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Brown RW, Peterson DJ. Applications of the Neonatal Quinpirole Model to Psychosis and Convergence upon the Dopamine D 2 Receptor. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2015; 29:387-402. [PMID: 26472551 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2015_394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This mini review focuses on the importance of the dopamine D2-like receptor family and its importance in psychosis. Past findings from this laboratory along with collaborators have been that neonatal quinpirole (a dopamine D2-like receptor agonist) results in increases in dopamine D2 receptor sensitivity that persists throughout the animal's lifetime. Findings from this model have been shown to have particular application and validity to schizophrenia, but may have broader implications toward other psychoses, which is reviewed in the present manuscript. In the present review, we also highlight other models of psychoses that have been centered on the subchronic administration of quinpirole to rats in order to model certain psychoses, which has uncovered some interesting and valid behavioral findings. This review highlights the importance of the combination of behavioral findings and neurobiological mechanisms focusing on neural plasticity in discovering underlying pathologies in these disorders that may lead to treatment discoveries, as well as the value of animal models across all psychoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell W Brown
- Department of Biomedical Science, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614-1702, USA.
| | - Daniel J Peterson
- Department of Psychology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614-1702, USA
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2
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MITTLEMAN GUY, GOLDOWITZ DANIEL, HECK DETLEFH, BLAHA CHARLESD. Cerebellar modulation of frontal cortex dopamine efflux in mice: relevance to autism and schizophrenia. Synapse 2008; 62:544-50. [PMID: 18435424 PMCID: PMC3854870 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar and frontal cortical pathologies have been commonly reported in schizophrenia, autism, and other developmental disorders. Whether there is a relationship between prefrontal and cerebellar pathologies is unknown. Using fixed potential amperometry, dopamine (DA) efflux evoked by cerebellar or, dentate nucleus electrical stimulation (50 Hz, 200 muA) was recorded in prefrontal cortex of urethane anesthetized lurcher (Lc/+) mice with 100% loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells and wildtype (+/+) control mice. Cerebellar stimulation with 25 and 100 pulses evoked prefrontal cortex DA efflux in +/+ mice that persisted for 12 and 25 s poststimulation, respectively. In contrast, 25 pulse cerebellar stimulation failed to evoke prefrontal cortex DA efflux in Lc/+ mice indicating a dependency on cerebellar Purkinje cell outputs. Dentate nucleus stimulation (25 pulses) evoked a comparable but briefer (baseline recovery within 7 s) increase in prefrontal cortex DA efflux compared to similar cerebellar stimulation in +/+ mice. However, in Lc/+ mice 25 pulse dentate nucleus evoked prefrontal cortex DA efflux was attenuated by 60% with baseline recovery within 4 s suggesting that dentate nucleus outputs to prefrontal cortex remain partially functional. DA reuptake blockade enhanced 100 pulse stimulation evoked prefrontal cortex responses, while serotonin or norepinephrine reuptake blockade were without effect indicating the specificity of the amperometric recordings to DA. Results provide neurochemical evidence that the cerebellum can modulate DA efflux in the prefrontal cortex. Together, these findings may explain why cerebellar and frontal cortical pathologies co-occur, and may provide a mechanism that accounts for the diversity of symptoms common to multiple developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- GUY MITTLEMAN
- Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152
| | - DANIEL GOLDOWITZ
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - DETLEF H. HECK
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - CHARLES D. BLAHA
- Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152
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3
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Dominguez JM, Muschamp JW, Schmich JM, Hull EM. Nitric oxide mediates glutamate-evoked dopamine release in the medial preoptic area. Neuroscience 2004; 125:203-10. [PMID: 15051159 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) release in the medial preoptic area (MPOA) of the hypothalamus is an important facilitator of male sexual behavior. The presence of a receptive female increases extracellular DA in the MPOA, which increases further during copulation. However, the neurochemical events that mediate the increase of DA in the MPOA are not fully understood. Here we report that glutamate, reverse-dialyzed into the MPOA, increased extracellular DA, which returned to baseline after the glutamate was removed. This increase was prevented by co-administration of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), but not by the inactive isomer, Nw-nitro-d-arginine methyl ester (D-NAME). In contrast, extracellular concentrations of the major metabolites of DA were decreased by glutamate, suggesting that the DA transporter was inhibited. These decreases were also inhibited by L-NAME, but not D-NAME. These results indicate that glutamate enhances extracellular DA in the MPOA, at least in part, via nitric oxide activity. Therefore, glutamatergic stimulation of nitric oxide synthase may generate the female-induced increase in extracellular DA in the MPOA, which is important for the expression of male sexual behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Dominguez
