Lopomo
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sonia Berrih-Aknin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
- INSERM U974, Paris, France
- AIM, Institute of Myology, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Sonia Berrih-Aknin,
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Kolypetri P, Jiang H, Carayanniotis G. Identification of pathogenic T cell epitopes near cathepsin cleavage sites in thyroglobulin. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:1466-71. [PMID: 23315080 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune thyroiditis, induced in mice after challenge with thyroglobulin (Tg), is known to be under the genetic control of the H2A(k) locus. Because cathepsins are known to influence proteolytic processing of Tg in vivo, we examined in this study whether putative H2A(k)-binding Tg epitopes, located near cathepsin cleavage sites within mouse Tg, have immunopathogenic properties. Cathepsin L, B, and D cleavage sites in mouse Tg were predicted based on homology with known cathepsin cleavage sites in rabbit Tg. We used an algorithm-based approach to identify H2A(k)-binding motifs within 20-aa residue segments adjacent to cathepsin cleavage sites, and five 12mer peptides encompassing these sequences were synthesized. Two of them, p2369 (aa 2369-2380) and p2439 (aa 2439-2450) were immunogenic, eliciting significant proliferative T cell responses using lymph node cells from peptide-primed mice and production of IL-2 and IFN-γ in recall assays in vitro. Both peptides induced experimental autoimmune thyroiditis upon direct challenge of CBA/J mice with peptide in CFA and by adoptive transfer of peptide-primed lymph node cells into naive recipient hosts, but neither peptide was characterized as dominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayota Kolypetri
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3V6, Canada
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Landek-Salgado MA, Rose NR, Caturegli P. Placenta suppresses experimental autoimmune hypophysitis through soluble TNF receptor 1. J Autoimmun 2011; 38:J88-96. [PMID: 21788115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy modulates autoimmune diseases through diverse and still incompletely defined mechanisms, in part operating at the decidua-placenta interface. To assess the immunological contribution of placenta, we administered mouse placental proteins to a mouse model of autoimmune hypophysitis, a disease known to be strongly associated with pregnancy. Emulsified placental proteins suppressed both the cellular and humoral aspects of hypophysitis. Suppression was specific to self antigens and not seen when two foreign antigens, tetanus toxoid or tuberculin purified protein derivative, were used. Proteomic analysis revealed high levels of soluble TNF receptor 1 in placenta, suggesting that blockade of the TNF-α pathway was a mechanism of disease suppression. Placentas derived from mice deficient in TNF receptor 1 lost the ability to suppress hypophysitis. Notably, hypophysitis suppression was seen only when the TNF-α pathway was blocked locally, at the site of immunization, and not systemically. These findings provide evidence that placenta contributes to the immune tolerance of pregnancy by locally inhibiting the TNF-α pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoantibodies/immunology
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Autoantigens/metabolism
- Autoimmune Diseases/genetics
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Immune Tolerance
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Knockout
- Pituitary Diseases/genetics
- Pituitary Diseases/immunology
- Pituitary Diseases/metabolism
- Pituitary Gland/immunology
- Placenta/immunology
- Placenta/metabolism
- Pregnancy
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/metabolism
- Thyroglobulin/immunology
- Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/genetics
- Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/immunology
- Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Landek-Salgado
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Jacob JB, Kong YCM, Meroueh C, Snower DP, David CS, Ho YS, Wei WZ. Control of Her-2 tumor immunity and thyroid autoimmunity by MHC and regulatory T cells. Cancer Res 2007; 67:7020-7. [PMID: 17638915 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-4755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immune reactivity to self-antigens in both cancer and autoimmune diseases can be enhanced by systemic immune modulation, posing a challenge in cancer immunotherapy. To distinguish the genetic and immune regulation of tumor immunity versus autoimmunity, immune responses to human ErbB-2 (Her-2) and mouse thyroglobulin (mTg) were tested in transgenic mice expressing Her-2 that is overexpressed in several cancers, and HLA-DRB1*0301 (DR3) that is associated with susceptibility to several human autoimmune diseases, as well as experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT). To induce Her-2 response, mice were electrovaccinated with pE2TM and pGM-CSF encoding the extracellular and transmembrane domains of Her-2 and the murine granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, respectively. To induce EAT, mice received mTg i.v. with or without lipopolysaccharide. Depletion of regulatory T cells (Treg) with anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody enhanced immune reactivity to Her-2 as well as mTg, showing control of both Her-2 and mTg responses by Treg. When immunized with, Her-2xDR3 and B6xDR3 mice expressing H2(b)xDR3 haplotype developed more profound mTg response and thyroid pathology than Her-2 or B6 mice that expressed the EAT-resistant H2(b) haplotype. In Her-2xDR3 mice, the response to mTg was further amplified when mice were also immunized with pE2TM and pGM-CSF. On the contrary, Her-2 reactivity was comparable whether mice expressed DR3 or not. Therefore, induction of Her-2 immunity was independent of DR3 but development of EAT was dictated by this allele, whereas Tregs control the responses to both self-antigens. These results warrant close monitoring of autoimmunity during cancer immunotherapy, particularly in patients with susceptible MHC class II alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B Jacob
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 101 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Jiang HY, Li HS, Carayanniotis K, Carayanniotis G. Variable influences of iodine on the T-cell recognition of a single thyroglobulin epitope. Immunology 2007; 121:370-6. [PMID: 17376195 PMCID: PMC2265959 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02584.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that iodotyrosyl formation within certain innocuous thyroglobulin (Tg) peptides confers on them immunopathogenic properties. In this report, we generated a panel of T-cell hybridoma clones specific for the immunogenic 16 mer Tg peptide p179 (amino acids 179-94) or its iodinated analogue (I-p179), with a view to examining the effects of a single iodine atom at the Y192 amino acid residue on T-cell recognition. We found that the peptide p179 was subdominant, and its binding to both A(k) and E(k) molecules was not significantly influenced by iodine. T-cell receptor (TCR) engagement was unaffected by the bulky iodine atom in two clones that responded to both analogues but it was sterically hindered in two other clones that recognized only p179. One clone was reactive only to I-p179, suggesting that the iodine atom is an integral part of its TCR ligand. Truncation analysis localized the determinant seen by all clones within the 11 mer peptide p184 (amino acids 184-194), suggesting that the cross-reactive clones were not activated by a minimal epitope lacking Y192 and that the negative influence of iodine was not the result of a flanking residue effect. These results demonstrate, at the clonal level, variable influences of a single iodine atom on the recognition of a single Tg peptide. Iodination of tyrosyl-containing, immunopathogenic Tg peptides may have unpredictable effects at the polyclonal level, depending on the extent of iodination at the particular site, and the relative number or effector function of autoreactive T-cell clones that are switched on or off by the neoantigenic determinant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Y Jiang
- Division of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, Canada
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Sa EH, Jin UH, Kim DS, Kang BS, Ha KT, Kim JK, Park WH, Kim CH. Herbal medicine Gamgungtang down-regulates autoimmunity through induction of TH2 cytokine production by lymphocytes in experimental thyroiditis model. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 109:472-9. [PMID: 17049774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2005] [Revised: 07/31/2006] [Accepted: 08/22/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The crude herbal formulation, Gamgungtang (GGT), has been shown to protect animals against a wide range of spontaneously developing or induced autoimmune diseases. We have previously reported that GGT shows marked down-regulation of several experimental autoimmune diseases. Although very effective at preventing thyroid infiltrates in mice immunized with mouse deglycosylated thyroglobulin and complete Freund's adjuvant and in spontaneous models of thyroiditis, it completely failed to modify experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) induced in mice immunized with mouse thyroglobulin and lipopolysaccharide. In this study, in an effort to elucidate the mechanisms by which GGT suppresses EAT, and autoimmunity in general, we investigated the in vivo effects of this drug on the Th1/Th2 lymphocyte balance, which is important for the induction or inhibition of autoreactivity. Naive SJL/J mice were treated orally for 5 days with GGT (80 mg/(kg day)). Spleen cells were obtained at various time points during the treatment period and were stimulated in vitro with concanavalin A. Interleukins IL-4, IL-10 and IL-12, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) cytokine production was evaluated at the protein levels of the cytokines in the medium and mRNA expressions. A significant upregulation of IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-beta was observed following treatment with GGT, which peaked at day 5 (IL-10) or day 10 (IL-4). On the other hand, IL-12 and IFN-gamma production were either unchanged or decreased. It seems therefore that GGT induces in vivo a shift towards Th2 lymphocytes which may be one of the mechanisms of down-regulation of the autoimmune reactivity in EAT. Our observations indicate that down-regulation of TH1 cytokines (especially IL-12) and enhancement of Th2 cytokine production may play an important role in the control of T-cell-mediated autoimmunity. These data may contribute to the design of new immunomodulating treatments for a group of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ho Sa
- Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon City, Kyunggi-Do 440-746, Republic of Korea
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Arata N, Ando T, Unger P, Davies TF. By-stander activation in autoimmune thyroiditis: Studies on experimental autoimmune thyroiditis in the GFP+ fluorescent mouse. Clin Immunol 2006; 121:108-17. [PMID: 16916620 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2006.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2004] [Revised: 03/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have taken advantage of GFP+ fluorescent protein (GFP) tagged lymphocytes to examine by-stander activity in experimental autoimmune thyroiditis in the mouse. To generate GFP-positive EAT-susceptible CBA/J mice (H-2k) (GFP-CBA/J mice), we backcrossed CBA/J (H-2k) with heterozygous GFP+ transgenic mice (C57Bl/6; H-2b). I-Ak and GFP expression on peripheral lymphocytes was used to select the resulting progeny up to the N7 generation. Mixed lymphocyte reactions using spleen cells from N7 GFP-CBA/J mice showed negative responses to spleen cells from CBA/J confirming the inbreeding and with marked reactivity to cells from C57BL/6. Immunization with human thyroglobulin (hTg) in GFP-CBA/J mice induced thyroiditis in 50% of the animals and high titers of Tg antibodies in all the animals. In addition, priming of GFP+ spleen cells in vitro with hTg induced a marked proliferative response (mean stimulation index = 24.7), These proliferating spleen cells were then transferred to CBA/J recipients. Fourteen days after transferring 30 x 10(6) Tg-primed GFP+ spleen cells into irradiated (500 rad) normal syngeneic hosts, a GFP+ lymphocytic infiltration was seen within their thyroid glands along with a GFP- lymphocytic infiltration arising from the host. This suggested that the hTg-specific transferred cells had initiated by-stander activation of naive host lymphocytes. This model of bystander cell detection confirmed that such an effect occurs in EAT and adds weight to the importance of this phenomenon in the initiation of autoimmune thyroid disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Arata
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1055, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
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8
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Kang BS, Han JY, Kang SK, Kim DI, Kim JK, Kim CH. Effect of the traditional Korean immunomodulating formulation, Gamguntang (GGT), on experimental thyroiditis model. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2006; 28:51-66. [PMID: 16684667 DOI: 10.1080/08923970600625694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The crude herbal formulation, Gamgungtang (GGT), is an immunomodulator showing marked down-regulation of several experimental autoimmune diseases. In this study, its effect on different experimental models of thyroid disease was investigated. Although very effective at preventing thyroid infiltrates in mice immunized with mouse deglycosylated thyroglobulin and complete Freund's adjuvant and in spontaneous models of thyroiditis, it completely failed to modify experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) induced in mice immunized with mouse thyroglobulin and lipopolysaccharide. There was no significant shift in the observed isotypes of anti-mouse thyroglobulin antibodies and only anti-mouse thyroglobulin antibodies in the spontaneous model were completely down-modulated by the GGT. One surprising fact to emerge was that GGT-treated donor mice, although protected from thyroid lesions themselves, were still able to transfer EAT showing that they must have been effectively primed while being treated with GGT. It is possible that the drug down modulated EAT by interfering with the trafficking of primed effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong-Seok Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyungkwan University, Suwon City, Kyunggi-Do, Korea
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Jin Z, Mori K, Fujimori K, Hoshikawa S, Tani JI, Satoh J, Ito S, Satomi S, Yoshida K. Experimental autoimmune thyroiditis in nonobese diabetic mice lacking interferon regulatory factor-1. Clin Immunol 2004; 113:187-92. [PMID: 15451476 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2004.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2004] [Accepted: 06/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) is pivotal in the regulation of interferon (IFN)-mediated immune reactions, and studies suggest that IRF-1 is involved in the development of autoimmune diseases. IRF-1+/+, +/-, and -/- nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice were immunized with mouse thyroglobulin (mTg) to determine whether IRF-1 is required in experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT), a murine model for Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). IRF-1-deficient mice developed EAT and anti-mTg antibodies comparable to IRF-1+/+ and +/- mice. Whereas both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were found in thyroids of IRF-1+/+ mice, the latter was not in IRF-1-/- mice. Major histocompatibility complex class II antigen was comparably expressed in thyroids of IRF-1+/+ and -/- mice. Lack of IRF-1 resulted in decreased CD8+ T cell number in the spleen and reduced IFNgamma production by splenocytes. Our results suggest that IRF-1 is not pivotal in EAT in NOD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongtian Jin
- Division of Advanced Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Flynn JC, Gardas A, Wan Q, Gora M, Alsharabi G, Wei WZ, Giraldo AA, David CS, Kong YM, Banga JP. Superiority of thyroid peroxidase DNA over protein immunization in replicating human thyroid autoimmunity in HLA-DRB1*0301 (DR3) transgenic mice. Clin Exp Immunol 2004; 137:503-12. [PMID: 15320899 PMCID: PMC1809151 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02553.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT), characterized by thyroid destruction after immunization with thyroglobulin (Tg), has long been a useful model of organ-specific autoimmune disease. More recently, porcine thyroid peroxidase (pTPO) has also been shown to induce thyroiditis, but these results have not been confirmed. When (C57BL/6 x CBA)F(1) mice, recently shown to be susceptible to mouse TPO-induced EAT, were immunized with plasmid DNA to human TPO (hTPO) and cytokines IL-12 or GM-CSF, significant antibody (Ab) titres were generated, but minimal thyroiditis was detected in one mouse only from the TPO + GM-CSF immunized group. However, after TPO DNA immunization of HLA-DR3 transgenic class II-deficient NOD mice, thyroiditis was present in 23% of mice injected with TPO + IL-12 or GM-CSF. We also used another marker for assessing the closeness of the model to human thyroid autoimmunity by examining the epitope profile of the anti-TPO Abs to immunodominant determinants on TPO. Remarkably, the majority of the anti-TPO Abs was directed to immunodominant regions A and B, demonstrating the close replication of the model to human autoimmunity. TPO protein immunizations of HLA-DR3 transgenic mice with recombinant hTPO did not result in thyroiditis, nor did immunization of other mice expressing HLA class II transgenes HLA-DR4 or HLA-DQ8, with differential susceptibility to Tg-induced EAT. Moreover, our efforts to duplicate exactly the experimental procedures used with pTPO also failed to induce thyroiditis. The success of hTPO plasmid DNA immunization of DR3(+) mice, similar to our reports on Tg-induced thyroiditis and thyrotropin receptor DNA-induced Graves' hyperthyroidism, underscores the importance of DR3 genes for all three major thyroid antigens, and provides another humanized model to study autoimmune thyroid disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Flynn
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, USA
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Gentile F, Conte M, Formisano S. Thyroglobulin as an autoantigen: what can we learn about immunopathogenicity from the correlation of antigenic properties with protein structure? Immunology 2004; 112:13-25. [PMID: 15096179 PMCID: PMC1782462 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.01861.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies against human thyroglobulin are a hallmark of autoimmune thyroid disease in humans, and are often found in normal subjects. Their pathogenic significance is debated. Several B-cell epitope-bearing peptides have been identified in thyroglobulin. They are generally located away from the cysteine-rich regions of tandem sequence repetition. It is possible that our current epitopic map is incomplete because of the difficulty that proteolytic and recombinant approaches have in restituting conformational epitopes based upon proper pairing between numerous cysteinyl residues. Furthermore, the homology of cysteine-rich repeats with a motif occurring in several proteins, endowed with antiprotease activity, suggests that these regions may normally escape processing and presentation to the immune system, and brings attention to the mechanisms, such as oxidative cleavage, by which such cryptic epitopes may be exposed. A number of T-cell epitope-bearing peptides, endowed with thyroiditogenic power in susceptible mice, were also identified. None of them was dominant, as none was able to prime in vivo lymph node cells that would proliferate or transfer autoimmune thyroiditis to syngeneic hosts, upon stimulation with intact thyroglobulin in vitro. More than half of them are located within the acetylcholinesterase-homologous domain of thyroglobulin, and overlap B-cell epitopes associated with autoimmune thyroid disease, while the others are located within cysteine-rich repeats. The immunopathogenic, non-dominant character of these epitopes also favours the view that the development of autoimmune thyroid disease may involve the unmasking of cryptic epitopes, whose exposure may cause the breaking of peripheral tolerance to thyroglobulin. Further research in this direction seems warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Gentile
- Dipartimento di Scienze Animali, Vegetali e dell'Ambiente, Università del Molise, Campobasso, Italy.
