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Li H, Taus NS, Oaks JL. Sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever virus: prospects for vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 5:133-41. [PMID: 16451115 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.5.1.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever is emerging as a significant problem for several ruminant species worldwide. The inability to propagate the causative agent, ovine herpesvirus 2, in vitro has seriously hindered research efforts in the development of effective programs for control of the disease in clinically susceptible hosts. Recent molecular technologic advances have provided powerful tools for investigating this difficult-to-study virus. Identification of the infectious virus source, establishment of experimental animal models and completion of sequencing the genome for ovine herpesvirus 2 have put us in a position to pursue the development of vaccines for control of the disease. In this review, the authors briefly describe the current understanding of ovine herpesvirus 2 and prospectively discuss vaccine development against the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, 3003 ADBF, WSU, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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2
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Abstract
Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is an often lethal infection of many species in the order Artiodactyla. It is caused by members of the MCF virus group within Gammaherpesvirinae. MCF is a worldwide problem and has a significant economic impact on highly disease-susceptible hosts, such as cattle, bison, and deer. Several epidemiologic forms of MCF, defined by the reservoir ruminant species from which the causative virus arises, are recognized. Wildebeest-associated MCF (WA-MCF) and sheep-associated MCF (SA-MCF) are the most prevalent and well-studied forms of the disease. Historical understanding of MCF is largely based on WA-MCF, in which the causative virus can be propagated in vitro. Characterization of SA-MCF has been constrained because the causative agent has never been successfully propagated in vitro. Development of molecular tools has enabled more definitive studies on SA-MCF. The current understanding of MCF, including its etiological agents, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and prevention, is the subject of the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, and
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3
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Abstract
SynopsisMalignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is reviewed and recent findings described. It is defined as a fatal disease which affects many species of Bovidae and Cervidae, characterized by widespread necrosis and lymphoid cell proliferation and can be caused by at least two infectious agents. In Africa, a herpesvirus which infects its natural host, the wildebeest, without obvious symptoms causes substantial losses in cattle due to MCF. Elsewhere, the cause of MCF is unknown but circumstantial evidence implicates sheep as the source of infection. While cattle are infected only sporadically with this “sheep-associated” form ol disease, infection of farmed deer is common, representing the most serious disease threat to the industry.It is considered that infection of sheep and wildebeest with their respective agents operates to their advantage, causing no disease in their natural host, while transmission to other ungulates has fatal consequences, eliminating these potentially competitive species.Recent studies of the disease in deer and the transmission of MCF from deer to rabbits are described. The evidence suggests that the disease process involves a novel dysfunction of the immune system which results in a massive lymphoid proliferation and an atopic allergic response. It is considered that similar processes may also be involved as a component of other diseases of man and animals.