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, B71 Park Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260-4110, USA
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4
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Feenstra MGP, Botterblom MHA, van Uum JFM. Behavioral arousal and increased dopamine efflux after blockade of NMDA-receptors in the prefrontal cortex are dependent on activation of glutamatergic neurotransmission. Neuropharmacology 2002; 42:752-63. [PMID: 12015201 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3908(02)00029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Blockade of NMDA/glutamate receptors induces altered behavior in humans and experimental animals. At the same time a differential activation of dopaminergic (DA) systems has been reported. To study the involvement of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in these effects, we used bilateral perfusions of the rat mPFC with the competitive NMDA-antagonist D-AP-5 and simultaneous determination of spontaneous behavior and local DA efflux. D-AP-5 concentration-dependently induced arousal and motor activity and also increased DA efflux. These effects were shown to have a similar time-scale but no causal relationship: combined D1/D2 receptor blockade in the mPFC did not inhibit the behavioral activation. As bilateral perfusion of the nucleus accumbens with D-AP-5 resulted in similar behavioral effects, but no change in DA efflux, we conclude that DA is not involved in the behavioral activation induced by these local perfusions. However, local blockade of non-NMDA glutamate receptors or stimulation of GABA-B receptors completely blocked the effects on behavior and DA efflux, suggesting that the arousal and locomotor activity induced by NMDA receptor blockade in mPFC is primarily dependent on activation of glutamatergic mechanisms. The mPFC appears to be an important site of action for NMDA antagonists to induce behavioral alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G P Feenstra
- Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Graduate School for Neurosciences Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 33, 1105 AZ Amsterdam Z.O., The Netherlands.
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5
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Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) has long been known to be involved in the mediation of complex behavioral responses. Considerable research efforts are directed towards refining the knowledge about the function of this brain area and the role it plays in cognitive performance and behavioral output. In the first part, this review provides, from a pharmacological perspective, an overview of anatomical, electrophysiological and neurochemical aspects of the function of the PFC, with an emphasis on the mesocortical dopamine system. Anatomy of the mesocortical system, basic physiological and pharmacological properties of neurotransmission within the PFC, and interactions between dopamine and glutamate as well as other transmitters within the mesocorticolimbic circuit are included. The coverage of these data is largely restricted to what is relevant for the second part of the review which focuses on behavioral studies that have examined the role of the PFC in a variety of phenomena, behaviors and paradigms. These include reward and addiction, locomotor activity and sensitization, learning, cognition, and schizophrenia. Although the focus of this review is on the mesocortical dopamine system, given the intricate interactions of dopamine with other transmitter systems within the PFC and the importance of the PFC as a source of glutamate in subcortical areas, these aspects are also covered in some detail where appropriate. Naturally, a topic as complex as this cannot be covered comprehensively in its entirety. Therefore this review is largely limited to data derived from studies using rats, and it is also specifically restricted to data concerning the medial PFC (mPFC). Since in several fields of research the findings concerning the function or role of the mPFC are relatively inconsistent, the question is addressed whether these inconsistencies might, at least in part, be related to the anatomical and functional heterogeneity of this brain area.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Tzschentke
- Grünenthal GmbH, Research and Development, Department of Pharmacology, Postfach 500444, 52088, Aachen, Germany.