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Flynn JC, Wan Q, Panos JC, McCormick DJ, Giraldo AA, David CS, Kong YCM. Coexpression of susceptible and resistant HLA class II transgenes in murine experimental autoimmune thyroiditis: DQ8 molecules downregulate DR3-mediated thyroiditis. J Autoimmun 2002; 18:213-20. [PMID: 12126634 DOI: 10.1006/jaut.2002.0587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) can be induced in genetically susceptible mice by immunization with the self antigen, thyroglobulin (Tg). Since susceptibility is linked to H2 class II molecules, we have generated human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II transgenic mice to study potential HLA associations with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. DR3 (HLA-DRA/DRB1*0301) and DQ8 (HLA-DQA1*0301/DQB1*0302) transgenes were introduced into class II-negative Ab(0)/B10 and Ab(0) nonobese diabetic (Ab(0)/NOD) mice. Previous work had shown that DR3 transgenic mice were susceptible to both mouse Tg and human Tg-induced EAT, whereas DQ8 transgenic mice were moderately susceptible only to human Tg induction. In this report, we examined the effect of DQ8 transgene on mouse Tg- and human Tg-induced EAT in double transgenic DR3/DQ8 mice. After mouse Tg induction, thyroiditis in DR3(+)DQ8(+) Ab(0)/B10 mice was significantly less severe than in DR3(+) mice but more severe than in DQ8(+) mice. No difference in thyroiditis was observed between DR3(+) and DR3(+)DQ8(+) mice in another background strain, Ab(0)/NOD. However, after immunization with human Tg, DQ8 coexpression downregulated thyroiditis severity, compared to DR3(+) mice, whereas thyroiditis was more extensive than in DQ8(+) mice. Thus, depending on the background strain and the Tg used to induce disease, the presence of the DQ8 transgene can reduce thyroiditis mediated by DR3 molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Flynn
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Stassi G, De Maria R. Autoimmune thyroid disease: new models of cell death in autoimmunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2002; 2:195-204. [PMID: 11913070 DOI: 10.1038/nri750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmunity to thyroid antigens leads to two distinct pathogenic processes with opposing clinical outcomes: hypothyroidism in Hashimoto's thyroiditis and hyperthyroidism in Graves' disease. The high frequency of these diseases and easy accessibility of the thyroid gland has allowed the identification of key pathogenic mechanisms in organ-specific autoimmune diseases. In early investigations, antibody- and T-cell-mediated death mechanisms were proposed as being responsible for autoimmune thyrocyte depletion. Later, studies on apoptosis have provided new insights into autoimmune target destruction, indicating the involvement of death receptors and cytokine-regulated apoptotic pathways in the pathogenesis of thyroid autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Stassi
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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14
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Wan Q, Kita M, Flynn JC, Panos JC, Motte RW, Davies TF, Giraldo AA, David CS, Kong YC. Participation of Vbeta13(+) and Vbeta1(+) T cells in transfer thyroiditis after activation of mouse thyroglobulin-primed T cells by superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin A. Cell Immunol 2001; 213:149-57. [PMID: 11831877 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.2001.1875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Murine experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) is a T-cell-mediated disease, but the T cell receptor (TCR) Vbeta gene usage in pathogenesis has not been well delineated. One approach is to utilize bacterial superantigens, such as staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) A and B, to stimulate known sets of TCR Vbeta families in mouse thyroglobulin (mTg)-primed cells for thyroiditis transfer. Our previous use of SEB to activate mTg-primed cells led to no thyroiditis transfer, despite a major increase in Vbeta8(+) T cells. Unlike SEB, SEA activation did transfer thyroiditis. To determine which thyroiditogenic Vbeta(+) T cells were involved, SEA-activated T cells have now been analyzed. After repeated SEA activation in vitro, both mTg-reactive and thyroiditogenic cells persisted. FACS analysis indicated that most Vbeta13(+) cells were "large" cells (IL-2R(+)) and expressed the activation marker, transferrin receptor (CD71). RT-PCR analysis also showed the presence of both Vbeta13(+) and SEA-reactive Vbeta1(+) cells. Since our previous analyses by RT-PCR of the thyroid infiltrate after either induction or adoptive transfer have implicated both Vbeta13(+) and Vbeta1(+) cells, their activation by SEA to transfer thyroiditis further supports their role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Wan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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15
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Yan Y, Panos JC, McCormick DJ, Wan Q, Giraldo AA, Brusic V, David CS, Kong YC. Characterization of a novel H2A(-)E+ transgenic model susceptible to heterologous but not self thyroglobulin in autoimmune thyroiditis: thyroiditis transfer with Vbeta8+ T cells. Cell Immunol 2001; 212:63-70. [PMID: 11716530 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.2001.1837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently we reported on a novel H2E transgenic, IA-negative model of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) that excludes reactivity to self in its susceptibility pattern to heterologous thyroglobulin (Tg). In conventional, susceptible mouse strains, EAT is inducible with both homologous and heterologous Tg; e.g., human (h)Tg shares conserved thyroiditogenic epitopes with mouse (m)Tg. However, when an H2Ea(k) transgene is introduced into class II-negative B10.Ab(0) mice, which express neither surface IA (mutant Abeta-chain) nor surface IE (nonfunctional Ea gene), the resultant H2E(b) molecules are permissive for EAT induction by hTg, but not self mTg. Also, the hTg-primed cells do not cross-react with mTg. To explore this unique capacity of E+B10.Ab(0) mice to distinguish self from nonself Tg, we have developed T cell lines to examine the T cell receptor repertoire and observed a consistent Vbeta8+ component after repeated hTg stimulation. Enrichment and activation of Vbeta8+ T cells by either superantigen staphylococcal entertoxin B or anti-Vbeta8 in vitro enabled thyroiditis transfer to untreated A-E+ recipients, similar to hTg activation. Vbeta8+ T cells isolated by FACS from hTg-immunized mice also proliferated to hTg in vitro. These studies support the contribution of Vbeta8 genes to the pathogenicity of hTg in this H2A-E+ transgenic model.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Line
- Disease Models, Animal
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- H-2 Antigens/genetics
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Thyroglobulin/immunology
- Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/etiology
- Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/genetics
- Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield Ave., Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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16
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Flynn JC, Fuller BE, Giraldo AA, Panos JC, David CS, Kong YC. Flexibility of TCR repertoire and permissiveness of HLA-DR3 molecules in experimental autoimmune thyroiditis in nonobese diabetic mice. J Autoimmun 2001; 17:7-15. [PMID: 11488633 DOI: 10.1006/jaut.2001.0528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) is inducible in genetically susceptible mice by immunization with mouse thyroglobulin (mTg). With susceptibility linked to MHC class II, EAT is useful in studying human leukocyte antigen (HLA) associations with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. In non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, approximately 10% thyroiditis incidence occurs with aging. This potential was exploited to examine the T cell repertoire and HLA association in EAT. Similar to B10.K-Vbeta(c)mice with TCRBV genes reduced by approximately 70%, mTg-immunized NOD-Vbeta(c)mice developed thyroiditis comparable to controls, indicating plasticity of the TCR repertoire for pathogenic epitopes. HLA association was evaluated by introducing HLA-DRA/DRB1*0301 (DR3) transgene into class II-negative NOD mice (Ab(0)/NOD). Previously, this HLA-DR3 transgene rendered EAT-resistant B10.M and Ab(0)mice susceptible to both mTg- and hTg-induced EAT. These results are now confirmed. mTg-induced thyroiditis in DR3+ Ab(0)/NOD mice was comparable to that in NOD and DR3- NOD mice, and the proliferative response was stronger. By comparison, NOD mice were only moderately susceptible to hTg-induced EAT. However, thyroiditis was more severe in DR3+ Ab(0)/NOD than in DR3- NOD mice, with no difference in proliferative response to hTg harbouring heterologous epitopes. The confirmed permissiveness of HLA-DR3 molecules on an NOD background for EAT induction by both mTg and hTg supports the importance of this class II gene implicated in some patient studies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- HLA-DR3 Antigen/genetics