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Dewals BG, Vanderplasschen A. Malignant catarrhal fever induced by Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 is characterized by an expansion of activated CD3+CD8+CD4- T cells expressing a cytotoxic phenotype in both lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues. Vet Res 2011; 42:95. [PMID: 21859474 PMCID: PMC3166908 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1) is carried by wildebeest asymptomatically. It causes a fatal lymphoproliferative disease named wildebeest-derived malignant catarrhal fever (WD-MCF) when cross-species transmitted to a variety of susceptible species of the Artiodactyla order. WD-MCF can be reproduced experimentally in rabbits. In a previous report, we demonstrated that WD-MCF induced by AlHV-1 is associated with a severe proliferation of CD8(+) T cells in the lymphoid tissues. Here, we further studied the mononuclear leukocytic populations in both the lymphoid (throughout the infection and at time of euthanasia) and non-lymphoid (at time of euthanasia) organs during WD-MCF induced experimentally in rabbits. To reach that goal, we performed multi-colour flow cytometry stainings. The results obtained demonstrate that the development of WD-MCF correlates in peripheral blood with a severe increase of CD8(+) cell percentages; and that CD3(+)CD8(+)CD4(-) T cells were the predominant cell type in both lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs at time of euthanasia. Further characterization of the mononuclear leukocytes isolated from both lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues revealed that the CD8(+) T cells express high levels of the activation markers CD25 and CD44, produce high amount of gamma-interferon (IFN-γ) and perforin, and showed a reduction of interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene expression. These data demonstrate that the development of WD-MCF is associated with the expansion and infiltration of activated and cytotoxic CD3(+)CD8(+)CD4(-) T cells secreting high amount of IFN-γ but low IL-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G Dewals
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Li H, Cunha CW, Gailbreath KL, O’Toole D, White SN, Vanderplasschen A, Dewals B, Knowles DP, Taus NS. Characterization of ovine herpesvirus 2-induced malignant catarrhal fever in rabbits. Vet Microbiol 2011; 150:270-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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Ex vivo bioluminescence detection of alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 infection during malignant catarrhal fever. J Virol 2011; 85:6941-54. [PMID: 21593175 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00286-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1), carried by wildebeest asymptomatically, causes malignant catarrhal fever (WD-MCF) when cross-species transmitted to a variety of susceptible species of the Artiodactyla order. Experimentally, WD-MCF can be reproduced in rabbits. WD-MCF is described as a combination of lymphoproliferation and degenerative lesions in virtually all organs and is caused by unknown mechanisms. Recently, we demonstrated that WD-MCF is associated with the proliferation of CD8(+) cells supporting a latent type of infection in lymphoid tissues. Here, we investigated the macroscopic distribution of AlHV-1 infection using ex vivo bioluminescence imaging in rabbit to determine whether it correlates with the distribution of lesions in lymphoid and nonlymphoid organs. To reach that goal, a recombinant AlHV-1 strain was produced by insertion of a luciferase expression cassette (luc) in an intergenic region. In vitro, the reconstituted AlHV-1 luc(+) strain replicated comparably to the parental strain, and luciferase activity was detected by bioluminescence imaging. In vivo, rabbits infected with the AlHV-1 luc(+) strain developed WD-MCF comparably to rabbits infected with the parental wild-type strain, with hyperthermia and increases of both CD8(+) T cell frequencies and viral genomic charge over time in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in lymph nodes at time of euthanasia. Bioluminescent imaging revealed that AlHV-1 infection could be detected ex vivo in lymphoid organs but also in lung, liver, and kidney during WD-MCF, demonstrating that AlHV-1 infection is prevalent in tissue lesions. Finally, we show that the infiltrating mononuclear leukocytes in nonlymphoid organs are mainly CD8(+) T cells and that latency is predominant during WD-MCF.
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Dewals B, Boudry C, Farnir F, Drion PV, Vanderplasschen A. Malignant catarrhal fever induced by alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 is associated with proliferation of CD8+ T cells supporting a latent infection. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1627. [PMID: 18286184 PMCID: PMC2229840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1), carried by wildebeest asymptomatically, causes malignant catarrhal fever (WD-MCF) when cross-species transmitted to a variety of susceptible species of the Artiodactyla order. Experimentally, WD-MCF can be induced in rabbits. The lesions observed are very similar to those described in natural host species. Here, we used the rabbit model and in vivo 5-Bromo-2'-Deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation to study WD-MCF pathogenesis. The results obtained can be summarized as follows. (i) AlHV-1 infection induces CD8(+) T cell proliferation detectable as early as 15 days post-inoculation. (ii) While the viral load in peripheral blood mononuclear cells remains below the detection level during most of the incubation period, it increases drastically few days before death. At that time, at least 10% of CD8(+ )cells carry the viral genome; while CD11b(+), IgM(+) and CD4(+) cells do not. (iii) RT-PCR analyses of mononuclear cells isolated from the spleen and the popliteal lymph node of infected rabbits revealed no expression of ORF25 and ORF9, low or no expression of ORF50, and high or no expression of ORF73. Based on these data, we propose a new model for the pathogenesis of WD-MCF. This model relies on proliferation of infected CD8(+) cells supporting a predominantly latent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Dewals
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Christel Boudry
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Farnir
- Biostatistics (B43), Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Alain Vanderplasschen
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- *E-mail:
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8
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Traul DL, Taus NS, Lindsay Oaks J, O'Toole D, Rurangirwa FR, Baszler TV, Li H. Validation of nonnested and real-time PCR for diagnosis of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever in clinical samples. J Vet Diagn Invest 2007; 19:405-8. [PMID: 17609352 DOI: 10.1177/104063870701900412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (SA-MCF), a frequently fatal disease primarily of certain ruminants, is caused by ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2). Molecular diagnosis of SA-MCF in affected animals has relied on detection of OvHV-2 DNA using a nested PCR, which has significant potential for amplicon contamination as a routine method in diagnostic laboratories. In this report, a nonnested and a previously developed real-time PCR were validated for detection of OvHV-2 DNA in samples from clinically affected animals. Three sets of blood or tissue samples were collected: 1) 97 samples from 97 naturally affected animals with evidence of clinical SA-MCF; 2) 200 samples from 8 animals with experimentally induced SA-MCF; and 3) 100 samples from 100 animals without any evidence of clinical SA-MCF. Among 97 positive samples defined by nested PCR from clinically affected animals, 95 (98%) were positive by nonnested PCR and 93 (96%) were positive by real-time PCR, respectively. One hundred percent of the samples from the animals with experimentally induced MCF were positive by real-time PCR, while 99% were positive by nonnested PCR. Neither nonnested PCR nor real-time PCR yielded a positive result on any of the 100 nested PCR-negative samples from animals without evidence of clinical MCF. The data confirmed that both nonnested and real-time PCR maintained high specificity and sensitivity for the detection of OvHV-2 DNA in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald L Traul
- Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, 3003 ADBF, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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Simon S, Li H, O'Toole D, Crawford TB, Oaks JL. The vascular lesions of a cow and bison with sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever contain ovine herpesvirus 2-infected CD8(+) T lymphocytes. J Gen Virol 2003; 84:2009-2013. [PMID: 12867630 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a herpesvirus disease syndrome of ruminants. The microscopic pathology of MCF is characterized by lymphoid proliferation and infiltration, necrotizing vasculitis and epithelial necrosis. Because previous attempts to detect viral antigen or nucleic acids in lesions have been unsuccessful, the pathogenesis of the lesions in acute MCF has been speculated to involve mechanisms of autoimmunity and lymphocyte dysregulation. In this study, the vascular lesions in the brains of a cow and a bison with acute MCF were evaluated by in situ PCR and immunohistochemistry. The results demonstrated that the predominant infiltrating cell type in these lesions was CD8(+) T lymphocytes and that large numbers of these cells were infected with ovine herpesvirus 2. The lesions also contained macrophages, but no detectable CD4(+) or B lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Simon
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, USDA-ARS, Washington State University, Box 647040, Pullman, Washington 99164-7040, USA
| | - Hong Li
- Pathology and Animal Diseases Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Washington State University, Box 647040, Pullman, Washington 99164-7040, USA
| | - Donal O'Toole
- Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82070, USA
| | - Timothy B Crawford
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, USDA-ARS, Washington State University, Box 647040, Pullman, Washington 99164-7040, USA
| | - J Lindsay Oaks
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, USDA-ARS, Washington State University, Box 647040, Pullman, Washington 99164-7040, USA
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10