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6
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Del Arco A, Mora F. Effects of endogenous glutamate on extracellular concentrations of GABA, dopamine, and dopamine metabolites in the prefrontal cortex of the freely moving rat: involvement of NMDA and AMPA/KA receptors. Neurochem Res 1999; 24:1027-35. [PMID: 10478942 DOI: 10.1023/a:1021056826829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Using microdialysis, interactions between endogenous glutamate, dopamine, and GABA were investigated in the medial prefrontal cortex of the freely moving rat. Interactions between glutamate and other neurotransmitters in the prefrontal cortex had already been studied using pharmacological agonists or antagonists of glutamate receptors. This research investigated whether glutamate itself, through the increase of its endogenous extracellular concentration, is able to modulate the extracellular concentrations of GABA and dopamine in the prefrontal cortex. Intracortical infusions of the selective glutamate uptake inhibitor L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid (PDC) were used to increase the endogenous extracellular glutamate. PDC (0.5, 2, 8, 16 and 32 mM) produced a dose-related increase in dialysate glutamate in a range of 1-36 microM. At the dose of 16 mM, PDC increased dialysate glutamate from 1.25 to 28 microM. PDC also increased extracellular GABA and taurine, but not dopamine; and decreased extracellular concentrations of the dopamine metabolites DOPAC and HVA. NMDA and AMPA/KA receptor antagonists were used to investigate whether the increases of extracellular glutamate were responsible for the changes in the release of GABA, and dopamine metabolites. The NMDA antagonist had no effect on the increase of extracellular GABA, but blocked the decreases of extracellular DOPAC and HVA, produced by PDC. In contrast, the AMPA/KA antagonist blocked the increases of extracellular GABA without affecting the decreases of extracellular DOPAC and HVA produced by PDC. These results suggest that endogenous glutamate acts preferentially through NMDA receptors to decrease dopamine metabolism, and through AMPA/KA receptors to increase GABAergic activity in the medial prefrontal cortex of the awake rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Del Arco
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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7
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Zheng P, Zhang XX, Bunney BS, Shi WX. Opposite modulation of cortical N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated responses by low and high concentrations of dopamine. Neuroscience 1999; 91:527-35. [PMID: 10366010 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(98)00604-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To examine whether dopamine modulates cortical N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated glutamate transmission, whole-cell recordings were made from identified pyramidal cells located in layers V and VI of the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat using a slice preparation. In the presence of tetrodotoxin and the absence of Mg2+, a brief local application of N-methyl-D-aspartate evoked an inward current which was blocked by the N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist dizocilpine maleate but not affected by the non-N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo(f)quinoxaline, suggesting that the observed current is mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors located on recorded cells. Bath application of dopamine produced opposite effects on the N-methyl-D-aspartate current depending on the concentrations of dopamine applied. At low concentrations (<50 microM), dopamine enhanced the N-methyl-D-aspartate current, whereas at higher concentrations, dopamine suppressed the current. The same concentrations of dopamine did not significantly affect the inward current induced by the non-N-methyl-D-aspartate agonist alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid. The enhancing effect of dopamine on the N-methyl-D-aspartate response was mimicked by the D1 agonist SKF38393 and blocked by the D1 antagonist SCH31966, whereas the suppressing effect was mimicked by the D2 agonist quinpirole and blocked by the D2 antagonist eticlopride. The above results suggest that dopamine at low concentrations acts preferentially on D1-like receptors to promote N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated transmission, while at high concentrations dopamine also activates D2-like receptors, leading to a suppression of the N-methyl-D-aspartate function. This differential modulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate function may have significant implications for understanding behaviors and disorders involving both cortical dopamine- and glutamate-mediated neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zheng
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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8