- HLA-DR3 Antigen/immunology
- HLA-DR3 Antigen/metabolism
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Species Specificity
- Thyroglobulin/immunology
- Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/etiology
- Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/genetics
- Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/immunology
- Transgenes/genetics
- Transgenes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Flynn
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield Ave., Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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17
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Braley-Mullen H, Sharp GC. Adoptive transfer murine model of granulomatous experimental autoimmune thyroiditis. Int Rev Immunol 2001; 19:535-55. [PMID: 11129114 DOI: 10.3109/08830180009088511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease that can be induced in genetically susceptible animals by immunization with mouse thyroglobulin (MTg) in an appropriate adjuvant or by the adoptive transfer of MTg-sensitized donor spleen cells, activated in vitro with MTg, into naive recipients. In the adoptive transfer model used in our laboratory, donor cells activated with MTg alone induce a relatively mild chronic lymphocytic form of EAT (L-EAT), in which the thyroid infiltrate consists primarily of mononuclear cells, and the thyroid inflammation persists for several months. When the same donor cells are activated with MTg together with anti-IL-2R and/or IL-12, a more severe and histologically distinct granulomatous form of EAT is induced in recipient mice. In addition to having distinct histopathologic features, granulomatous EAT (G-EAT) differs from L-EAT in that granulomatous thyroid lesions are not chronic. After reaching maximal severity 21 days after cell transfer, G-EAT thyroid lesions either resolve or the thyroids become atrophic and fibrotic by day 35. In this review, the histopathologic features of G-EAT and L-EAT are described, and our studies with the adoptive transfer G-EAT model which have focused on the mechanisms involved in induction of G-EAT in mice, and the evolution of G-EAT lesions to resolution of inflammation or fibrosis, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Braley-Mullen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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18
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Stafford EA, Rose NR. Newer insights into the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis. Int Rev Immunol 2001; 19:501-33. [PMID: 11129113 DOI: 10.3109/08830180009088510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT), produced in the mouse by immunization with murine thyroglobulin plus complete Freund's adjuvant, represents a valuable model for studying the pathogenesis of human chronic (Hashimoto's) thyroiditis. A major issue requiring clarification is the difference between benign autoimmunity, characterized solely by production of autoantibodies to thyroglobulin, and pathogenic autoimmunity where injury occurs to the thyroid cells. In this article, we describe the role of two key cytokines, IL12 and IFNgamma, in modifying the pathogenic immune response. EAT, defined by cellular infiltration of the thyroid and the development of thyroglobulin-specific autoantibodies, is a dynamic process. Consequently, a cytokine may exert a different effect at different times during the disease process. For purposes of discussion, we propose that there are three stages in the development of EAT: priming; initiation; and progression. Administration of anti-IL12 during the priming stage and initiation dramatically decreases disease and lowers autoantibody levels. In contrast, injection of recombinant IL12 after disease was established significantly decreases the severity of disease and reduces autoantibody levels. Unlike IL-12, IFNgamma was not essential for the priming of EAT. However, the severity of disease in the anti-IFNgamma-treated initiation- and progression-treated animals was higher than in controls, implying a regulatory role for IFNgamma. These findings emphasize that EAT involves a complex array of pathogenic mechanisms. The balance of cytokines produced during the early phase of the autoimmune reaction probably determines the progression from a harmless autoimmune response to autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Stafford
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vali
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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20
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Braley-Mullen H, Sharp GC, Medling B, Tang H. Spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis in NOD.H-2h4 mice. J Autoimmun 1999; 12:157-65. [PMID: 10222025 DOI: 10.1006/jaut.1999.0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
NOD.H-2h4 mice, which express I-Ak on the NOD genetic background, spontaneously develop autoimmune thyroiditis (SAT) and anti-mouse thyroglobulin (MTg) autoantibodies. The incidence of SAT is nearly 100% in mice of both sexes 6-8 weeks after administration of 0.05% NaI in the drinking water. After reaching maximum severity, inflammation is chronic over the next 3-4 months. All mice that develop thyroid lesions also produce MTg-specific IgG1 and IgG2b autoantibodies. Thyroid lesions and anti-MTg autoantibodies did not develop in CBA/J (H-2(k)) or NOD.SWR(H-2(q)) mice after administration of NaI water. Both CD4(+)and CD8(+)T cells are involved in the initial development of SAT. Depletion of CD4(+), but not CD8(+), T cells after thyroid lesions have developed also markedly reduced SAT severity, indicating that CD4(+)T cells are required for both developing and maintaining SAT. Analysis of cytokine gene expression indicated that both Th1 and Th2 cytokines were expressed in thyroids of NOD.H-2h4 mice with SAT. Th1 and proinflammatory cytokines were maximally expressed 4-6 weeks after mice began receiving NaI water, while Th2 cytokine gene expression was greatest at 8-15 weeks, when lesions had reached maximal severity and were in the chronic phase. TGF-beta was highly expressed in NOD.H-2h4 thyroids, irrespective of whether the mice had received NaI water or had thyroid lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Braley-Mullen
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA. helen_mullen@muccmail
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21
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Hutchings PR, Verma S, Phillips JM, Harach SZ, Howlett S, Cooke A. Both CD4(+) T cells and CD8(+) T cells are required for iodine accelerated thyroiditis in NOD mice. Cell Immunol 1999; 192:113-21. [PMID: 10087179 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1998.1446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse, a spontaneous animal model for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, displays a tendency in common with human diabetic populations to develop autoimmune thyroiditis although incidence and severity of thyroid lesions vary widely among different colonies around the world. A congenic strain of NOD mice bearing I-Ak on a NOD background (NOD-H2(h4)) has recently been derived and displays a much greater tendency to develop thyroiditis and autoantibodies to mouse thyroglobulin (MTg) although it is free of diabetes. Both thyroid infiltrates and autoantibody formation are accelerated and enhanced in NOD-H2(h4) mice by increased iodine intake. The effect of increased iodine intake on NOD mice themselves has not been directly investigated although a recent study of these animals given high or low doses of iodine showed no follicular destruction unless the mice were first rendered goitrous by iodine deprivation. We found that dietary iodine increased both the incidence and the severity of thyroid lesions in our NOD mice although autoantibodies to MTg were absent. NOD background genes appear to be essential for the development of these lesions, which were maximal after 4 weeks of iodine administration and showed no significant regression when the iodine was stopped. Furthermore, our studies show for the first time that both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells are necessary for the development of this accelerated but essentially spontaneous murine thyroid disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Hutchings
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
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22
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Hutchings P, Hedlund G, Dawe K, Howlett S, Cooke A. Effect of the synthetic immunomodulator, linomide, on experimental models of thyroiditis. Immunology 1999; 96:340-7. [PMID: 10233714 PMCID: PMC2326756 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1999.00713.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The drug Linomide is an immunomodulator showing marked down-regulation of several experimental autoimmune diseases. In this study, its effect on three different experimental models of thyroid disease and on spontaneous infiltration of salivary glands (sialoadenitis), was investigated. Although very effective at preventing thyroid infiltrates in mice immunized with mouse thyroglobulin and complete Freund's adjuvant and in spontaneous models of thyroiditis and sialoadenitis, it completely failed to modify experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) induced in mice immunized with mouse thyroglobulin and lipopolysaccharide. There was no significant shift in the observed isotypes of anti-mouse thyroglobulin antibodies and only anti-mouse thyroglobulin antibodies in the spontaneous model were completely down-modulated by the drug. One surprising fact to emerge was that Linomide-treated donor mice, although protected from thyroid lesions themselves, were still able to transfer EAT showing that they must have been effectively primed while being treated with Linomide. It is possible that the drug down modulated EAT by interfering with the trafficking of primed effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hutchings