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Tham KM, Ng K, Young LW. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of wildebeest-associated and cervine-derived malignant catarrhal fever virus DNA. Arch Virol 1994; 135:355-64. [PMID: 7979973 DOI: 10.1007/bf01310020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed for the detection of alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AHV1), a causative agent of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) of ruminants. A pair of 20-base primers was constructed based on the published nucleotide sequence of gene A of the WC11 isolate of AHV1 and was used to amplify a DNA fragment of 413 base pairs. The optimised PCR assay was highly sensitive, i.e. it detected 10 fg of genomic DNA of AHV1 (WC11 isolate). The amplified fragment was shown to be specific for AHV1 DNA by (i) cleavage with XbaI which yielded 2 subfragments of approximately 140 and 280 base pairs and (ii) chemiluminescence Southern blot hybridisation with a digoxigenin-labelled 25-base internal probe. The PCR assay also amplified AHV1 gene sequences in tissue samples from deer and rabbits experimentally infected with materials derived from deer with clinical sheep-associated MCF.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Tham
- Virology Section, Central Animal Health Laboratory, MAF Quality Management, New Zealand
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11
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Bridgen A, Munro R, Reid HW. The detection of Alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 DNA by in situ hybridization of tissues from rabbits affected with malignant catarrhal fever. J Comp Pathol 1992; 106:351-9. [PMID: 1322946 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9975(92)90021-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Tissue sections and cultured lymphocytes from rabbits clinically affected following experimental infection with Alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (AHV-1) were assessed for the presence of viral DNA by in situ hybridization with the cloned major HindII repeat sequence of this virus. Small numbers of virus-infected cells were consistently detected only in submandibular lymph nodes, while other tissues showed no evidence of viral DNA. Virus titration in culture suggested that there were higher titres of virus in the lymph nodes, spleen and lung of infected animals than in the kidney or peripheral blood lymphocytes and confirmed the low level of virus in these animals. Substantially more viral DNA was detected by in situ hybridization in lymphocytes following at least 24 h of culture, suggesting that viral replication is normally repressed by the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bridgen
- Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, U.K
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12
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Burrells C, Reid HW. Phenotypic analysis of lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from cattle and deer affected with "sheep-associated" malignant catarrhal fever. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1991; 29:151-61. [PMID: 1683050 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(91)90060-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Established lymphoblastoid cell lines with natural killer cell-like activity have been derived from cattle and deer affected with malignant catarrhal fever. They were examined phenotypically using monoclonal antibodies chosen for their cross-reactivity with peripheral blood lymphocytes from these species. Cell lines established from three of four cattle were identified as cytotoxic/suppressor lymphocytes (CD4-/CD8+/T19-) whilst the other was shown to be of the helper cell phenotype (CD4+/CD8-/T19-). Two other cell lines, one derived from a red deer and the other from a Père David's deer, were both CD4-/CD8-/T19. All of the lines examined expressed a T cell receptor (CD2+).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Burrells
- Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
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13
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Hsu D, Shih LM, Castro AE, Zee YC. A diagnostic method to detect alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 of malignant catarrhal fever using the polymerase chain reaction. Arch Virol 1990; 114:259-63. [PMID: 2241575 DOI: 10.1007/bf01310755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive diagnostic method specific for alcelaphine herpesvirus-1, causative agent of malignant catarrhal fever, has been developed. Based on the nucleotide sequence of the alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 genomic DNA, a pair of 30 nucleotide primers was selected and synthesized for detecting the virus genome using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The virus genome was detected in crude cell lysate using the amplification reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hsu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis
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14