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Berridge CW, Mitton E, Clark W, Roth RH. Engagement in a non-escape (displacement) behavior elicits a selective and lateralized suppression of frontal cortical dopaminergic utilization in stress. Synapse 1999; 32:187-97. [PMID: 10340629 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2396(19990601)32:3<187::aid-syn5>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Although the preferential activation of the prefrontal cortical (PFC) dopaminergic system is generally observed in stress, limited exceptions to this have been observed. Certain non-escape behaviors have been demonstrated to attenuate physiological indices of stress (e.g., coping or displacement responses). One well-characterized non-escape behavior observed in stress is chewing, or gnawing, of inedible objects. Engagement in this behavior attenuates stress-related activation of the hypothalamopituitary-adrenal axis, in a variety of species. We examined the degree to which engagement in this non-escape behavior modulates stressor-induced activation of the PFC dopamine (DA) system. Rats and mice were exposed to a brightly lit novel environment (novelty stress) in the presence or absence of inedible objects. Following novelty exposure, various dopaminergic terminal fields were collected and dopamine and its major catabolite, DOPAC, were measured using HPLC with electrochemical detection. DOPAC/DA ratios were calculated as an index of DA utilization. In some cases serotonin (5-HT) and its major catabolite, 5-HIAA, were also measured. In animals that did not chew, novelty exposure elicited significant increases in DOPAC/DA levels within PFC, nucleus accumbens (shell and core subdivisions), and striatum (relative to quiet-controls). DOPAC/DA responses were greater in the right PFC than in the left PFC. Animals that chewed displayed significantly lower DOPAC/DA responses in PFC, but not other dopaminergic terminal fields. This effect of chewing was always observed in the right PFC and less consistently in the left PFC. Chewing did not alter novelty-induced increases in PFC 5-HIAA/5-HT responses. Thus, engagement in this non-escape behavior elicits a neuroanatomically and neurochemically specific attenuation of the PFC DA response in stress. Given the pivotal role of the PFC in certain cognitive and affective processes, behavioral regulation of PFC DA utilization may modulate cognitive and/or affective function in stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Berridge
- Psychology Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706-1611, USA.
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9
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Storozhuk VM, Sanzharovsky AV, Busel BI. Interaction between dopamine and glutamate in the sensorimotor cortex during conditioned placing reaction. Neuroscience 1998; 85:347-59. [PMID: 9622235 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00643-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Changes in impulse activity of sensorimotor cortex neurons associated with interaction of glutamate and dopamine during conditioned placing reaction were investigated in experiments on cats. Application of either glutamate or levodopa as a dopamine precursor increased background and evoked impulse activity in many of sensorimotor cortex neurons. It occurred occasionally that an increased impulse activity of cortical neurons produced by joint application of glutamate and levodopa could be much more intense than that produced by one of these substances. Amphetamine acted on cortical neurons in a similar way as levodopa. Haloperidol, a non-selective blocker of dopamine1 and dopamine2 receptors, increased or did not change background and evoked impulse activity in some cortical neurons. In contrast to application of glutamate alone, simultaneous application of glutamate and haloperidol to the neocortex depressed neuronal responses connected with conditioned movement. Thus, glutamate cannot exert its potentiating effect on evoked neuronal activity due to the depressing action of haloperidol. This means that glutamate potentiation is realized to a great extent through molecular mechanisms common for glutamate and dopamine, possibly through G-proteins which are common for glutamate metabotropic and dopamine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Storozhuk
- Department of Brain Physiology, A. A. Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev
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10
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POSTER COMMUNICATIONS. Br J Pharmacol 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1996.tb16426.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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11
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Healy DJ, Meador-Woodruff JH. Differential regulation, by MK-801, of dopamine receptor gene expression in rat nigrostriatal and mesocorticolimbic systems. Brain Res 1996; 708:38-44. [PMID: 8720857 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(95)01241-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate agonists have been shown to stimulate striatal dopamine release, but less is known about dopamine-glutamate interactions at the receptor level. We treated rats with 0.3, 1.0, or 3.0 mg/kg of MK-801, an NMDA antagonist, daily for 1 week and, using in situ hybridization, measured dopamine receptor mRNA levels in cortical and subcortical structures. MK-801 caused a significant increase of D1 and D2 mRNA in the dorsal and ventral striatum, a significant decrease of D3 mRNA in the nucleus accumbens, and a significant decrease of D1 mRNA in the limbic cortex. Dopamine autoreceptor expression, reflected by D2 mRNA in the midbrain, was increased in the ventral tegmental area, but not in the substantia nigra. Thus, MK-801 appears to differentially regulate the mesocorticolimbic and nigrostriatal dopamine systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Healy
- Mental Health Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-0720, USA
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12