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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23
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Lomo LC, Zhang F, McCormick DJ, Giraldo AA, David CS, Kong YC. Flexibility of the thyroiditogenic T cell repertoire for murine autoimmune thyroiditis in CD8-deficient (beta2m -/-) and T cell receptor Vbeta(c) congenic mice. Autoimmunity 1998; 27:127-33. [PMID: 9609129 DOI: 10.3109/08916939809003859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In murine experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT), previous studies have revealed a highly adaptable thyroiditogenic T cell repertoire which involves both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the susceptible H2k strain. To further test this flexibility, congenic B10.K mice lacking CD8+ T cells (B2m -/-) or harboring 70% T cell receptor (TCR) Vbeta gene deletions (Vbeta(c)) were immunized with mouse thyroglobulin (MTg) and evaluated for EAT 28 days later. All B2m -/- mice developed moderate antibodies to MTg, and thyroidal inflammation was comparable to B10.K mice, averaging 35-40%. Spleen cells (SC) from MTg-immunized mice were then injected into syngeneic recipients after stimulation in vitro with MTg or with conserved, thyroxine (T4)- or thyronine (T0)- containing 12mer peptides, hT4(5), hT0(2553), or hT4(2553), derived from the primary hormonogenic sites at position 5 or 2553 of human Tg. As previously shown in another H2k strain (CBA/J), all three peptides activated MTg-primed SC to transfer EAT in B10.K mice. hT4(5) and hT4(2553) were further tested in B10.K-Vbeta(c) and beta2m- B10.K mice. Both peptides expanded thyroiditogenic T cells in either strain, resulting in severe thyroiditis in syngeneic recipients. That EAT can develop in the absence of CD8+ T cells or in the presence of a severely restricted TCR repertoire underscores the remarkable flexibility of the thyroiditogenic T cell profile in the susceptible k haplotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Lomo
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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24
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Damotte D, Colomb E, Cailleau C, Brousse N, Charreire J, Carnaud C. Analysis of susceptibility of NOD mice to spontaneous and experimentally induced thyroiditis. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27:2854-62. [PMID: 9394810 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830271117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Beside diabetes, non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice develop sporadic lymphoid infiltration of the thyroid gland, mimicking Hashimoto's thyroiditis. We have examined the prevalence of those manifestations in NOD mice, the influence of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and the association with autoantibodies. The incidence at 1 year is of 14.3% in wild-type NOD mice versus 19.6% in congenic NOD.H2k mice. The moderate, but statistically significant difference, based on the analysis of 161 NOD and 169 NOD.H2k mice, suggests that MHC genes partially control spontaneous NOD thyroiditis. Autoantibodies against thyroglobulin (Tg) are mouse specific and their presence correlates closely with thyroiditis. The strong correlation between cellular and humoral anomalies therefore resembles Hashimoto's thyroiditis. NOD and NOD.H2k mice actively immunized against Tg develop severe chronic lesions with epithelium necrosis and interstitial tissue fibrosis. Most interestingly, those lesions do not regress spontaneously as in CBA/J mice. Paradoxically, the response to Tg of lymph node cells from NOD mice is weaker both in proliferation and cytokine production. The defect is most evident for interferon-gamma-producing T cells and is reflected in the marked deficit in IgG2a antibodies. Thus a moderate anti-Tg response seems to favor chronicity of thyroiditis. In conclusion, NOD and NOD.H2k mice offer a unique opportunity of analyzing the factors leading to immune chronicity in a genetic context which promotes autoimmune endocrinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Damotte
- INSERM U 25, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
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25
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Brett SJ, Rowan W, Smith M, Bartholomew M, Tite JP. Differential functional effects of a humanized anti-CD4 antibody on resting and activated human T cells. Immunol Suppl 1997; 91:346-53. [PMID: 9301522 PMCID: PMC1364002 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1997.00265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A fully humanized immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody is currently being evaluated in phase I/II clinical trials for rheumatoid arthritis. In order to understand the mode of action of this antibody in vivo, we have carried out a detailed functional analysis in vitro of the effects of this antibody on T-cell activation. The anti-CD4 antibody was found to inhibit both antigen-specific responses involving recognition of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class II and processed antigenic peptides as well as non-class II dependent responses via anti-CD3 antibodies. The antibody did not cause total blockade of T-cell proliferation, but rather induced a shift in the dose-response curve, decreasing the sensitivity of cells to antigen or anti-CD3-mediated stimulation. The antibody appears to allow at least a partial early signal into the T cell as it does not inhibit the increase in tyrosine phosphorylation induced by anti-CD3 antibodies. A comparison of the intact antibody with that of either the F(ab')2 fragment or an engineered non-Fc receptor (FcR) binding form revealed that the intact antibody was the most effective at inhibiting proliferation of resting peripheral blood CD4+ T cells. However, this difference was only apparent when excess antibody was removed from culture prior to antigen or anti-CD3 mediated stimulation. The intact antibody induced both CD4 down-modulation and increases in CD4-associated tyrosine phosphorylation of resting CD4+ T cells, which were not seen with the non-FcR binding versions, which may account for the enhanced potency of the intact antibody at inhibiting T-cell activation. Interestingly, the anti-CD4 antibody induced a differential effect on activated CD4+ T cell clones compared with resting CD4+ T cells with respect to degree of CD4 cross-linking required to induce functional effects in the T cell. Both intact and non-FcR binding antibodies were equally effective at inhibiting T-cell proliferation of activated T-cell clones. In addition CD4 down-modulation and increased CD4-associated tyrosine phosphorylation were observed with T-cell clones in the absence of secondary cross-linking. Such observations may be of relevance when studying the effects of the antibody at sites of inflammation, where there will be CD4+ T cells of differing activation states as well as varying numbers of FcR positive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Brett
- Immunology Unit, Glaxo-Wellcome Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, UK
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26
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Fuller BE, Giraldo AA, Motte RW, Wang CR, Nabozny GH, David CS, Kong YC. T-cell receptor V beta gene usage in experimental autoimmune thyroiditis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995; 756:450-2. [PMID: 7645872 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb44560.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B E Fuller
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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27
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Parish NM, Hutchings PR, O'Reilly L, Quartey-Papafio R, Healey D, Ozegbe P, Cooke A. Tolerance induction as a therapeutic strategy for the control of autoimmune endocrine disease in mouse models. Immunol Rev 1995; 144:269-300. [PMID: 7590817 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1995.tb00073.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This chapter aims to describe ways in which autoimmunity can be prevented or reversed and 'self-tolerance' re-established. To this end we have largely restricted our overview to the two main autoimmune disease models with which we are involved, i.e. IDDM in NOD mice and EAT in H-2k mice although, where appropriate and to demonstrate a particular point, other models are mentioned. The chapter has been divided into sections covering protection afforded by 1) transgenes, 2) autoantigen and 3) by reagents targetting T-cell surface molecules. Where established, the mechanism by which protection or tolerance is achieved is described but where, as in most cases, it is unknown the possibilities are discussed. Investigations using T-cell lines and clones and on islet regeneration which are currently being followed as part of a comprehensive approach to the study of autoimmunity are included as separate sections and their relevance discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Parish