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Hsu D, Shih LM, Zee YC. Nucleotide sequence of a 3.5 kilobase fragment of malignant catarrhal fever virus strain WC11. Arch Virol 1990; 113:53-60. [PMID: 2167059 DOI: 10.1007/bf01318352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A 3.5 kilobase DNA fragment of the malignant catarrhal fever virus (MCFV), strain WC11, was mapped with a number of restriction enzymes, subcloned and sequenced. The fragment was subcloned into plasmid vector, pUC19, for direct sequencing. A complete open reading frame of 2,058 base pairs and a partial open reading frame of 630 base pairs were identified. The sequence of 3,389 nucleotides was compared to other herpesviruses. A 310 base pairs sequence in gene A was 57% homologous to a sequence in reading frame BXLF1 of Epstein-Barr virus strain B95-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hsu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis
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15
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REID H, BUXTON D, POW I, FINLAYSON J. Isolation and characterisation of lymphoblastoid cells from cattle and deer affected with ‘sheep-associated’ malignant catarrhal fever. Res Vet Sci 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(18)31237-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Herring A, Reid H, Inglis N, Pow I. Immunoblotting analysis of the reaction of wildebeest, sheep and cattle sera with the structural antigens of alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (malignant catarrhal fever virus). Vet Microbiol 1989; 19:205-15. [PMID: 2718352 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(89)90067-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a disease of cattle and some other ruminants caused by alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (AHV-1), a virus of wildebeest. The disease also occurs in the absence of wildebeest and is then thought to be caused by a viral agent harboured by the sheep. The structural proteins of AHV-1 have been used as antigens for the immunoblotting analysis of sera from wildebeest, sheep and cattle infected by either AHV-1 or the "sheep-associated" form of the disease. Wildebeest sera showed a uniform response reacting strongly with six polypeptides. Sheep sera also gave positive results but individual sera reacted with varying subsets of the antigens recognized by wildebeest. These results support the earlier suggestion that sheep harbour a herpesvirus related to AHV-1. A bovine serum from a case of MCF caused by AHV-1 also reacted only with a subset of the six wildebeest-reactive polypeptides. Sera from cattle affected with the "sheep-associated" form of the disease gave reactions in only two of the eight cases tested; both positive sera reacted to a few polypeptides only.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Herring
- Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, Gt. Britain
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18
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Cook CG, Splitter GA. Lytic function of bovine lymphokine-activated killer cells from a normal and a malignant catarrhal fever virus-infected animal. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1988; 19:105-18. [PMID: 3263729 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(88)90002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Lymphokine-supplemented long-term cultured bovine lymph node lymphocytes were characterized functionally and phenotypically. Lymphocytes from a normal and a malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) virus-infected animal were maintained without the addition of antigen or feeder cells. Lymphocyte cell lines obtained from both animals: (i) killed allogeneic fibroblasts and allogeneic and xenogeneic cultured tumor cell lines as measured in a 4-h 51Cr release assay, (ii) expressed the same T cell subset marker based on flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies, and (iii) produced a lytic factor upon stimulation. In contrast, only cells from the MCF virus-infected animal could be maintained for more than 5 months supplemented with 2% Con A-generated lymphokine-containing supernatant. These results suggest that herpesvirus infection enhanced the proliferative capabilities of the cultured lymphocytes from the infected animal. Considering the proliferative and cytotoxic activity together with the T cell phenotype, these data indicated that effector cells are lymphokine-activated killer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Cook
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Veterinary Science 53706
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19
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Rossiter PB, Gumm ID, Wamwayi HM. Use of Vero cells for the isolation and propagation of malignant catarrhal fever virus. Trop Anim Health Prod 1987; 19:77-81. [PMID: 3629721 DOI: 10.1007/bf02297322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Vero cells were compared with primary bovine thyroid (BTh) cultures for the isolation of malignant catarrhal fever virus from infected blood and tissues. Comparative titrations showed Vero cells detected only two-fold less infectivity in rabbit spleen suspensions than BTh cells. Twenty three of 32 bovine buffy coat cell preparations which were positive on BTh cells were also positive on Vero cells. The cytopathic effects (CPE) of virus isolates in Vero cells consisted of syncytia and refractile cytomegalic cells which were as easy to recognise and developed as rapidly as CPE in BTh cells. Two laboratory strains of malignant catarrhal fever virus were readily adapted to and maintained by passage in Vero cells.