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Feenstra MG, van der Weij W, Botterblom MH. Concentration-dependent dual action of locally applied N-methyl-D-aspartate on extracellular dopamine in the rat prefrontal cortex in vivo. Neurosci Lett 1995; 201:175-8. [PMID: 8848246 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(95)12164-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Using microdialysis, the glutamate agonist N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) was perfused for 20 min through the medial prefrontal cortex of freely moving rats, and its effects on extracellular concentrations of dopamine (DA) were determined. NMDA (1 mM) increased DA to 170-1500%, depending on the intensity and duration of the clonic forelimb jerks and convulsions that were induced. NMDA (0.1 mM), however, decreased DA to 61%. Metabolites of DA were decreased after both concentrations of NMDA. The effects of both 0.1 mM and 1 mM NMDA were blocked by 0.5 mM of the competitive NMDA-antagonist D-AP-5. The NMDA-induced decrease in release and metabolism possibly results from an indirect action via an inhibitory local interneuron or polysynaptic circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Feenstra
- Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Graduate School of Neurosciences Amsterdam
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13
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Liste I, Rozas G, Guerra MJ, Labandeira-Garcia JL. Cortical stimulation induces Fos expression in striatal neurons via NMDA glutamate and dopamine receptors. Brain Res 1995; 700:1-12. [PMID: 8624698 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(95)00958-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cortical electrical stimulation has been shown to induce dense and widespread Fos expression throughout the ipsilateral and contralateral striatum. This raises interest for studying the mechanisms underlying the regulation of striatal neuron activity by cortical afferents, and for elucidating the interactions with other systems. However, the receptors mediating cortical-stimulation-induced expression of Fos in striatal neurons have not been identified. This was studied in the work reported here by stimulating the cortex after administration of glutamate or dopamine receptor antagonists, or after 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system. Pretreatment with the non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor antagonist MK-801 led to a marked reduction in the stimulation-induced density of Fos-immunoreactive nuclei in both the medial (about 80% reduction) and lateral (about 50-60% reduction) striatum. Preadministration of the D1-selective dopamine antagonist SCH-23390 alone or in combination with the D2-selective dopamine antagonist eticlopride led to a reduction in the stimulation-induced density of Fos-positive nuclei of about 60-65% in the lateral striatum, but no significant change in the medial region. The effects of 6-OHDA lesion were less pronounced, and the stimulation-induced density of Fos-immunoreactive nuclei decreased by only about 25% in the lateral region. These results indicate that both dopamine and NMDA glutamate receptors are involved in the induction of Fos by cortical stimulation, and support the hypothesis that cortex-dopamine interactions in the lateral striatum may be functionally different from those in the medial striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Liste
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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14
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POSTER COMMUNICATIONS. Br J Pharmacol 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1995.tb16904.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Reynolds
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
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16
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Reynolds GP, Czudek C. New approaches to the drug treatment of schizophrenia. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 1995; 32:461-503. [PMID: 7748802 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)61020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G P Reynolds
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
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17
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Pearson SJ, Reynolds GP. Neocortical neurotransmitter markers in Huntington's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 1994; 98:197-207. [PMID: 7748520 DOI: 10.1007/bf01276536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Several neurotransmitter markers were determined in post mortem tissue from temporal and frontal cortex in Huntington's disease in order to identify and understand the specific neuronal losses that occur in the neocortex in this disease. Decreases in GABA and glutamate concentrations were identified, together with increases in metabolites of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine, indicative of regulatory changes presumably induced by the neuronal deficits. There is also evidence for abnormal cortical tryptophan metabolism. These changes may well contribute to some of the behavioural symptoms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Pearson
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
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18
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POSTER COMMUNICATIONS. Br J Pharmacol 1994. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1994.tb16303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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