- Dept. of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK
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28
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Fuller BE, Giraldo AA, Waldmann H, Cobbold SP, Kong YC. Depletion of CD4+ and CD8+ cells eliminates immunologic memory of thyroiditogenicity in murine experimental autoimmune thyroiditis. Autoimmunity 1994; 19:161-8. [PMID: 7605868 DOI: 10.3109/08916939408995691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) develops in genetically susceptible mice after immunization with mouse thyroglobulin (MTg), and is mediated by T cells, both CD4+ and CD8+, infiltrating the thyroid. Previous work showed that depletion of CD4+, but not CD8+, cells with rat monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) interfered with EAT induction. To test if concomitant CD4+ cell depletion and immunization led to EAT resistance, mice were reimmunized at an interval of 15 or 43 days after injection of CD4 mAbs. No resistance had been established; disease severity and anti-MTg titers were comparable to mice with primary immunization. Previous work also showed that treatment during advancing EAT with only CD4 mAbs on days 21, 25 led to long-lasting, reduced severity in EAT, whereas administration of CD8 mAbs alone reduced the smaller CD8+ subset only. However, therapy with both mAbs was most efficacious; > 50% of thyroids were purged of all cellular infiltrate after only two doses. Moreover, T cells emerging subsequent to depletion were not retained in the thyroid, despite ongoing antibody production. To test if nondepleting CD4 and CD8 mAbs were similarly effective for therapy, mAbs of the IgG2a isotype were administered during advancing EAT. No effect on thyroidal infiltration was observed, indicating that modulation of the CD4 and CD8 antigen without depletion was insufficient for efficacious therapy. To determine if combined therapy with depleting mAbs reestablished self tolerance, treated mice were reimmunized on days 70, 77, when T cell recovery was nearly complete. Thyroiditis was comparable to controls given primary immunization, despite high antibody levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Fuller
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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29
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McMurray RW, Sharp GC, Braley-Mullen H. Intrathyroidal cell phenotype in murine lymphocytic and granulomatous experimental autoimmune thyroiditis. Autoimmunity 1994; 18:93-102. [PMID: 7537979 DOI: 10.3109/08916939409007982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In-vitro mouse thyroglobulin (MTg) activated spleen cells from immunized donor mice can induce experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) after transfer to recipient mice. The intrathyroidal cellular infiltrate consists primarily of mononuclear cells (lymphocytic EAT). Cells cultured with MTg together with anti-IL2R antibody induce EAT with a granulomatous histopathology in which the thyroid infiltrate contains mononuclear cells (MNC) in addition to PMN's histiocytes, and multinucleated giant cells. Flow cytometric analysis of intrathyroidal MNC infiltrates demonstrated that both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells infiltrate the thyroid in both lymphocytic and granulomatous EAT and that CD8+ T cells outnumber CD4+ T cells. There were usually increased numbers of PMN's in the granulomatous thyroids, but low number of Ig+ and F4/80+ cells (macrophages) in the intrathyroidal infiltrate of both disease types. IL2R and Pgp-1 were expressed on both CD4+ and CD8+ intrathyroidal T cells. The majority of CD8+ cells were ICAM+, LFA-1+, and CD45RB+ whereas only a small percentage of CD4+ intrathyroidal T cells expressed these markers. There were no major differences in intrathyroidal MNC phenotype between lymphocytic and granulomatous EAT. Depletion of CD8+ T cells in recipient mice did not reduce EAT severity and resulted in an increased percentage of intrathyroidal CD4+ T cells expressing IL2R. These results suggest that CD8+ T cells are not functioning as effector cells in lymphocytic or granulomatous EAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W McMurray
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia 65212
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30
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Lewis M, Fuller BE, Giraldo AA, Kong YC. Resistance to experimental autoimmune thyroiditis is correlated with the duration of raised thyroglobulin levels. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1992; 64:197-204. [PMID: 1643752 DOI: 10.1016/0090-1229(92)90200-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have used the mouse model of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) to examine the hypothesis that the strengthening of self-tolerance to thyroglobulin by exogenous mouse thyroglobulin (MTg) or stimulation of endogenous MTg secretion by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is correlated with the length of time MTg rises above the normal range. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment increases the initial half-life of MTg from about 3 hr to about 5 hr, probably interfering with its clearance by the mononuclear phagocytic (reticuloendothelial) system. By pretreating mice with LPS, a subtolerogenic MTg dose is rendered tolerogenic. Similarly the effect of TSH infusion by osmotic minipumps, which stimulates MTg secretion and also strengthens tolerance to MTg, can be enhanced by injecting LPS shortly after pump implantation. The resulting increase in MTg level (due to delayed clearance of MTg) is greater than that from TSH alone and suppresses further the animals' susceptibility to disease induction by MTg and adjuvant. Moreover, resistance following pretreatment with LPS and subtolerogenic MTg is mediated by CD4+ suppressor T cells, as shown recently for the suppression in mice given high doses of tolerogenic MTg. These experiments are in full agreement with the hypothesis and confirm that small increases in circulating MTg concentrations, which could occur physiologically, can be effective in protecting against EAT induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lewis
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
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Doncel GF, Denduchis B, Lustig L. Testicular lesions and lymphocyte subpopulations in rats immunized with a soluble fraction of testicular homogenate. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY 1991; 14:468-78. [PMID: 1761327 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.1991.tb01276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A soluble fraction obtained from a testicular homogenate by precipitation with ammonium sulphate (ASPM) was emulsified with Freund's complete adjuvant (CFA) and injected into Wistar rats. At 50 days after the first immunization (total of three injections) the animals had developed moderate and multifocal testicular damage, characterized mainly by sloughing of the seminiferous epithelium. A delayed-type hypersensitivity response and circulating antibodies to ASPM were detected at different times with maximum levels at 50 days. The addition of Bordetella pertussis to the immunization did not increase the severity of the lesion but augmented the cellular and humoral immune response to ASPM. The phenotypic characterization of cells present in the lymph nodes draining from the site of immunization in animals injected with CFA alone (control group) revealed an increase in CD8+ T-cells and a low CD4/CD8 ratio. Conversely, rats immunized with CFA plus ASPM (experimental group) exhibited testicular damage and showed a significant decrease in CD8+ cells with a normal CD4/CD8 ratio. In conclusion, rats immunized with a testicular antigen developed focal aspermatogenic lesions and a concomitant specific immune response as well as lymph-node cell variations focused apparently on the CD8+ T-cell subpopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Doncel