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20
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21
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Lapsley M, Kettle P, Sloan JM. Herpes simplex lymphadenitis: a case report and review of the published work. J Clin Pathol 1984; 37:1119-22. [PMID: 6490951 PMCID: PMC498951 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.37.10.1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Viral lymphadenitis may lead to a histological appearance that can simulate malignancy. The histological features of herpes simplex lymphadenitis have not previously been described in detail. We report a case of proved herpes simplex lymphadenitis in a 30 year old man which was characterised by a pronounced proliferation of immunoblasts. The microscopical findings are described and the published work is reviewed.
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22
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Hoffmann D, Sobironingsih S, Clarke BC, Young PJ, Sendow I. Transmission and virological studies of a malignant catarrhal fever syndrome in the Indonesian swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Aust Vet J 1984; 61:113-6. [PMID: 6743150 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1984.tb07202.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A malignant catarrhal fever-like syndrome in indonesian swamp buffalo was experimentally transmitted to one of 2 Bos indicus and 3 of 3 Bos javanicus cattle by intravenous inoculation of 250 ml of citrated, whole blood from affected buffaloes. The 4 cattle developed clinical signs of disease on average 32.5 days after receiving the inoculation of blood. The 4 cattle died after a variable period of illness. None of a further 3 B. javanicus cattle inoculated intravenously with a spleen homogenate prepared from another affected buffalo developed the disease. The experimental disease was clinically and pathologically similar to the natural disease in buffaloes although differences were noted. Attempts to adapt the agent to mice, guinea pigs and rabbits failed. A cytopathic agent (Japanese encephalitis virus) was isolated from the spleen of one buffalo with clinical signs but was not considered significant. Sixty-three B. indicus, 7 B. javanicus (and 6 of their crosses), 3 B. taurus and 4 Bubalus bubalis (Murrah buffalo) were kept in the same quarters where 50 of 177 swamp buffaloes died between September 1979 and May 1982. Four of the 7 B. javanicus cattle developed the clinical signs of disease and died. All the other cattle in contact remained healthy.
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23
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24
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A cytotoxic T-lymphocyte line propagated from a rabbit infected with sheep associated malignant catarrhal fever. Res Vet Sci 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(18)32292-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Patel JR, Edington N. The effect of antibody and complement on the expression of herpesvirus of bovine malignant catarrhal fever in cultured rabbit lymphocytes. Vet Microbiol 1982; 7:325-33. [PMID: 7179718 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(82)90012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Using indirect immunofluorescence with a hyperimmune calf serum, a virus-induced antigen was demonstrated on the surface of lymphocytes expression intracellular malignant catarrhal fever virus antigens. Antibody to the antigen was also detected in terminal sera of both cattle and rabbits. Antisera did not restrict virus expression in explanted lymph nodes unless they were supplemented with two to four units of lytic complement per ml culture. While human, bovine and guinea pig complements caused immune lysis of infected lymphocytes, rabbit complement was ineffective. The relevance of the findings in the pathogenesis of the lymphoid proliferation caused by MCFV is discussed.
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Denholm LJ, Westbury HA. Malignant catarrhal fever in farmed Rusa deer (Cervus timorensis). 1. Clinico-pathological observations. Aust Vet J 1982; 58:81-7. [PMID: 6981408 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1982.tb00595.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A sporadic fatal disease is described in 7 Rusa deer (Cervus timorensis) from 5 deer farms in Victoria. Bilateral ophthalmia and wasting were the most significant signs in a clinical course varying from 4 to 34 days. Bilateral hypopyon, peripheral corneal opacities and interstitial mononuclear cell infiltration of the renal cortex with pronounced mural thickening and dilatation of vessels at the cortico-medullary junction were the only consistent lesions. Haemorrhagic ileitis, colitis and typhlitis were the major lesions in two deer that died 4 and 6 days after onset of clinical disease. Ecchymotic haemorrhages and sub-serosal haematomas on the intestines and mesentery were the main finding in cases with a longer clinical course. Other gross lesions varied between cases. The most significant histological lesion was fibrinoid necrotising vasculitis with adventitial lymphoid cell infiltration characteristic of bovine malignant catarrhal fever. Mucosal erosions seen in protracted cases of this disease were associated with lymphoid cell infiltration into foci of degenerating epithelial cells. In many lymph nodes there was severe follicular necroses. In chronic cases extensive proliferation of lymphoblastoid cells was seen in the parafollicular cortex and medullary sinuses of nodes which also showed discrete follicular necrosis.
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Westbury HA, Denholm LJ. Malignant catarrhal fever in farmed Rusa deer (Cervus timorensis). 2. Animal transmission and virological studies. Aust Vet J 1982; 58:88-92. [PMID: 7115234 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1982.tb00597.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A disease with clinical signs and histological lesions similar to malignant catarrhal fever in cattle was transmitted from Rusa deer (Cervus timorensis) to rabbits. This was accomplished on 3 separate occasions, and the disease was serially passaged in rabbits up to 11 times. The clinical signs in affected rabbits were pyrexia, depression, anorexia, mucopurulent conjunctivitis, nasal discharge and diarrhoea. These signs were seen in 27 of 38 inoculated rabbits with the mean incubation period being 12 days (range 8 to 20 days). Histologically, affected rabbits exhibited mononuclear perivascular cuffing and vasculitis in the brain, heart, liver and kidney. Lymph nodes and spleen showed destruction and loss of mature lymphocytes and lymphoid follicles and an increased number of large lymphoblastoid cells. These clinical signs and lesions were not detected in control rabbits. The disease was not transmitted to cattle, sheep, guinea pigs or mice, nor was an agent isolated in cattle, deer or rabbit tissue cultures, or in chicken embryos.
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Rurangirwa FR, Mushi EZ. Effect of malignant catarrhal fever virus infection on the immune response of rabbits to sheep red blood cells. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1982; 5:423-7. [PMID: 6890887 DOI: 10.1016/0147-9571(82)90068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Rabbits infected with African Malignant catarrhal fever virus mounted a depressed antibody response to sheep red blood cells compared to the antibody response of uninfected rabbits. Immunodepression was observed in rabbits immunised 0, 3, 5, 7 and 10 days after infection. Antibody response was not depressed in the rabbits immunised 1 day after infection. Despite the depressed antibody response to SRBC, the rabbits died with rising virus neutralising antibody to the virus. The possible causes of the immunodepression are discussed.
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Mushi EZ, Rurangirwa FR. Malignant catarrhal fever virus infectivity in rabbit macrophages and monocytes. Vet Res Commun 1981; 5:51-6. [PMID: 7201203 DOI: 10.1007/bf02214967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Malignant catarrhal fever virus (MCFV) infectivity was demonstrated in macrophages/monocytes collected from MCFV-infected rabbits. Thus, in addition to lymphocytes, macrophages and monocytes are probably involved in the pathogenesis of MCFV and could account for the widespread dissemination of MCFV, the very high mortality rate and the immunosuppression observed in MCFV-infected animals.
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Patel JR, Edington N. The detection and behaviour of the herpesvirus of malignant catarrhal fever in bovine lymphocytes. Arch Virol 1981; 68:321-6. [PMID: 6268024 DOI: 10.1007/bf01314589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Edington N, Patel J. The location of primary replication of the herpesvirus of bovine malignant catarrhal fever in rabbits. Vet Microbiol 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(81)90003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Mushi EZ, Rurangirwa FR. The development of delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity in rabbits infected with the herpesvirus of malignant catarrhal fever. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1981; 4:29-34. [PMID: 7197205 DOI: 10.1016/0147-9571(81)90026-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Rossiter P. Antigens and antibodies of malignant catarrhal fever herpesvirus detected by immunodiffusion and counter-immunoelectrophoresis. Vet Microbiol 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(80)90006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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