- Centro de Investigaciones en Reproducciòn, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Nabozny GH, Cobbold SP, Waldmann H, Kong YC. Suppression in murine experimental autoimmune thyroiditis: in vivo inhibition of CD4+ T cell-mediated resistance by a nondepleting rat CD4 monoclonal antibody. Cell Immunol 1991; 138:185-96. [PMID: 1680568 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(91)90143-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Genetically susceptible mice become resistant to experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) induction with mouse thyroglobulin (MTg) and lipopolysaccharide after pretreatment with deaggregated MTg (dMTg). Recent work showed this suppression to be mediated by CD4+ suppressor T cells (Ts). To study Ts action in vivo, we used a rat IgG2a monoclonal antibody (mAb), YTS 177.9, which modulates CD4 antigen in vivo without depleting CD4+ cells. Initial studies showed that after two 1-mg doses of mAb 7 days apart, extensive CD4 antigen modulation of peripheral blood leukocytes occurred within 4 days. Mice given CD4 mAb 24 hr before dMTg (2 doses, 7 days apart) were resistant to EAT induction when immunized with MTg and LPS 20 days later. Also, anti-rat IgG2a titers were reduced following challenge with heat-aggregated rat IgG2a compared to controls. Subsequent analysis of serum in CD4 mAb-treated animals revealed that mAb was present in the circulation for 14 days. Moreover, mice given CD4 mAb and dMTg, then challenged after only 10 days, when CD4 mAb was still circulating, developed a significantly higher incidence of thyroid damage than controls. These findings suggest that modulation of CD4 antigen does not interfere with Ts activation, but the presence of CD4 mAb, at the time of autoantigenic challenge, can interfere with tolerance to EAT induction. Thus, the direct relationship between the presence of CD4 mAb and inhibition of EAT suppression implicates a role for CD4 molecules in the mediation of suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Nabozny
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
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Nabozny GH, Flynn JC, Kong YC. Synergism between mouse thyroglobulin- and vaccination-induced suppressor mechanisms in murine experimental autoimmune thyroiditis. Cell Immunol 1991; 136:340-8. [PMID: 1831404 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(91)90357-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that genetically susceptible mice can be rendered resistant to the induction of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) by pretreatment with deaggregated mouse thyroglobulin (dMTg). This resistance is mediated by CD4+ suppressor T cells (Ts) which suppress the afferent/inductive phase of EAT. Recent work has also shown that resistance to EAT can be achieved by vaccination with irradiated spleen cells previously primed in vivo with MTg and cultured in vitro with MTg (gamma SC). The gamma SC-induced resistance also inhibits the afferent phase of EAT but is mediated by both CD4+ and CD8+ Ts. To determine if dMTg- and gamma SC-induced suppression can cooperate to prevent EAT, we pretreated mice with suboptimal doses of dMTg and gamma SC before challenge with MTg and adjuvant. Mice receiving dMTg or gamma SC only showed suppressed in vitro response to MTg, but the development of thyroid lesions was unaltered. However, mice given one or two subtolerogenic doses of dMTg followed by gamma SC not only showed suppressed in vitro response to MTg, but also little or no thyroiditis, indicating cooperation between these two mechanisms. The cooperation was not reciprocal since reversing the order, giving gamma SC first followed by dMTg, was not effective in suppressing EAT. Thus, suppressor mechanisms activated by pretreatment with dMTg and gamma SC can act synergistically to suppress EAT induction; the two mechanisms may cooperate in vivo to maintain self-tolerance provided that MTg-specific CD4+ Ts are initially activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Nabozny
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
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Flynn JC, Kong YC. In vivo evidence for CD4+ and CD8+ suppressor T cells in vaccination-induced suppression of murine experimental autoimmune thyroiditis. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1991; 60:484-94. [PMID: 1677835 DOI: 10.1016/0090-1229(91)90103-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In several experimental autoimmune diseases, including experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT), vaccination with attenuated autoantigen-specific T cells has provided protection against subsequent induction of disease. However, the mechanism(s) of vaccination-induced suppression remains to be clarified. Since we have previously shown that suppression generated by pretreatment with mouse thyroglobulin (MTg) or thyroid-stimulating hormone in EAT is mediated by CD4+, not CD8+, suppressor T cells, we examined the role of T cell subsets in vaccination-induced suppression of EAT. Mice were vaccinated with irradiated, MTg-primed, and MTg-activated spleen cells and then challenged. Pretreatment with these cells suppressed EAT induced by immunization with MTg and adjuvant, but not by adoptive transfer of thyroiditogenic cells, suggesting a mechanism of afferent suppression. The activation of suppressor mechanisms did not require CD8+ cells, since mice depleted of CD8+ cells before vaccination showed reduced EAT comparable to control vaccinated mice. Furthermore, depletion of either the CD4+ or the CD8+ subset after vaccination did not significantly abrogate suppression. However, suppression was eliminated by the depletion of both CD4+ and CD8+ cells in vaccinated mice. These results provide evidence for the cooperative effects of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vaccination-induced suppression of EAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Flynn
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
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Abstract
Mice of the SJL/J and BALB/cByJ inbred strains are naturally resistant to street rabies virus (SRV) injected via the intraperitoneal route. To determine the cellular mechanism of resistance, monoclonal antibodies specific for CD4+ or CD8+ subsets of T cells were used to deplete the respective cell population in SRV-infected animals. Elimination of CD4+ T-helper cells abrogated the production of immunoglobulin G (IgG) neutralizing antibodies in response to rabies virus infection and reversed the resistant status of SJL/J and BALB/cByJ mice. In contrast, in vivo depletion of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells had no measurable effect on host resistance to SRV. These results indicate that serum neutralizing antibodies of the IgG class are a primary immunological mechanism of defense against rabies virus infection in this murine model of disease. CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which have been shown to transfer protection in other rabies virus systems, appear to have no role in protecting mice against intraperitoneally injected SRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Perry
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana 59840
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Braley-Mullen H, Sharp GC, Bickel JT, Kyriakos M. Induction of severe granulomatous experimental autoimmune thyroiditis in mice by effector cells activated in the presence of anti-interleukin 2 receptor antibody. J Exp Med 1991; 173:899-912. [PMID: 1672546 PMCID: PMC2190797 DOI: 10.1084/jem.173.4.899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Spleen cells from CBA/J mice immunized with mouse thyroglobulin (MTg) and the adjuvant lipopolysaccharide induce experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) after transfer to recipient mice if they are first activated in vitro with MTg. EAT induced by cells cultured with MTg is generally moderate in severity and is characterized by a thyroid infiltration consisting primarily of mononuclear cells. Addition of the anti-interleukin 2 receptor (IL-2R) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) M7/20, 3C7, or 7D4 to spleen cell cultures with MTg resulted in a cell population capable of inducing a more severe type of EAT characterized by extensive follicular destruction, granuloma formation, and the presence of multinucleated giant cells. Recipients of cells cultured with MTg and anti-IL-2R mAb also had higher anti-MTg autoantibody responses than recipients of cells cultured with MTg alone. Activation of cells capable of transferring severe granulomatous EAT and increased anti-MTg autoantibody responses required both MTg and M7/20 in culture and required addition of M7/20 within the first 8 h of the 72-h culture period. CD4+ T cells were required for the expression of both the severe granulomatous EAT lesions and the mononuclear cell infiltrates typically observed in murine EAT. The increased anti-MTg autoantibody responses in recipients of cells cultured with MTg and anti-IL-2R mAbs were not restricted to a particular immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclass and included antibody of the IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B subclasses. These results suggest that a subset of CD4+ T cells capable of inducing severe granulomatous EAT and increased anti-MTg autoantibody responses is preferentially activated when cells are cultured in the presence of anti-IL-2R mAb. Anti-IL-2R mAb may either prevent activation of cells that induce classical lymphocytic EAT or prevent activation of cells that normally function to downregulate EAT effector T cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Braley-Mullen
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia 65212
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Kimura H, Davies TF. Thyroid-specific T cells in the normal Wistar rat. II. T cell clones interact with cloned wistar rat thyroid cells and provide direct evidence for autoantigen presentation by thyroid epithelial cells. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1991; 58:195-206. [PMID: 1702377 DOI: 10.1016/0090-1229(91)90136-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Strains of rat differ in their susceptibility to experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT). We recently observed that the normal Wistar rat has lymph node (LN) T cells which recognize the newly available cloned Wistar thyroid cell line (WRT) and/or rat thyroglobulin (rTg). We have now cloned thyroid-specific T cells and characterized their interaction with the WRT target cell. Twenty-three T cell clones were tested for their reactivity to syngeneic thymocytes, WRT cells alone, or WRT cells with thymocytes. All the clones were of the CD4+CD8- phenotype. Seven of 23 T cell clones proliferated in the presence of WRT cells alone or with the combination of WRT cells and thymocytes, exhibiting stimulation indices of 1.5 to 5. In all but one of the T cell clones responding to WRT cells alone was there no evidence that the additional presence of thymocytes supplied a stronger "second" proliferative signal than the WRT cells. These WRT-reactive clones which were able to be more extensively characterized were MHC class II restricted, secreted rat interferon (IFN)-gamma in response to WRT cell exposure, and one clone showed cross-reactivity with rTg antigen. Induction of WRT cell MHC class II antigen by prior treatment with IFN-gamma failed to further enhance the WRT cell-induced T cell proliferation. These data provide the first evidence for direct antigen presentation by thyroid epithelial cells (TECs) in the absence of other antigen-presenting cells. Furthermore, they provide evidence that TECs are able to provide the appropriate "second" signals required for T cell activation and successful autoantigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kimura
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
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Kimura H, Davies TF. Thyroid-specific T cells in the normal Wistar rat. I. Characterization of lymph node T cell reactivity to syngeneic thyroid cells and thyroglobulin. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1991; 58:181-94. [PMID: 1702376 DOI: 10.1016/0090-1229(91)90135-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Wistar rats are susceptible to the induction of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) and recently a cloned Wistar thyroid epithelial cell line (WRT) has become available. In this study we have examined the in vitro proliferative response of Wistar rat lymphoid cells to the WRT cells as a model for better understanding thyroid cell-T cell interactions. Lymph node (LN) cells from normal Wistar rats showed an early and vigorous response to syngeneic thyroid cells (WRT). Further examination of the Wistar phenomenon revealed that unpurified lymphoid cells were also able to mount a proliferative response to rat thyroglobulin. The Wistar LN cell response to WRT cells consisted of T cell proliferation that was both MHC class I and class II restricted. There was a greater proliferation of CD8+ than CD4+ T cells, but WRT-stimulated lymphoblast cells were not cytotoxic to 51Cr-labeled WRT cell targets. These data suggest that normal Wistar rats have circulating thyroid-specific T cells that may be related to their known susceptibility to EAT. Furthermore, the interaction between such thyroid-specific T cells and cloned syngeneic thyroid cells offers a unique model for the further investigation of thyroid-immune interactions and the escape from tolerance induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kimura
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
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Krco CJ, Gores A, David CS, Kong YM. Immunogenetic aspects of human thyroglobulin-reactive T cell lines and hybridomas. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOGENETICS 1990; 17:361-70. [PMID: 2096180 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.1990.tb00887.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro proliferative response to T cells primed with human thyroglobulin (Tg) was compared in 11 independent haplotypes on B10 background. B10.K and B10.S mice were the most responsive, whereas, with the exception of B10.PL (H-2u), all other B10 congenics were intermediate responders. The two best responders to in vitro challenge with human Tg, of the k and s haplotype, are the same as those showing H-2-linked susceptibility to induction of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) with mouse Tg. Since shared epitopes on human and mouse Tgs have been shown to be thyroiditogenic by adoptive transfer studies in CBA (H2k) mice, the findings indicate that shared epitopes may be studied in appropriate (i.e. EAT-susceptible) strains of mice. Therefore, we proceeded to develop methods to produce T-cell lines and hybridomas to human Tg in B10.K and B10.S mice, test their cross-reactivity to heterologous Tgs and their Ia restriction patterns. By using antigen-presenting cells from recombinant strains, we identified restriction elements encoded by the I-A subregion alone and a combinatorial molecule from the I-A/I-E subregions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Krco
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Nabozny GH, Simon LL, Kong YC. Suppression in experimental autoimmune thyroiditis: the role of unique and shared determinants on mouse thyroglobulin in self-tolerance. Cell Immunol 1990; 131:140-9. [PMID: 1699671 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(90)90241-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that T cells from mice genetically susceptible to experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) recognize determinants shared between mouse thyroglobulin (Tg) and heterologous Tgs. Some shared determinants are thyroiditogenic; lymphocytes from mice immunized with mouse Tg (MTg) or human Tg (HTg) and reciprocally restimulated in vitro with either Tg can transfer EAT. Studies on the mechanisms of self-tolerance have shown that pretreatment with soluble MTg suppresses in vitro proliferation to MTg and EAT induction with MTg. To determine the role of share epitopes in maintaining tolerance, mice were pretreated with soluble HTg and immunized with HTg or MTg and adjuvant. Cells from HTg-pretreated. HTg-immunized mice showed suppressed in vitro proliferative response to HTg. Following MTg immunization, the cells showed suppressed in vitro response to MTg. However, in contrast to MTg pretreatment, the subsequent development of EAT in vivo was unaltered in severity following HTg pretreatment. Thus, determinants shared between HTg and MTg can induce suppression of in vitro responses to HTg and MTg, but not inhibit the onset of thyroiditis, suggesting that T cells recognizing MTg-unique epitopes expanded to mediate thyroiditis. We conclude that recognition of both unique epitopes expanded to mediate thyroiditis. We conclude that recognition of both unique and shared epitopes on MTg are essential for the overall maintenance of self-tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Nabozny
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
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Conaway DH, Giraldo AA, David CS, Kong YC. In situ analysis of T cell subset composition in experimental autoimmune thyroiditis after adoptive transfer of activated spleen cells. Cell Immunol 1990; 125:247-53. [PMID: 2293900 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(90)90078-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
T cells from genetically susceptible mice developing experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) proliferate in response to restimulation with mouse thyroglobulin (MTg) in vitro. The in vitro-activated cells adoptively transfer EAT as well as differentiate into cells cytotoxic for syngeneic thyroid monolayers. To examine the kinetics of T cell subset infiltration and distribution in situ after adoptive transfer, we applied the avidin-biotin-peroxidase labeling technique to thyroid sections, utilizing rat monoclonal antibodies followed by a biotinylated rabbit anti-rat antibody. Female CBA donor mice were immunized with MTg and lipopolysaccharide. Their spleen cells were obtained 7 days later, cultured with MTg, and transferred into recipient mice. The thyroids were removed on Days 7, 10, and 14 after transfer and serially sectioned. The early phase of transferred EAT showed a higher percentage of L3T4+ cells compared to Lyt-2+ cells, yielding a ratio of 2.3 and total T cells of about 35%. By Day 10, both T cell subsets had increased to a total of about 56%. However, the relative increase was greater in the Lyt-2+ subset; the nearly doubled percentage was statistically significant, resulting in a downward shift in the subset ratio to 1.7. Little change in the in situ distribution was seen on Day 14. The percentages of F4/80+ (macrophage) population in lesions examined on Days 10 and 14 were fairly constant and B cell involvement was minimal. These findings illustrate the pathogenic role of both T cell subsets in adoptively transferred EAT and the time-dependent changes in their relative proportions leading to thyroid gland destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Conaway
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
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